A^. 


^  \t  1^ 


^'^^ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


fe 


^  >. 


iiV 


^<r 


.♦* 


^ 


^« 


1.0 


1.1 


|J0     ^^ 


2.2 


lit 

lU 

u 


IM 


IL25  m  1.4 


UA 


IIUi4l 


1.6 


i! 


Photographic 
..Sciences 
Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  ITRIIT 

WIUTM.N.Y.  USM 

(7U)I73<4S03 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Inatitute  for  Historical  IVIicroraproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microraproductiont  historiquas 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notaa/Notat  tachniquaa  at  bibliographiquaa 


The  inatituta  haa  anamptad  to  obtain  tha  boat 
originai  copy  avaiiabia  for  filming.  Faaturaa  of  thia 
copy  which  may  ba  bibliographically  uniqua, 
which  may  altar  any  of  tha  imagaa  in  tha 
raproduction,  or  which  may  aignificantly  changa 
tha  uauai  mathod  of  filming,  ara  chaclcad  balow. 


D 


D 


D 


Colourad  covara/ 
Couvartura  da  couiaur 


I     I   Covars  damagad/ 


Couvartura  andommagte 

Covara  raatorad  and/or  iaminatad/ 
Couvartura  raataurte  at/ou  paliicui6a 

Covar  titia  miaaing/ 

La  titra  da  couvartura  manquti 

Colourad  mapa/ 

Cartaa  giographiquaa  an  couiaur 

Colourad  ink  (i.a.  othar  than  biua  or  black)/ 
Encra  da  coul«ur  (i.a.  autra  qua  biaua  ou  noira) 


I     I   Colourad  platat  and/or  iiiuatrationa/ 


Planches  at/ou  iiiuatrationa  an  couiaur 

Bound  with  othar  material/ 
ReilA  avac  d'autiaa  documanta 


□   Tight  binding  may  cauae  ahadowa  or  diatortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  iiure  aarrie  paut  oauaar  de  i'ombre  ou  de  la 
diatortion  la  long  de  la  marge  int^rieure 


D 


Blank  laavaa  added  during  reatoration  may 
appear  within  tha  text.  Whenever  poaaibla,  theae 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
11  aa  paut  que  oerteinea  iMgea  blanchea  aJoutAea 
iori  d'une  reatauretion  apparalaaeht  dena  la  texte, 
mala,  loraque  eeia  Atait  poaaibla.  cea  pagea  n'ont 
paa  At*  fiimiaa. 

Additional  commenta:/ 
Commantairea  •upplAmantairas: 


L'Inatitut  a  microfilmA  la  mailieur  exemplaira 
qu'il  lui  e  AtA  poaaibla  da  aa  procurer.  Lea  dAtaila 
de  cet  exempleire  qui  aont  paut-Atre  uniquaa  du 
poirti:  da  vue  bibliographiqua,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  Smaga  reprcduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dena  la  mAthode  normaie  de  f ilmaga 
aont  indiquAa  ci-deaaoua. 


D 
D 

n 
n 
n 

D 
D 


v/ 


Coloured  pagea/ 
Pagea  da  couiaur 

Pagea  damaged/ 
Pagea  endommagAas 

Pagea  raatorad  and/or  laminated/ 
Pagea  reataurAaa  at/ou  peliiculAea 

Pages  diacoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pagea  dAcolorAea,  tachetAes  ou  piquAea 

Pagea  detached/ 
Pagea  dAtachAea 

Showthrough/ 
Tranaparance 

Quality  of  print  variea/ 
QuaiitA  InAgala  de  i'impreasion 

inciudaa  supplementary  materiel/ 
Comprend  du  matAriel  supplAmentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Adition  diaponible 

Pagea  wholly  or  partially  obacured  by  errata 
alipa,  tiaauaa,  etc.,  have  been  ref limed  to 
enaura  tha  beat  poasibia  image/ 
Lea  pagea  totalement  ou  partlellement 
obacurciaa  par  un  fauiliet  d'arrata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  At  A  filmAea  A  nouveau  de  fa^on  A 
obtenir  la  maiileure  irhage  poaaibla. 


The  CO 
to  the 

M 
C 

The  inr 
poaaib 
of  the 
fllminf 


Origin! 
beginn 
the  lai 
sion,  0 
other  i 
f  irat  pi 
aion,  a 
or  iilui 


Thelai 
ahall  c 
TINUE 
which! 

Mepa, 
differe 
entirely 
beginn 
right  a 
raquiri 
methO( 


This  item  >'  n-.;.«J  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  eat  fiimA  au  taux  de  rAduotlon  indlquA  oi-deaaoua. 


10X 

14X 

itx 

ax 

»x 

aox 

pvm 

y 

12X                          IfX                          20X                          SAX                          ax                          32X 

Th«  copy  film«d  h«r«  has  b««n  rsproduced  thanks 
to  tha  ganarosity  of: 

MaeOdram  Library 
Carlaton  Univtrsity 


L'axamplaira  filmA  fut  raproduit  grflca  A  la 
ginirositi  da: 

MaeOdram  Library 
Cartcton  Univartity 


Tha  Imagaa  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  bast  quality 
possibia  concidaring  tha  condition  and  laglbility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  Icaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  spacif ications. 


Original  copies  In  printed  papar  covars  ara  fiimad 
beginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  bacic  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  freme  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^^^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  ▼  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


lam  Images  suivantas  ont  4ti  raproduites  avac  le 
plus  grand  soin.  compta  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
da  la  nattetA  de  I'exempleire  filmA,  et  en 
conformity  avac  las  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Lea  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  ImprimAe  sont  filmis  en  commenpant 
par  la  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  la  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  las  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  fllmto  en  commenpant  par  la 
pramlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impreasion  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  darnlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  sulvants  apparattra  sur  la 
darnlAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  ie 
cas:  la  symbole  — »>  signlfle  "A  SUIVRE".  le 
symbols  y  signlfle  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc..  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  In  one  exposure  ara  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  Illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  r^rtm:  planches,  tableaux,  etc..  peuvent  ttre 
fllm««  k  des  taux  de  rMuction  dIffArents. 
Lor8qi<«  iff  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  on  un  seul  clichA.  11  est  filmA  A  partir 
da  Tangle  sup4rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  i  droite. 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  an  prenant  le  nombre 
d'imagas  nicessalra.  Les  diagrammas  sulvants 
[»MStrent  la  mithoda. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

J5     Henry  Gnttam 
Wii*     Heniy  Flood. 


^    » 


RlSfl 


:\  Cydopedia  of  Race  History. 


\;'^NT'\IN!N<1   lilOGRArillOAT,  SKETCH. fJS  OF  MORE  THAN 

FiKTEFN  1UJNJ)RE1)  DISTINGUISHED  IRISH  CELTS, 

^VITH  A  ClIRUNOUHSJOiL  INDEX. 


S^ir> 


A  MKMDJvR  OF  Jlih  MliHlGAN  BAR. 


I 


4"^    ■■■ 


.....rf^Ly-^f^^^^^'^^^"^' 


M/ 


Hciiiy  Fli  o'i. 


,■  v.. 


»,  / 


:^=ii 


-iii,.. 


Irish  celts. 


A  Cyclopedia  of  Race  History, 


CONTAINING  BIOGRAFHICAL  SKETCHES  OF  MORE  THAN 

FIFTEEN  HUNDRED  DISTINGUISHED  IRISH  CELTS, 

WITH  A  CHRONOLOGICAL  INDEX. 

A  MEMBER  OF  THE  MICHIGAN  BAR.      /\\       . 


n 


ILLUSTRATED. 

1  inn    it^lU    01       6 


DETROITi 

PUBUSHBD  »Y  L.  F.  KlUlOY  ft  COMFANT. 

1884. 


; 


i 


V,  r"^ 


pi  •»'•*?* 


(•f»tLf?o?  LtBfTAnv: 


H^' 


I.     ■■■!' 


% 


!       I 


Copyright,  1884, 
by  James  O'Brien. 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  records  of  most  people  are  embraced  within  a  national 
aspect,  and  they  have  affected  the  worId*8  history  and  their  o\m 
destiny  mainly  in  their  aggregate  capacity  ;  but  the  history  of  this 
race,  the  lives  of  a  few  of  whose  children  this  work  records,  is  an 
exception.  It  is  in  the  lives  of  her  children,  scattered  throaghout 
the  entire  earth  either  by  zeal  or  necessity,  for  a  thousand  years, 
more,  perhaps,  than  in  the  history  of  its  is'land  home,  that  we  must 
seek  the  glory  and  the  achievements  of  a  gallant  race;  the  most 
maligned,  misunderstood  and  robbed,  as  to  credit  and  character,  of 
any  that  history  records.  It  has  not  only  been  the  misfortune  or 
destiny  of  this  race  to  be  robbed  in  every  conceivable  way  and 
then  slandered  and  oppressed  by  the  robber  at  home,  and  this  re< 
suiting  not  from  any  want  of  valor,  ability  or  manly  spirit  to 
defend  their  own,  but  only  circumvented  by  treachery,  deceit, 
perjury  and  fraud;  but  wnen  away  from  home,  carving  out  by 
uneqaalcd  valor  and  matchless  ability,  a  new  destiny,  and  creating 
new  nations,  still  robbed  as  a  race,  of  the  credit  and  name  of  the 
work  of  their  hands.  "Ton  have  lost  America  by  the  Irish,"  rang 
out  from  the  lips  of  a  British  Statesman  in  the  Imperial  Parlia- 
ment, as  a  warning  to  the  Grovernment  of  the  results  of  its  Irish 
policy  about  the  time  that  glorious  achievement  was  accomplished; 
and  is  it  not  a  glaring  fact,  to-day,  -that  there  is  not  a  colony  of 
Great  Britain,  of  anv  importance,  that  its  Irish  Celts  mi^ht  not  pro- 
claim independent  it  unitedly  they  willed  it;  and  even  in  England 
herself,  the  descendants  of  tne  Irish  Gelt  are  numerous  enough  to 
shake  the  foundations  of  its  Qovemment  to  their  centre,  if  oiroom- 
stances  called  forth  such  an  effort  ?  Few  Americans  seem  to  know 
how  true  was  that  declaration  quoted  above,  as  to  the  loss  of 
Amerioa  through  the  Irish.  It  is  true  ^hat  the  historians  of  the 
Revolution  do  not  proclaim  that  fact  ouu  loud,  but  an  examination 
of  the  records  of  the  army  fully  sustains  it,  and  we  have  the  unim- 
peachable testiinony  of  Joseph  Galloway,  of  Pennsylvania,  before 
a  committee  of  the  Imperial  Parliament,  during  the  progress  of 
the  war  (1780)  to  the  same  effect.  Galloway  haa  been  a  meifiber 
of  the  Continental  Congress  for  nearly  three  yearp  and  up  to  the 
time  of  the  Declaration  of  Independenoe,  and  was  one  pf  the  first 


^xi 


-^~JL. 


mTBODUOnOK. 


!   I 


iL 


H';r 


men  in  Pennsylvania.  He  favored  resistance  to  the  arbitrary  acts 
attempted  to  be  forced  on  the  colonies,  bnt  opposed  separation 
from  the  mother  country,  and  after  1776  went  to  England.  He 
declares  in  his  testimony  before  the  committee  referred  to,  that 
"one-half  the  Revolutionary  army  were  Irish!  and  one-quarter  na- 
tives of  the  soil."  Of  the  latter,  a  portion  must  of  necessity  have 
been  children  of  Irish  parents.  We  know  that  the  Pennsylvania 
quota  was  almost  entirely  Irish,  or  of  Irish  descent,  from  its  gen- 
erals down;  and  the  same  may  be  said  of  those  from  Maine  and  New 
Hampshire,  which  were  settled  principally  by  Irish.  The  local  lead- 
ers too,  almost  everywhere  throughout  the  colonies,  were  Irish,  who 
spurred  on  the  laggards  and  fired  the  hearts  of  the  people  by  that 
burning  eloquence  peculiar  to  the  race.  Of  this  we  have  many 
notable  instances.  In  the  South,  the  Mecklenburg  Declaration  of 
Independence,  which  anticipated  by  some  time  the  great  Declara- 
tion. Its  members  were  almost  entirely  Irish  from  the  interior 
and  southern  portion  of  North  Carolina,  which  was  mainly  settled 
by  them.  A  further  indication  of  the  spirit  and  zeal  of  this  people 
in  the  great  struggle  is  well  illustrated  by  an  association  formed 
by  the  youns^  women  of  that  section,  to  encourage  their  fathers, 
brothers  and  lovers  to  fight  for  Independence  to  the  last,  and 
pledging  themselves  to  marry  no  young  man  who  did  not  take  up 
arms  in  defense  of  liberty;  ready  and  willing  to  bear  the  extra 
home  burthens  themselves.  In  the  northern  portions  of  the  col- 
buies,  Maine  and  New  Hampshire,  settled  mainly  by  the  same  race, 
we  behold  the  same  zeal;  the  Sullivans,  the  Langdons,  the  Starks, 
the  O'Briens,  ever  first  to  risk  their  lives  and  their  fortunes  in 
the  great  contest  for  liberty.  If  this  was  the  complexion  of  the 
colonies  at  the  breaking  out  of  the  Revolution,  of  which  there 
can  be  no  doubt,  it  is  easy  to  calculate  how  overwhelmingly  the 
American  people  must  be  of  Irish  origin;  for  after  the  Revolution, 
for  more  than  half  a  century,  the  emigration  to  the  United  States 
was  mainly  Irish.  We  have  the  statistics  of  the  port  of  Phila- 
delphia, which  show  for  a  whole  century  including  this 
period,  the  arrivals  at  that  port  to  have  been,  out  of  every  ten,  nine 
were  Lrish.  The  natural  condition  of  things  too  is  in  accordance 
with  such  a  fact.  The  enmity  between  Great  Britain  and  America 
after  a  long  and  bitter  struggle  would  naturally  preclude  the  de- 
sire or  thought  of  emigration  from  the  beaten  to  the  victor;  while 
Ireland,  still  struggling  as  she  had  been  through  many  long  years  for 
liberty,  was  in  strong  sympathy  with  America,  £nd  America  free, 
freed  too,  mainly  by  the  valor  of  her  exiled  childr>^n,  was  to  them  a 
haven  of  peace  and  repose;  and  so  they  came  in  countless  numbers. 
The  continental  nations  with  the  exception  of  Spain  having  lost 
all  their  possessions  in  North  America,  nad  also  ceased  emigrating 
until  it  commenced  with  the  Germans  during  the  last  half  century. 
Thus  the  American  as  moulded,  and  formed,  and  rounded  out,  is 
mainly  an  Irish  Celt  developed  in  a  free  field  of  action  through  the 
natural  genius  of  the  ra6e  alone;  and  it  is  safe  to  say  that  you  can 
scarcely  point  to  one  representative  American  Statesman  of  the 


-i:.4u. 


IMTBODXTcnOlt. 


past  or  present,  whose  blood  and  brain  is  not  either  entirely'  or  in 
great  part  of  Irish  origin.  And  here  one  might  well  ask,  how  is  it 
then,  if  siich  is  the  origin  of  this  people,  that  we  do  not  aee  them 
claim  such  origin  and  defend  and  honor  the  Irish  name,  but  rather 
that  at  times  in  the  past  a  strong  preiudice  has  been  exhibited 
towards  the  Irish,  and  the  claim  of  sucn  nationality  tended  rather 
to  injure  than  advance  the  prospects  of  an  individual  in  this  country. 
This  paradox  is  true,  and  it  seems  to  have  been,  at  least  so  far,  one 
of  the  accumulative  misfortunes  of  that  race,  but  it  is  easy  of  ex- 
planation. It  arose  in  the  first  place  and  mainly  out  of  religious 
bigotry,  of  which  nothing  is  so  olind,  bitter  or  virulent,  and  sup- 
plemented to  this,  the  want  of  cultivation — ^but  thank  Heaven  not 
of  virtue  or  genius — which  poverty,  brought  on  by  robbery  and 
oppression,  had  entailed  on  the  poor  Irish  emigrant  at  home,  and 
fldded  still  to  this,  a  poisoned  English'literature,  filled  with  the  most 
infamous  falsehoods  which  were  ever  vomited  from  a  hireling  press 
against  the  good  name  of  a  people^  and  which  by  its  power  and 
influence  poisoned  the  briarean  arms  of  IHerature;  but  thank  Heaven 
also,  whatever  designs  an  all-wise  Providence  had  in  permitting 
such  poisoned  shafts  to  wound  and  bear  down  a  people,  they  are 
fast  becoming  powerless  to  do  :  /il,  and  prejudices  are  being  fast 
dispelled  in  the  light  of  honest  investigation  and  the  knowledge  of 
a  true  history.  Now,  the  name  "Irish/'  does  now,  has  always,  and 
probably  always  will  convey  with  it  the  idea  of  "Catholic,"  not 
alone  because  five-sixths  of  its  people  have  always  been  such,  but 
also  because  the  people  or  nation  has  suffered  for  being  such.  The 
original  emigration  from  Ireland,  as  is  the  emigration  of  to-day, 
was  from  all  parts,  and  the  persecuted  and  hunted  were  more  likely 
to  flee  and  seek  a  peaceful  home  than  those  who,  at  least,  were  less 
so;  consequently  from  the  earliest  period  of  colonial  settlement 
they  flocked  to  America,  Gatholio  and  Protestant  alike  and  togeth- 
er, out  with  this  difference^  the  Catholic  fleeing  from  a  persecution 
which  disorganized  his  church  and  made  his  pastor  a  hunted  and 
disguised  refugee  in  his  own  land,  broke  away,  isolated,  so  to. 
speak,  from  ever  threatening  trouble,  and  brought  with  him  none 
of  the  access  ries  of  religion  except  faith — no  priest,  no  altar,  no 
organization.  His  Protestant  neighbor  came  with  all  these,  but 
the  antagonism  which  existed  at  home,  and  which  is  so  foreign  to 
the  Irish  character,  melted  and  disappeared  when  the  foul  breath 
of  their  common  enemy  was  not  present  to  fan  the  devouring  flame. 
The  result  was,  the  Catholic  being  without  the  means  to  practice 
his  religion  soon  grew  cool  and  indifferent,  and  if  he  himself  did 
nof  lose  the  faith,  his  children  did;  but  being  not  only  of  an  intel- 
lectual but  also  of  a  religious  ra^oe,  they  attached  themselves  to  the 
established  forms  around  them.  From  a  lying  and  perverted 
literature  they  also  became  tainted  with  bigotry,  and  being  totally 
ignorant  of  the  grand  history  of  their  matchless  race,  they  forgot 
or  felt  ashamed  of  a  race  they  knew  only  as  poor,  persecuted  and 
depressed,  and  whose  nusfortunes  were  maliciously  charged  to 
its  religion,    and  so  many  thus  oircumstaneed    soon    began    to 


tttTBODnOTKni. 


J 


<•'- 


Pi^- 


prattle  abont  their  Anglo-Saxon  blood  and  ancestry.  This  An^lo- 
Saxonism  is  simply  a  great  fraud,  a  pure  myth,  a  shadowy  thing 
of  evil,  and  the  great  American  people  are  not  only  not  Anglo- 
Saxon,  bnt  (as  was  well  illustrated  and  proven  by  an  English 
scientist  and  published  in  Appleton's  Magazine  many  years  ago, 
under  the  heading  "Are  we  Celts  or  Saxons?")  neither  are  the 
great  hodj  of  the  English  people  of  to-day;  but  that  even  they, 
phyiiologically  speaking,  are  mainly  Celts.  Is  it  not  a  notorious 
fact  that  if  one  should  wipe  out,  not  the  achievc>aent8  of 
Norman  Celts,  but  alone  the  achievements  of  Irish  Celts,  from 
the  history  of  England  for  the  past  one  hundred  and  fifty  years, 
the  most  splendid  portions  of  her  historv  would  be  obliterated? 
But  America,  immeasurbly  more  than  England,  is  Celtic,  and  its 
so  called  Anglo-Saxonism  is  but  a  myth  of  myths — a  wholesale 
robbery  of  Celtic  blood,  brains  and  achievements.  One  of  the 
objects  of  this  work  is  to  help  and  dissipate  this  phantom  of 
evil,  this  soulleHS  idol,  this  myth  with  but  little  more  real  life 
or  progeny  or  ancestry  than  a  wooden  god,  as  far  as  America  is 
concerned,  and  to  snatch  away  a  few  of  the  stolen  garlands  which 
hide  its  emptiness.  The  time  is  come  for  the  Iriim  Celt  to  assert 
himself;  to  defend  his  race  from  the  rabid  and  false  attacks  of 
such  perverters  of  history  as  Fronde  and  like  frauds;  to  see  that  the 
credit  of  her  children's  achievements  are  not  stolen  and  appropriated 
by  her  enemies,  or  by  a  myth;  to  explode  this  An^lo-Saxonism, 
and  to  make  the  history  of  his  race  as  conspicuous  as  it  is  glorious. 
In  this  field,  (America)  where  the  children  of  all  nations  have 
a  free  field  and  equal  chances,  the  Irish  Celt  has  ever  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  intellectual  as  well  as  physical  superiority. 
As  there  is  nothing  which  better  distinguishes  the  innate  refinement 
and  nobility  of  a  race  than  the  character  and  beauty  of  its  women, 
so  here  in  America  we  have  the  amplest  means  of  comparing 
them  with  those  of  other  nations;  and  what  a  contrast!  The  daugh- 
ter of  the  poor  Irish  emigrant,  whose  people  for  hundreds  of  years 
perhaps,  have  been  battling  with  the  greatest  adversity,  no  sooner 
secures  a  little  of  the  means  to  indulge  in  the  refinements  of  life 
than  she  steps  forth,  not  as  an  isolated  case,  but  almost  universally, 
like  a  queen,  grace  and  dignity  in  her  bearing,  brightness  and  in- 
telligence in  her  eye,  commanding  respect  as  well  as  admiration  by 
the  strength  and  charms  of  her  cnaracter,  and  equal  to  any  dig- 
nity which  fortune  may  elevate  her  to.  We  need  not  say  that  such 
can  be  said  of  the  other  races  whose  children  seek  America  as  a 
home.  Oh,  if  the  children  of  this  matchless  race.  Catholic  and 
Protestant  alike,  would  unite  in  a  common  bond  of  brotherhood  in  the 
spirit  of  its  Plunketts,  its  O'Connells,  its  Wolfe  Tones,  its  Emmets, 
its  Mitchells,  its  Martins,  and  take  pride  in  the  honor  and  exalta- 
tion of  the  race — ^powerful  as  they  are  beyond  all  calculation,  spread 
out  over  the  whole  earth — how  soon,  even  by  moral  force  alone, 
could  they  not  redeem  the  glorious  old  land  which  nurtured  their 
race,  from  the  bonds  of  the  oppressor.  The  object  of  the  wprk  is 
oot  only  to  trace  a  history  of  tne  race  at  home  by  sketches  of  its 


■■  *     ,.     I       —^iw^^fip  I        t    I  II 


more  illur  tr  Kings,  Saints  aAd  Sages  of  ancient  times  and  pat- 
riots and  buobv  smen  of  modern,  but  more  especially  to  indicate  its 
extent  and  greatness  in  Ameriea;  to  show  the  honest  student  of 
history  what  an  immense  influence  this  little  down-trodden  island 
must  have  had  in  moulding  and  making  modem  history  through 
the  achievements  of  her  children.  We  speak  not  of  her  Wellingtons, 
and  Wellesleys,  and  Napiers,  and  Do}  les,  and  Blakes,  and  Burks, 
and  Cannings,  and  countless  others,  who  make  the  history  of  her 
oppressor  rich  in  human  glory;  but  just  let  him  oast  his  eye  on  the 
continent  when  the  old  order  of  things  was  breaking  up;  when 
feudal  institutions  were  struggUng  to  maintain  themselves  against 
modem  civilization;  when  the  map  of  Europe  was  permanently 
altered,  almost  substantially  as  it  is  to-day,  say  especially  during 
the  stormy  and  long  reign  of  Louis  XIY  oi  France;  and  let  him 
calculate  if  he  can  what  results  the  death  of  the  600,000  Irish  Celts 
who  fell  in  the  course  of  fifty  years,  as  historv  records,  fighting 
with  matchless  gallantry  in  the  French  wars,  had  in  moulding  mod- 
em Europe  and  infusing  into  it  a  spirit  of  rational  liberty;  that 
absolutism  which  many  of  the  continental  nations  or  people  ac- 
cepted or  submitted  to,  or  even  that  modified  form,  elevated  if 
not  ennobled,  called  feudalism,  never  having  had  a  foothold  or  a 
habitation  among  the  free  but  cultivated  people  or  Ireland;  its 
children  were  from  the  earliest  times  the  representatives  and 
apostles  of  a  true  rational  liberty,  ever  recognizing  the  rights, 
the  freedom  and  the  equality  before  the  law  of  the  individual.  It 
was  not  only  at  Fontenoy  where  their  irresistible  dash  snatched 
victory  from  their  ancient  foe  and  put  an  end  to  English  dominion 
on  the  continent,  but  in  a  hundred  other  battles  of  great  impor- 
tance were  they  leading  factors  in  securing  victory.  It  was 
through  their  valor  and  daring  that  the  ambitious  schemes  of  Wal- 
lenstein,  the  greatest  general  of  his  age,  were  fioistrated  in  Eastern 
Europe,  and  the  intej^rity  of  the  German  Empire  secured;  and  from 
that  time  to  this,  in  Europe,  America  (North  and  South),  Australia, 
the  world  over,  has  the  exiled  Irish  Celt  played  a  conspicuous  and 
commanding  part.  These  facts  are  well  known  and  indisputable, 
but  they  have  been  scattered  throughout  the  history  of  the  world. 
We  have  labored  in  an  imperfect  way  to  bring  them  together  in 
one  book  in  the  way  of  biography,  which  is  perhaps  the  most  pleas- 
ing form  of  history.  Whatever  errors  may  have  crept  into  the 
first  edition,  typographical  and  riherwise,  of  which  undoubtedly 
there  are  many,  we  will  strive  to  correct,  and  in  the  near 
future  add  a  new  volume  of  illustrious  Celts  from  the  vast  array 
living  and  dead,  over  whom  for  many  reasons  we  had  to  pass  fo^ 
the  present. 

THE  AUTHOR. 


Chronological  Index  of  Contents. 


UNDER  SPECIFIC  HEADINGS. 


SAINfS. 


^fM^:': 


Adamnan a, 

Ailbe 

Aileram 

Albin 

Albuin 

Arbogas^ 

Amicus : 

Beniguus 

Bieacs  aud  Burfan 

Brendan 

Brendan  of  Birr 

Bridget 

Brieuc 

Cailan 

Cellach 

Christian 

Clit-istian 

Ooiman 

Colman 

Columba 

Columbkill.. 

Conlaeth 

Drclan 

Desibod c 

Dymplina 

Eitline... 

Elipli 

Eiida, 

Feantlial 

Felix 

Finochta 


D.  680 
600 
600 
780 
700 
600 
4G0 
480 
475 
488 
686 
468 
460 
647 
1106 
1160 
1188 
613 
060 
680 
660 
470 
600 
680 
480 
660 
880 
680 
766 
1170 
676 


Finian a.d.  660 


Finian 

FlorentinuB 

Fridolinos 

Gelaseus 

Gilbert 

Ounifort 

Ibar 

Ida 

Jarleth 

Eeyin 

Kianm 

Ellian 

Livinus 

Macartin 

Malchus 

Mannou 

Mansunr . . . . ; 

Mochelloe 

Moloous 

Muerdacli 

Munchin 

Navel 

O'Toole,  Laurence. 

Patrick , 

Rumbold 

^edulus 

Benan; 

Tisemach 

Wiro 


580 

460 
1160 
1080 
400 
480 
600 
680 
560 
630 
660 
680 
600 
1130 
1200 
100 
600 
620 
460 
480 
660 
1160 
460 
750 
785 
640 
660 
640 


KINGS. 


Aiden... a.d.  757 

Amergin b.o.  1000 

Angus,  or  Bneati 800 

Blathmac a.d.  660 

Brien  Boiroimhe 980 

Obrbm  Liffecliair 260 

Cas  Cormac 240 

Oatbire  More 140 

Olxrimthon 860 

Oonars  tlie  Great 10 

Oonarr B.O.   460 

Oongal A.D.  046 

Conn  Koadcaha 148 

Oonquovar 810 

Ocrmao  of  Munster 640 

Oormac  MoCulinan 870 


Oormac  Ulfada a.d.  270 

Ohrintbam  . .     60 

Dathy  the  Great 420 

Larmod 644 

Domhnalllll 748 

Edenkeal 1 

]£nnall b.o.  600 

Eiochall 500 

Booha  IX ,  10 

Eocha  XII A.D.  850 

Eocha  Reuda 212 

Fe&rdadaoh b.o.  600 

Feargall a.d.  711 

Feilin 180 

Feargualll 665 

Feigua 880 


MMMMH«MH««MlMMgMH 


OBBONOXiOOXGAIi  LMUJU  OV  OOnTBinf. 


QtS. 


..A.D.  650 
680 

450 
..  1180 
..  1080 
400 
480 
600 
580 
660^ 
680 
650 
680 
500 

...   iiao 

...  1208 
100 
600 
620 
460 
480 
560 
1160 
450 
750 
785 
640 
560 
640 


I....A.D.  270 
60 
480 
644 
748 
I 
..B.O.  600 
600 
...   .   10 
....A.D.  8M) 
218 
1. ...B.O.  600 

1....A.D.    711 

180 
665 


Fergus  I  (Scotland) aj>.  608 

Fiach  y 78 

Flan(8ionna) 900 

Flabwtoch 727 

Heremon b.o.  1000 

HughVX A.D.  797 

Hughll 679 

HughV 784 

Kedlachan 920 

Lao^nro 428 

MacConn 224 

MacColIenan,  Cormnc 920 

Maglochlin  Moriertuch 1152 

Malachi 840 

Malachlll 980 

Modh-Corb 288 

ModhaNuagat 150 

Muemnon b.o.   700 

Niall,  the  Great....  t a.d.  880 

Niall 888 


0*61160,  Ooachobar a.d.1140 

O'Brien,  Dermod 1070 

O'Brien,  Donough 1015 

O'Brira,  Morietach 1089 

O'Brien,  Theodore 1600 

O'Brien,  Turlough 1080 

O'Connor,  Roderick. . . ; 1170 

O'Connor,  Turlough 1180 

OilioUOlum... 280 

Olam-Fodla b.o.  720 

Oleve  Fola 680 

Olohobhair a.d.  840 

O'NeUl,  John  (Shane) 1560 

Rorr  the  Great b.c.     87 

Rotheactll 6G0 

Sedua  II 600 

Tighermas a.m.  1085 

Tuthal A.D.  100 

XJgane-More b.o.  800 


IRISH  PATRIOTS. 


Bamwall,  Alex a.d.1670 

BarriDgton.  Sir  Jonah 1782 

Butler,    Richard  (Vic.  Mount- 
garret) 1600 

Butler,    Lieut. -Gen.    Richard 

(Ormond) 1610 

BymcPatrick 1750 

Carey,  Mathew 1760 

Davis,  Thos 1814 

Dennond,  Garret,  Earl  of 1570 

Desmotil.   SirJohn 1570 

Dillon,  Count  Arthur 1665 

Dillon,  Theobald. 1640 

Duffy,  Charles  Gavin 1840 

Emmet,  Robert 1796 

Emmet,  Thomas  Addis 18q0 

England.  Right.  Rev.  John. . . .  1786 

Fitzgerald,  LordEdwail 1796 

Fitzgerald,  Rt.  Hon.  James. . .  1760 

Fitzmaurice,  James 1574 

Flemiiig,  Chas.  (Lord  Slane). .  1600 

Fleming,  Christ.  (Lord  Slano).  1678 

Fleming,  Gen.  Henry. 1665 

Flood.  Henry. 1740 

French.  Rt.  Rev.  Nicholas. . . .  1640 

Grattau,  Henry 1760 

Grey,  E.  Dwyer 1884 

Grey.  SirJohn 1840 

Hamilton,  Lady  Elizabeth. . . .  1650 

Hoard,  Sir  Joseph 1780 

Holt.  General 1708 

Hudson,  Edward ,  t79d 

Kiokham,  Charles  J 1846 

Eildare,  James  Fitzgerald. . . .  1760 

Lucas,  Charles 1740 

Martin,  John 1848 

Maxwell,  Charles 1688 

McCarthy,  Gen.  Justin 1666 

McBIligot,  Gen.  Roger 1686 


McGee,  Thos.  D'Arcy a. 

McGeoghegan,  Abbe  J 

Mc€kogh^mn,  Kichard , 

McNe\in,  Dr.  W.  J 

McGuire,  Prince  Conn 

Meagher,  Gen.  Thos.  F 

Mitchell,  John 

Molyneux.  Wm 

Momington,  Garret,  iSarl  of. . . 

Monroe,  Gen.  Henry 

Murphy,   Edmuhd 

Nelson,  Samuel 

Nugent,  Qen.  Richard 

O'Brien,  Marshal  (Lord  Clare) 
O'Brien,  Murrough (Marshal). . 

O'Brien,  Gen.  Charles 

O'Brien,  Daniel  (Earl  of  Clare) 

O'Brien,  Wm.  Smith 

0'Bricn,Terpnce  Albert(Bish'p) 

O'Connell,  Daniel 

O'Connor,  Gen.  Arthur. ...  .. 

O'Dogherty,  Cahiif 

O'Doherty,  Kevin  Izod 

O'Donnel,    Hugh,    Prince  of 

Tyrconrkel 

O'Gara,  Gdn.  Oliver 

0'Gormr.n,  Richard 

O'Mahony,  Jeremiah 

O'Mahony,  John 

O'Maddan,  Edmond 

O'Melkeron,  Owen 

O'Neill,  (3en.  Gordon 

0'Neni,Hugh,Prince  of  Tyrone 

O'Neill,  MaJ  Ghm.  HugU 

O'Neill,  Owen  Roe..... 

Orr,  William 

O'Bhaughnessy,  Roger 

Pamell,  Charles  Stewart 

Parsons,  Sir  Laurence 


D.1848 
1780 
1600 
1796 
1600 
1848 
1848 
1680 
1750 
1798 
1688 
1798 
1686 
1760 
1686 
1666 
1688 
1846 
1650 
1829 
1798 
1606 
1848 

1600 
1700 
1848 
1600 
1846 
1686 
1680 
1688 
1600 
1640 
1646 
1796 
1720 
1684 
1800 


1  i 


'."■v--.-.v''f;^-v 


OHBOKOIiOOIOAL  nfTDBZ  OF  OOKTBim. 


Soott,  Ool  Edward i 

Stuart,  Mary 

Sullivan,  Alex.  M 

Bullivan,  Timothy  D 

Talbot,  Rich'd(BarlTyrconnel) 
Tandy,  Qen.  James  M upper. .. 

lUrrell;  Capt.  Richard 

Tone,  Theobald  Wolfe 


Junket,  Wm.  0 a.d.1782 

Ponsonby.  Hon.  Geo 1800 

Powers,  Qen.  John 1688 

Pender«tst,  Ool  Edward 1688 

avinn, llev.  Thomas. . .  1840 

ochford,  M 1648 

Rothe,  John 1688 

Barsfleld,  Pat.,  Earl  of  Lucan.  1688 

Savage,  John 1848 1  Woji^n,  Col.  Edward 

IRISH  DIVINES, 

WHO  TLOUBISHBD  IN  IBELAUD  AND  BNOLAin). 
CATHOLIC. 

Baron,  Roland. A.D.  1520 

Bernard,  Hugh,  D.D 1875 

Brurke,  Rev.  Thonuua  N 1880 

Biadv,  Andrew 1450 

Brady,  Wm.  Maziere 1827 

Brown,  Thomas 1550 

Callanan,  Rev.  Lawrence. ....  1729 

Oassidy,  Roderick 1580 

Catholicus,  Archbishop. 1195 

Olynn,  Jcun 1860 

Colgan,  John 1960 

Conroy,  Rt  Rev.  Geo 1832 

Constantine,  Bishop 1150 

Creagh,  Most  Rev.  Richard. . .  1570 

Gullen,  Cardinal  Paul. 1803 

Cusack.  Chiistopher 1575 

Doyle,  Dr.  James 1186 

Egan,  BoBtius 1600 

Eusface.  Maurice 1580 

Pich.  Thomas.... 1520 

Field,  Rt.  Rev.  Thos , .  1500 

Fitzsimon,  Rev.  Henry. 1640 

Fitzsimon,  Most  Rev.  Patrick.  1750 

Fitzsimon,  Most  ReV.  Walter. .  1500 

French,  Rt  Rev.  Nicholas. . .  1604 

Gibilan,  Maurice 1800 

Gilbert  (Urgale) 1880 

Godham,  Adam 1840 

Hiflgius,  Dr.  William 1720 

3ggin8,  Philip 1794 

Hollywood,  Christopher 1600 

Joy,  Most  Rev.  William 1480 

Joyce,  Most  Rev .  Koland 1800 

Joyce,  Most  Rev.  Wa'ter  ....  1770 

Koii  Jog,  Geoffrey 1580 

Kirwin,  Rt.  Rev.  Augustin. . . .  1780 

Lincoln,  Most  Rev.  Richard. .  1780 

Leverous,  Rt.  Rev.  Thos 1550 

Lombard,  Most  Rev.  Peter. . . .  1600 

Lynch,  Rev.  John 1630 

MacAed,  Malachi .  1818 

MaoAuley,  Catherine ISO'  > 

MoOaghwell,  Most  Rev.  Hti^h  1600 

McFlin,  Most  Rev.  Florence. .  1250 

MoHale,  Most  Rev.  John 1880 


.D.1685 
1620 
1384 
1884 
1740 
1708 
1680 
1798 
1650 


McMolisse,  Most  Rev.  Nich. ..  a.d.1292 

McRonan,  Most  Rev.  Thomian  686 

Maguire,  Rev.  Charles 1460 

Maguire,  Rt.  Rev.  Michael. . . .  1410 

Maguire.  Rev.  Thomas IMO 

Maher,  Rev.  James 1870 

Malone,  Rev.  William 1600 

Matnew.  Rev.  Theobald. ..  ..  1840 

Miller,  Rev.  Peto- 1580 

Moriarity,  Rt,  Ivcv.  D^vld. . . .  1850 

Murray,* Most  Rev.  Daniel. . . .  1830 

Nagle,  Nano 1768 

Norris,  Philip,  D.D. 1100 

0'Brien,Rt.  Rev. Terence  Albert  165o 

O'Carrol,  Most  Rev.  Thos 1850 

Ookam,  William.  .1 1850 

O'Connor,  Rev.  Charles 180U 

Obugey  David 1350 

O'CuUennan,  Gelasius 1580 

O'Dowling. '  Thaddeus 1570 

O'Fallon.  Rt.  Rev.  Donald 1500 

O  Hurley,  Most,  liev.  Dermod.  1580 

O'Kelly,  Most  Rev.  Ralph. . . .  1340 

O'Lagknan,  Most  Rev.  Mariau  12  0 

O'Sbaughnesscy,  Ool  man 1740 

O'Toole,  Laurence,  St 1160 

Plunket,  Most  Rev.  Oliver  ...  1069 

Porter,  Mam-ice  do 1250 

Reginald ,  Archbishop 1250 

Richard,  Archbishop 18  8 

Roth,  Dr.  David 1600 

Russell,  Dr.  Charles  W 1870 

Russell,  Most  Rev.  Patr*ck...  1685 

Stapleton,  Dr.  Thomas 1565 

Talbot,  Most  Rev.  Peter 1060 

Tanner,  Edward,  D.D 1635 

Treguary,  Most  .»ev.  Michac!.  K60 

Troy,  Mo8t  Rev.  Johr^  Thomaj  1800 

Usiier,  Rev.  Di- 1750 

Walsh,  William,  Rt.  Rev 1570 

Waterford,  Thos 1640 

Wollesley.  Rt.  Rev.  Wr.lter. . .  1580 

Wesley,  Edward,  Rt.  R  w 1685 

Wiseman.  Nicholas,  P.  8 1860 

Wolfo,  Rev.  James 1660 


PROTBBTAMT— OBUBOH  OF  SNOIiAKD. 

Barton,  Rev.  Thomas s .  a.d.  1720 1  Brady,  Nicholas 

Berkel^«  Bishop  Q«o :084  j  Brooke,  Bet.  Stafford. 


166l» 
1888 


ii.<^.. ' 


OHHOKOLOGICAL  ISDBX  OF  COITTBNTS; 


D.1685 

1690 
ld84 
1884 
1740 
1798 
1680 
1798 
1650 


L.D.1292 
686 
1460 
1410 
IMO 
1870 
1600 
1840 
l.')80 
1850 
1880 
1768 
1400 
1650 
1850 
1850 
180U 
1850 
1680 
1570 
15()0 
1580 
1340 
12  0 
1740 
1150 
1G6U 
1250 
1260 
18  8 
1600 
1870 
1085 
1566 
1060 
1636 
K60 
1800 
1760 
1670 
1640 
1660 
1686 
1850 
1660 

1660 
1888 


Butcher,  Bt,  Rey.  Samud a.9.1811 

Chandlnr,  F^lward 1720 

Clayton,  Robeir. ....  j 1819 

Croly,  Bev.  George 1780 

Delaney  Dr.  Patrick 1686 

Do^  veil,  Henry 1688 

Fitzgerald.  William.  D.D.....  1814 

Francis,  Philip 1760 

Gregory,  George,  D.D 1760 

Hales,  WUliam 1778 

Hamttton,  Hugh 1729 

King,  Dr.  WiUiam 1700 

Kirwin,  Walter  B 1780/ 

Leslie,  Charles 1680 

I'adan,  Bev.  Martin 1760 

Madden.  Dr.  Samuel  M 1700 

Magee,  Dr.  Wm 1800 

Magee,  Dr.  Wm.  C 1850 


Muniire,  Bev.  Bobt a, 

MoHeile,  Husli,  D.D 

Mossom,  Bt  Bev.  Bobert 

Murphy,  F/ancis 

O'Beime,  Bt.  Sev.  Thos.  L. . . 

Pamell,  Thomas 

Bichardson,  John 

Sheridan,  Thos.  D.D 

Shirley.  Walter 

Thompson.  Bev.  William. 

Todd,  James  H.^  D.D 

Traill,  Bobert.  D.D 

Trench,  Bichard  C 

Usher,  James 

Wall,  Chas.  W.,  D.D 

Walsh,  Bobert,  D.D.,  LL.D. 
Wolfe,  Bev.  Charies .h 


D.1850 
1840 
16^ 
18S0 
1800 
1800 
1650 
1720 
1840 
1770 
1860 
1840 
1865 
1620 
1850 
1820 
1820 


PBOTEBTANT— DIBSEinnBS. 


Arthur,  Bev.  William  (Meth). .  a.d.  1819 
Carson,  Bev.  Alexander  (Bapt)       1880 

Clarke.  Dr.  Adam  (Meth) 1760 

Hincks,  Bev.  Edward  (Presb). .  1792 
Hutchinson,  Francis  (Presb). .  1700 
Joyce,  Jeremiah  (Presb) 1770 

STATESMEN,  SOLDIERS  AND  LAWYERS. 

EBELAND  AND  BNOLAin>. 


Leland,  John. , a.d.1720 

Leland.  Dr.  Thomas 1760 

Maxfleld,  Bev.  Thomas  (Meth)       1751) 

Moore.  Bev.  Henry  (Meth) 1800 

Walker,  George,  (Presb) 1680 


Anhesley,  Arthur a.d.  1614 

Barnwell,  Sir  John 1640 

Barnwell.  Sir  Patrick 1600 

Barre,  Qen.  Isaac 1724 

Barry,  David 12«7 

Belling,  Bichard 1618 

Beresford.  Wm.  Carr 1768 

Bloomfleld,  Benj 1762 

Booth,  Sir  Bobert  Gore 1806 

Bourke,  Bichard 1260 

Boyle,  Henry  (£«t1  of  Shannon)  1700 

Boderick.  Sir  Allan 1680 

Brown,  Arthur,  LL.D 1770 

Burton,  Bichard  Francis 1821 

Bushe.  Charles  Kendal 1767 

Butler.  James  (Ormond) 1660 

Canning.  Bt.  Hon.  George. ...  1770 

Carausms 360 

Carlton,  Sir  Guy 1784 

Charlemont,  Jas.  C,  Barl  of. .  1728 

Chichester,  Gen.  Arthur '  1660 

OJark.  MaJ.-Gen 1760 

Cole.  Gen.  Galbraith 1776 

Coqyngham,  Francis  N 2  ^'^^'^ 

Conway,  Marshal  Henry  S. . . .  _  1721 

Coote,  Sir  Byre "^"^^ 

Cowley,  Henry  W. .  Baron. . . .  1778 

Crocker,  John  Wilson 1780 

Cunningham,  Timothy 1780 

Curran,  John  P 1760 

Cusaok,  Sir  Thomas 1660 

Daroy,  tMr  William 1680 


Dawson.  Arthur a.d.1706 

Deasy.  Bichard,  LL.  D 1812 

Dillon.  Lieut. -Ger .  Arthur  B. .  1780 

Downes,  William 1740 

Doyle,  Gen.  Sir  John 1756 

Doyle,  Mai-Gen.  W.  E 1760 

Dunerin,  Marquis 1860 

Duffy,  Charles  Gavin 1848 

Duigenan,  Patrick 1796 

Edwards,  Bryan 1748 

Emmet,  Temple 1780 

Emmet.  Thomus  Addis 1800 

England.  Lieut.  Gen.  Pichard  1740 

England,  Gen.  Sir  Bichard ....  1798 

Evnns,  Lieut.-Gen  Sir  DeLacy  1787 

Esmond,  Sir  John , 1826 

Eustace,  James,  Viscount 1670 

Finglas.  Patrick 1634 

Fitzgerald,  Sir  Augustine 1760 

Fitzgerald,  Bt.  Hon.  James. . .  1750 

Fitzgerald,  John  D.  LL.D. . . .  1816 

Fitzgerald,  Marshal.  Sir  John  T  1 786 

Fit7i^rald,  Nicholas 1686 

Flli-ejerald.  Percy  H 1884 

Fltzpatrick,  Lieut.  -Gon.  B.  K. .  1784 

Fitzeimons,  Most  Bev.  Walter  1500 

Floyd,  Gen.  Sir  John 1800 

Francis,  Sir  Philip 1760 

Foster,  John 1740 

Gore,  George 1700 

Gere,  John 1780 

Qough,  Marshal  Hugh 1806 


■'(  ■  ■-' : 


■^V 


OECBOiroIiOOIOAZi  XTOBZ  09  OOHTIim. 


Gray,  £.  Dwyer. a.d. 

Oiay,  Sir  John 

Hdy,  Oen.  Sir  William  O'G. . 

Hamilton,  James 

Hamilton,  Sir  John 

HamiltOB,  Gtoi.  Richard 

Hogff,  Sir  James  W 

Howcien,  Gen.  John,  Baron. . . 
Hutchinson,  Hon.  John  Hely. . 
Hutchinson,  Gen.  John  Hely. . 

Jones,  Mason , 

Eavanagh,  Sir  Hen^ 

Keane,  Lieut -Gen.  Lord  John 

Eotealy,  Edwaxd,  D.OX 

Odare,  James  Fit^^erald. . .  • 

Eirkpatrick,  Gen.  Wm 

Eing.  0«i.  BobertE 

Laniidown,  Wm.  P.,  Earl  of. . 

Loftus,  Gen.  Wm 

Londonderry,  Charles  W 

Londonderry,  BohertS.  (Oastle- 

Taagh) 

LoweTSir  Hudson 

Lucan,  Gen.  Geo.  0.,  Earl  of. . 

Lugadh,  (General 

Luttrell,  Simon 

Lynch,  Sir  Henry 

lorndhuTBt,  John  S.  0.  Lord. . 

McArthur,  Wm 

Macartney,  Geo.,  Earl  of 

McCarthy,  Gen.  Justin 

McCarthy,  Owen. 

McDonnell,  Sir  B.  G.,  LLJ>. . 

Maguire,  John  Francis 

Mahon,  Gen.  Stephen 

Martin,  John 

Massey,  Gten.  l^re 

Massey.  Gen.  Nathaniel 

Mayo,Earl  of  (Rich'd  S.Bourke) 

Meade,  Robert 

Mitchell,  John 

Moles  worth,  Marshal  Count. . . 
Molesworth,  Bobert,  Count. . . 
Monk,  C*harles  Stanley,  Lord. . 
Montgomery,  Sir  Heniy  C. . . . 
Montgomery,  Sir  R9bert^L.D 
Napier,  Lieut-Gen.  Sir  W.P.P 

Napier,  Wm.  J.,  Lord 

Nicholson,  Gen.  John  A 

Nolan,  Chief  Justice  Michael. . 

Nugent,  Cten.  Sir  George 

Nugent,  Bobert  Craggs 

O'Brien,    Murrough,    Earl  of 

Indhiquin 

O'Brien,  Wm.  Smith 


880 
866 
850 
700 
706 
670 
8)0 
800 
760 
780 
840 
800 
800 
860 
760 
.780 
790 
760 
800 
810 

800 
800 
860 
100 
688 
660 
800 
884 
760 
688 
688 
870 
860 
800 
848 
750 
800 
800 
800 
848 
700 
680 
850 
600 
860 
814 
820 
860 
800 
800 
776 

660 

848 


MILITARY  AND 


O'Callaghan,  Cornelius. A.d.1700 

O'Connor,  Fergus  E 1880 

O'Dwyer,  Andiew,  Caruw. . . .  1870 

O'Hagan,  Thomas 1880 

O'Laufdilin,  Sir  Coleman 1848 

0'Ndll,Hugh,Prince  of  Tyrone  1600 

O'Reilly,  ^n.  Hugh 1700 

Ormond.  John  Butler,  Earl..  1460 

Ossory,  Thos.  Butler.  Earl  of.  1660 

Palmerston,  Henry  J.  Temple,  1860 

Lord I860 

PameU,  Charles  Stewart 1884 

Parsons,  Sir  Laurence 1800 

Periy,  Edmund  S.,  Viscount. .  1780 

Pigbt  Gen.  Thomas 1750 

Pluntwt,  Hon.  Wm.  C 1800 

Ponsonby,  Hon.  Geo 1800 

Pottinger,  Sir  Henry 1840 

Rawdon,  Francis  H.,  Earl. . . .  1812 

Rowan,  Gen.  Sir  Wm 1850 

Saurin,  Rt.  Hon.  Wm 1800 

Scott,  John 1780 

Shiel,  Richard  Lalor 1880 

Shelbume,rWm.  Fitz  Maurice, 

P.  Earl 1765 

Sheridan,  Richard  Brinsley. . .  1800 

Shiel,  Sir  Justin I860 

Smith,  John  W 1830 

Smith,  Michael 1780 

Smith,  Sir  Wm 1800 

Staunton,  Sir  Geo.  Leon 1780 

Staunton,  Sir  Geo.  Thos 1880 

Strangford,  Vic  (P.  C.  Smytho)  1885 

Sullitan,  Alex  M 1884 

Sullivan,  Sir  Beni 1800 

SuUivan,  Denis  B 1800 

Talbot,  Richard 1740 

Taylor,  Sir  Meadows 1850 

Temple,  Sir  John 1700 

Temple,  Sir  William 1675 

Tennent,  Sir  J.  E.  LL.D 1860 

Tiemey,  George 1800 

Toler,  John 1800 

Tonson,  Gen.  Wm 1800 

Torrens,  Sir  Henry 1830 

Torrens,  Gen.  Robt.  F.  R.  S. . .  1865 

Torreno,  Sir  Robert  R 1870 

Torren's,  Wm.  McCullagh ....  1870 

Wellesley.  Richard  C,  Marquis  1888 

WelUngton,  Arthur  W.,  Dukn  1840 

Whiteside,  James 1860 

WUlis,  Sir  Joseph  S.,  LL.D. .  1866 

Wolseley,  Sir  G.  I.,  Lord 1884 

Yelverton,  Barrr,  Lord ISOq 

Toui  g,  John  (Baron  Lisgar). .  18qq, 

NAVAL  HEROES. 


VBOajXO  AND  BNGLAND. 


Alleyn.  Richard  J A.D.178a 

Ayutsr,  Gen.  Lord  Mathew..        1770 
Baldwin,  Ool 1790 


Beaufort  Sir  Francis A.D.1774 

Blake,  Robert,  Admiral 16SD 

Blake.  Sir  Walter 1680 


■MhriUki 


'-■^•>' 


ORB0NOIiOOIOAX<  HTDBX  OV  COSTBNTB. 


Blood.  Thos A^D.ieaS 

Borrows.  Eildare 1780 

Brown,  John 1640 

Cade,Jack 1460 

Cteichton,  John 1748 

Creighton,  Oen.  David 1680 

Dennond,  Garret. 1570 

Desmond,  Sir  John 1670 

Despud,  Edward  M 1790 

Downie.  Comodore 1800 

Fanner,  Capt 1760 

Fitzgibbon,  Col.  James 1780 

Fitzmaurice 1674 

Fletcher,  Col  Richard 1780 

Forbes,  Admiral  George 1686 

Forbes,  Admiral  John 1710 

Gardner,  Admiral  Alan 1786 

BandcocK,  Col.  R  B 1780 

Holt,  General 1798 

Kelly,  Col.  Edward 1800 

Lynch,  Capt.  Harry 1860 

McClintoch,  Admiral 1860 

McGeoghegan,  Richard 1600 


McClore.  CapL  tt  J 

gapier,  Admiral  Wm.  J 
olan,  Louis  B 

O'Brien,  Admiral  Jas 

O'Brien,  Admiral  Robert 

O'Donnel,    Hngh,   Prince   of 

Tyrconnel 

O'Kean,  Gen.  Daniel 

O'Neill,  Geo.  Gordon 

CNeill,  Maj.-Gen.  Hugh 

O'Neill,  Owen  Roe 

O'Bullivan,  Prince  of  Bearre. . 
Peckenham,  Gen.  Sir  E.  M. . . . 

Pomeroy,  Gen.  John 

Ponsonby,  Gen.  Sir  F.  C 

Ponsonby.  Sir  Wm 

Sheldon,  Gen.  Domenick 

Stewart,  Sir  Wm.  (Mount joy). 

Stewart,  Sir  Wm 

Taa£Fe,  Gen.  Lucas 

Warren,  Sir  Peter 

White,  Richard,  Earl  of  Bantry 


AUTHORS. 

BOlKMTlViO  AND  TjBABNUD. 


Abemathy,  John' A a.d.[ 

Aileran 

Amergin 

Amergln  McAmalraidh 

Anster,  John,  LL.D 

Aongus  Coledeus 

Apjonn,  Dr.  James 

Babington,  Wm 

Barnwell,  Dr.  Robert 

Barry,  Dr.  Martin 

Belling,  Richard 

Berkeley,  Geo!,  D.D 

Black,  Joseph 

Blake,  Robert,  M.D 

Borlace,  Edmund 

Boyd,  Hugh  MoAiiley 

Boyle,  Richard 

Brady,  Robert 

Brown,  Arthur 

Burton,  Richard  Francis. ..... 

Caimes,  John  Elliot 

Cobb,  Frances  Power 

Darley,  George 

Dee,  John 

Dodwell,  Henry 

Donovan,  Edward 

Feltham,  Owen « 

Glenie,  James. 

Oodham.  Adam 

Gorman,  Marianus , , . . . 

Hales.  Wm 

Hamilton,  Elizabeth 

Hamilton,  Sir  Wm.  Rowan. . . 

Hinoks,  Rw.  Edward 

Hudson,  Edward 


1768 

666 

660 

600 

1796 

760 

1796 

1767 

1700 

180d 

1610 

1684 

1728 

1776 

1610 

17^6 

1626 

1660 

1821 

1824 
1822 
1786 
1627 
1641 
1760 
1600 
1780 
1840 
1060 
1778 
1760 
1806 
1708 
1798 


Hutchinson,  Francis 

Kane,  Sir  Robert 

KeUy,  Patrick,  LL.D 

Eeneally,  Edward,  D.C.L. 

Kirwin,  Richard 

Laffan,  Sir  Joseph  DeO. . . 

Leckey,  Wm.  E.  H. 

Long,  St.  John 

Lucas,  Charles 

McClintock,  Admiral 

McCuUagh,  James 

McKenzte,  Dr.  Shelton. . . . 

McCure,  Capt.  R.  J 

Maddan,  Dr.  R  R . . 

Maginn,  Dr.  Wm 

Marsdep,  Dr.  Wm 

Mathews,  Geo.,  LL.D 

Molyneaux,  Daniel 

More,  Michael. 


Murphy,  James  0. 
O'Cfery, 


Peregrin 

O'Clery,  Bro.  Michael 

O'Ourry,  Eugene 

O'Donovan,  Dr.  John 

O'Fihely,  Donald 

O'Hamn,  Geoffry 

O'Hailoran,  Sylvester 

O^Kennedy,  Mathew 

O'Meara,  Dr.  Barry  Edmund. 

O'Shaughnessy.  Sir  Wm 

PaUiser,  SlrWm.  0.  B 

Petrle.  Geo.,  LL.D 

Roohford,  John 

Rosse,  Earl  of,  (Wm.  Parsons) 
Sabine,  Gen.  Sir  Edwaid 


1858 
1820 
1860 
1818 
1850 

1600 
1648 
1685 
1640 
1648 
1670 
1800 
1750 
1818 
1818 
1688 
1698 
1720 
1649 
1746 
1797 


1700 

1870 

1780 

1860 

1680 

1800 

1880 

1880 

1740 

1860 

1840 

1844 

1862 

1840 

1860 

1800 

1680 

1600 

1720 

1800 

1680 

1680 

1860 

1860 

1460 

1860 

1800 

1700 

1816 

1860 

1870 

1850 

1810 

1860 

1870 


OHBOHOLOeiCAL  IMDBZ  OV  OO^TBim. 


Shea,  David a.d.1890 

Sloan,  Sir  Hang 1700 

Smith,  Sir  ^m.  LL.D 1800 

Smyth,  Andrew  W 1866 

Btanihurst.  Nicholas 1660 

Sterne,  Dr.  John 1660 

Stokes.  Geo.  Gabriel 1870 

Stokes,  Whitley 1880 

Talbot,  James.  LL.D 1880 

Taltam,  Heniy,  LL.D 1840 

TayR>r.  Sir  Meadows 1860 

Taylor,  Wm.  Cooke,  LL.D...  1840 

Thompson,  Wm 1846 

Thompson,  James 1880 


ThomiiBon,  Sir  Wm ^ . .  .a, 

Todd,  James  H..  D.D 

Todd,  Bobert  B.,  H.D 

Toland,  John 

Torrens,  Gen.  Robert ^ 

Torrens,  Wm.  McC 

Tuckey,  Captain  James  H. . . . 
Tyndall.  John,  D.C.L.,  etc. . . 

Walsh,  Dr.  Edward 

Ware,  Sir  James,  LL.D 

Wilde,  Sfar  Wm.  Robert 

Wood.  Robert 

Young,  John  Radford 

Toung,  Mathew,  D.D 


AUTHORS. 

POBTIO  ASD  OBHBBAL. 


Allingham,  Wm.^ a.d.1828 

Amergin 660 

Anster,  John.  LL.D 1796 

Banim,  John 1798 

Bauim.  Michael 1796 

BeU,  Bobert 1800 

Blake,  EUzabeth 1780 

Blessington.  Countess  of 1788 

Boyd.  Hugh  McAuley 1746 

Boyse,  Samuel 1708 

Brady,  Michael 1660 

Brooke,  ITenry 1706 

Brooke,  Frances 1720 

Bronte,  Anna 18  lO 

Broute,  Charlotte 1840 

BruDtd,  Knily 1840 

Browne,  Finnces. 1818 

Browne,  Miity  Anne 1812 

Carlton,  William 1798 

Concanen.  Mathew «...  1680 

Cooke,  William 1766 

Cork,  John  Boyle,  Earl  of . . . .  1707 

Costello,  Dudley 1S08 

Costello,  Louisa,  S 1816 

Crocker.  John  W 1787 

Crocker.  Thos.  Crofton 1798 

Croly.  Rt.  Rev.  Geo 1780 

Cunningham,  John 1786 

Cusack,  Mary,  (Sister. Clare)..  1880 

Dancer,  John 1660 

Darley,  Geo.... 1786 

Davis.  Thos 1814 

Denham,  Sir  John 1620 

Denrody,  Thos. :...., 1776 

rerrick,  Samuel 1784 

DeVere,  Sir  Aubrey. 1787 

DeVere,  Aubrey 1814 

Digby,  K.  Henry 1800 

Doran,  John 1807 

Dubtach,  McLugheir 460 

Edgeworth,  Mana 1767 

Edgeworth,  Rich'd  L. 1744 

Edgewor.h,  Sheyd 1790 

Eusden,  Laurence 1700 


Farley,  James  L a. 

Fitzpatrick.  Wm.  J. 

Francis.  Sir  Philip 

Gage,  ReV.  Thomas 

Goldsmith,  Oliver. 

Grattan,  Thomas  C 

Grey.  Sir  George,  L  L.  D 

Griffin,  Gerald 

Hall,  Mrs.  Anna  M 

Hooke,  Nathaniel 

Hughes,  Thomas 

Jameson,  Mrs.  Anna 

Johnson.  Charles 

Eavanagh,  Julia 

Eeaty.  Annie 

Knightly.  Thomas 

Lever,  Charles 

Lover,  Samuel 

McCabe.  William  B 

McCormack,  Charles 

MaoFirbesey,  Oelasius ....... 

McGeoghegan,  Abbe  J 

McEensde.  R.  Shelton 

McClure.  SirR.  J 

Madden,  Dr.  R.  R 

McGuire,  John  F 

Malone,  Edmimd 

MiUiken,  Richard 

Molyneaux,  William 

ttonck,  Mary  Molesworth .... 

Moore,  Thomas 

Morgan,  Lady  Sidney 

MuBgrave,  Sir  Richard 

Norton,  Hon.  Caroline  E.  S. . . 

Pamell,  Thomas 

Pembridge,  Christopher 

Suin,  Michael  J 
eid.  Mayne 

Roche,  Riegina  Maria 

Roscommon,  Wentworth,  Dil* 

Ion  Earl   of, 

Sheridan,  Frances 

Sheridan,  Helen  Selina 

Shoridan,  Thomai  DJD 


D.1670 
1860 
18S0 
1700 
1860 
1876 
1800 
1880 
18C0 
1660 
1860 
1760 
1880 
1780 


D1828 
1880 
1760 
1640 
1781 
1800 
1887 
1810 
1810 
1760 
1820 
1797 
1760 
1840 
1860 
1840 
1860 
1860 
1880 
1760 
1260 
1780 
1844 
1862 
1840 
1860 

,1780 
1820 
1680 
1700 
180O 
1820 
1800 
1860 
1700 
1840 
1880 
1880 
1800 

1660 
1764 
1860 
1780 


/'.>',. 


min 


tiimmmmtmmi 


«HROHOZiOOIOAL  DTOKZ  OF  CONTBHTB. 


8teele,81r  Richud A.D.t700 

Btepheiui,  Edward  Bell IdSO 

Bterling,  John 1840 

Sterne,  Lawrence 1760 

Btranffford,  Viscount,  P.  A.  F. 

Smythe 1850 

StnL  j^ord.  Viscount,  P.  0.  8. 

^ythe 1885 

SuUivan,  Richard 1870 

SulUvan,  Timothy  D 1884 

Swift,  Jonathan 1700 

Taylor,  &ir  Meadows. 1850 

ACTORS  AND  AUTHORS. 


Tlgfae,  Mary  Blatchford a.d.1800 

Trench,  Dr.  lUchardC...*;..  1865 

Tate,  Kahum 1700 

Wall,  Charles  W.,  D.D 1880 

Waller,  John,  L.L.D 1850 

Warburton,  Eliot  B.  0 1850 

Warburton,  George..... 1854 

Weld,  Charles  Richard 1860 

Weld,  Isaac 1850 

White,  James 1760 

White,Samuel 1800 

Wolfe,  Rev.  Charles 1820 


DBAHATIOAL  Ain>  MUSIOAL. 


■  •«••••■ 


Abington,  Frances... 

Balfe.  Michael  WiUiam 

Banim.  John 

Barry,  Spranger 

BeckerstafF,  Isaac 

Boucicault,  Dion 

Brooke,  Henry 

Brooke,  Q.  Vaughan 

Brome,  Alexander. 

Brome,  Richard 

Brougham,  John 

Clive,  Mrs.  Catharine. 

Congreve,  William 

Cooke,  Geo.  Frederick 

Coyne,  Joseph  S 

Cunningham,  John 

Darner,  Anne  Seymour 

Dancer,  John 

Denham,  John... 

DeVere,  Sir  Aubrey 

DeVere,  Aubrey 

Derby,  Duchess  of 

Doran,  John 

Farren,  Eliza(Duches8  of  Der- 
by  

Farquhar,  Geo 

Faudt,  Helen 

Field.Jobn 

Francis,  Philip 

Goldsmith,  Oliver 

Grif&n,  Gerald 


.D.1735 
1858 
1798 
1717 
1780 
1880 
1706 
1818 
1660 
1650 
1860 
1710 
1670 
1766 
1855 
1780 
1748 
1650 
1620 
1787 
1814 
1775 
1807 

1775 
1678 
1816 
1782 
1750 
1786 
1810 


Head,  Richard i 

Johnston,  John  Henry 

Jones,  Henry 

Jordan,  Mrs.  Dorothy 

Kelly,  Hugh 

Kelly,  Michael 

Knowles>  James  Sheridan 

Mucklin,  Charles 

Madden,  Dr.  Samuel 

Maturin,  Charles  R, 

MoUoy,  Charles 

Momington,  Garret,  Earl  of, . . 

Mossop,  Henry 

O'Carolan,  Thurlough 

0'Hara,Kane 

O'Keefe,  John 

O'Neil,  Eliza » 

Powers,  Tyrone 

Purcell,  Henry 

Qain,  James 

Shee.  Martin  Archer 

Sheridan,  Richard  Brinsley... . 

Sheridan  Thomas 

Southern,  Thomas 

SteiUng,  John 

Stephenson,  Sir  J.  A 

Tate,  Nahum 

Tobin,  John 

Wallace,  William  V 

White,  Samuel. . . .« 


.D.1650 
1800 
1750 
1782 
1760 
1785 
1830 
1750 
1760 
1800 
1770 
1750 
1750 
1700 
1760 
1780 
1840 
1840 
1690 
.1760 
1880 
1800 
1750 
1700 
1840 
1800 
1700 
1800 
1860 
1800 


ARTISTS. 


PAINTBB8,  SOULFTOBS,  BTO. 


Barker,  Robt A, 

Barret,  George 

Barry,  James 

Byrne,  William 

Carey,  WilliamP 

Copley,  John  8 

Oosteuo,  Louisa  S 

Cosway,  Richard 

Danby,  Francis 

Darner,  Anne  Seymour. 

Doyle,  John 

Doyle,  Biohaid / 


D.1740 
1728 
1741 
1742 
1760 
1750 
1816 
1780 
1708 
1748 
1780 
1826 


Elmore,  Alfred a.d.  1816 

Foley,  John  Henry 1818 

Ganaon,  James 1740 

Gilray,  James 1770 

Hennessey,  William  J 1850 

Hogan,  John 1800 

Jarvis,  John 1750 

Jervas,  Charles 1700 

Maclise,  Daniel 1860 

Mulready.  William 1850 

Pelham,  Henry 1785 

Richardson ,  Jonathan. ...'..,,  1780 


,i.f 


-■l',>¥i 


/  ." 


CHBOMOLOOIOAL  IHDBX  OF  COMTKKTS. 


Bdley,  John a.d.1680  1  Thompfloo,  Launt a.d.1880 

Shee,  Martin  Archer 1890  {Treaham,  Henry 1800 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

JBMLkSD  AMD  BNOX«Ain>. 


Brown,  Sir  William a.d.1784 

Burke,  John 1800 

Burke,  Sir  J.  B ,1880 

Burke,  Robert  O'Hara 1831 

Ck>bbe,  Frances  Power. .%  ....  183S 

Darean,  William 1800 

Davidson.  John 1814 

Delany,  Mary. 1700 


Oreatrakes,  Valentine a.  D.16S0 

Maculla,  James 1780 

OlUeUy.John 1870 

Piers,  Henry 1600 

RusseU,  William  H 1880 

Sullivan,  Sir  Richard 1800 

Welledey,  Marchioness  of. ... .  1840 


CONTINENTAL. 


STATESMEN  AND  SOLDIERS. 


Acton,  John a.d.1781 

Alton  or  D' Alton,  C!ount  Ed.  1787 

Alton,  Richard..... 1782 

Bamwall,  Alexander. 1670 

Barrot,  Odillon 1791 

Blake,  Joachim 1791 

Browne,  Count  Oeorge  de.. . . .  1698 

Bugeaud,  Marshal 1784 

Burke.  Gen.  Walter 1666 

Butler,  Gen.  James 1750 

Butler,  Lieut.  Gen.  Pier 1700 

Butler,  Gen.  Count  Walter. . . .  1610 

Cantwell,  Gen.  Edmond 1670 

Church.  Gen.  Richard 1785 

Clark,  Marshal  Count  Henry  J..  1783 

Conway,  Marshal  CountThos..  1780 

Darcy,  Count  Patrick 1737 

Dillon,  Gen.  Count  Arthur....  1665 

DUIon,  Gen.  Arthur 1748 

Dillon,  Archbishop 1740 

Dillon,  Count  Edward. 1740 

Dillon,  Count  James. 1740 

Dillon,  Marshal  Count  Robert  1700 

Dillon,  Count  Theobald 1640 

Dorington,  Gen.  William 1670 

Fitzgerald,  Gen.  Nicholas. 1695 

Fleming,  Qen.  Charles  (Lord 

Slane) 1680 

Fleming,  Christopher.  1673 

Fleming,  Gen.  Henry 1650 

Hamilton,  Count  Alexander. . .  1660 

Hamilton,  Count  Anthony. . . .  1646 

Kilmaine,  Marsbt.1  C.  J 1783 

Lally,  Count  Thomas  Arthur. .  1760 

Lally.  Toll^ndal.  Marquis  T.G.  1780 

Lee,  Col.  de 1688 

Luttrall,  Gen.  Simon 1690 

Maguire,  Gen.  Prince  Conn. . .  1600' 

Haguire,  Patrick 1498 


McCarthy,  Gen.  Justin a.d.1690 

McCarthy,  Gen.  Owen 1690 

McDonald,  Marshal  Stephen. .  1795 

McElligot,  Gen.  Rog(6r. 1790 

McGeoghegan,  Charles 1790 

McMahon,  Gen.  Hugh 1790 

McMahon,  Marshal 1884 

McNamara,  Adml.  John 1730 

Nugent,  Gen.  Richard 1690 

O'Brien,  Marshal  Charles 1750 

O'Brien,  Gen.  Charles 1690 

O'Brien,  Daniel  (Earl  of  Lis- 

more) 1750 

O'Brien,  Gen.  Daniel  (Earl  of 

Clare) - 1690 

O'Brien,   Murrough,   Earl   of 

Inchiqin 1660 

O'Brien,  Murrough,  Mai-shal.. 

of  France 1700 

O'CanoU,  CoL 1691 

O'Carroll.  Turrene 1696 

O'Connell,  Gen.  Count  Daniel  1800 

O'Connor,  Gen.  Arthur 1816 

O'Donnell,  Lieut.  Gen 1700 

O'Donnell,     Marshal     Count 

Leopold.: 1860 

O'Gara,  Gen.  Oliver 1700 

O'Eane.  Gen.  Daniel. . . . ; 1640 

O'Mahon.  Gen.  Count 1800 

O'Neill,  Gen.  Gk)rdon 1688 

O'Reilly,  Count  Alexander. . . .  1765 

O'Reilly.  Count  Andrew 1800 

O'Reilly,  Coant  John ,,..  1830 

Powers,  Gen.  John 1700 

Prendergast,  Col.  Edmond  ...  1700 

Rothe,  Gen.  John 1690 

Sarsfleld.  Patrick,  Earl  of  Lu- 

can V 1708 

SootI,  Gen.  Edward 1798 


\ ' 


OHROirOLOOIOAL  IHDBX  OV  OONTKim. 


Sheldon,  Geb.  Dominick a.d.1791 

Taaif e,  Maipbal  Francis. 1680 

Taafle,  Manrtiai  Count  Nicho- 

laa.... 1740 


Taaffs,  G«n.  Lucas ▲.  D.ldQO 

Theasy,  William. 1692 

Ward,  Benjamin 1740 


ARTISTS,  DIVINES,  SCHOLARS  AND  SCIENTISTS, 


Abadio,  Antoine .▲.D.1885 

Abbadie,  Arnold  Michael 1885 

Albin 750 

Albuin 760 

Alton,  J.  W.  Edward,  de 1772 

Anguilbert,  Theodore 1600 

Ba&e,  William,  D.D 1664 

Bernard,  Hugh 1876 

BroDhy,  Rev.  George, 1776 

Brown,  Henriette 1.320 

Clement,  Claud i260 

Cohnan,  St 960 

Cornelius  (Historicus) 1200 

D'Arcy,  Count  Patrick. 1727 

DesJbold,  St '     620 

DUlon,  Archbishop 1740 

Dillon,  Peter. 1760 

Dunn,  Thaddeus .  1660 

Duns,  John  (Scotus) 1800 

Edgeworth,  Abbe 1780 

BIiph,8t 880 

Erlgena(John  Scotus) 860 

Feardial,  Saint 760 

Perr£,Abbe 1760 

Fitzgwald,  Sir  John 1680 

Fitzirerald,  Gen.  Nicholas 1696 

Florentius,  Saint 40) 

Isaac 1160 

John  (de  Sacro  Bosco) 1220 

Joice,  Cardinal  Thomas 1800 

Kearney,  Abbe. 1780 

Eilian,  Saint 660 

Lombard.  Archbishop  Peter. . .  1600 

Lynch,  Rev.  John 1680 

McCaghwell.  Hugh 1600 

McCarthy,  Rev.  Nicholas. 1830 


Maculre,  Abbe  de  Tulles. a.d.1680 

Mafachi,  Abbe 1800 

Malone,  Rev.  William 1600 

Marlanus,  Scotus...^ 1060 

Mehegan,  William  Alexan'r  de  1780 

Messingham,  Dr.  Thomas 1600 

More,  Michael 17!H) 

Noris,  Cardinal  Heniy 1680 

Nori8,M.  T 1680 

Nugent,  Thomas.  LL.D 1760 

O'Malone,  Dr.  Daniel 1660 

O'SuUivan,  PhiUp 1620 

Palmerston,  Thomas 1260 

Peter  (Hibemicus) 1250 

Porter,  Rev.  Francis 1680 

Porter,  Maurice  de 1260 

Qninn,  Rev.  Thomas 1660 

Reginald,  Archbishop 1260 

Ri&ard.  Archbishop. 1847 

Roth.  Dr.  David 1600 

Rumold,  Saint 776 

Scotus,  Marianus , 1060 

Scotus,  John  (see  Duns) 1800 

Sedulus. ' 488 

Stannyhust,  Richard 1600 

Stannyhust.  William 1660 

Stspleton,  Dr.  Thomas,  D.  D.  1666 

Tobin,  A.  M.  de 1760 

Tracy,  Anthonv  Louis  de 1800 

Tracy,  Bernard,  de 1750 

Virdlus,  Bishop  of  Salsburg. .  760 

Wadding,  Luke 1620 

Wadding,  Rev.  Peter. 1640 

Walsh,  Peter 1650 

Ward,Hugh 1620 

William  of  Diogheda. 1876 


UNITED  STATES. 


PRESIDENTS. 


Arthur,  Chester  A a.d.1884 

Buchanan,  James 1858 

Jackson,  Andrew 1884 


Polk,  James  E. .  . .  a.d.1840 

Madison,  James ..       1814 

Monroe,  James 1820 


PATRIOTS  OF  THE  REVOLUTION. 

Armstrong,  Gen.  James a.d.1775 

Armstrong,  John 1776 

Barney,  Com.  Joshua 1776 

Bany,  Com.  John 1776 


Brady,  Capt.  Samuel. 

Brown,  Andrew 

Burke,  iEdanus 

Bums,  GK>v.  John. . . . 


.A.D.1775 
1776 
1776 
1775 


OHBOHOIiOOIOAIi  INDBX  OV  OOHTBHTa. 


!    J 


Boiler,  Gen.  James 

Butler,  Pierce 

CaUtoun,  Jphn  Ewing. 

CSarroU,  Oharles 

Carroll,  Biahop 

Clinton,  Col.  Charles 

Clinton,  Ooy.  George 

CHnton,  Qja:  James 

Conway,  Marshal,  Count  Thos. 

Conway,  Gen.  Robert 

Conway,  Gen.  Henry. 

Davidson.  Gen.  Wilfiam 

Duane,  William. 

Delaney,  Daniel 

Dooley,  John  M 

Duane,  James 

Dunlap.H 

Fitzsimon,  Thomas 

Fitzgerald,  M 

Farelly,  Patrick 

FIndlay,  George  William 

Findley.  William 

Floyd,  William 

Ford.  Gov.  Thomas 

Giles,  William  B 

Gillespie,  James 

Gilman,  John 

Gilman,  Nicholas. 

Goode,  Samuel 

Gordon,  Patrick 

Hall,  DominickA. 

Hamilton,  James 

Hand,  Gen.  Edward . 

Harper,  Bobert  Gk)dlove 

Hayne,  Isaac 

Iredell,  James 

Irvine,  Gen.  William. 

Jackson,  Andrew 

Jackson,  Charles 

Kearney,  Dyre 

Eillen,Wimam 

Knox,  Gen.  Henry 

Logan,  Dr.  George 

Lynch,  Thomas 

Lynch,  Thomas 

Lyon,  Mathew 

McClene,  James 

HcHenry,  James 

McE^ean,  Thomas 


A.D.1775 
1775 
1776 
1775 
1776 
1775 
1775 
1775 
1775 
1775 
1776 
1775 
1775 
1775 
1775 
1775 
1776 
1775 
1775 
1776 
1775 
1775 
1/75 
1775 
1776 
1776 
1776 
1776 
1776 
1775 
1776 
1776 
1776 
1776 
1776 
1776 
1775 
1775 
1775 
1775 
1775 
1775 
1776 
1775 
1775 
1775 
1775 
1775 
1775 


McKendree,  William a.d.1775 

Madison,  James >.  1775 

Martin,  Alexander,  LL.  D....  1775 

Maxwell,  Gen.  William. 1776 

Meredith,Samuel 1776 

Monroe,  James 1775 

Montgomery,  Joseph 1776 

Montgomery,  Gen.  Richard. . .  1776 

Morrow,  Jeremiah 1776 

Motte,  Rebecca 1776 

Ndson,  Gen.  Roger 1776 

O^en,  Capt  Jeremiah 1775 

O'Brien,  Capt.  Richard 1776 

Orr,  Alexander  D 1775 

Orr,  John 1776 

Patterson,  William 1776 

Patterson.  Robert 1776 

Patton,  John 1776 

Pickens,  Gen.  Andrew 1776 

Pitcher.  Molly 1776 

Polk,  William 1775 

Porter,  Gen.  Andrew 1775 

Ramsay,  David,  M.  D 1776 

Ramsay,  Nathaniel 1775 

Read,  George 1775 

Ross,  James 1775 

Rush,  Benjamin 1776 

RuUedge,  Edward 1776 

Rutledge.  Hugh 1775 

Rutledge,  Dr.  John 1775 

Rutledge,  John 1775 

Scott.  John  Martin 1775 

SmiUe,John 1776 

Smith,  James 1776 

Smith,  Jonathan  B 1778 

Spaight,  Gov.  Richard 1775- 

Stark,  Gen.  John 1776 

Stewart,  Gen.  John 1775 

Sullivan,  Gov.  James. 1775 

Sullivan,  Gen.  John 1775 

Taylor,  George 1776 

Thompson,  Gen.  Wm 1775 

Thompson,  Charles  H 1775 

Thornton,  Mathew. 1775 

Tracy,  Nathaniel 1775 

Waddell,  Gen.  Hugh 1776 

Wayne,  Gen.  Anthony 1775 

Williainson,  Hugh,  L  L.  D. . . .  1775 


STATESMEN  AND  LA'VSTYERa 


V 


Arthur,  Chester  A a.d.  1880 

Atkinson,  John 1841 

Atkinson,  O'Brien 1888 

Barry,  William  T 1780 

Beatty,  liartin 1810 

Beatty,  William ..  1810 

Blaine,  James  G 1880 

Brady,  JamesT 1815 

Broderick,  David  C. 1818 

Buobanan,  Jwm.,,,, 1791 


Caldwell,  Joseph  P. 

Caldwell,  Patrick  C a. 

Calhoun,  John  C 

Calhoim,  John  Ewing 

Carroll,  Charles 

Cass,  Lewis 

Chandler,  Zachariah 

Conness,  John 

Conway,  Martin  F. 

Cox,  Samuels. 


1888 
D.1850 
1782 
1759 
1787 
1782 
1861 
1850 
1880 
1884 


'  h^ 


CitRdHdLOGiOAL  mftiKi  6f  dovtttm. 


Onitiii,  OoT.  Andrew  G. a.d.ITOS 

OntdMsoii,  Sulliyaa  M. 1882 

DaUy.  OhM.P 1816 

Dar^  Bdward  8 180S 

Danah,  Oornelius 1805 

DaviB,  Thomas. 1808 

Dellet,  James. 1788 

Dooley,  John  M 1772 

Doane,  James 1775 

Emmets  Thomas  Addis 1830 

Ewiiig,John. 1800 

Ewiiu^  Thomas 1789 

Fair,  James  0 1845 

Parrely,  John  W. 1800 

Farrely,  Patrick 1760 

Findlay,  James 1820 

Findlav,  John 1810 

Pindlay,  Gov.  William 1776 

Findlay,  William 1740 

Fitzgerald,  John  0.. 1812 

Fit^erald,  WilUam 1800 

Fitzpatrick,  Benjamin 1802 

Floyd,  William 1784 

Ford,  Gov.  Thomas 1776 

Fold,  Nicholas 1848 

Giles,  John 1785 

Giles,  William  B 1760 

Gilhooley,  P.  H 1850 

Gray,  William 1860 

Grimes,  James  W 1861 

Ha(^tt,  JohnR 1820 

Haines,  Charles  G 1800 

HaU,  Dominick  A 1766 

Henry,  Thomas 1800 

HiU,Ben1aminH.  .   1828 

Hines,  Ittchard 1820 

Hogan,  John 1880 

Hyde,John 1888 

Iredell,  James 1770 

Iredell,  George  James 1790 

Johnston,  Wm.  Freame 1860 

Jones,  Charles  W 1884 

Eavanagh,  Edward 1820 

Kearney,  Dyre 1740 

Kelly, James ....  1800 

Eelly.John 1860 

Kelley,  WilUam  D 1860 

KeUy,  William 1800 

Eeman,  Francis 1870 

Eillen,  William^ 1776 

Lochrane,  Osborne  A 1850 

McBride,  John  R I860 

McCandless,  Judge  Wilson ....  1860 

McCarthy,  Jonathan 1880 

McConnell,  Felix  G 1840 

HcDuffle,  George 1800 

HoEeon,  John 1860 

McEennan,  Thomas 1340 

McLanahan,  James 1840 

McLane,  Louis 1800 

HoMahon,  John  A 1884 


McGInnIs,  Martin. a.d.1884 

Magnider,  Patrick 1800 

Mahgum,  William  P. 1840 

Manning,  Richard  1 1880 

Maiston,  Isaac 1884 

Martin,  Morgan  L 1850 

Mathews,  Vincent,  L  L.  D. . . .  1840 

Miller,  Stephen  D. 1880 

MUligan,  John,  Jr. 1840 

Morrow,  Jeremiah 1770 

Mullen,  Joseph 1860 

Murphy,  Gov.  John 1826 

Murphy,  Henry  C 1880 

Noble,  Patrick 1880 

Norris,  Hon.  M 1850 

O'Brien,  Jeremiah 1800 

O'Connor,  Charies 1880 

O'Gorman,  Richard 1884 

O'NeiU,  Charles 1884 

O'Neill,  John 1844 

O'Neill,  John  B. ,  L  L.  D 18&) 

Ormsby,  Stephen 1820 

Patterson,  William 1776 

Poland,  Luke  P. 1870 

Polk,  James  E 1841 

Polk,Wm.  H 1861 

Pollock,  Gov.  James,  L  L  D. . .  1860 

Pope.  Patrick  H 18i0 

Porter,  Alexander  J 1880 

Pugh,  GeorgeE 1866 

Pugh.  John 1800 

Rairden,  James 1880 

Ramsey.  David,  M.  D 1775 

Reid,  Thomas  B. 18^25 

Ready,  Charles 1860 

Regan,  John  H 1870 

Robinson.  William  E 1884 

Rogers,  Thomas  J 1820 

Ross,  James 1780 

Rowan,  John.. 1800 

Rowe,  Peter 1864 

Russell,  Jeremiah 1846 

Russell,  William 1880 

Ryan,  Thomas 1882 

Savage,  John  H 1847 

Savage,  Judge  John 1820 

Semmes,  Benedict  J 1816 

Seward,  Wm.  H 1861 

Shannon,  Hon.  Thomas 1825 

Shannon,  Gov.  William 1870 

Shiel,  George  E 1861 

Shields,  Benjamin  G 1880 

Shields,  Gen.  James ; .  1880 

Smith,  Gov.  Jeremiah 1810 

Spaight,  Richard  D. . . . .  < 1840 

Tomkins,  Patrick  W 1850 

Walsh,  WUliam,  L  L.  D 1860 

Walsh,  Michael 1850 

Wilde,  Richard  Henry 1840 

WiUdns,  WUUam 1860 

WilkinB,RoB8 1870 


m 


'  I 


OfiBOHOLOeiOAL  tMOX  0»  COHTfeMTB. 


SOLDIERS,  STATESMEN  AND  PATRIOTS. 


Amutrong,  Oen.  James a.d.1745 

AnnstroDg,  John. 177S 

Baffley,  C61.  James 1822 

Bimy,  John 1746 

Brown,  Andrew 1776 

Brown,  Oen.  Jacob 1743 

Burke,  iBdanus 1776 

Bums,  Gov.  John; 1780 

Butler,  Oen.  James 1772 

Butler.  Pierce ^...  1744 

Butler,  Pierce  M 1798 

Butler,  Oen.  William  0 17B1 

Clinton,  Col.  Charles 1690 

Clinton,  Oov.  DeWitt 1769 

Clinton,  Oov.  Oeorge 1740 

Clinton,  Oen.  James 1786 

Chandler,  Zachariah 1818 

Conway,  Marshal,  Count  Thoi.  1788 

Conway,  Oen.  Robert 1776 

CoDway,  Oen.  Heniy*  •  •  • 1776 

Crockett,  David 1786 

Davidson,  Oen.  William 1746 

Dawson,  William  J 1780 

Duane,  William 1760 

Duane,  William  J 1780 

Dulaney,  Daniel 1760 

Dunlop,M ; 1776 

Fitzgerald,  Thomas  H 1789 

Fitzsimon,  Thomas 1741 

Oillespie.  James 1776 

Oilman,  JohnT 1768 

Oilman,  Nicholas 1776 

Ooode,  Patrick 1820 

Ooode,  Samuel 1776 

Ooode,  William  0 1880 

Oordon,  Patrick 1700 

Gorman,  Oen.  Willis  A 1830 

Oreeley,  Horace. 1811 

Hamilton,  James 1776 

Hand,  Oen.  Edward 1775 

Hannigan.  Edward  A 1800 

Harper,  Alexander 1830 

Harper,  Francis. 1800 

Harper,  James 1806 

Harper,  Joseph  M 1787 

Harper,  RobmOoodloe 1760 

Harper,  William 1719 

Hayne,  Arthur  P. 1790 

Hayne,  Isaac 1776 

Havne.  Robert  0 1791 

Irvine,  Maj.  Oen.  William. . . .  1776 

Jackson,  Andrew 1812 

Jackson,  Charles 1775 

Johnson,  John 1880 

Johnson,  William 1840 

Johnstone^  Sir  William 1716 

Kearney,  Oen.  Philip 1840 

Ke^meyi  Oen.  Stephen 1812 

Killeiv  William 1776 


Knox,  Oen.  Henry 

Lo£:an,  Dr.  Oecrge 

Logan,  James 

Ix^an,  Oen.  John  A 

Lynch,  Thomas 

Lynch,  Thomas 

Lvon,  Mathew 

McClene,  James 

McHenry,  James 

Mclntyre,  Rufus 

McEean,  Thomas 

McEendree,  William 

Madison,  James 

Mahone,  Oen.  William 

Martin,  Alexander,  LL.  D.. 

Maxwell,  Oen.  Wm 

Meredith,  Samuel 

Monroe,  James 

Montgomery,  Joseph -. 

Montgomery,  Oen.  Richard. . 

Motte,  Rebecca 

Nelson,  Oen.  Roger 

O'Brien,  Capt.  Jeremiah. . . . 

O'Brien,  Capt.  Richard 

Orr,  Alexander  D 

Orr,John 

Patterson,  William 

Patton.  John 

Philson,  Robert r 

Pickens,  Oov.  P.  W 

Pickens,  Oov.  Israel 

Polk,  William 

Porter,  Oen.  Andrew 

Read,  Oeorge 

Rush,  Benjamin 

Rutledge,  Edward 

Rutledge,  Hugh 

Rutledge,  Dr.  John 

Rutledge,  John 

Scott,  John  Moran 

Sheridan,  Oen.  Philip 

Shields,  Oen.  James 

Sloane,  John 

Smitie,  John , 

Smith,  James 

Smith,  Jonathan  B 

Smith,  Oen.  Thomas  A 

Spaight,  Oov.  Richard 

Stark,  Oen.  John 

Sullivan,  Oov.  James. 

Sullivan,  Oen.  John. 

Taylor,  Oeorge » 

Thompson,  Oen.  William 

Thompson,  Charles  H 

Thornton,  Mathew. 

Tracy,  Nathaniel 

Waddell,  Oen.  Hugh 

Williamson,  Hugh,  LL.  D. . . . 
Toung,  Oov.  Thomas  L 


!••••• 


▲.0.1775 
1776 
1700 
1884 
177^ 
1776 
1776 
1776 
1776 
1812 
1777 
1776 
1776 
1884 
1776 
1776 
1776 
1776 
1776 
1776 
1776 
1775 
1776 
1776 
1776 
1776 
1775 
1776 
1820 
1860 
1820 
1776 
1776 
1776 
1776 
1776 
1776 
1740 
1776 
1716 
1884 
1861 
1862 
1775 
1776 
1777 
1861 
1778 
1776 
1776 
1776 
1776 
1776 
1776 
1776 
1776 
1770 
1776 
1880 


OBBOHOtOGIOAL  lAtlEX  OlT  OOimEtltB. 


MILITARY  HEROES. 


BBA  AND  IiAHD. 


Barner.  Coin.  Joshua A.D.17S9 

Barrett,  Com...., 1828 

Barry,  Com.  John 1745 

Barry.  Gen.  WUliam  F 1818 

Blakely.  Johnson 1781 

Brady,  Gen.  Hugh 1768 

Brady,  CapU  Samuel 17S8 

Brannan,  Gen.  Joha 1819 

Brown,  Gen.  Jacob 1775 

Buchanan,  Thomas  McKean..  1887 

Connor,  David 1790 

Corcoran,  Gen.  Michael 1827 

Croghan,  Col.  George 1791 

Downes,  John. 1786 

Pitzgerald.M 1775 

Kearney,  Com.  Lawrence 1813 

Lynch,  Com.  William  F 1840 

McCall,  Edward  £ 1812 

McReynolda,  Col.  Andrew  T. . .  1884 

Minty,  Col.  R.  H.  G 1784 

Mullen,  Denis  W 1880 

MuUany,  Admiral  J.  R  M 1880 

MuUigan,  Gen.  James  A 1861 

Murphy,  Gen.  John  R 1861 

Neill,  Gen.  Thomas  H 1861 

O'Brien,  Capt  Jeremiah 1775 


O'Brien,  Capt  Richajd a.d.1775 

O'Hara,  Col.  Theodore 1846 

O'Kane,  James 1864 

O'NeiU,  Charles 1860 

O'Neill,  Gen.  John 1865 

O'Rourke,  Gen.  P.  H 1861 

Partridge,  Gen.  Benjamin  F. . .  1861 

Patterson,  Gen,  Robert 1861 

Patterson,  Robert 1775 

Pitcher,  Molly 1776 

Pickens,  Gen.  Andrew. .   1775 

Ramsay,  Nathaniel 1775 

Read,  George  C 1812 

Reid,  Capt  Mayne 1847 

Rowan.  Admiral  Stephen 1861 

Ryan,  Commander  George  P. .  1861 

Ryan,  Gen.  William  A,  C 1 870 

Savage.  Col.  John  H 1847 

Semmes,  Capt  Raphael 1861 

Sheridan,  Gen.  Philip 1861 

Shields,  Qen.  James 1861 

Stark,  Gen.  John 1775 

Stewart,  Admkal  Charles 1850 

Stewart,  Gen,  John 1775 

Wayne,  Gen.  Anthony 1775 

Wood,  Commander  G.  W 1864 


DIVINES. 

CATHOLIC. 


Brophy,  Rev.  George 

Byrne.  Rev.  William 

Carroll,  Most  Rev.  John 

Elliot  Rev.  Walter 

EngUmd,  Right  Rev.  John. . . . 
Filzpatrick.  Rt  Rev.  John  B. . 

Foley,  Rt  Rev.  Thomas 

Hendricken,  Rt  Rev.  Thos.  F. 

Hughes,  Most  Rev.  John 

Eenrick,  Most  Rev.  F.  P 

Eenrick,  Most.  Rev.  P.  R 

Lynch,  Rt  Rev.  P.  N 

McCloskey,  Dr.  John 

McOloskey,  Cardinal 

Allison,  Francis,  D.  D.  (Presb.)A, 

Allison,  Patrick  (Presb.) 

Brown,  Arthur  (Presb.) 

Campbell,  Alexander  D.(Presb.) 

ElUott,  Charles  (Meth.) 

Embury.  Philip  (Meth.) 

Ewing,  Rev.  Finis  (Presb.) ' 

Ewing.  John,  D.  D.  (Presb.). . 
Fielding.  Rev.  J.  H.  (Presb.). . 
Pinley,  Rev.  James  B.  (Presb.) 

Finley,  Dr.  Samuel 

Giles,  Rev.  Henry  (Unlt'n). . . . 


.D.1776 
1780 
1784 
1842 
1880 
1812 
1822 
1827 
1840 
1850 
1884 
1870 
1860 
1884 


McElroy,  Rev.  John A. 

Moriarty,  Dr.  P.  E.  O.  S.  A. . . 

O'Brien,  Rev.  John 

O'Eeefe,  Rev.  Eugene 

O'Reilly,  Rt  Rev.  Bernard 

Purcell,  Most  Rev.  John  B. . . 

Suarter,  Rt  Rev.  William 
yan,  Most  Rev.  John  P 

Ryan,  Rt.  Rev.  S.  V 

Ryder,  Rev.  James 

Starrs,  Rev.  William 

Timon,  Rt.  Rev.  John 

Whelan,  Rt  Rev.  Richard  V. . 


PROTEST  Airr. 


D.1705 
1740 
1730 
1778 
1792 
1728 
1778 
1782 
1796 
1781 
171C 
1809 


Gilraan,  Rev.  Tristram  (Presb.)A. 

Hall,  Dr.  John,  (Presb.) 

Hicks,  Barbara  (Meth^. 

Hopkins,  Jno.  H. ,  L  L.D.(Epis.) 

Homes,  William  (Presb.) 

Hunter.  Rev.  Wm.  D 

Eavanaugh.  Hubbard  (Meth.) 
Eerfoot,  John  B.  LL.D.  (Epis.) 
Macannally.  Daniel  R.  QUeth.). 
McCaine,  Alexander  (Meth.). . 
McElroy,  Dr.  George  (Meth.). . 
McOraay,  Rev.  James  (Presb.) 


D.1820 
1870 
1870 
1870 
1850 
1880 
1850 
1881 
1880 

law 

1870 
1860 
1870 


D.1760 
1829 
1780 
1800 
1715 
1845 
1880 
1870 
1840 
1800 
1840 
1800 


etaamoLOAiCAL  moitx  oy  casiat»i6. 


it 


McEeodne,  WllUam  (ICeth.). .  a.d.1800 

McLaren,  Edward  (Bpis.) 1884 

Mahon,  Dr.  Milo,  (Bpls.) 1860 

MeU,  Patrick  H.,LLD.(Bapt.)  1860 

Morray,  Rev.  John  (Presb.). . .  1775 

Murray,  Nicholas,  D.D.(Presb.)  1860 

Mosgrave,  G.  W. ,  L  L.D(Pre8b.)  1860 

Nail,  Rev.  Bdward  (PresbJ. . . .  I860 

Ogelbey,  Dr.  Frederick  (Epis.)  1870 

Patton,  Rev.  William  (Presb.). .  1850 

Robinson,  Stuart,  D.D.  (Presb.)  1880 


Smith,  Dr.  John  Blair  (Pre8b.)A.D.1780 

Smith,  Dr.  Robert  (Presb.). . . .  1780 

Smith,  Samuel  S,D.D.(Presb.)  1800 

Tennant.  Rev.  William  (Presb.)  1760 

Thompson,  Robert  E.  (Presb.)  1875 

Toomath,  Rev.  John  (Bapt). .  1870 

Waddell,  Rev.  James  (Presb.).  1800 

Waddell,  Rev.  Mosen  (Presb.).  1820 

West,  Nathaniel,  LL-D^resb.)  1850 

Wylie,>Samuel,  D.  D.  (Presb.).  1866 

Wylie,  Samuel  B.,  D.  D.\,  ^^resbO  1860 


AUTHOR& 

80IBNTIVI0  Ain>  LBABBBD. 


Barry,  Patrick a.d.1816 

Bushe.  George  Macartny 1797 

Caldwoll,  Dr.  Oharles 1772 

Caldwell.  Green  W 1811 

Carey.  HenryO 17»8 

Carev.  Mathew 1*760 

Carey,  William  P. 1780 

Carrigan.  Philip 1746 

Darby,  William 1640 

Emmet,  John  Patton 1794 

Felton,  Cornelius  Conway. . . .  1807 

Fulton,  Robert 1765 

Gillespie,  William  M 1816 

Grogan,  WiUiam  M. 1880 

Jackson,  Charles  T 1805 

Jackson,  Dr.  James 1777 


«••••• 


)•••••••• 


EeUy,  Robert 

McCformick,  Cyrus  H. , 
M«Nevin,  Dr.  W.  J.. 
Mahan,  Denis  H.,  L L.  D.. . . 

Murphy,  John  McLeod 

Patterson,  Robeit,  L  L.  D. . . 
Patterson,  Robert  M.,  M.  D. 

Ryan,  Georfl»P 

Shea,  JohnD.  G 

Smith,  Jeremiah,  LL.  D. . . . 

Smith,  Dr.  Nathan  R 

Sullivan,  John  L 

Twomey,  ^chael 

Walsh, Bobert.  LL. D 

Watson,  John,  M.  D 

Williamson,  J>r.  Hugh 


AJ>.1880 
1860 
1880 
I860 
1840 
1776 
1886 
1861 
1880 
1780 
1880 
1850 
1850 
1860 
1860 
1775 


POBTIC  A7!n>  OBNBKAL. 


Arthur,  Timothy  Shay a.d.1800 

Bonner.  Robert 1824 

Brown,  Charles  Boockden. . .  1771 

Browne,  John  Ross 1817 

Burke,  John  Doly 1797 

Buchanan,  Margaret 1846 

Conant,  Mrs 1812 

Con/ngham,  David  P l^VdO 

Croly,  Jenny  Cunningham. . . .  1840 

CuUen,  William 1P36 

Dee,  Michael 1848 

Parley,  Harriet 1840 

Gallagher,  William  D 1808 

Gill.Thomas 1788 

Kirwin,  Daniel  Joseph 1860 

MacGahan,  John 1870 

McEenzie,  Dr.  R.  Shelton 1870 


Maturin,  Edward a. 

Meline,  James  F 

Neal,  John 

Neale,  Joseph  C 

O'Brien,  Fitzjames 

O'Callaghan,  Dr.  E.  B 

O'Connor,  William  D 

O'Hara   Col.  Theodore 

Read,  Thomas  Bv^hanan 

Reid,  Capt.  Mayne 

Ryan,  Rev.  Abram  J 

Badlier,  Mrs.  J 

Savage,  John,  L  L.  D 

Shea,  JohnD.  G 

Walsh.  Robert,  L  L.  D 

Warden.  David  B 

Wilde,  Richard  H 


D.1860 
1866 
1860 
1860 
1861 
1870 
1860 
1846 
1860 
1880 
1880 
1870 
1880 
1880 
18.10 
1840 
1840 


ACTORS  AND  AUTHORS. 

DHAHAnO  AND  MUSICAL. 


Barretli  Lawrence  P a.d.1887 

Boucic^Ult,  Dion 1822 

Brougham,  John 1810 

Burko,  John  Doly 1797 

Campbell,  Bartley 1848 

Cooke,  George  Inrederick 1866 

Daly,  Augustin 1888 

Finn,  Henry  J 1790 

Olbaoro,  Patricks. 1830 


Hackett,  James  Henry. i.t>.  1800 

Heron»  Matilda 1880 

Jefferson.  Joseph 1820 

Logan,  Cornelfus  A 1800 

Lo^rain,  Olive  (Mrs.  Sykes). ...  188 1> 

McOuUough.  John 1884 

Whelley,  William  H 186 1 

Williams,  Barney ^.  . . .  1860 


;t; 


db 


'  f 


oAbonolooxoaXi  nn>Bx  of  oontbhts. 


.)a.d.1780 

1780 

)       1800 

.)       1760 

)       1875 

1870 

1800 

1820 

,)       1860 

1866 

)       1860 


,AJ>.1880 
1860 
1880 
I860 
1840 
1776 
1885 
1861 
1880 
1780 
1880 
1860 
1860 
1860 
1860 
1775 


ARTISTS. 

PAIKTBB8,  GKnTLPrOBS,  KTO. 

,  John  Singleton a.d.1760  Ingham,  Charles .a.d.1800 

1814  Inman,  Henry 1820 

1820  Moran.Thomas 1880 

1870  Muntky,  Charles ....  1884 

1820  Neagle,  John 1080 

1818  Pelham,  Henry 1770 

Read,  Thomas  Buchanan 1860 


Copley, 
Orawfo 


Orawiord,  Thom&s 

Greatorez.  Eliza 

Oreatorez,  Kate  and  Eleanor. . 

Hainilton,  James 

Healy.  George  P.  A 

Henneasey,  William  J 1889 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


Boneparte,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Pat-A.D. 

terson 1786 

Brown,  John  A 1778 

Brown.  Sir  William 1784 

Callamore,  John 1716 

Gaines.  Mrs.  Gen.  (Myra  Clark)  1806 

Haugherty ,  Margaret 1840 

Hick,  Barbara 1780 

Hone,  Philip 1800 

Jackson.  Patrick  Tracy 1780 

Johnston,  John 1796 

Eelley.  William 1880 

Kelso,  Thomas 1800 


McDonough,  John ▲.D.1880 

1884 

1860 

1870 

1860 

1800 
1870 

1884 

1880 

1870 

1860 

1880 

1860 


Mackey.  John  W. 

Morrissey,  John 

O'Brien,  Williams... 

O'Fallon,  John 

O'Hara,  James 

Reilly.  Charles  Yal. . . 

Sloan,  Samuel 

Smith,  Richard 

Stewart,  Alexander  T. 

Stewart,  William 

Stuart.  George  Hay . . 
Wilson,  John 


CANADA. 


.D.1860 
1866 
1860 
1860 
1861 
1870 
1860 
1846 
1860 
1880 
1880 
1870 
1880 
1880 
18:»0 
1840 
1840 


L.b.lSOO 
1880 
1820 
1800 
188 1 
1884 
1861 
1860 


STATESMEN,  SOLDIERS  AND  LA"WYER& 


Aiken,  Hon.  James  Cox a.d.1840 

AUeyn,  Charles 1817 

Anglin,  Sir  Timothy  W 1848 

Ardiibald,  Cyril 1880 

Aylmer.  Gen,  Lord  Mathew. .  1776 

Baldwin.  Col 1790 

Baldwhi,  Hon.  Robert 1804 

Baldwin.  Dr.  William 1776 

Blake,  Hon.  Edward 1880 

Blake,  William  Hump 1820 

Blake,  Samuel  Hume 1886 

Bellingham,  Sidney  R 1808 

Bunster,  Hon.  Arthur 1888 

Glaxton,  Hon.  William 1810 

Cochrane,  James 1802 

Cochran,  Thomas 1777 

Cochran,  Sir  Thomas 1800 

Costigan,  John 1886 

Crawford,  Hon.  George 1860 

Oreelman,  Samuel 1860 

Doherty,  Judge 18  iO 

Drummond,  Judge  L.  T 184(i 

Dunbar,  Georse 1860 

Dunn,  Hon.  Thomas 18i)6 

EoolM,Coi 1786 

SQolsi,Heniy 1885 


Fitzdbbon,  Col.  James a.d.1780 

Goodwin,  Col.  Henry 1820 

Gowan,  OgleR 1800 

Handcock,  Col.  R.  B 1812 

Harrison,  Judge 1888 

Hidnbotham.  Col.  N 1880 

Hill,  Hon.  P.  C 1860 

Hincks,  Sir  Francis 1821 

Hogan,  John  Sheridan 1807 

Holmes,  Hon.  Benjamin 1860 

Johnston,  Shr  John 1774 

Kavanagh,  Lawrence '  1 820 

Kingsmill,  Col 1860 

McCarthy,  Hon.  Dalton 1880 

McGee,  Thomas  D'Arcy 1860 

Meredith,  Hon.  William  R. . . .  1880 

Monck,  Lord  Charles  Stanley.  1861 

Moss,  Judge 1880 

O'Brien,  Col 1860 

O'Donohoo,  John 1884 

O'RoiUy,  James 1860 

Patterson,  Gov.  Walter 1780 

Power,  Laurence  Geoffrey. . . .  188 1 

Ross,  Hon.  John 1860 

Liowan,  Gen.  »ir  William 1860 

Bhanley.  Walter 180S 


r 


f  '*-. 


OPBONOIiOOICAL  INDBX  OF  OOimHTS. 


Shaw,  Hon.  Jamen a.d.1840 

Spence,  Bobert 1865 

Sullivan,  Bobert  Baldwin 1840 


Waltei-8,  Judge  Charles. a.d.1875 

Whelan.  Hon.  Edward 1860 

WiOcodks,  Joseph..... 1800 


DIVINES. 


Bennett,  James  (Presb) A.D.1817 

Briggs,  Bev.  William  (M.E.)..  1880 

Brisay,  Bev.  Theophilus,  ^ot)  1764 

Burke.  Dr.  Edmund  (B.  C.). . .  1758 
Connolly,  Most  Bev.  Thos.  L. 

(B.C.)..... 1814 

Coughlin,  Lawrence  (M.  E.).. .  1760 

Cronyn,  Bt.  Bev.  Dr.  (Epis). . .  1840 


Fuller,  Bt  Bev.  Tho's  B.(Epis.)A.D.1810 

Lewis,  John  T.  (Epis.) "" 

Lynch,  Archbii^op  (R.  C.)... 
McMurray,  Dr.  William  ^pis.) 

Potts,  Bev.  John  (M.  E.) 

Bobb,  Dr.  John  G.  (Presb.). . . 
Stafford,  Bev.  William  (B.  C.) 


1860 
1870 
1870 
1880 
1876 
1876 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


Armstrong.  William. 

Devine,  Thomas 

Hanlon,  Edward 

Hingston,  Dr.  William..., 

Kane,  Paul  (Art) 

Leprohon,  Mrs.  R.  E.  M. . . 
Lett,  William  Pittman  . . . 

Lovell,  John 

McCaiToU,  James 

MoCaul,  Dr.  John,  LL.D.. , 


.A.D.1832 
1860 
1880 
1865 
1850 
1860 
1860 
1880 
1880 
1810 


O'Brien,  Dr.  Lucius a.d.1887 

O'Brien,  Lucius  (Art) 1870 

Beade,  John 1S80 

Sadlier,  Mrs.  J 1860 

Shanley,  Walter 1868 

Sparks,  Nicholas 1860 

Spence,  Bobert 1860 

Stephens,  W.  A 1860 

Watson,  Samuel  J 1870 

White,  Thomas 1870 


South  America  and  Australia* 

DIVINES,  SOLDIERS,  STATESMEN  AND  LAWYERS. 


Barry,  SirBedmond. 


Field,  Padre a.d.1660 

Gage,  Rev.  Thomas 1626 

Lynch.  Gen.  Don  Patrick 1884 

MacKenna.  Gen 1814 

O'Brien,  Gen 1817 

CELEBRATED  FEMALES. 

OF  BOTH  HBMIBPHBRB8. 


A.D.1818 

Duffy,  Sir  Charles  Gavin 1850 

Gray,  Wilson I860 

O'Shanassy,  Sir  John 188o 


Abington,  Frances. a.d.1785 

Adams,  Mrs.  L.  B 1860 

Blake,  EHzabetb 1780 

Blessington.  Countess  of 1789 

Bonaparte,  Elizabeth  Patterson  1800 

Brooke,  Frances    1880 

Bronte,  Anna 1840 

Bronte,  Charlotte 1840 

Bronte.  Emily 1840 

Brown,  Frances 1818 

Brown,  Henriette 1820 

Browne,  Mary  Ann 1812 

Buchanan.  Margaret 1880 

Clive,  Mrs.  Catharine 1710 

Cobbe,  Frances  Power 1828 

Costello,  Louisa 1816 

Croly,  Jenny  Cunningham. . . .  1840 

CuBsack,  Mary  (Sister  Clare). .  1880 

Darner,  Anne  Seymom 1748 

Duiany,  Mary 1680 

Derby,  Countess  of  (Eliza  Far- 

ren) 1776 

Edgeworth,  Maria 1767 

Fariey,  Harriet 1840 


Faucit,  Helen a.d.1816 

Gaines.  Mrs.  Gen.  (Myra  Clark)  1860 

Greatorex,  Eliza 1820 

Greatorex,  Eleanor 1810 

Hall,  Mrs.  Anna  M 1810 

Hamilton,  Elizabeth 1760 

Haugherty,  Margaret 1880 

Hicks,  Barbara 1780 

Jameson,  Mrs.  Anna 1707 

Jordan,  Mrs.  Dorothy 1788 

Eavanagh,  Julia 1860 

Eeary,  Annie 1860 

Monck,  Mary  MoleswcM'th 1700 

Morgan,  Laay  Sydney 1820 

Motte,  Rebecca 1776 

Norton,  Hon.  Caroline  E 1860 

O'Nell,  Eliza 1840 

Boche,  Begina  Maria 1800 

Sadlier,  Mrs.  J 1870 

Sheridan,  Frances 1780 

Sheridan,  Helen  Salina 1860 

Stuart,  Mary 1684 

Tighe,  Mary  Blatchford. .....  1800 

Wellealey,  MarchioiMaa  of . . . .  1840 


!iii,'«i«ii 


ftlMMM 


...A.D.1875 
1860 
1800 

>is.)A.D.1810 

...  1860 
1870 

(is.)  1870 
1880 
1876 

0.)   1876 


.A.D.1887 
1870 
1S80 
1860 
1868 
1860 
1860 
1860 
1870 
1870 


YERS. 

..▲.D.1818 
1860 
1860 
1880 


A.  D.  1810 
k)  1860 
1820 
1810 
1810 
1760 
1880 
1780 
1707 
1788 
1860 
1860 
1700 
1820 
1776 
1860 
1840 
1800 
1870 
1780 
1860 
1624 
1800 
1.   1840 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PLATE  X. 

DANIEL  O'CONNELL, 
HENRY  GRATTAN, 
JOHN  P.  CURRAN. 
HENRY  FLOOD, 
LORD  E.  FITZGERALD. 

PLATE  a. 

JAMES  MADISON, 
JAMES  MONROE, 
JAMES  K.  POLK. 
JAMES  BUCHANAN. 

PLATE  3. 

ANDREW  JACKSON, 
BENJAMIN  H.  HILL, 
JAMES  F.  MALINE, 
HENRY  GILES. 
JOHN  W.  MACKEY. 

PLATE  4. 

DUKE  OF  WELLINGTON, 
GEORGE  CANNING, 
LORD  CASTLEREAGH. 
CHARLES  KENDAL  BUSHE, 
WM,  C.  PLUNKET. 

PLATE  5. 

JOHN  C.  CALHOUN, 
LEWIS  CASS. 
ROBERT  Y.  HAYNE,      , 
JOHN  A.  LOGAN. 

PLATE  6. 

OLIVER  GOLDSMITH, 
JONATHAN  SWIFT, 
ROBERT  BOYLE, 
LAURENCE  STERNE, 
SIR  RICHARD  STEELE. 

PLATE  7. 

RICHARD  LALOR  SHBIL, 
THOMAS  MOORE, 
JOHN  MARTIN, 
DR.  D.  W.  CAHILL, 
WM.  SMITH  O'BRIEN. 


PLATE  8. 

MOST  RET.  JOHN  HUGHE8, 
RIGHT  R'jiV.  TH08.  FOLEY. 

PLATE  g. 

THOMAS  F.  MEAGHER, 
ROBERT  EMMET, 
NAPPER  TANDY, 
JOHN  MITCHEL, 
T.  D.  McGEE. 

PLATE  xo. 

RIGHT  REV.  DR.  DOYLE, 
FATHER  MATHEW, 
GERALD  GRIFFIN, 

D.  P.  McCarthy, 

CHARLES  GAVi2i  DUFFY. 

PLATE  XI. 

DeWITT  CLINTON. 
JOHN  BOYLE  O'REILLY, 
J.  GILMARY  SHEA, 
MATHEW  CAREY. 

PLATE  xa. 

MOST  REV.  JOHN  MoHALE, 
FATHER  THOMAS  N.  BURKE 

PLATE  X3. 

ABRAHAM  COLLES, 
GEN.  J.  HELY  HUTCHINSON, 
J.  FITZQIBBON,  (ClaAb.) 
DR.  PATRICK  DUIGENAN, 
JOHN  HOGAN. 

PLATE  X4. 

CHARLES  CARROLL,    . 
AUBREY  DbVERE, 
Dr.  E.  B.  O'CALLAGHAN, 
BENJAMIN  RUSH. 

PLATE  xs. 

RIGHT  REV.  R.  V.  WHELAN, 
MOST  REV.  J.  B.  PUROELL, 

REV.  JOHN  Mcelroy, 

VERY  REV.  JOHN  MoCLOSKY 


ILLirBTB^TIONS. 


PLATE  x6. 

RIGHT  REV.  JOHN  ENGLAND, 
JRIGHT.  JIEV.  P,  N.  LYNCH. 

PLATE  If. 

CATHARINE  McAULEY. 
CARDINAL  McCLOSKEY. 
RT.  REV.  THOS.  L.  CONNOLLY, 
MARGARET  M.  HALLMAN. 


PLATE  i8. 

CHARLES  STEWART  PARNELL, 
EUGENE  O'CURRY, 
LORD  O'HAGAN. 
JOHN  O'DONOVAN, 
WOLFE  TONE. 

PLATE  ig. 

CHESTER  A.  ARTHUR, 
CHARLES  THOMPSON, 
DAVID  RAMSAY, 
REBECCA  MOTTE. 


PLATE,  ao. 

COMMODORE  BARRY, 
GOV.  GEORGE  CLINTON. 

PLATE  ai. 

CAPT.  SAMUEL  BRADY. 
CARDINAL  PAUL  CULLEN, 
REV.  WALTER  ELLIOTT, 
ROBERT  FULTON. 

PLATE  aa. 

CARDINAL  WISEMAN, 

DR.  CHARLES  W.  RUSSELL. 

PLATE  83. 

VERY  REV.  P  E.  MORIARTY, 
MOST  REV.  JOHN  CARROLL, 
MOST  REV.  F.  P.  KENRICK. 
REV.  JOHN  O'BRIEN 

PLATE  34. 

GEN.  LORD  WOLSELEY, 
FIELD  MARSHAL  McMAHON. 


mm. 


,  .■■■  '■■'<.  }y\ 


BIOGRAPHICAL  RECORDS 

OF 


IRISH  CELTS. 


:m 


ABB. 

ABBADIE,  ANTOINE  and  AR- 
NOLD MICHAEL,  celebrated  French 
NaturalistB,  were  of  Irish  extraction. 
They  visited  Abyssinia  in  1886,  and 

Sent  many  years  in  exploring  that  and 
e  adjacent  kingdoms,  and  published 
an  account  of  their  explorauons,  dis- 
coveries and  observations,  on  thdr  re- 
turn to  Paris.  They  read  papers  before 
the  Paris  QeograpMcal  Society  on  the 
sources  of  the  Nue  and  other  kindred 
subjects,  and  were  held  in  high  esteem 
for  the  solidity  of  their  scientific  ac- 
quirements. 

ABERNETHY,  REV.  JOHN,  an 
eminent  Irish  dissenting  minister,  bom 
at  Coleraine  in  1680.  After  completing 
his  studies  he  was  installed  into  the 
ministry  at  Antrim,  where  he  remain- 
ed till  1780,  when  he  removed  to  Dub- 
lin. He  was  a  noted  contioversialist 
and  a  prolific  writer.  His  works  were 
held  in  high  estimation  by  his  brethren. 
He  died  in  1740. 

ABERNATHY,  JOHN  A.,  a  cele- 
brated surgeon,  was  bom  in  Ireland, 
about  1768,  was  educated  partly  there 
and  partly  in  London,  and  became  a 
pupil  of  John  Hunter,  one  of  the  great- 
est anatomists  of  the  age.  He  soon 
rivalled  his  master  in  knowledge  of  the 
hunum  system,  and  ho  applied  his 
knowledge  with  gi*eat  success  to  £be 

V 


ABE. 

treatment  of  disease,  overturning  many 
of  the  theories  of  the  profession,  and 
establishing  ones  more  consistent  with 
the  functions  of  tiie  various  parts  of  the 
human  system.  He  was  greatly  admir- 
ed by  his  pupils,  but  his  brusqueness  of 
manner,  and  bitter  contempt  of  the  em« 
pirical  practices  of  &e  prof esMon  gen 
erally,  in  his  day,  made  nim  many  en- 
emies. He  became  at  an  early  age  sur- 
geon to  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital, 
and  lectured  in  its  medical  schools.  He 
left  important  works  on  Physiology  and 
Surgery,  and  the  treatment  of  various 
dishes.  His  greatest  merit  was,  how< 
ever,  in  pointing  out  the  true  road  to 
advance  the  profession  and  give  it  the 
character  of  a  trae  science.  He  might 
properly  be  called  the  father  %t  the 
moaem  (allopathic)  school  of  medicine. 
He  died  in  m. 

ABINOTON,  FRANCES,  nee  BAR- 
TON,  a  celebrated  actress,  was  bom 
about  1780,  of  Irish  parents,  her  father 
being  a  soldier  in  the  English  service. 
She  supported  herself  as  a  child  by  mn- 
ning  errands.  Being  bright  and  witty, 
she  attracted  attention,  and  entered 
on  her  stage  career  under  Cibber,  in 
1775.  Sho  immediately  took  an  honor- 
able position,  and  the  next  year  appear- 
ed at  Dmry  Lane,  when,  uter  a  short 
engagement,  she  went  to  Dublin,  where 
she  was  enthusiastically  received  by  her 


ACT 


IBISH  CELTS. 


ADA 


countrymen.  Here  she  remained  near- 
ly two  years,  when  she  again  returned 
to  England,  and  drew  crowded  houses 
atDrury  Lane,  where  she  appeared  with 
Oarrick,  who  gi'eatly  admired  her.  She 
was  constantly  engaged  there  for  many 
years,  and  was  unrivalled,  especially  in 
comic  and  lively  parts.  She  died  in 
1815, 

ACTON,  JOHN,  a  celebrated  states- 
man of  Naples,  bom  in  1881.  He  was 
the  son  of  an  expatriated  Irish  physi- 
cian, who  settled  in  Besancon  early  in 
1700.  After  completing  his  education, 
he  devoted  himself  to  politics,  and  the 
science  of  government,  and  rose  by  his 
native  talent  and  commanding  ability 
and  energy  of  character  to  bs  prime 
minister.  He  was  a  bitter  opponent  of 
the  French  Revolution,  and  of  the  am- 
bitious designs  of  Napoleon.  The  mis- 
fortunes of  his  coimtry  probably  hast- 
ened his  death,  which  occurred  in  1808. 

ADAIR,  ROBERT,  of  Holybrook, 
In  the  County  of  Wicklow,  was  aescend- 
ed  from  Robert,  elder  sou  of  the  fourth 
earl  of  L'ildare,  who,  in  a  family  quar- 
rel, killed  in  single  combat  "The  White 
Enight,"  son  of  Gerald,  Earl  of  Des- 
mond, at  a  place  called  the  Ford  of 
Ath-dare,  in  the  County  of  Limerick. 
He  made  his  escape  to  Scotland,  in  the 
reign  of  Robert  Bruce,  and  then  took 
the  name  of  Ath-dair,  or  Adah*.  The 
family  assumed  the  title  of  Laird  of 
Kinhilt,  in  Qalloway.  The  principal 
part  of  the  family  returned  to  Ireland 
b  1580.  Robert  Adair,  of  Holybrook, 
from  whom  Sir  George  Hudson,  the 
present  proprietor,  is  lineally  descended 
18  the  "Robin"  of  the  song  set  tc  the 
muisic  of  the  old  Irish  air  "Aileea 
Aroon."  He  was  remarkable  for  his 
convivial  habits,  as  memorials  of  which 
two  claret  goblets  of  mighty  propor- 
tions, yet  exist  at  Holybrook,  and  the 
recollection  of  his  musical  tastes  is  still 
preserved  in  an  Irish  harp,  of  rude 
workmanship  but  graceful  proportions, 
which  bears  his  name.  He  died  in 
1787. 

ADAMNAN,  ST.,  a  holy  and  learoed 
Irish  Abbot,  successor  to  St.  Columblrill, 
was  of  kingly  extraction,  bom  about 
A.  D.  680,  in  the  Province  of  Ulster, 
and  early  imbibed  that  love  of  virtue 
and  learning  which  afterwards  distin- 
guished him.   While  yet  comparatively 


young,  he  withdrew  from  the  world 
and  with  five  companions  sought  a 
lonely  and  deserted  rock,  where  they 
^ve  themselves  to  study,  contempla- 
tion and  prayer.  •  He  afterwards  be- 
came a  monk  in  the  abbey  of  lona,  and 
about  679  succeeded  as  abbot.  He  be- 
came the  spiritual  guide  of  Finnachta, 
the  Monarch,  and  exercised  a  powerful 
influence  in  promoting  good  works  and 
preventing  evil  ones.  Aldfrid,  the 
Northumbrian  Prince,  after  being  dis- 
possessed by  his  brother  Egf  rid,  a  war- 
like and  ambitious  prince,  took  refuge 
for  a  while  in  his  monastery  of  lona, 
and  became  his  warm  friend.  After- 
the  defeat  and  destmction  of  his 
brother  Egfrid  and  his  forces,  by  the 
Scots,  (Irish)  and  Picts,  Aldfrid  return- 
ed to  his  kingdom,  and  our  saint 
through  his  iimuence  with  him,  re- 
claimed many  Celtic  of  Scotic  captives 
who  had  been  taken  and  enslaved  by 
Egfrid  in  his  excursions.  Our  saint 
was  ah  indefatigable  worker,  and 
wrote  several  works,  one  being  a  de- 
scription of  the  holy  places  of  Jerusar 
lem,  besides  interesting  sketches  of 
Damascus,  Constantinople  and  ad- 
joining places  which  he  compiled  from 
the  narrative  of  a  Gallish  Bishop 
named  Arculfe.  The  venerable  Bede 
refers  to  the  incident,  thus :  "  Arculfe 
was  driven  by  a  violent  storm  on  the 
westem  coast  of  Britain,  and  at  length 
came  to  the  aforesaid  servant  of  Christ, 
Adamnan,  who,  finding  him  well  versed 
in  the  Scriptures,  anaof  great  knowl- 
edge of  the  Holy  Land,  joyfully  enter- 
tained him,  and  with  much  pleasure 
hearkened  to  what  he  said,  iiuomuch 
that  everything  he  affirmed  to  have  seen 
in  those  holy  places,  he  coimnitted  to 
writing,  and  composed  a  book  profit- 
able to  many,  una  especially  to  those 
living  far  from  thooe  places,  where  the 
Patrinr'^h  and  Apostles  resided  and 
eould  get  knowledge  of  only  from  books. 
Adamnan  presented  this  book  to  King 
Aldfrid,  by  whose  bounty  it  fell  into 
the  hands  of  more  inferior  people  to 
read."  He  also  wrote  a  lijfe  of  St. 
Columbkill,  who  was  his  relative,  and 
also  an  account  of  his  prophecies.  St. 
Adamnan  not  only  govemra  the  Abbey 
of  lona,  but  also  one  at  Raphoe,  which 
he  himself  founded.  He  conformed  to 
the  Roman  custom  of  keeping  Easter, 
which  was  different  from  that  intro- 
duced by  St.  Patrick,  and  followed  by 
the  Irish  monks  and  prelates.  Although 


mmmtm 


mt 


ADA 


ntlBH  CELTS. 


AIL 


he  succeeded  in  having  it  followed  at 
Baphoe,  the  monks  of  i.ona  -would  not 
depart  from  tha  custom  of  their  prede- 
cessors. He  governed  lona  for  thirty 
years  and  died  in  704.  His  remains 
were  taken  to  Ireland  in  727,  but  after 
a  few  years  were  returned  to  lona. 

ADAMS,  MRS.  L.  B.,  a  talented 
writer  in  prose  and  verse,  whose  maiden 
name  was  Bryan,  was  bom  of  Irish 
parents  in  New  York  in  1818,  and  came 
with  them  to  Michigan  when  but  an 
infant.  She  taught  school  for  a  while, 
but  afterwards  became  a  writer  for  the 

Sress,  contributing  regularly  t©  the 
[ichigan  Farmer,  and  Detroit  Adver- 
tiser, file  f orlner  of  which  she  edited  for 
some  time,  first  as  associate  to  B.  F. 
Johnstone,  and  was  a  valued  corres- 
pondent of  the  N.  Y.  Tribune.  She  is 
the  author  of  some  exquisite  little 
poems,  and  was  a  writer  of  much  grace 
and  finish.  She  died  in  Washington  in 
inl870. 

ADBAIN,  ROBEBT,  a  celebrated 
Irish  patriot,  mathematician  and 
scholar,  was  bom  in  Ireland  in  1775, 
received  his  education  in  Dublin,  and 
became  one  of  the  United  Irishmen. 
He  had  to  flee  his  country,  and  came  to 
the  United  States  about  the  same  time 
as  Thomas  Addis  Emmet.  He  shortly 
afterwards  was  offered  the  chair  of 
mathematics  in  Columbia  College, 
which  he  accepted,  and  subsequently 
he  accepted  that  of  Butger's,  New  Jer- 
sey. He  is  the  author  of  some  able 
scientific  works,  and  was  probably  the 
ablest  mathematician  of  his  day  in 
America.    He  died  in  1848. 

AIDEN,  a  King  of  Ireland,  who  suc- 
cee'i  ed  Donchad,  In  the  year  797.  Dur- 
ing nis  reign,  the  Danes  poured  into  the 
country  numerous  powerful  armies, 
which  our  king  fret^uently  repulsed, 
although  not  without  great  loss,  and 
much  min  and  devastation.  After  a 
reign  of  twenty-two  years,  full  of 
heroic  effort  and  struggle,  he  was  at 
length  killed  at  the  battle  of  Da  Fearta, 
about  820. 

AIKENS,  HON.  JAS.  COX,  a 
prominent  Canadian  statesman,  was  son 
of  an  Irish  emigrant,  and  received  his 
education  at  Victoria  College,  Cobourg. 
He  first  gave  his  attention  to  farming, 
but  his  talents  and  natural  abilities 


soon  led  him  into  public  life,  and  in 
1857  was  elected  to  represent  Peel,  in 
Parliament.  In  1862  he  became  a 
member  of  the  Legislative  Council,  and 
in  1867,  when  confederation,  which  he 
advocated,  was  secured,  he  was  called 
to  the  Senate,  by  Boyal  proclamation. 
In  1869  he  became  a  member  of  the 
McDonald  government  as  Secretary  of 
State,  which  position  ne  held  till 
'73.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Liberal 
party,  and  is  looked  upon  as  a  politi- 
cian of  broad  views  and  solid  abilities. 


AILBE,  ST.,  a  cotemporary  of  St. 
Patrick,  and  first  bishop  of  Emly.  He 
was  already  a  missionary  in  Ireland  at 
the  time  St.  Patrick  commenced  his 
mission,  and  accordino;  to  some  authors, 
even  a  bishop,  but  the  date  of  his  death 
seems  to  preclude  the  idea.  He  was 
more  probably  a  disciple  of  Patrick,  and 
what  is  more  certain  founded  the  see 
of  Emly,  and  also  a  celebrated  school 
at  which  many  of  the  great  lights  of 
the  Irish  church  were  educated ;  as  St. 
Colman,  St.  Molua  and  others.  He 
appears  to  have  met,  or  was  present 
with  St.  Patrick  at  Cashel,  at  the  time 
of  the  conversion  of  ^ngus.  King  of 
Munster,  and  certainly  acknowledged 
the  authority  of  Patrick.  He  appears 
also  to  have  had  considerable  inliuence 
with  the  king,  for  the  abbot,  Enna, 
desiring  to  get  a  certain  isle  named 
Ame,  for  the  purpose  of  building  a 
monastery  on  it,  begged  St.  Ailbe  to 
ask  it  for  him,  and  it  was  given.  It 
was  afterwards  celebrated  for  the  sanc- 
tity of  its  religious.  Our  saint  was  called 
the  Patrick  of  Munster,  and  ranked 
as  an  Archbishop.  He  was  not  only 
renowned  for  his  great  sanctity  of  life, 
but  also  for  his  wntiags  and  eloquence. 
He  died  at  a  great  age  about  the  year 
620. 

AILERAN,  suraamed  the  Wise, 
sometimes  called  Aireran,  and  also 
Erchan;  a  celebrated  Irish  schclar  of 
the  seventh  century,  and  head  of  the 
great  school  of  Clonard,  in  Meath.  He 
was  cotemporary  of  St.  Fechin,  and 
was  a  writer  of  great  learning  and 
authority.  He  wrote  lives  of  Sts.  Pat- 
rick, Bridget  and  Fechin,  and  an 
"Allegorical  exposition  of  the  gene- 
ology  of  Christ.  This  last  work  was 
published  in  1667.  He  died,  according 
to  the  annals  of  Ulster,  in  665. 


ALB 


iBiBH  onun. 


ALL 


i^XBIN,  a  famous  Irish  scholdr,  who 
flourished  in  the  eighth  centuiy,  and 
JTKL,  oonspicu^ms  in  his  age  for  wisdom, 

get7  and  leaniing.  He  went  to  France 
company  with  his  friend  and  coun- 
tryman Clement,  and  was  greatly  es- 
teemed by  Charles  the  Oreat,  or  Charle- 
magne. Notker  Balubus,  a  French 
wmer  of  that  day,  says,  "They  arrived 
in  France  in  company  with  some  BritlA 
merchants,  and  seeing  the  people  crowd- 
ing about  the  mertmutts  to  buy  their 
wares,  Albin  and  Oldnent  cried  out, 
if  anyone  wants  wisdom,  let  him  come 
to  us,  we  have  it  to  sell."  The  King 
hearing  of  it,  sent  for  them,  and  asked 
them  what  they  wanted.  They  replied, 
convenient  appointments,  with  food  and 
raiment,  to  teach  wisdom  to  ingenuous 
souls."  The  Emperor  being  impressed 
with  their  learning,  gave  them  all  they 
required,  and  afterwards  sent  Albin  to 
Italy  to  spread  learning  amongst  the 
people,  asmgning  him  the  Monastery  of 
St.  Augustm,  near  the  present  city  of 
Pavia;  uiat  all  who  desired,  might  re- 
sort to  him  for  instruction."  There  he 
remained  teaching  and  preaching  tiU  his 
death.  He  is  sometimes  confounded 
with  the  English  Alcuin. 

ALBUIN,  ST.,  an  Irish  monk  and 
misdoner,  was  bom  about  A.  D.  700. 
Alter  becoming  noted  for  his  learning 
and  virtue  in  l£e  schools  of  Erin,  he 
left  his  country,  says  Trithemius,  in 
742,  appeared  in  Thiuingia,  Upper  Sax- 
ony, when  he  converted  great  numbers 
to  the  Faith,  and  soon  became  famouf 
by  his  apostlic  works.  He  was  called 
to  the  See  of  Buraburgh,  afterwards 
Paderbom,  which  he  governed  with 
great  wisdom  and  success.  Arnold 
Wion  calls  him  the  Apostle  of  the 
Thuringians. 

ALEXANDER,  ARCHIBALD,  D. 
D.,  a  celebrated  American  Presbyterian 
divine,  was  the  son  of  William  Alex- 
ander, who  came  from  Ireland  with 
his  father's  family  in  1786,  and  settled 
in  an  Irish  settlement  in  Pennsylvania, 
from  whence  they  removed  to  Virginia, 
where  our  subject  was  bom  in  1772.  He 
received  Ms  education  principally  at 
the  academy  of  Rev.  Mr.  Graham,  and 
was  licoiBod  as  a  preacher  in  1701.  In 
1796  he  succeeded  Dr.  Jno.  Blair  as  Pre- 
sident of  Hampden  Sydney  College.  In 
1801  he  went  north,  visiting  New  York 
and  New  England,  and  there  married 


the  daughter  of  Dr.  Waddel  the  cele- 
brated blind  preacher,  mentioned  so 
eloquently  by  mx.  Wirt,  who  was  also 
an  Irishman.  He  removed  to  Philadd- 
phia  in  1807,  and  in  1811  was  elected 
professor  of  Theology  in  the  Presbyte- 
rian seminary  at  Princeton,  which  posi- 
tion he  retahied  till  his  death.  His 
works  are  numerous  and  held  in  high 
repute  by  his  brethren.  Among  them 
"  Outlines  of  the  Evidences  of  Christi- 
anity," "  EEistory  of  African  Coloniza* 
tion,"  "History  of  the  Isrselitish Na- 
tion,"  "Moral  Science,  "Biographies  of 
Distinguished  American  Dmnea."  He 
diedatPrincetonhi  1851,  and  left  behind 
him  sons,  James,  Waddel,  and  Joseph, 
A.,  equally  distinguished  as  divines 
and  scholars. 

ALLEYN.  CHAS.,  a  disthiguished 
Canadian  le^lator,  and  son  of  the  suc- 
ceeding naval  officer,  was  bom  in  Coun- 
ty Cork,  Ireland,  hi  1817.  He  studied 
in  Fermoy,  Ireland,  under  Dr.  Hinclu, 
father  of  Sir  Francis  Hincks,  and  also 
at  Clongowes  College,  County  Eildare. 
In  1884  he  came  with  his  father  and 
family  to  Canada,  and  settled  in  Quebec, 
where  he  studied  law,  was  admitted  to 
the  bar,  and  practiced  with  great  suc- 
cess. In  1864  he  was  elected  Mayor  of 
the  city,  and  also  to  Parliament.  In 
1857  he  was  named  a  Q.  C,  and  be- 
came a  member  of  the  Executive  Coun- 
cil, as  Com.  of  Public  Works.  The 
next  vear  under  the  Cartier  administra- 
tion, ne  was  made  Provincial  Sec'y.  He 
continued  for  many  years  to  represent 
Quebec  in  Parliament,  and  was  justly 
looked  upon  as  one  of  the  ablest  and 
most  honorable  of  Canadian  statesmen. 

ALLEYN,  RICHD,  I.,  a  gallant 
naval  officer  of  the  English  service,  was 
born  in  Cork,  in  1783,  and  entered  the 
navy  in  his  thirteenth  year.  He  distin- 
guished himself  on  various  occasions, 
especially  in  the  harbor  of  Muros,  Spain, 
when  even  under  the  protection  of  bat- 
teries on  shore,  he  cut  out  a  French  frig- 
ate moored  in  the  harbor.  On  account  of 
bioken  health  he  was  invalided,  in  1834, 
with  the  rank  of  commander,  and  set- 
tled in  Quebec  with  his  family,  some  of 
whom  are  distinguished  citizens  of  the 
Dominion  to-day. 

ALLISON,  PATRICK,   D.    D.,  a 

celebrated  Presbyterian  divine,  was  bom 
in  the  Irish  settlement   in  Lancaster 


ATX 


IBI8H  0ELT8. 


ALT 


County,  Pennsylvania,  in  1740,  gradu- 
ated at  the  Philadelphia  College,  and 
entered  the  Presbyterian  minist^atthe 
age  of  twenty-two.  His  life  was  prin- 
<^ally  spent  in  Baltimore,  where  he  was 
hSd  m  mgh  esteem  for  his  learning  and 
eloquence.    He  died  in  1802. 

ALLISON,  FRANCIS,  D.  D.,  one  of 
the  first  sdiolars  of  America  in  his  day, 
and  vice-provost  of  the  Philadelphia 
College,  was  bom  in  Ireland,  in  1705, 
and  received  his  education  in  Dublin 
and  Olasgow.  He  came  to  America  at 
an  early  day,  and  settled  in  Pennsyl- 
vania. He  may  truly  be  called,  one  of 
the  fathers  of  American  :^holdX8hip. 
He  edu<~iited  many  of  the  most  distin- 
guished men  of  the  revolution,  who 
<!ame  to  him  from  all  puis.  For  some 
years  after  coming  to  this  countnr,  he 
gave  his  time  and  knowledge  freely 
without  charge  to  all  who  came,  out  of 
pure  love  for  the  diffusion  of  learning, 
not  desiring  to  make  it  a  profession.  So 
crude  and  imperfect  however  were 
American  schools  in  those  days,  and  so 
persistent  were  the  demands  of  those 
who  desired  to  receive  instructions  at  his 
hands,  that  he  at  length  was  compelled 
to  ma^e  it  a  life  work.  His  success 
was  very  great,  and  all  his  scholars  seem 
to  have  been  ever  afterwards  deeply  at- 
tached toliim.  He  died  in  1777  univer- 
saUy  regretted. 

ALLINOHAM,  WILLIAM,  a  talent- 
ed poet,  was  bom  at  Ballyshannon,  Ire- 
land, about  1828.  He  received  a  liberal 
education  at  home  schools,  and  early 
gave  indications  of  literary  taste  and 
ability.  He  became  a  contributor  tu 
various  periodicals  and  magazines,  and 
in  1840  he  produced  a  volume  of  poems, 
dedicated  to  Leigh  Hunt,  and  in  1864,  his 
"Day  and  Night  Songs,"  elegantly  iUus- 
trated  appeared,  and&1864hepuDlished 
his  noem,  "  Lawrence  Bloomfleld  in  Ire- 
lana."  Allingham  is  a  poet  of  consider- 
able taste  and  merit,  and  still  gives  to 
the  literary  world  many  excellent  lyrics. 

ALTON,  or  D'ALTON,  COUNT 
EDWARD,  a  distinguished  Irish  officer 
in  the  service  of  Austria,  and  a  brother 
of  Count  Ricluu^,  was  bora  in  Ireland, 
1787.  He  greatly  distinguished  himself 
in  the  seven  year  s  war,  and  also  against 
the  Turks,  and  rose  to  be  a  general  of- 
ficer. In  1702  ho  was  imprisoned  for 
writing  X  forcible  and  pointed  defense 


of  the  conduct  and  acts  of  his  brother; 
but  was  afterwards  remstated  in  favor, 
and  commanded  a  division  at  the  Siege 
ef  Valenciennes,  and  a  corp  at  the  Siege 
of  Dimkirk,  where  he  fell,  while  gaUant- . 
ly  leading  his  men,  Aug.  24, 1798. 

ALTON,  or  D'ALTON,  RICHARD, 
Coiuit,  a  distinguished  Irish  officer  in 
the  service  of  Austria,  was  bom  in  Ire- 
land, in  1782.  He  entered  the  Austrian 
service  very  young,  and  rose  Itj  his 
bravery  ana  talents  to  a  high  rank,  and 
in  1788  became  Feldzenjmeister.  In 
Nov.,  1787,  he  was  appointed  to  the 
command  of  the  Austrian  Netherlands, 
then  in  a  state  of  insurrection,  and  his 
vigorous  measures  produced  the  first 
bloodshed  at  Brussds,  June  22,  1778. 
After  the  victory  of  the  patriots  at 
Tumhout,  Oct.,  1789,  he  issued  harsh 
and  severe  orders.  Finding  the  popular 
movement  was  becoming  vudversal,  and 
dangerous  to  the  safety  of  his  troops 
after  the  outbreak  in  Brussels,  he  re- 
treated to  Leuxemburg,  and  was  then 
recalled  to  Vienna  to  be  court  marshaled 
but  he  died  or  his  way,  at  Triest,Feb. 
19, 1790. 

ALTON,  JOHN  WM.  EDWD  DE, 
an  able  and  learned  German  archseclogist 
and  naturalist,  was  of  Irish  descent,  and 
bom  at  Aquileia  in  1772,  and  was  edu- 
cated in  Vienna.  He  redded  for  a  lone 
time  at  Weimar  and  Wurtzburg,  and 
was  afterwards  appointed  prof essor  of 
archseology  and  fine  arts  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Bohn,  where  Prince  Albert 
was  amongst  the  numbw  of  his  pupils. 
In  1817  and  '18,  with  Pander  he  explored 
France,  Spain,  Portugal  and  Oreat 
Britain  for  scientific  purposes.  He  died 
in  1840  leaving  amongst  uthers,  a  work 
on  Comparative  Osteology  with  superb 

Elates  engraved  bvhimseH .  which  work 
as  been  perfected  and  continued  by  his 
son. 

AMEROIN,  sumamed  Olungeal,  the 
White  Eneed,  the  first  of  the  Milesian 
Kings  or  mlers  of  Ireland,  and  one  of  the 
ancient  heroes  of  IrisL  History  is  com- 
puted to  have  lived  a  thousand,  or  mora 
years  before  the  Christian  era,  and  is 
said  to  have  been  tb  ■)  son  of  Qolamh, 
stimamed  Milo,  or  the  Milesian,  and 
Scota,  a  daughter  of  Pharaoh,  King  of 
Egypt,  in  which  land  he  was  bom.  He 
was  afterwards  chief  priest  amongst  the 
Milesians  of  Spain,  and  accompanied 


ATtfTG 


nasa  CBZ^n. 


Airs 


!l! 


Hi   i! 


the  exodus  from  that  country  to  Ireland 
as  one  of  the  leaders.  At  that  time 
three  Damnonian  pi;mces  ruled  the 
country.  They  naturally  objected  to 
the  settlement  of  the  Aulesian,  audit 
was  decided  to  settle  the  dispute  by  a 
fair  and  open  fight  in  the  field.  A  des- 
perate struggle  ensued,  five  of  Ame»- 
gin's  brothers  fell  upon  the  field,  but  so 
did  the  three  Damnan  princes,  and 
Amergin,  and  one  brother  who  survived, 
became  rulers  of  the  entire  island. 
Inbher  Sceine,  now  called  Bantry  Bay, 
Is  said  to  have  derived  its  name  from 
Sceine,  Amergin's  wife,  who  was  drown- 
ed there,  and  the  name  of  his  mother, 
Scota,  is  supposed  to  have  been  espec- 
ially commemorated  in  her  burial  place, 
Olen  Scota  in  Talee,  and  to  have  also  de- 
signated the  Island  and  race.  How- 
ever much  obscurity  there  may  bd  in 
these  ancient  traditions  of  a  gi'eat  race, 
they  are  altogether  too  numerous  and 
too  definite  to  be  cast  aside  as  of  no  au- 
thority. 

AMERGIN,  or  AMALGAIDH,  an 
Irish  poet  and  author,  who  lived  in  the 
middle  of  the  sixth  century.  Amongst 
his  works  is  the  history  of  noted  places 
in  Ireland,  called  the  "  Dim  Seanchas." 
This  work  has  been  published  with  ad- 
dition as  late  as  the  eleventh  century, 
according  to  Ware  and  others. 

AMERGIN,  MAC.  AMALGAIDH, 
or  eion  of  Amalgaidth,  an  Irish  writer  and 
legal  scholar  of  the  seventh  century, 
who  flourished  during  the  reign  of  King 
Finghin,  of  Munster.  He  published 
a  treatise  on  the  privileges  and  punish- 
ments of  the  different  ranks  of  society, 
a  copy  of  which  is  amongst  the  Sea- 
bright  MSS.  in  Trinity  CoU'^ge,  Dublin. 

ANNESLEY,  ARTHUR,  first  Earl 
of  Anglesey,  was  bom  in  Dublin,  in 
1614.  He  was  one  of  the  loyal  members 
who  met  in  Parliament,  summoned  by 
Chas.  II  atOxf  opd  in  16^.  He  af  tenvards 
joined  the  opposition,  and  was  oue  of 
the  three  commissioners  appointed  to 
settle  affairs  in  Ireland,  in  1645.  He 
took  an  active  part  on  the  restoration  of 
Chas.  n,  and  in  1661  was  created  Bar- 
on Annesley,  and  Earl  of  Anglesey,  in 
the  peerage  of  England.  He  was  after- 
wards made  LordPriy  Seal,  and  Trea- 
surer of  the  Navy.  He  was  dismissed 
for  favoring  the  exclusion  of  the  Duke 
of  York  from  the  throne.    He  publish- 


ed several  works  on  politics,  constitO' 
tional  law,  &c.    He  died  April  8, 1686. 

ANSTER,  JOHN,  L  L.  D.,  a  dto- 
tinguished  author,  poet  and  nmn  of  let- 
ters, was  born  at  CharleviUe,  in  Coun^ 
Cork,  Ireland,  1796.  He  entered  Trin- 
ity College,  Dublin,  in  1810,  and  distin- 
guished himself  there  by  the  exhibition 
of  those  literary  and  poetic  powers, 
which  has  since  placed  him  among  the 
best  writers  of  the  day.  Subsequent  to 
his  leaving  college,  he  pubMiedaprize 
poem  on  the  death  of  the  Princess  Char- 
lotte, and  in  1819  a  volume  of  poems 
and  translati^xis  from  the  German.  His 
German  translations  from  Goethe  were 
received  with  such  great  favor,  that  it 
induced  him  to  translate  Faust  entire, 
which  he  did  with  great  truthfulness 
and  vigor,  and  it  is  considered  fully 
equal  to  the  original.  '  This  he  publish- 
ed in  1835.  It  still  retains  its  popular- 
ity, and  is  a  standard  work  on  the  con- 
tinent, several  editions  having  appeared 
in  Germany.  In  1887,  Dr.  Anster  pub- 
lished a  small  volume  of  poems  entitled 
"Geniola,"  which  fully  sustains  his  abil- 
ity and  merit.  He  was  also  a  constant 
contributor  of  the  leading  British  peri- 
odicals, especially  the '  Dublin  Univer- 
sity Magazine,  and  The  Nor^  Britidi 
Review.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Irish 
bar  and  regius  professor  of  civil  law 
in  the  University  of  Dublin. 

ANGUILBERT,  THEODOPJB,  a 
doctor  of  medicine  in  the  University  of 
Paris,  and  a  writer  of  learning  and  wit, 
was  the  author  of  a  book  entitled, 
"Mensa  Philosophic  ,"  a  treatise  on 
table-talk,  filled  with  wit  and  humor, 
and  printed  in  Paris  in  1680.    In  the 

i)reface  the  author  says  he  is  from  Ire- 
and,  and  this  e^dent  transformation 
of  his  surname,  gives  some  idea  of  how 
the  identity  of  the  Irish  Celts  on  the 
continent  is  lost. 

ANGLIN,  TIMOTHY  WARREN, 
a  distinguished  Canadian  statesman 
and  journalist,  was  born .  in  Ireland, 
and  settled  in  St.  Johns,  New  Bruns- 
wick, in  1848,  where  he  started  the 
Morning  Freeman,  and  soon  won  hon- 
orable recognition  by  his  ability.  He 
also  became  prominent  in  provincial 
politics,  and  represented  St.  Johns 
County  in  the  Assembly,  from  1861  to 
1868.  He  ably  contended  for  the  policy 
of  confederation,  and  since  the  union 


mmm 


JENO 


IBIBH  CBLTB. 


AEB 


of  the  Canadian  provinces,  1867.  he  has 
sat  in  the  House  of  Conunons,  of  which 
body  he  was  elected  speaker  in  1874. 
He  has  also  been  a  member  of  the 
:aiimstry,  and  deservedly  holds  a  promi- 
nent place  among  the  statesmen  of 
Canada. 

^NGUS  or  ENEAS,  called  Oil 
Huccagh  on  account  of  his  victories, 
was  a  warlike  monarch  of  Ireland,  B. 
C.  800.     He  often  invaded  Albania, 

giritain,)  and  defeated  the  Picts,  and 
ritons,  in  thirty  battles,  and  obliged 
them  to  pay  tribute,  a  burthen  which 
had  been  imposed  on  them  from  the 
days  of  Heremon,  and  which  they 
often  tried  to  evade.  He  was  killed  at 
the  battle  of  Sliave  Crea,  in  Munster, 
while  engaged  in  putting  down  a  rebel- 
lion of  his  own  subjects. 

AONGUS,  KELIDE,  or  COLI- 
DEUS,  an  Irish  author  of  the  Eighth 
century,  and  a  man  of  advanced  learn- 
ing and  extensive  knowledge.  Ware 
quotes  from  his  Psalter,  called  "Na- 
vian"  written  in  Latin  and  Irish. 

APJOHN,  DR.  JAMES,  an  eminent 
Irish  chemist,  was  bom  Sept.  1,  1796, 
in  the  parish  of  Grean,  County  Limer- 
ick. He  received  his  primary  educa- 
tion at  the  diocesian  school  of  Tippe- 
rary,  dnder  Rev.  Marshal  Clarke,  and 
entered  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in 
1814.  He  soon  distinguished  himself 
there,  and  obtained  a  scholarship  in 
1816.  He  graduated  in  1818,  and  ap- 
plied himself  to  the  study  of  medicine, 
receiving  his  degree  in  1821.  pr. 
Apjohn  settled  in  Dublin,  and  soon  be- 
came noted  for  his  talent  and  energy. 
In  company  with  Sir  Henry  Marsh  and 
others,  he  established  the  Medical  and 
Chirurgical  College  in  Park  Street,  and 
was  appointed  lecturer  of  chemistry. 
To  this  branch  of  the  profession  he  de- 
voted particular  attention,  and  in  1828. 
he  was  chosen  professor  of  chemistry 
in  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons  in 
Ireland.  In  1814,  he  was  appointed 
leturer  on  applied  chemistry  to  Trinity 
College,  and  in  1850,  professor  of  that 
chair  and  also  of  mineralogy.  He  was 
a  prominent  member  of  the  Royal  Irish 
Academy,  and  was  awarded  the  Cun- 
ningham gold  medal  for  some  of  his 
papers  read  before  the  society.  As  a 
chemist,  he  ranks  among  me  very 
first,   and  has  acquired  a  continental 


reputation.  He  contributed  largely  to 
the  scientific  ioumals  of  the  day ;  his 
articles  extend  to  j>  very  wide  range  of 
scientific  subjects,  and  are  rated  as  ot 
the  first  merit. 

ARBOGAST,    ST.,  a  learned   and 

Eious  hermit  missionary  of  Alsace,  was 
om  in  Ireland  about  A.  D.  600.  He 
became  a  monk  and  missionary,  traveled 
to  the  continent  and  preached  the  gos- 
pel along  the  Rhine,  in  France  and  Ger- 
many. He  converted  many  pagans, 
built  an  oratory,  according  to  Gaspard 
Bruchius  within  the  confines  of  the 
present  City  of  Hagueneau,  where  he 
devoted  himself  to  prayer  and  fasting ; 
but  often  left  his  retreat  to  preach 
Christ  crucified  to  the  idolatrous  tribes 
around.  King  Dagobert  had  him  ap- 
pointed Bishop  of  Strasburg  in  646, 
which  See  he  ruled  with  great  zeal  and 
success  for  twelve  years.  In  his  great 
humility  he  strove  to  imitate  his  Divine 
Master,  and  requested  that  he  be  inter- 
red at  the  place  of  public  execution. 
Mount  Michel,  out  of  his  desire  to  imi- 
tate the  debasement  of  his  Divino 
Model.  There,  afterwards,  a  great 
monastery  was  built,  and  called  after 
him,  and  around  it  grew  the  present 
city,  and  its  great  church.  He  com- 
posed a  book  of  homilies,  and  commen- 
taries on  the  epistles  of  St.  Paul. 

ARMSTRONG,    GiiN.  JAMES,   a 

Strict  of  the  Revolution,  was  bom  of 
sh  parentage  about  1740,  and  distin- 
guished himself  at  an  early  age,  in  the 
uidian  wars  on  the  borders  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. He  early  advocated  resistance 
to  British  Tyranny,  and  commanded  a 
regiment  at  the  breaking  out  of  the 
war.  In  1776  he  was  made  a  Brigadier 
General,  and  distinguished  himself  at 
Fort  Moultry,  and  at  Germantown.  In 
1777,  he  resigned  his  commi&diqn  on  ac- 
count of  dissatisfaction  as  to  Iiis  rank 
and  promotion.  Subsequently  he  was 
elected  to  Congress,  and  held  other 
positions  of  honor  and  tmst.  ![Ie  died 
at  Carlisle,  Penn.,  March  14, 1795. 

ARMSTRONG,  JOHN,  a  patriot  of 
the  Revolution,  and  brother  of  the  fore- 
going, was  bom  in  Carlisle,  Penn., 
Nov.  26,  1746.  He  entered  the  ranks 
of  the  patriots  at  the  breaking  out  of  the 
war,  and  served  with  bravery  and  dis- 
tinction. He  was  a  delegate  to  the 
Continental  Congress  from  1778  to  '87, 


m 


ARC 


IBIBB  CELTS. 


ART 


and  was  the  author  of  the  celebrated 
Newburgh   letters,   settinc   forth   the 

Sievances  of  the  army  officers,  about 
e  close  of  the  war.  He  was  Adjutant 
Gen.  and  Secretary  of  State  of  Fenn- 
sylvania  and  commanded  the  State 
forces  during  the  Wyoming  troubles. 
He  was  U.  8.  senator  from  1800  to  1804, 
when  he  resigned,  and  accepted  Uie 
French  Embassy,  and  was  also  com- 
missioner plenipotentiary  to  Spain.  At 
the  breaking  out  of  the  war  of  1813,  he 
was  appointed  a  Brigadier  General  and 
in  1818,  Secretary  of  War.  He  was 
blamed  for  the  exposed  condition  of 
Washington,  which  led  to  its  capture 
and  burning,  and  in  consequence  re- 
signed. He  appeared  no  more  in  pub- 
lic life,  but  resided  mostly  at  Red 
Hook,  N.  y.,  where  he  died,  April  1st, 
1843.  He  published  a  brief  history  of 
the  war  of  1812. 

ARCHIBALD,  HON.  CYRHi,  a 
prominent  Irish  Canadian  politician 
and  statesman,  who  has  succeeded  by 
his  native  energy  and  talents,  in  ac- 
quiring a  commanding  position  in  the 
affairs  of  the  Dominion.  He  now  rep- 
lesents  Stormont  in  the  Parliament  of 
his  country,  and  exerts  great  influence 
and  power. 

ARMSTRONG.  WILLIAM,  a  tal- 
ented Canadian  engineer  and  artist,  was 
bom  in  DubUn  in  1822,  and  studied  en- 
gineering under  Woodhouse.  He  emi- 
grated to  Canada,  and  was  engaged  in 
many  important  public  works.  He  had 
the  honor  of  first  introducing  photogra- 
phy into  Western  Canada.  His  sketches 
of  Lake  Superior  scenery  are  highly 
valued  in  Europe  and  exhibit  conside- 
rable power  ana  skill. 

ARTHUR,  CHESTER  A.,  19th  presi- 
dent of  the  United  States,  an  Ammcan 
statesman  and  politician  of  ability,  was 
bom  in  Fairfield,  Vermont,  Oct.  6, 
1830,  and  was  the  son  of  Irish  parents. 
His  father  was  a  Baptist  minister,  who 
emigrated  when  a  young  man  from 
County  Antrim,  Ireland,  and  was  the 
author  of  a  work  on  "Family  Names." 
Chester  was  educated  at  Union  College, 
N.  T.,  where  he  graduated  high  in  his 
class,  in  1849.  His  father's  means  being 
limited,  our  subject  had  to  aid  himself 
by  teaching  while  in  college,  and  for 
two  years  afterwards,  being  for  a  time 
principal  of  an  academy  in  Vermont. 


Having  determined  to  adopt  the  law  as 
a  profession,  he  in  the  meantime  pur- 
sued  his  studies,  and  having  by  close 
economy  saved  a  few  hundred  dollars, 
he  went  to  N.  T.,  and  entered  the  law 
office  of  Judge  E.  D.  Culver.  After 
being  admitted  to  the  bar,  he  formed  a 
partnership  with  Henry  D.  Gtardner,  a 
young  man  like  himself.  They  flist 
made  a  tour  west  for  the  purpose  of 
settling  in  some  promising  town,  but 
findine  nothing  so  attractive  as  N.  T. 
city,  they  returned  and  went  to  work  in 
earnest  and  soon  acquired  a  fair  share 
of  practice.  Mr.  Arthiu:,  about  this 
time,  married  the  daughter  of  Lieut. 
Heradon,  of  the  U.  S.  Navy.  In  1852 
Mr.  Arthur  was  associated  with  Wm. 
M.  Evarts  in  the  great  Lemmons  slave 
case.  One  Jonathan  Lemmons,  of  Vir- 
gina,  on  his  way  to  Texas,  with  eight 
slaves,  attempted  to  take  tiiem  by  the 
way  of  N.  Y.,  and  was  there  with  them 
awaiting  transportation,  when  they 
were  released  under  a  writ  of  habeas 
corpus ;  the  Court  holding  that  thev 
could  not  be  held  in  servitude  in  N.  Y. 
nor  returned  to  it  in  the  south  under 
the  Fugitive  Slave  law.  It  was  carried 
to  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  U.  S. 
Chas.  O'Connor  appeared  in  behalf  of  the 
State  of  Virginia,  who  took  up  the  case, 
and  the  decision  was  there  confirmed. 
Mr.  Arthur  also  took  up  the  case  of 
Lizzie  Jennings,  a  colored  girl,  who 
had  been  ejected  from  a  street  car  in 
N.  Y.  City,  after  paying  her  fare.  He  re- 
covered |600  damages,  and  thus  put  an 
end  to  disi'nctions  of  this  kind  in  pub- 
lic vehicles.  These  prof  essional  victories 
brought  him  aiio  public  notice,  and  gave 
him  popularity  and  infiuence  with  the 
Repubhcan  party,  then  just  struggling 
into  power.  Mr.  Arthur  had  entered 
politics  as  a  Henry  Clay  Whig,  but  he 
was  a  prominent  delegate  to  the  Sarato- 
go  convention,  which  founded  the  Re- 
publican party  in  the  State  of  N.  Y.  It 
may  be  easily  conceived,  that  with  such 
a  prior  record,  he  was  prompt  in  com* 
ing  to  the  support  of  the  government  on 
the  breaking  out  of  the  Rebellion.  He 
already  was  connected  with  the  State 
Militia,  and  was  Judge  Advocate  of  the 
Second  Brigade.  At  the  breaking  out 
of  the  war  Gen.  Arthur  was  chief  engi- 
neer on  Gov.  Morgan's  staff,  and  after- 
wards Inspector  General,  and  then 
Quarter-master  General  of  the  military 
forces  of  the  state,  which  position  he 
held  till  the  close  of  Gov.  Morgan's 


ART 


IBIBH  OBLTS. 


ART 


term,  1868.  He  discharged  the  various 
duties  of  his  office,  in  equipping,  sup- 
plying and  forwardiag  the  great  quota 
of  K.  T.  troops  to  the  seat  of  war 
'with  marked  ability  and  success,  and 
such  was  his  care,  in  making  close 
supervision  over  contracts,  that  all  his 
accounts  were  allowed  at  Washington 
without  any  deduction,  although  it 
were  otherwise  as  a  gen«iral  rule.  And 
jdthough  he  made  imn.ense  contracts, 
which  a  slight  'percentage  on  as  a  bonus, 
so  often  freely  given  by  contrac- 
tors for  the  granting  cl  the  contract, 
would  have  made  him  independently 
rich,  yet  so  conscientiously  was  his  du- 
ties^rformed,  that  not  one  cent  stuck 
to  his  hands,  and  presents  sent  or  offer- 
ed were  rejected  or  returned.  In  1860 
he  resumed  his  law  practice,  and  soon 
acquired  a  lucrative  business  in  collect- 
ing claims  against  the  government.  He 
al^  took  an  active  interest  in  forward- 
ing and  suggesting  important  measures 
and  was  for  a  time  counsel  for  the 
Board  of  Tax  Commissions.  In  1871 
he  was  appointed  by  Pres.  Grant,  Col- 
lector of  Customs  in  N.  Y.,  and  was 
Te-ai>pointed  in  1875.  When  in  1877 
President  Hayes  promulgated  his  bun- 
combe order  forbidding  persons  in  the 
civU  service  from  taking  an  active  part 
in  political  management.  Mr.  Arthur 
as  Chairman  of  the  N.  Y.  City^  Re- 
publican Central  committee,  paid  no 
attention  to  the  order,  and  he  was  con- 
sequently suspended  from  ofBce  July 
1878.  An  attempt  had  previously  been 
made  to  superceae  him,  but  the  nomi- 
nee of  the  President  was  not  confirmed. 
Two  special  committees  examined  his 
official  record,  but  could  find  no  ground 
for  censure,  and  both  the  President  and 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  in  connection 
with  his  suspension  admitted  the  purity 
of  his  official  acts,  and  a  petition  for 
his  re-instatement  signed  by  the  most 
•eminent  men,  of  all  classes,  in  N.  Y. 
City,  was  suppressed  by  himself.  He 
also  showed  by  the  records  of  his  offl- 
•cial  acts  that  the  spirit  of  the  civil  ser- 
vice reform  was  acted  upon  under  him 
in  a  manner  not  elsewhere  practiced. 
On  retiring  from  office,  he  again  resum- 
od  the  practice  of  the  law,  and  also  took 
an  active  part  in  the  politics  of  his 
state  :  supporting  Mr.  Cornell  for  Gov- 
ernor, and  also  favoring  Gen.  Grant 
for  the  Republican  nomination  to  suc- 
ceed Hayes  in  1880,  and  worked  with 
Senator  Conkling  for  that  result.    On 


the  defeat  of  Grant,  and  the  nomination 
of  Garfield,  Arthur  was  immediately 
nominated  as  a  peace  offering  to  the  de- 
feated wing  of  the  party.  He  took  an 
active  part  in  the  canvass  that  followed 
acting  as  chairman  of  the  N.  i.  Rep. 
Cent.  Committee.  He  took  his  place 
as  President  of  the  Senate,  at  the  ses- 
sion commencing  the  4th  of  March, 
1881,  and  filled  the  position  with  dig- 
nity and  fairness,  taking  no  direct  part 
in  the  controversy  between  Pres.  Gar- 
field, and  Senator  Conkling,  as  to  the 
senatorial  right  of  appointments  to 
federal  offices  in  the  states.  He  how- 
ever took  an  active  interest  in  trying  to 
secure  the  return  of  Conkling,  after  his 
resignation,  and  went  to  Albany  for 
that  purpose.  It  was  after  this  struggle 
that  the  infamous  lunatic  Guiteau  ass- 
assinated the  President.  Arthur  must 
have  felt  keenly  the  unfortunate  posi- 
tion he  was  placed  in,  but  he  acted  with 
great  dignity  and  consideration  during 
9ie  long  struggle  which  ended  with  the 
death  of  Pres.  Garfield.  He  was  in  N. 
Y.  City  at  his  own  house  at  the  time, 
and  was  telegraphed  to  by  the  Cabinet 
to  repair  to  Long  Branch  as  soon  as 
possible.  On  the  advice  of  a  friend  he 
took  the  oath  of  office  at  his  own  house 
the  same  night.  It  was  administered 
by  Judge  Brady,  (another  Irish  Amer- 
ican,) a  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
N.  Y.,  Sept.  20th,  1881.  He  repaired 
to  Long  Branch  the  same  day,  and  ac- 
companied the  body  of  Garfield  to 
Wadiington,  when  he  again  took  the 
oath  of  office  from  the  Cmef  Justice  of 
the  U.  S.,  Sept.  22,  and  delivered  a 
brief  address.  President  Arthur's  ad« 
ministration  has  not  thus  far  been  mark- 
ed by  any  very  memorable  events.  The 
break  in  the  par^,  which  led  indirectly 
to  the  death  of  Garfield  by  the  hands  of 
a  crazy  politician,  is  not  yet  healed,and 
seems  now  to  threaten  the  discomfiture 
of  that  party  in  the  coming  presidential 
content.  President  Arthur  has  thus  far 
performed  the  duties  of  his  great  office 
m  an  independent  and  praiseworthy 
manner,  and  with  general  acceptance 
to  the  American  people.  . 

ARTHUR,  TIMOTHY  SHAY,  a 
talented  Irish  American  writer  of  fie- 
tion,  was  bom  in  1809,  and  is  the  au- 
thor  of  many  popular  works  of  fiction 
which  display  much  power  and  ability. 

ARTHUR  REV.  WILLIAM,  a  noted 


ASI 


JB3BB  CELTS. 


ATK 


iii^i' 


ill 


Irish  Methodist  Clergyman,  was  bom 
in  County  Antrim,  Ireland,  in  1819.  He 
received  a  thorough  classical  training, 
and  made  a  specialty  of  Italian  litera- 
ture. After  entering  the  ministry,  he 
went  to  India,  where  after  three  years 
kbor  and  being  threatened  with  blind- 
ness, hu  returned.  In  1867  he  was  cho- 
sen  principal  of  the  Wesley  College, 
Belfast,  Ireland.  In  1870,  he  was  sent 
to  England,  and  was  honorable  Secreta- 

Sof  the  Missionary  Society  of  that 
urch.    Ho  is  the  author  of  several 
works. 

ASICUS,  SAINT,  a  disciple  of  St. 
Patrick,  and  drst  Bishop  of  Elphin.  He 
appears  to  have  been  an  artist,  and  skill- 
ed in  working  in  gold.  He  early  be- 
came a  convert,  and  followed  Patrick 
for  bometime,  increasing  in  grace  and 
fervor.  He  possessed  an  extraordirkanr 
iroirit  of  self-denial,  and  Uved  much 
like  the  first  hermits,  fasting  and  pray- 
ing ;  living  on  berries  and  nerbs,  and 
performing  extraordinary  fasts.  He 
had  a  cell  in  the  mountains  of  Slivd 
League,  Donegal,  where  he  often  retired 
for  penance  and  praver,  and  while  there 
was  directed  by  a  heavenly  messenger 
to  join  Patrick.  He  accompanied  his 
master  into  Connaught,  and  assisted  him 
in  the  work  of  converaion.  Here  St 
Patrick  founded  the  church  of  Elphin 
and  placed  over  it  Asicus  as  its  Bishop. 
Asicus  died  about  470  at  Bathcurge  in 
Tirconnel. 

ATKINSOIT.  JOHN,  an  able  and 
eloquent  American  lawyer  and  advo- 
cate, second  to  none  which  the  bar  of 
Michigan  has  as  yet  produced,  was  bom 
In  Upper  Canada,  of  Irish  parents,  May 
24,  1841.  He  received  his  education 
partly  at  home,  from  his  father,  who 
was  a  surveyor,  and  partly  at  the  Pub- 
lic Schools  of  Port  Huron,  Michigan, 
whither  the  family  removed  from  Can- 
ada. His  father  dying  when  our  sub- 
ject was  quite  young,  ne  was  necessita- 
ted with  his  elder  brothers  to  help  and 
support  the  family.  At  the  age  of  fif- 
teen he  entered  the  law  ofiice  of  Judge 
Mitchell  of  Port  Huron,  and  five  years 
afterwards  the  Law  Department  oi  the 
University  of  Michigan,  where  he  grad- 
uated after  one  session,  being  then  in 
his  twenty-first  year.  He  immediately 
returned  to  Port  Huron  and  formed  a 
law  partnerp^'ip  with  his  late  employer 
Judge  Mitchell.    The  Rebellion  at  this 


I  time  was  at  its  height,  and  at  every  ham- 
let was  heard  the  martial  drum  calling 
to  the  defense  of  the  Union.  The 
charms  of  professional  life,  strong 
though  they  were,  failed  to  tie  him  to 
the  security  of  "  Home  Guard"  and 
Up  defense,  when  the  integrity  of  the 
Union  needed  strong  arms  and  brave 
hearts  in  the  field.  Out  of  this  Irish 
family  four  sons  volunteered  for  the 
defense  of  their  adopted  country,  one 
of  whom  found  a  southern  grave.  Our 
subject  started  for  the '  front'  in  August, 
1862,  as  a  captain  in  the  22nd  Michigan 
Infantry,  and  soon  distinguished  himself 
by  his  bravery  and  soldierly  conduct  in 
the  campaign  in  Kentucky  and  Tennes- 
see. In  1864  he  rose  to  be  Major  of  his 
regiment,  and  was  called  home  to  raise 
and  organize  the  80th  Regiment  of 
Michigan  Infantry.  When  about  seven 
companies  were  full,  the  urgency  for 
men  was  so  pressing  that  the  authori- 
ties ordered  forward  all  enli'-ted  men, 
and  those  companies  were  aivided  up, 
and  consolidated  with  the  8rd  and  4th 
Michigan  Regiments  then  in  the  field, 
and  which  &d  been  reduced  by  death 
and  sickness  to  less  than  half  their  num- 
bers. Col.  Atkinson  was  assigned  as 
Lieut.  Col.  of  the  Srd  Reg't  ana  served 
gallantly  at  the  head  of  that  regiment 
in  the  campaigns  in  Tennessee,  until  the 
close  of  the,  war.  After  the  war  his 
regiment  was  stationed  in  Texas,  and  he 
was  Judge  Advocate  attached  to  the 
staff  of  Gen.  Custer.  In  1866  he  W(u» 
mustered  out  of  the  service,  and  about 
thifi  time  gave  a  practical  example  of 
how  the  union  of  the  sections  ought  to 
be  cemented,  by  bringing  home  with 
him  a  southern  wife.  He  returned  ta 
his  old  home.  Port  Huron,  ahd  immedi- 
ately commenced  the  practice  of  his 
profession,  and  was  also  for  a  while 
collector  of  customs  under  Pres.  John- 
son. In  his  profession  he  soon  acquired 
an  enviable  reputation  and  secured  a 
large  and  constantly  increasing  practice 
in  me  courts  of  Northern  Michigan.  In 
1870  he  removed  to  Detroit,  opened  an 
ofiice,  and  was  shortly  afterwards  the 
Democratic  candidate  for  Attorney  Gen- 
eral of  the  State.  There  he  formed  a> 
law  partnership  with  Gen.  L.  8.  Trow- 
bridge and  was  fast  acquiring  a  leading 
practice  in  this  metropolis  of  the  State, 
when  he  for  a  time  abandoned  law,  for 
journalism.  He  became  principal  own- 
er and  editor  of  the  Detroit  Daily  Ua> 
ion.    Although  the  paper  was  conduct- 


ATK 


IBI8H  CELTS. 


AYL 


ed  with  an  unusual  amoiuit  of  vim, 
power  and  vigor,  it  did  not  prove  a 
financial  success,  and  Col.  Atkinson  re- 
tired from  the  venture,  not  only  bank- 
rupt in  pui-se,  but  heavily  involved,  be- 
dctes  creating  not  a  few  venomous  ene- 
mies, by  his  caustic  and  aggressive  style 
of  journalism.  He  then  returned  to  his 
first  love  with  renewed  energy,  and 
quickly  built  up  a  reputation  as  a  law- 
yer and  advocate  second  to  none  at  the 
Michigan  Bar;  and  more  admirable  still, 
he  wiped  awav  to  the  last  dollar,  the 
heavy  liabilities  which  his  journalistic 
venture  left  upon  him  ;although  he  might 
have  cancelled  them,  without  dishonor, 
by  tiie  provisions  of  the  Bankrupt  Act. 
As  a  lawyer.  Col.  Atkinson  is  equally 
well  armed  in  every  branch  of  his  pro- 
fession, but  it  is  more  especially  in  the 
trial  of  a  case,  that  he  stands  pre-emii^- 
ent,  and  may  well  rank  among  the 
very  first  of  this  or  any  other  country; 
cool,  watchful,  quick  to  detect  a  flaw 
in  law  or  fact,  dexterous  to  the  last  de- 
gree and  full  of  resources  in  an  emer- 
gency, with  an  admirable  clearness  of 
statement,  added  to  a  singularly  close 
analysis  of  all  questions  at  issue,  he 
could  not  try  a  case  in  any  court,  for 
the  first  time,  without  attracting  the  at- 
tention and  winning  the  admiration  of 
his  professional  brethren,  by  his  won- 
derful combination  of  all  the  essential 
qualities  which  go  to  make  a  great  and 
successful  lawyer.  As  an  advocate  he 
is  not  less  strong,  for  he  crowns  all 
those  other  qualities  with  an  eloquence 
at  once  simple,  earnest,  impressive  and 
pathetic,  backed  by  an  admirable  com- 
mand of  choice  and  forcible  language, 
and  armed  too,  like  so  many  of  his 
race,  with  a  never  failing  supply  of 
keen,  sarcastic,  penetrating  wit,  when 
the  occasion  calls  for  it.  He  has  well 
earned  the  high  position  he  holds  at  the 
Bar  of  Michigan,  not  more  on  account 
of  his  genius,  than  his  indefatigable  in- 
dustry, and  uniform  modesty  and  fair- 
ness in  all  his  relations  with  his  profes- 
sional brethren.  In  1888  he  formed  a 
law  partnership  with  his  countryman 
Judge  Marston,  and  his  law  practice  is 
the  most  extensive  of  any  in  Michigan. 
O'BRIEN  J.  ATKINSON,  his  broth- 
er, is  also  an  able  lawyer,  and  ranks 
with  the  first  of  Northern  Michigan. 
He  was  a  prominent  candidate  for 
Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Mich- 
igan in  1888.  He  has  a  commanding 
practice  in  the  upper  portions  of  that 


State  and  resides  at  Port  Huron.      He 
is  older  than  the  Colonel. 

AYLMER,  GEN.  LORD  MAT- 
THEW,  a  brave  and  able  British  sold- 
ier,  and  Gov.  Gen.  of  Canada,  was 
bom  at  Balrath,  County  of  Meath,  Ire- 
land, May  24,  1775,  and  succeeded  to 
the  family  titles  in  1785.  He  entered 
the  army  as  ensign  in  '87,  and  first 
served  in  the  West  Indies  ;  and  on  his 
return  there  after  leave  of  absence  on 
account  of  sickness,  he  distinguished 
himself  at  the  storming  of  Fort  I'Acul, 
Port  Au  Prince,  and  other  affairs.  In 
1791  he  was  promoted  to  a  lieutenancy, 
and  in  '94  to  a  captaincy.  In  1797,  he 
was  on  Gen.  Lcland's  staff,  and  in  '98 
was  taken  prisoner  with  a  company  of 
grenadiers.  In  1 799  he  took  part  in  the 
attack  at  the  Haider  and  on  the  British 
lines.  He  next  served  with  Gen.  Lord 
Somerset,  and  in  1800  was  made  a  ma- 
jor  in  the  85th.  In  1805  he  served  un- 
der Lord  Cathcart  in  Hanover  and  after- 
wards was  at  the  siege  of  Copenhagen. 
In  1809  he  was  Assist,  Adj.  Gen.  under 
Gen.  Serbrooke  in  Portugal  and  in  1813 
Dep.  Adj.  Gen.  to  the  Army  of  the  Pen- 
insula. In  June  1813  he  was  made 
Maj.  Gen.  and  served  under  Wellington; 
was  present  at  the  passage  of  the  Dun 
and  the  battles  of  Talevera,  Buosco, 
Fuentes  d'  Onor  and  Vittoria  and  the 
actions  near  Bayonne  and  was  decorated 
with  the  order  of  the  Bath  and  made  Lt. 
Gen,  In  1828  he  was  appointed  Gov. 
Gen.  of  Canada,  which  position  he  held 
for  five  years,  and  was  very  popular. 
He  died  m  London,  Feb.  28,  1850. 

BABINGTON,  WILLIAM,  an  emi- 
nent Physician  and  Scientist,  was 
bom  in  Ireland,  in  1757.  After 
completing  his  education  and  receiv- 
ing his  medical  degree,  he  settled  in 
England,  where  he  soon  became  noted 
as  one  of  the  ablest  scientists  of  his  day. 
He  was  the  principal  promoter  and 
founder  of  the  Geological  Society  of 
London,  and  its  first  president.  He 
died  in  1888.       « 

BAGLEY,  COL.  JAMES,  a  promi- 
nent  Democratic  politician  of  N.  Y. 
City,  and  Col.  of  the  celebrated  69th 
Regiment  of  New  York  Volunteers, 
which  so  distinffuished  itself  in  the  Re- 
bellion from  1862  to  1865.  He  was 
born  in  Ireland  in  1822  and  emigrated 
to  America  when  comparatively  young 


BAL 


IRISH  CELTS. 


BAL 


«nd  settled  in  N.  Y.  City  where  he  be- 
•came  noted  for  sterling  qualities.  He 
behaved  gallantly  during  the  war  and 
made  an  honorable  record.  He  died 
Dec.  21, 1876. 

BALDWIN,  COL.,  a  brave  and  cul- 
tivated soldier  in  the  service  of  Britain, 
:and  a  man  "sans  peuret  sans  reproche," 
was  born  at  Clohma,  County  Cork,  and 
was  a  first  cousin  of  Daniel  O'Connell, 
and  a  nephew  of  Gen.  Count  O'Connell 
of  France.  He  first  entered  the  navy  at 
the  age  of  fourteen,  but  had  to  retire  on 
account  of  health,  and  then  entered  the 
army.  He  served  with  honor  and  dis- 
tinction on  the  Peninsular,  and  took 
part  in  the  battles  of  Talavera,  Bir-aco, 
Fuentes,  D'Onor,  Badaioz,  Salamanca, 
Vittoria,  Neiva,  Nevelle,  Orthes,  and 
Toulouse,  during  which  he  was  several 
times  wounded,  and  twice  thrown  from 
scaling  ladders  while  leading  storming 
parties.  He  afterwards  served  in  the 
West  Indies,  but  at  len^  res  gned  on 
half  pay  on  account  of  mactivity.  He 
then  raised  a  regiment  at  Cork,  and  en- 
tered the  service  of  the  Emperor  of  Bra- 
zil. He  however  soon  |became  disgusted 
with  the  mismanagement  which  char- 
acterized things,  as  well  as  the  illtreat- 
ment  to  which  the  mer.  were  subjected. 
The  government  ordeing  the  regiment 
to  the  interior  as  settleib,  Baldwin  re- 
sisted, and  demanded  that  they  be  dis- 
^arged  and  sent  home,  if  not  treated  as 
soldiers,  which  result  he  obtained.  In 
1888  he  came  to  Canada  and  settled  in 
the  Gore  of  Toronto.  In  the  troubles  of 
'87  he  raised  a  regiment  for  the  defense  of 
the  frontier.  He  was  for  many  years  a 
magistrate  but  always  refused,  fees  for 
his  services.  Like  Cincinnatus,  he 
tilled  the  soil  for  his  bread.  He  died 
at  Toronto,  Dec.  14,  1861.  He  was  a 
distant  relative  of  Hon.  Robert  Baldwin, 
the  Canadian  statesman,  whose  policy 
he  supported. 

BALDWIN,  HON.  ROBERT,  one 

of  the  ablest  of  Canadian  statesmen,  was 
the  son  of  Dr.  Baldwin,  a  native  of 
Cork,  and  Miss  Willcox,  his  wife,  also 
from  the  same  old  city,  and  was  born 
in  York,  (Toronto,)  12th  May,  1804. 
He  received  his  education  from  his 
father,  with  whom  he  also  studied  law, 
He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1825. 
«nd  afterwards  with  his  cousin,  R.  B. 
Sullivan,  formed  a  law  partnership  with 
bla  father,  and  the  same  year  was  elect- 


ed to  Parliament.  He  early  advocated 
a  responsible  government,  and  being  de- 
feated after  the  dissolution  of  Parliament 
on  the  death  of  Geo.  IV.,  he  did  not 
seek  office  again  until  the  Union.  His 
rational  manly  position,  on  this  import- 
ant question  of  government  was  de- 
nounced  by  the  fawners  on  power  and 
authoriv,  as  revolutionary,  and  Bald- 
win did  not  sit  in  parliament  for  some 
time;  but  he  did  not  cease  advocating 
reform.  In  1885  Baldwhi  visited  Eu- 
rope, and  while  in  England  he  sought  an 
interview  with  the  Minister  of  the  Col- 
onies, Lord  Glenley,  for  the  purpose  of 
laying  before  the  general  government 
the  position  of  affairs  in  Canada,  the 
wants  and  aspirations  of  the  people, 
and  the  necessity  of  meeting  them  on  a 
rational  and  Constitutional  basis.  With 
that  peculiar  arrogance  with  which  the 
English  government  ever  treats  the  repre- 
sentatives of  manly  independence  among 
its  subjects,  who  may  question  the  just- 
ness of  its  policy,  he  was  refused  an  in- 
terview, but  he  came  to  be  heard,  and 
standing  on  the  "  ramparts"  of  thd 
boasted  British  Constitution,  he  inform- 
ed the  government,  that  the  Canadian 
people  locally  nurtiired  in  self  govern- 
ment would  not  accept  or  submit  to  sham 
freedom  in  their  general  government, 
but  would  have  only  the  solid  fruits  of 
the  British  Constitution  which  guaran- 
teed a  government  subject  to  the  will  of 
the  people.  On  the  advent  of  Sir 
Francis  Head,  Baldwin  was  urgently 
solicited  by  him  to  accept  aplaceln  the 
Executive  Council.  Bald  win  expressed 
his  willingness,  if  a  policy  of  responsible 
government  was  aaoptcd,  but  Head, 
while  declining  to  initiate  such,  still 
desired  that  he  should  enter  the  govern- 
ment, and  said  that  he  would  at  least 
have  a  better  chance  to  work  out  hia 
policy.  Baldwin  at  length  agreed,  on 
condition  that  some  of  his  friends  hold- 
ing the  same  views  were  also  given  a 
Elac«,  which  was  acceded  to.  Gov.  Head 
owever  pursued  the  old  policy  of  ap- 
pointing to  responsible  positions  and 
ordering  important  acts  without  con- 
sulting nis  council,  who  were  held  re- 
sponsible for  the  same,  or  at  least  were 
supposed  to  bo,  by  the  people.  Baldwin 
infused  into  his  associates,  old  and  new. 
a  just  conception  of  their  position,  and 
its  rights,  and  the  result  was  that  the 
pounnil,  as  a  body,  remonstrated  in  un- 
mistakable terms  against  a  system  in 
which  the  sworn  c  junsolors  of  govern* 


BAL 


nasH  OBiiTS 


BAL 


ment  were  not  consulted  as  to  its  inten- 
tions or  designs.  The  result  was  a  break, 
in  whicii  ue  council  resi^^ed.  Mr. 
Baldwin  while  taking  a  prominent  part 
in  moulding  the  policy  and  acts  of  the 
people,  did  not  again  hold  office  until 
after  the  Act  of  the  Union  received  the 
royal  assent,  and  responsible  govern- 
ment was  apparently  conceded.  In 
1841  we  find  mm  a  member  of  the  gov- 
ernment of  Lord  ^denham,  (Thomp- 
son,) as  Solicitor  General;  R.  B.  Sulli- 
van and  Dom.  Daly,  also  being  mem- 
bers. The  election  at  this  time  was  a 
very  stormy  one.  Lower  Canada  was 
dissatisfied,  and  so  were  the  Tories,  and 
things  generally  were  confounded  and 
uncertam.  Baldwin  again  resigned 
having  lost  confidence  in  the  sincerity 
of  the  reform  policy  of  the  government. 
This  act  brought  a  storm  of  abuse 
from  the  toadies  of  the  government,  who 
always  imagine  that,  the  powers  that  be 
can  do  no  wrong.  Baldwin  ably  de- 
fended himself  and  received  the  sup- 
Sort  of  the  House  and  the  country, 
ydenham  the  Gk)v.  Qen.,  died  in  1841, 
and  was  succeeded  by  Sir  Chas.  Bagot. 
Parties  became  somewhat  mixed  dunng 
this  time,  but  Baldwin  remained  the 
firm  and  unflinched  advocate  cf  respon- 
sible government,  and  also  of  the  rights 
of  the  Lower  Province  to  a  jiist  and 
equitable  share  of  the  power  and  patron- 
age of  Government;  and  his  straight  for- 
wurd,  manly,  "independent  course,  se- 
cured to  him  the  confidence  and  sup- 
port of  a  large  maj'^ritv  of  the  people  of 
both  Provinces.  Baldwin  at  length 
triumphed,  and  he  was  called  by  the 
new  Gov.  Gen.  to  form  a  government, 
which  he  did  ia  conjunction  with  La- 
fontaine.  In  1848  Bagot  died  in  Can- 
ada and  was  succeeded  by  Sir  C.  Metcalf , 
who  struggled  during  his  term  of  office 
to  carb  or  crush  the  just  aspirations  of 
the  Canadian  people  to  a  government  in 
accordance  with  the  views  of  the  ma- 
jority. As  might  be  supposed,  a  break 
soon  occurred  between  the  new  Gov. 
Qen.  and  the  Baldwin  Ministry.  Bald- 
win, who  was  a  liberal,  enlightened  and 
able  statesman,  and  who  was  attached 
to  constitutional  liberty,  with  the  uncom- 
promising devotion  of  a  true  patriot, 
would  accept  nothing  but  the  real  arti- 
cle. The  violation  of  those  principles 
by  the  representatives  of  the  crown,  by 
acts,  not  words,  brought  matters  to  an 
issue,  and  Baldwin  and  nearly  all  his 
Msodates  resigned,  and  the  political 


horizon  of  Canada  was  covered  witb. 
angry  contending  clouds.     For  nine 
months  the  Gov.  Qen.  was  unable  to> 
form  a  ministry.    No  reformers  could 
consistently  accept  a  place,  and  without 
them  no  ministry  could  cany  a  measure. 
At  length  however  a  "  piebald"  minis- 
try, as  Baldwin  termed  it,  was  formed. 
Parliament  was  dissolved,   and    after 
a  most  exciting  struggle  in  which  it  was 
claimed  by  the  reformers  that  the  re- 
turns had  been  tampered  with  by  the 
government  officer,  a  majority  of  two  < 
vfca  secured  for  the  new  combination. . 
It  existed  during  a   session  without 
strength  or  character,  and  quickly  earn- 
ed the  contempt  of  those  who  were- 
induced  to  give  it  existence.  Metcalf,  at 
length  disheartened  by  his  unpleasant* 
surroundings,  difficulties  and  disease, 
resigned  in  the  winter  of  1845,  and  Lord 
Cathcart  acted  as  administrator.     He 
was   succeeded  by  Lord  Elgin,  who- 
arrived  in  Canada  in  1847,  and  found  a 
ministry  without  any  assurance  of  sup- 
port.   He  tried  to  strengthen   it    by 
courting  the  Lower  Canadians,  but  they 
remain^  faithful  to  their  true  friend, 
Baldwin,  and  Parliament  was  dissolved. 
The  Baldwin  party  swept  the  country, 
and  the  principles  of  responsible  govern- 
ment, advocated  so  ably  and  persistent- 
ly by  Baldwin,  and  supported  almost 
alone  by  Irish  leaders,  was  at  length 
triumphantly  and  permanently  establish* 
ed.    An  act  to  make  good  the  losses 
caused  by  the  Rebellion  of  '87-8,  in 
Lower  Canada,  now  caused  a  howl  of 
vituperation  from  the  ultra  loyal  tories, 
who  sought  rather  to  oppress  the  French, 
than  do  them  justice.    Lord  Elgin  how- 
ever, supported  by  the  Baldwin  minis- 
try and  party,  carried  the  measure,  but 
the  consequence  was  that  the  Poi'lia- 
ment  House  in  Montreal  was  sacked 
and  burned,  and  the  Gov.  Gen.  mobbed 
by  bigots.    Baldwin  successfully  and 
ably  conducted  the  country  through  its 
most   stormy   period,    maintaining   a> 
consistent  position  on  responsible  gov- 
ernment and  British  connection,  as  op* 
posed  to  Tories,  Independents  and  An- 
nexationists.   In  1861  however  a  resolu* 
tion  by  the  opposition  to  abolish  the- 
Court  of  Chancery  having  been  support- 
ed by  a  majority  of  the  Upper  Canadian 
members,  Baldwin,  who  oelieved  in  a. 
"double  majority — that  is  a  majority 
from  each  of  the  Canadas— resigned— 
although  the  rest  of  the  ministry  (ud  not, 
at  that  time.    He  did  not  again  enter^ 


^.---V',  •-■^.  ^.•'^::^^^^^c;:::-. 


BAL 


HUSH  CELTS. 


BAN 


puUic  life,  but  his  able  and  disinterest- 
ed efforts  in  behalf  of  his  country  are 
still  producing  their  beneficial  effects, 
and  he  is  better  entitled  than  any  Can- 
adian, past  or  present,  to  the  lasting 
gratitude  of  his  country.  He  died  in 
1850  universally  lameuted. 

BALDWIN,  DR.  WM.  WARREN, 
an  able  Canadian  statesman,  was  bom 
at  Knockmore,  near  Cork,  Ireland, 
whence  he  emigrated  with  his  father, 
Robert  Baldwin,  to  Canada,  in  1799. 
Our  subject  had  already  commenced 
the  practice  of  his  profession  in  his  na- 
tive land,  but  the  state  of  the  country 
after  the  rebellion  of  '98  made  liberty 
80  insecure  to  any  lover  of  his  country 
who  was  prominent  by  his  talents  or 
influence,  that  the  Baldwins  preferred 
to  cast  their  fortunes  in  the  free  wilds 
of  Canada,  rather  than  exist  at  the  whim 
of  the  tyrant  in  the  dear  old  land  of 
their  fathers.  The  father  at  first  settled 
«n  a  farm  with  his  family,  but  after 
Bonie  yeais  removed  to  (York)  Toronto, 
where  he  remained  till  his  death  in 
1816.  Our  subject  settled  himself  in 
Toronto  almost  from  the  first,  and  com- 
menced the  practice  of  his  profession. 
He  a'^  took  up  the  study  of  the  law, 
and  soon  built  up  a  dual  practice.  In 
1808  he  marriea  Miss  Willcooks,  an 
Irish  girl  from  Cork,  whose  father 
bad  been  Mayor  of  that  city  prior  to  his 
coming  to  Canada.  Dr.  Baldwin  grad- 
ually rose  to  prominence  by  his  ability 
broad  and  liberal  views,  and  the  ener- 
gy and  dcuision  of  his  character.  He 
became  prominent  in  Parliament,  and 
early  drew  the  attention  of  the  people 
to  the  anomalous  condition  of  tnings, 
and  agitated  a  constitutional  basis  and 
responsible  government.  He  took  a 
prominent  pait  in  the  political  move- 
ments which  led  to,  and  shaped  the 
present  condition  of  Canada,  and  he  left 
behind  him  a  representative  of  rational 
government,  abler  and  more  powerful 
still,  in  his  son,  Hon.  Rob't  Baldwin. 
The  Dr.  died  in  Toronto  in  1844. 

BALFB,  MICHAEL  WILLIAM, 
one  of  the  ablest  and  most  popular  of 
lyrical  dramatists,  was  bom  in  Dublin, 
ueland,  1808.  He  early  developed  ex- 
traordinary musical  talents  ;  and  at  the 
age  of  seven  years,  he  appeared  in  pub- 
lic, and  played  one  of  Vlotti's  concertos 
for  the  violin,  with  great  skill  and  ap- 
{ilaiue.    At  iha  age  of  nine  he  wrote 


the  ballad  entitled  "The  Lover's  Mis- 
take," which  achieved  great  popularity, 
through  the  singing  of  Madame  Vestns, 
and  at  sixteen  he  became  conductor  of 
the  orchestra  in  Drury  Lane  Theatre, 
London.  He  is  the  author  of  the  cele- 
brated English  opera  entitled  "The  Bo- 
hemian Girl,"  perhaps  the  sweetest  and 
most  popular  of  any  yet  written  for  the 
English  sta^e,  and  which  will  probably 
never  lose  its  hold  on  the  admirers  of 
this  popular  branch  of  the  drama.  He 
is  also  author  of  many  other  works  of 
great  merit.    He  died  in  1870. 

BANIM,  JOHN,  a  talented  Irish 
novelist  raid  dramatist,  was  bom  in 
Kilkenny,  April  8, 1798,  and  early  de- 
veloped literary  tastes.  He  first  went 
to  Dublin  to  seek  employment  for  his 
pen  and  was  befriended  by  Shiel.  In  his 
21st  year  he  produced  the  famous  trag- 
edy of  Damon  and  Pythias,  which  was 
played  at  Covent  Garden  by  Macready 
ana  Eemble  with  brilliant  success  and 
established  the  reputation  of  the  author. 
In  1825  in  union  with  his  brother  Mich- 
ael, he  produced  "Tales  by  the  O'Hara 
Family,"  which  was  followed  by  "The 
Bit  of  Writen,"  "Boyne  Water, **  "The 
Denoimced,"  "The  Nolans,"  "The 
Smugglers,"  and  other  popular  tales,  all 
illustrative  of  life,  methods  and  laws, 
as  seen  and  realized  in  Ireland. 
Banim,  however,  did  not,  secure  from 
his  writing  the  remuneration  his  talents 
deserved,  and  depressed  by  misfortune 
and  want  he  died  Aug.  1,  1842,  in  the 
prime  of  life. 

*  BANIM,  MICH'L,  elder  brother  of 
the  foregoing,  was  bora  in  Kilkenny, 
Aug.,  1796,  and  was  a  writer  of  talent. 
Besides  the  works  he  assisted  his  broth- 
er in,  he  is  the  author  of  "The  Croppy" 
"Father  Connell,"  "Crohoore  of  Bill, 
hook,"  "The  Ghost-hunter,"  "The 
Mayor  of  Wind<3fap/'  and  many  other 
tales.  As  a  writer  he  was  less  pleasing 
and  dramatic  than  his  brother,  but  pos- 
sessed an  easy  and  natural  et]rle,  with 
no  disposition  to  exaggerate. 

BARKER,  ROBERT,  inventor  of  the 
panorama,  was  bom  in  Kells,  Ireland, 
about  1740,  and  was  a  miniature  and 
portrait  painter  of  merit.    It  was  while 

Iracticlng  his  art  tn  Edinburgh,  about 
785,  thatne  conceived  the  idea  of  repre* 
senting  landscane  ^nd  scener/  bv  means 
of  a  moving  picture.     T>'.e  iuea  wm 


BAR 


nUBH  CBLTS. 


BAB 


treated  as  chimerical  by  his  cotempora- 
Ties,  but  he  persevered,  and  ultimately 
accomplisheo  what  ma^  be  considered 
as  the  triumph  of  pictorial  illusion.  In 
1787  his  first  work  was  exhibited,  and 
his  exhibitions  soon  became  very  popu- 
lar. He  died  in  1806,  after  having  real- 
ized a  considerable  fortune. 

BAI^TEY,  JOSHUA,  COMMO- 
DORE, a  distinguished  naval  command- 
UT  in  the  service  of  the  United  States,  of 
Irish  descent,  was  bom  at  Baltimore, 
Maiyland,  in  1759.  He  was  bred  to  the 
sea  from  childhood,  and  although  only 
a  mere  boy  at  the  breaking  out  of  the  re- 
volutionary war,he  offered,  hit  -^rvices  to 
his  coimtry.  He  received  the  appoint- 
ment of  Master's  mate  in  the  sloop  of 
war  Hornet,  and  distinguished  himself 
through  the  war  by  his  valor  and  enter- 
prise. Desirous  of  active  service,  he 
entered  the  French  navy  in  1795  with 
the  rank  of  captain,  but  dissatisfied  with 
its  Inactivity,  he  resigned  his  command 
in  1800,  and  returned  to  America.  At 
the  breaking  out  of  hostilities  in  1812, 
he  promptly  offered  his  services  again  to 
his  country,  and  was  appointed  to  the 
command  of  the  flotilla  in  defense  of  the 
Ohesapeake.  In  this  impoi*tant  position 
he  displayed  his  usual  activity,  and  suc- 
cessfully maintained  the  superiority  of 
American  seamanship  and  valor.  In 
July,  1814  he  was  severely  woiihded 
whue  aiding  in  the  land  engagement 
near  Blandensburg.  in  July,  1816  he 
was  sent  on  a  diplomatic  mission  to 
Europe.    He  died  at  Pittsburg  in  1818. 

BARNEWALL,  ALEX.,  a  dlstin- 
guished  Irish  cavalry  officer,  who  went 
to  France  with  Mountcashel's  Brigade 
in  1691,  and  served  with  distinction  in 
the  reduction  of  Savoy,  in  the  regi- 
ment of  Clare.  He  participated  In 
many  important  actions  and  earned  a 
proud  reputation  in  the  French  army, 
for  dash  and  skiU. 


BARNEWELL,  ROBERT  Baron 
Trimlestown  in  the  county  of  Meath,  a 
physician  and  scholar  of  eminence,  was 
bom  in  County  Meath  about  1700. 
After  his  preliminary  studies  he  went  to 
the  continent  to  complete  his  education. 
He  afterwards  took  up  the  study  of  me- 
dicine and  pursued  it  with  great  suc- 
cess. He  remained  for  many  years  in 
France  in  the  study  and  practice  of  his 
profession,  and  acquired  high  standing. 


On  his  return  to  his  estates  in'  Ireland 
he  gave  his  services  free  to  all  who  de- 
sired them.    He  died  about  1785. 

BARNWELL,  SIR  JOHN,  a  dis- 
tinguished Irish  lawyer,  was  bom  in 
County  Meath,  about  1640,  adopted  the 
profession  of  law,  and  rose  to  eminence. 
He  was  one  of  the  Barons  of  the  Ex- 
checquerin  1688,  and  died  about  1700. 

BARNWELL.    SIR    PATRICK, 

an  able  and  learned  lawyer  of 
Dublin,  was  bom  in  Ireland  about  1600. 
After  completing  his  education  he 
adopted  the  law  as  a  profession  and  soon 
rose  to  eminence,  was  made  solicitor 
general,  and  in  1650  Master  of  the  RoUs. 
He  died  in  1562. 

BARRE,  ISAAC,  GLN.,  a  gallant 
British  soldier  and  an  able,  fearless  and 
patriotic  statesman  and  a  friend  of 
straggling  America,  was  bom  in  Dub- 
lin in  1726.  He  received  his  education 
in  the  university  of  that  city,  and  stu" 
died  law  at  the  Middle  Temple  in  Lon- 
don, but  did  not  practice.  He  entered 
the  army,and  was  soon  after  ordered  to 
Canada,  and  was  in  Wolf's  command. 
His  talents  and  abilities  soon  attracted 
the  attention  of  that  General,  and  he 
became  his  friend,  and  was  by  him  pro- 
moted to  the  ranks  of  Lieut.  Colonel.  He 
took  part  in  the  storming  of  Quebec  and 
was  severely  wounded,  but  was  with 
Wolfe  when  he  died.  After  the  sur- 
render of  Montreal,  he  was  appointed 
bearer  of  dispatches  from  Gen.  Am- 
herst to  Lord  Chatham.  In  1761  he  was 
elected  to  Parliament  for  the  borough 
of  Chipping  Wycomb  imder  the  patron- 
age of  the  Earl  of  Shelbume  and  signa- 
lized his  advent  into  the  House  by  a 
personal  attack  on  the  Earl  of  Chatham 
then  in  opposition,  which  was  as  bold 
as  it  was  unexpected.  His  regiment 
was  disbanded  in  1768,  and  he  received 
the  appointment  of  Adjutant  General  of 
the  Forces  and  Governor  of  Stirling 
Castle,  but  at  the  end  cf  the  same  year 
he  was  removed  from  his  appointments, 
having  had  the  independence  to  vote 
against  ministerial  measures  which  did 
not  receive  his  assent.  In  1766  he  op- 
posed the  American  stamp  act  and  made 
a  powerful  and  eloquent  appeal  to  the 
House  in  defense  of  the  colonies.  In 
1766  under  the  second  administration . 
of  Chatham,  Col.  Barre  was  appointed 
one  of  the  Vice  Treasurers  to  Ireland 


I  JM 


•  > 


•    A* 


BAB 


IBI8.T  CELTS. 


BAB 


and  a  member  of  the  Privy  Council.  On 
disciusing  the  question  of  reporting 
Parliamentary  debates  Barre  with  his  us- 
ual independence  opposed  theministiy, 
denounced  in  the  sharpest  terms  the 
corruptions  then  existing  and  held  up 
the  corrupt  members  to  the  scorn  cf 
honert  men.  He  then  left  the  House 
and  '*alled  upon  all  honest  men  who 
loved  country  and  purity  more  than 
party  to  follow  him.  Throughout  the 
adnunistration  of  Lord  North,  Barre 
continued  the  warm  friend  and  ad- 
vocate of  the  coloiales,  and  brought  on 
himself  a  kind  of  odium  by  his  bold 
sentiments  and  expressions  of  admira- 
tion at  their  heroic  stand.  On  the  fall 
of  theNorthministry,Lord  Shelbume  be- 
came Secretary  of  State  for  foreign  af- 
fairs and  Barre  became  Treasurer  of  the 
Navy,  and  on  Shelbume  becoming  pre- 
mier he  was  advanced  to  the  poatof 
Paymaster  of  the  Forces.  He  reared  in 
1738  receiving  for  his  services  a  pension 
of  £8,200  per  annum.  He  remiuned  in 
Parliament  till  1700,  a  terror  to  corrup- 
tionists.when  loss  of  sight,  the  result  of 
a  wound  received  at  Quebec,  compel- 
led him  to  retire.  The  letters  of  Junius 
have  been  imputed  to  him,  but  whether 
he  wrote  them  or  not,  certainly  the 
House  of  Parliament  never  held  a  more 
incorruptable  patriot,  or  a  more  success- 
ful exposer  and  scathing  denunciator 
of  jobbery  and  corruption,  than  this 
fearless  friend  of  the  then  struggling 
colonies  of  America. 

BABON,  HOLAND,  an  Irish  divine, 
was  of  the  noble  family  of  the  Fitzger- 
alds  of  Kilkenny,  and  was  archbinnop 
of  Cashel,  which  he  ruled  with  great 
wisdom  and  prudence,  in  troublesome 
times.  He  died  in  the  first  year  of 
Elizabeth's  reign,  and  before  her  extei^ 
minating  policy  had  commenced  in  Ire- 
laud,  1561.    . 

BARRET,  GEORGE,  an  isminent 
landscape  painter,  was  bom  in  Dublin, 
about  172o,  and  by  his  own  unaided 
exertions  early  acquired  a  reputation  as 
an  artist  of  merit.  He  gaiiujd  prizes 
from  both  the  Dublin  and  London  so- 
cieties of  art.  British  art  and  ortists 
owe  him  a  debt  of  gratitude,  for  it  was 
~  dcly  through  his  exertions,  pluck 
and  {Hirseverance  that  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy was  established.  He  died  in  the 
year  1784.  It  is  thus,  as  in  innumer- 
able cases*  that  England  owes  to  the 


genius  of  the  Iribh  Celt,  works  that  re> 
dound  to  her  glory  and  fame. 

BARROT,  ODILLION.  a  celebrated 
French  lawyer  and  statesman,  was  of 
Irish  descent,  bom  at  Yillefort  in  1791. 
He  took  a  prominent  part  in  th*^  rerolu- 
tion  of  1880,  and  was  one  of  the  Uireft 
conimissioDers  appointed  by  the  proid- 
sional  government  to  accompany 
Charles  X  to  CLerboi^,  on  his  embu-k- 
ation  for  England.  When  Louis  Phil- 
ippe called  upon  Thiers  to  form  a  new 
ministry,  Barrot,  was  appointed  itapre* 
sident.  He  was  also  prominent  among 
the  statesmen  of  republican  tendencies,, 
at  the  fall  of  Louis  Philippe;  and  was 
for  a  time  a  minister,  imder  the  presi- 
dency of  Louis  Napoleon.  He  remidn- 
edin  office  till  18S1  when  herethred 
from  pnblic  life.  He  died  in  the  year 
1878. 

BARRETT,  COMMODORE,  adls- 
tinguished  American  naval  officer,  waa 
the  so?  of  Irish  parents,  and  was  bom  in 
New  Orleans  about  1828.  He  enlisted 
in  the  xmvy  when  only  thirteen, 
served  in  vsurious  parts  of  the  world 
and  so  distinguished  himself  by  liis  in- 
telligence and  good  conduct  that  he  waa 
ordered  to  the  naval  academy  at  the 
age  of  eighteen  where  he  graduated 
August,  1846.  He  was  first  assigned 
to  duty  on  the  golf  squadron,  and  was 
present  at  the  bombardment  of  Vera 
Cruz  being  stationed  on  the  blockading 
ship  John  Adams.  He  had  command 
of  the  ambulance  corps  operating 
with  the  naval  battery  which  was 
mounted  for  service  in  the  field  on  the 
advance  to  the  city  of  Mexico,  and  par- 
ticipated in  the  battle  of  Alvorado.  In 
1848  he  was  sent  to  tho  African  coast 
in  command  of  the  Jamostown,  and  in 
1854  was  flag  lieutenant  to  Commodore' 
Buese.  In  1861  he  was  appointed  in- 
structor in  gunnery  and  he  organized 
the  school  s£up  Savannah.  In  1862  he 
was  court  martialed  for  disloyalty,  but 
was  honorably  acquitted,  and  compli- 
mented f  Qr  his  patriotic  services.  H» 
commanded  the  Massasoit  in  1868,  and 
in  1864  the  iron  clad  Catskill  with  which 
he  captured  the  Deer,  the  only  prize 
captured  by  a  monitor.  He  was  in  the 
first  expedition  that  ascended  the 
Yang-tse-ldang  as  far  as  Haukow.  His 
was  the  first  naval  ship  to  test  the 
jetties  at  the  south  pass,  mouth  of  th» 
Mississippi.    He  died  March,  1880. 


PLATS  NO.  8. 


Jl     TAMES  MAI^SON. 
|2    JAMES  MONROE. 


BAR 


IBIBH  OBLTta. 


BAR 


BARRETT,  LAWRENCE  P.,  one 
of  the  most  accomplished  and  scholarly 
of  actors,  was  bom  at  Paterson  N.  J., 
April  4, 1837,  of  Irish  parents.  The 
family  removed  to  Detroit  «7hen  Law- 
rence was  about  twelve  years  old,  at 
which  time  he  was  a  bright,  manly,  in- 
telligent ^oy,  who  had  received,  How- 
ever, but  little  school  training.  His 
father,  who  was  a  well-informed  trades- 
man (tailor  and  cutter)  of  good  address, 
'  was  entirely  without  book  education,  a 
fact  which  he  very  singularlv  took 
pride  in,  as  if  to  show  how  intellixent  a 
man  might  be  without  it,  and  in  his  case 
it  certainly  demonstrated  a  peculiar  ca- 
pacity. Lawrence  was  eKtly  sent  out  to 
make  a  living,  and  engaged  in  light  call- 
ings, among  them  cash  boy  in  a  large 
diy  goods  house.  It  is  said  that  an  ex- 
hibiuon  of  his  dramatic  powers  cost 
him  his  place,  for  he  was  caught  by  one 
of  his  employers  mimicing  his  imperi- 
ous ways  and  immediately  decapitated. 
B»  was  next  engaged  for  a  very  brief 
time  in  the  printing  business,  on  the 
Daily  Times,  which  was  owned  by 
"Ed.,"  afterwards  Col.  Sherlock,  who 
fell  ^llantly  fighting  at  the  head  of  the 
SthRegt.  Mich.  Vol.  in  the  Great  Re- 
bellion. Sherlock  was  also  at  this  time 
proprietor  of  the  Metropolitan  Theater, 
ana  our  subject,  who  had  a  strong 
penchant  for  the  stage,had  now  a  chance 
to  indulge  it.  Even  at  this  time,  al- 
though only  about  14  years  old,  he 
seemed  to  have  had  fine  conceptions  of 
dranuitic  characters,  especially  Shake- 
speare, as  the  writer  remembers  from 
hearing  him  "Spout."  He  soon  trans- 
ferred his  dunes  from  the  printing 
office  to  the  stage,  first  as  an  assistant  to 
the  scenic  artist,  and  from  that  to  tak- 
ing minor  parts,  although  it  is  said  that 
his  first  effort  In  a  spcaldng  part  proved 
a  failure  from  stage  fright.  Be  that  as 
it  may  he  soon  conquered  it,  and  his 
-first  local  success  was  gained  when  he 
was  about  sixteen.  It  happened  that 
Caroline  Richings,  who  was  then  on 
,  the  stage  starring  with  her  father  and 
veiy  popular  for  a  young  actress  by  her 
di'amatic  as  well  as  vocal  powers,  was 
playing  an  engagement  at  the  Metro- 
politan, Her  father,  who  always  sup- 
ported her  and  played  the  lover  in  ti^e 
society  plays  which  they  gave,  was  un- 
well, anq  contrary  to  his  usual  custom 
on  such  occHsions,  let  young  Barrett, 
probably  on  account  of  his  youth  and 
his  gentlemanly  bearing  more  than  for 


ability  he  had  as  yet  shown,  take  hifi 
place  as  Claude  in  the  Lady  of  Lyons. 
Barrett  proved  equal  to  the  emergency 
and  carried  the  house  by  storm, 
sharing  the  honors  with  his  charming 
and  talented  associate.  From  this  time 
forward  he  became  a  leading  support 
to  the  traveling  stars,  and  played  Romeo 
to  the  Juliet  of  Julia  Dean,  then  per- 
haps the  most  popular  of  the  American 
actresses.  In  1856  or  7  he  went  east  to 
seek  employment  and  study  his  profes- 
sion in  company  'with  90.  elder  brother, 
Joseph,  who  also  had  a  penchant  for  the 
stage.  He  secured  an  engagement  in 
Burton's  Theater  and  played  acceptably 
as  a  leading  support  in  every  branch  of 
tJie  drar"  '^ .  Aiter  some  time  he  paid  a 
visit  '  J  scenes  of  his  first  dramatic 
effoi  and  with  his  brother  Joseph 
secured  a  hall  and  announced  a  drama- 
tic reading.  The  result  was  that  scarce- 
ly a  dozen  came,  and  Barrett,  disgust- 
ed and  hurt,  shook  the  dust  oi  Detroit 
from  his  feet  and  for  many  years  after- 
wards gave  the  city  a  wide  berth.  He 
then  returned  to  the  East  and  secured 
an  engagement  in  the  Howard  Athen- 
aeum, Boston,  where  he  became  popu- 
lar as  a  leading  support,  and  during  all 
these  years  he  was  an  ardent  and  inde- 
fatigable student.  It  seems  unfortu- 
nate, however,  that  Barrett  so  early 
in  life  became  acquainted  with  the  stage, 
and  in  acquiring  a  passion  for  me 
drama  imbibed  with  it  false  methods 
an(^  that  stiff  and  stagey  declamation 
\»ixi>jh  may  be  tolerated  when  over- 
shadowed by  the  most  intense  dramatic 
power  as  in  Forrest,  but  never  other* 
wise,  and  even  then  greatly  offends 
true  taste.  This  style  was  the  rage 
when  Barrett  first  saw  the  stage,  and 
it  left  its  baleful  results  on  the  ardent 
and  Impressible  imagination  of  the 
charmed  boy,  that  time,  study,  intense 
and  honest  endeavor  seems  never  to 
have  fully  eradicated.  Barrett  was  for- 
tunate at  this  early  stage  of  his  career 
in  having  been  united  to  a  very  estimable 
and  cultivated  lady  of  Boston,  who  is 
said  to  have  contributed  largely  in  sus- 
taining and  encouraging  his  high  aspi- 
rations. He  reems  to  have  achieved 
his  first  marked  success  in  the  South 
and  we  find  him  very  popular  and  high- 
ly rated  in  New  Orleans  and  other 
southern  cities  before  he  gained  his 
spurs  as  a  star  in  the  East.  The  war 
of  the  Rebellion  saw  him  in  the  army 
as  a  captain  in  the  28th  Mass.  Vol.  and 


■til 


BAR 


XBISH  CELTS. 


BMl 


■CI  n\h 


ill! 


i 


he  Is  said  to  haveacquited  himself  with 
credit  in  many  desperate  battles.  After 
the  war  he  tned  Iiis  fortunes  in  Califor- 
nia, and  in  conjunction  with  John  Mc- 
Gullough  he  made  a  brilliant  and  suc- 
ces^ul  tour  of  the  state,  playing  to 
crowded  houses,  and  everywhere 
received  with  imbounded  applause.  In 
1869  he  visited  England,  and  appeared 
in  Liverpool,  but  did  not  "draw"  and 
cancelling  his  engagement  returned  t« 
New  York.  About  this  time  there  hap- 
pened to  be  a  number  of  distinguished 
actors  in  New  T«ik  City,  including 
Booth,  Barrett,  Davenport,  Lester  Wal- 
lack  and  Montgomery,  when  a  kind  of 
Shakespearian  carnival  was  given  for 
about  a  week.  The  house  was  crowd- 
ed from  pit  to  dome  and  perhaps  never 
was  Shakespeare  played  by  a  galaxy  of 
such  brilliant  stars.  On  the  opening  night 
Barrett  was  by  no  means  among  the 
first  hailed  with  loud  demonstration  of 
applause,  but  before  the  iVeek  was  out 
he  had  succeeded  in  establishing  him- 
self, in  the  judgment  of  all,, as  second 
only  to  their  idol  1  and  was  greeted  by 
the  most  universal  applause.  The  New 
Tork  critics,  who  had  been  slow  here- 
tofore in  according  to  him  great  en>i- 
nence  in  the  profession,  now  admitted 
his  magnificent  powers,  and  freely  allow- 
ed that  in  the  rendition  of  some  of 
Shakespeare's  greatest  creations  he  was 
equalled  by  few  and  excelled  by  none. 
From  this  time  forward  Barrett's  posi- 
tion as  a  great  tragic  actor  was  conced- 
ed and  he  has  pursued  a  brilliant  and 
successful  career,  gaining  in  popularity 
and  power  down  to  the  present  time. 
In  conjimction  with  Booth  he  gave  a 
brilliant  and  succe  .iul  Shakespearian 
season  in  New  York,  alternating  with 
Idm  in  all  the  great  characters,  and  shar- 
ing with  him  equal  praise  and  admira- 
tion. In  the  great  Dramatic  Festival  in 
Cincinnati,  in  1888,  he  appeared  with 
his  old  California  associate,  McCul- 
lough,  and  shared  with  him  the  honors  of 
the  occasion.  Barrett  is  an  indefatigable 
and  intensely  earnest  student,  and  what 
he  is,  he  made  himself  by  persistent 
and  unceasing  labor.  He  is  not  aided 
hy  so  magnificent  a  physique  as  Mc- 
CTuUough  nor  gifted,  perhaps,  naturally 
with  so  great  dramatic  talent,  nor  like 
him  was  he  saved  'till  his  mind  was 
somewhat  mature  from  seductive  but 
false  and  i>erverse  stage  methods  and 
declamation,  yet  he  has  overcome  all 
obstacles,  and  while  competing  with 


his  great  rival  in  intei^reting  all  the 
great  creations  of  Shakespeare,  he  is  held 
by  many  to  be  his  supeiior  in  at  least 
one.  Besides  he  has  earned  &  reputa- 
tion for  scholarly  parts,  and  has  been  a 
valued  contributor  to  the  dramatic  liter- 
ature of  the  day.  His  life  of  Forrest  is 
considered  by  the  best  critics  as  a  model 
of  the  kind.  He  is  still  gaining  in 
strength  and  naturalness  and  it  is  prob- 
able that  when  the  vicious  results  of 
his  too  early  stage  impressions  shall  have 
entirely  passed  away,  he  will  universally 
be  accorded  a  place  among  the  great- 
est of  tragic  actors. 

BARRINGTON,   SIR  JONAH,  a 

distinguished  Irish  patriot,  and  Legisla- 
tor of  1783,  and  the  friend  and  co-labor- 
er of  Gratten,  and  his  corn-patriots  who 
so  bravely  and  successfully  secured 
Irish  independence  that  year.  In  the 
early  part  of  his  career  he  held  a  gov- 
ernment position,  and  was  rather  non- 
committal. He  became  a  member  of 
the  Irish  Parliament  and  uniformally 
was  foimd  on  the  side  of  his  coimtry, 
and  its  entire  people.  Catholics  as  well 
as  Protestants.  It  was  only,  and  alone 
the  blind  and  fatal  bigoliy  against 
Catholics  which  characterizea  many  of 
those  who  worked  and  defended  Irish 
autonomy  that  gave  to  the  English 
government  the  fatal  lever  which  eventu- 
ally overturned  Irish  independence. 
Barriagton  was  an  officer  of  tlie  Volun- 
teers and  Commander  of  the  Lawyers 
corps,  which  position  he  resigned,  lest 
his  sworn  obedience  as  a  soldier  to  a 
government  which  he  too  plainly  saw 
was  meditating  its  enslavement,  would 
clash  with  his  paramount  duty  to  his 
country,  its  integrity,  its  mdepen- 
dence  and  its  autonomy.  In  resign- 
ing he  said,  "I  will  never  abet  a 
plan  which  aims  to  make  religious  feuds 
a  pretext  for  political  slavery.  Mechan- 
ical obedience  is  the  duty  of  a  soldier, 
but  unflinching  integrity  that  of  a  legis- 
lator. I  feel  it  therefore  my  duty  to 
separate  those  functions,  when  the  pre- 
servation of  my  co'ontry  may  be  the 
question."  He  had  afterwaras  to  fly 
his  countiy  to  save  himself  from  the 
tyrant,  ana  he  settled  in  France  where 
he  acquired  honors  and  distinction. 
He  there  wrote  the  well-known  work 
"Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Irish  Nation." 
He  died  in  France  at  a  good  old  age, 
full  to  the  end  of  an  abiding  trust  in  the 
future  of  his  country. 


BAR 


IKISn  CELTS. 


BAR 


BARRY,  DAVID,  an  able  and  po- 
litic Lord  Justice  of  Ireland  in  the  time 
of  Henry  III.  A.  D.,  1267.  He  was  of 
Norman  Irish  extraction  and  by  his  pru- 
dence, moderation  and  firmness  he  suc- 
ceeded in  allaying  for  a  time  intestine 
■wars  which  raged  indiscriminately, 
amongst  the  Norman  and  Irish  nobles. 

BARRY,  JAMES,  one  of  the  greatest 
of  modem  painters,  was  bom  in  Cork, 
Ireland,  Oct.  11th,  1741.  His  father 
was  captain  of  a  small  coasting  vessel, 
and  when  his  boy  was  old  enough  to  be 
of  assistance,  he  was  taken  aboard  to 
pursue  for  a  living,  the  rough  and  dan- 

ferous  paths  which  his  father  had  trod 
eforehim.  The  boy  however  was  a 
natural  artist,  and  with  a  piece  of  chalk 
was  continually  sketching  some  design 
or  figure  to  the  great  disgust  of  his  more 
practical  father.  His  sea  faring  duties 
were  so  disagreeable  to  him,  that  twice 
he  ran  away,  and  his  father  at  length, 
allowed  him  to  follow  the  bent  of  his 
fancy,  under  the  care  of,  and  at  the  en- 
treaty of  his  mother.  He  at  this  time 
acquired  tbe  foundation  of  his  literary 
education,  was  an  apt  and  good  student, 
but  far  above  all  was  his  passion  for 
drawing,  and  at  the  age  of  seventeen  he 
drew  and  painted  very  correctly,  with- 
out instruction  or  model  of  any  kind. 
About  this  time  he  received  some  feir 
practical  hints  from  an  art-instructor, 
and  by  the  year  1763  he  had  pro- 
duced in  oU  "A  Dead  Christ,"  "Sus- 
anna and  the  Elders,"  "  Daniel  in  the 
Lion's  Den,"  original  compositions,  be- 
sides innumerable  drawings.  In  1763 
he  came  to  Dublin  with  his  paintings, 
intending  to  try  his  fortune  there,  and 
as  there  was  about  to  be  an  exhibition 
under  the  auspices  of  the  "Society  for 
tiie  Improvement  of  Useful  Arts  and 
Manufactures,"  to  which  native  artists 
were  invited  to  send  their  pictures,  he 
determined  to  take  advantage  of  it  to 
introduce  himself  to  the  critical  public 
of  the  Capital.  The  subject  of  the  pic- 
ture which  he  exhibited  was  "  St.  Pa- 
trick Baptizing  the  King  of  Cashel." 
The  picture  attracted  considerable  no- 
tice, and  he  might  be  seen,  a  pock- 
pitted  hard  featured  little  fellow,  prow- 
ling among  the  crowd  before  the 
pamting,  listening  to  the  praises  and 
criticisms  bestowed  upon  the  work, 
with  an  eager  himgry  ear.  One  day  at 
the  exhibition  a  crowd  was  around  the 
picture  who  were  most  flattering  in 


their  admiration  and  praises,  and  when 
one  of  them  exclaimed,  "  Who  can  the 
artist  be?"  the  excited  Barry  said,  "I 
am; "  but  they,  judging  by  hia  anything 
but  artistic  appearance,  made  fun  of 
him,  and  would  not  believe  him. 
Barry  was  so  mortified,  that  bursting 
into  tears  he  rushed  from  the  room.  On 
coming  to  Dublin  Barry  brouglit  with 
him  a  letter  of  introduction  to  Edmund 
Burke  who  was  then  acting  as  Secre- 
tary to  William  Gerard  Hamilton. 
Burke  was  pleased  with  the  young  ar- 
tist, recognized  in  his  pictures  great  abi- 
lity, and  secured  him  admittance  into 
the  drawing  school  of  the  Society  at 
which  he  exhibited.  Burke  who  never 
suffered  his  interest  in  deserving  talents 
of  a  friend  to  slacken,  considered  that 
a  change  to  London  would  be  advant- 
ageous to  Barry  sent  him  on  there  with 
his  brother,  Richard  Burke,  who  was 
about  leaving  for  that  metropolis.  This 
was  early  in  1765.  After  studying  there 
a  year.  Sir.  Joshua  Reynolds  advised 
him  if  possible  to  go  to  Rome,  for  the 
purpose  of  studying  the  masterpieces  of 
art.  Burke  although  far  from  wealthy 
placed  at  the  disposal  of  his  poor  friend 
the  necessary  means,  and  fifty  pounds 
per  anncm  while  he  remainea  tiiere  a 
student.  Rome  was  to  Barry  a  para- 
dise, and  he  revelled  in  the  wonderful 
production  of  the  great  masters.  His 
disposition  was  unfortunately  such, 
that  he  did  not  probably  profit  as  much 
as  with  his  great  genius  and  capacity  he 
might  have  done,  had  he  been  other- 
wiM  constituted.  He  was  over  sensi- 
tive perhaps  from  poverty,  proud,  iri- 
table,  full  of  originality  and  the  posi- 
tiveness  of  genius,  ne  haa  a  contempt  of 
all  authority,  and  a  x)erfect  hatred  of 
the  dogmatism  of  schools.  Added  to 
this  he  had  an  unyielding  disposition  and 
was  combative  to  the  last  degree.  It  is 
not  strange,  therefore,  that  he  was  con- 
Vnually  in  trouble  with  both  professors 
and  feUoW  pupils;  which  fact  must 
have  materially  retarded  and  interfered 
with  the  progress  of  his  studies.  Bmke 
who  was  aware  of  his  faults  took  oc- 
casion to  advise  him  with  a  fatherly 
eamestness  of  the  folly  and  ruin  of  such 
a  course  and  wrote  to  him  thus,  "  Again 
and  again,  my  dear  Bany  must  I  insist 
that  we  must  be  at  peace  with  our 
species,  if  not  for  thevr  sakes,  at  least 
very  much  for  our  own."  He  retumed 
from  Rome  in  1770,  and  if  not  all  that 
his  abilities  might  have  accomplished 


&- 


I  ill 


BAB 


IRISH  CELTS. 


BAR 


at  least  greatly  improved  and  cultivated 
both  in  Uterature  and  art.  He  did  not 
in  those  five  years  paint  many  finished 
pictures,  but  he  was  not  idle.  He 
stored  liis  mind  with  the  beauties,  and 
skilled  his  hand  by  innumerable 
sketches  of  the  best  work  of  the  best 
masters.  His  conceptions  of  ait  were 
of  the  heroic  mould,  and  he  beheld  in 
the  chef  de  ouvres  of  ancient  art,  the 
living  realization  of  his  hopes  and  aims. 
He  sought  to  kindle  in  an  unapprecia- 
tive  age  and  people  an  admiration  for 
true  grandeur  in  art,  and  it  was  perhaps 
as  much  the  initation  arising  from  the 
hopelessness  of  such  a  task,  as,  an  over 
sensitive  spirit,  full  of  the  pride  and 
positiveness  of  genius,  which  led  him 
into  almost  ceaseless  bickerings  with  his 
cotemporaries,  and  certainly  must  have 
interfered  not  only  with  the  extent  of 
his  labors,  but  also  with  the  grand  pos- 
sibilities of  a  genius,  great  and  indefati- 
gable as  his  undoubtedly  was.  He 
loved,  or  rather  idolized  art  in  its  high- 
est forms,  and  so  passionately,  that  he 
looked  with  contempt  on  mere  face 
painting  as  he  called  it.  He  thought 
little  of  pecuniary  reward,  but  strove 
rather  to  place  on  canvass  living  images 
of  grand  thoughts,  which  might  move 
men  like  ceaseless  tongues  of  eloquence. 
He  could  use  his  pen,  not  much  less 
skilfully  than  his  brush,  in  connection 
with  art.  Among  his  productions  in 
this  line,  are,  an  able  treatise  upon 
"Gothic  Architecture,"  and  an '  'Inquiry 
into  Real  and  Imaginary  obsti-uction  to 
the  progress  of  art  in  England,"  which 
is  said  to  be  one  of  the  ablest  essays  that 
ever  appeared  in  the  English  language 
on  the  subject  of  art.  In  this  work  he 
overturned  the  visionanr  theories  of 
Montesquieu  and  Winkleman  on  the 
same  subject,  and  triumphantly  estab- 
lished his  own.  His  most  laborious 
work  with  the  brush,  was,  the  celebrat- 
ed frescoes  of  the  Adelphi;  the  assemb- 
ly room  of  the  society  of  arts,  which 
consumed  six  years  of  continuous  labor. 
The  subject  chosen  by  the  artist,  was 
"Human  Improvement,"  which  he  il- 
lustrated in  a  series  of  pictures,  com- 
mencing with  man  in  a  savage  state. 
Johnson,  that  master  Critic,  who  never 
praised  except  when  it  was  due,  said 
of  this  work  on  first  beholding  it,  "Sir, 
there  is  a  grasp  of  mind  there  which  you 
find  nowhere  else,"  and  Lord  Aid- 
borough,  an  art  critic,  wrote  that  "the 
work  combined  all  the  excellencies  of 


the  great  masters."  Barry  was  elected 
professor  of  painting  to  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy,  but  the  unfortunate  irritabUi^ 
of  his  temper,  and  his  utter  dislike  for 
restraint,  involved  him  in  constant  bick- 
erings, which  ended  in  his  being  dis- 
missed for  publishing  a  letter  which 
was  supposed  to  reflect  on  the  integrity 
of  the  members  of  the  Academy.  Barry 
never  married  but  lived  for  the  most 
part  of  his  life  in  poverty  and  almost 
want.  Wholly  devoted  to  his  art  for 
itself,  he  never  sought  the  means  of 
turning  it  to  his  aggrandizement.  His 
six  years  labor  in  the  Adelphi  was  per- 
formed without  fee,  he  requiring  only 
that  models  should  be  furnished  him. 
Canova,  the  great  sculptor,  sflid,  on  be- 
holding one  of  his  paintings,  that  it  was 
well  worth  the  trouble  and  expense  of 
coming  to  England.  This  talented  but 
unfortunate  artist  died  Feb.,  1806,  in 
the  fifty-sixth  year  of  his  age,  and  is 
buried  in  St.  Pauls.  His  writings  were 
published  in  two  volumes  quarto. 

BARRY,  JOHN  COMMODORE, 
one  of  the  most  brilliant  naval  officers 
of  his  day,  and  called  the  Father  of  the 
American  navy,  was  bom  in  County 
Wexford,  Ireland,  1745.  His  home 
looked  out  on  the  grand  Atlantic,  and 
the  youthful  hero  early  imbibed  a  love 
for  the  sea.  At  the  age  of  fourteen  he 
entered  a  merchantman  which  sailed 
between  Philadelphia  and  British  ports, 
and  at  the  age  of  sixteen  made  America 
his  home.  In  his  twenty-fifth  year  he 
commanded  the  finest  packet  on  the 
Atlantic,  the  Black  Prince,  owned  by 
Mr.  Meredith,  of  Philadelphia,  and 
about  this  time  made  the  acquaintance 
of  Washington,  who  became  his  warm 
friend.  He  early  became  noted  for  his 
skill,  coolness,  care  and  courage,  and 
on  the  breaking  out  of  the  revolution- 
ary war  he  abandoned  his  bright  pros- 
pects of  fortune  and  offered  his  services 
to  Congress.  Congress  finding  it  abso- 
lutely necessary  to  make  some  provis- 
ion to  protect  her  exposed  ports  and 
vessels  from  the  enemy,  purchased  some^ 
merchant  vessels  ana  appointed  Barry 
to  fit  them  out  as  war  vessels  which  he 
promptly  did,  taking  command  himself 
of  the  Lexington  16  guns.  With  this 
he  captured  the  Edward,  an  armed  ten- 
der, which  harrassed  the  coast,  and 
captured  or  drove  off  the  enemy's  smal- 
ler cruisers  which  infested  the  shore. 
This  was  the  first  capture  of  a  Britidi 


i  I 


BAR 


nUSH  CELTS 


BAR 


war  vesF^l  by  an  American  cruiser  and 
was  hailed  with  joy  by  the  American 
people.  He  was  next  transferred  to  the 
command  of  the  frigate  Effingham  then 
building  in  Philadelphia.  When  the 
British  held  possession  of  Philadelphia 
and  the  adjacent  forts,  the  Effingham  was 
one  of  the  vessels  which  had  to  ascend 
the  river  for  safety,  and  here  she  was  ice 
bouni  during  the  winter  of  '76.  Bar- 
ly,  however,  could  not  remain  idle ;  he 
served  under  Gen.  Cadwalader  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Trenton  as  an  aid  de 
camp,  and  distinguii^ed  himself  by  his 
courage,  coolness  and  tact.  While  here 
he  conceived  and  carried  out  suc- 
cessfully a  daring  scheme  of  captiuing 
some  of  the  enemy's  supply  vessels. 
Manning  f  om:  small  row  boats  with  res- 
olute and  daring  hearts  like  his  own, 
under  cover  of  darkness,  with  muffled 
oars  he  started  down  the  Deleware  from 
Burlington  and  passing  through  the 
most  of  the  enemie's  vessels  which  fill- 
ed the  river,  he  succeeded,  although 
two  of  his  boats  were  injured  during  an 
alarm  on  his  passage,  in  capturing  two 
of  the  enemie's  8upj)lv  shij  and  a 
schooner,  all  loaded  with  provisions  and 
stores  invaluable  at  the  time  to  the  Am- 
erican forces.  The  two  ships  moimted, 
each  six  guns,  and  the  schooner  which 
belonged  to  the  engineers  department, 
mounted  eight  double  fortified  four 
pounders  and  13  fourpoimd  howitzers, 
and  was  manned  with  thirty-three  men 
besides  officers.  Bany  had  onlv  28 
men  in  his  little  shells,  but  the  sudden- 
ness and  daring  of  the  attack  confound- 
ed the  enemy  and  they  surrendered  be 
fore  they  knew  the  strength  of  their 
heoric  captors.  Barry  was  compelled 
to  bum  his  prizes  but  not  before  he  re- 
moved to  the  shore  and  secured  all  their 
valuable  cargoes.  It  was  about  this 
time  that  Lord  Howe  attempted  to  bribe 
this  sturdy  patriot  bv  the  oner  of  15,000 
guineas  (about  $80,000)  and  the  com- 
mand of  a  British  ship  of  the  line.  But 
there  was  no  Arnold  here,  and  the  offer 
was  flimg  back  with  scorn,  and  the  as^ 
surance  that  Britain  possessed  neither 
money  or  honors  enough  to  buy  him. 
In  Sept.,  1778,  Capt.  Barry  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  command  of  the  Raleigh, 
thirty-two  guns.  He  sailed  from  Bos- 
ton toward  the  end  of  the  month  with  a 
convoy  of  a  couple  of  merchant  ves- 
sels. They  were  not  long  at  sea  when 
they  came  in  sight  of  two  of  the  ene- 
my s  frigates,  the  Unicom  of  28  guns 


and  the  Experiment  of  60  guns.  He 
ordered  his  convoys  to  crowd  all  sail, 
while  he  engaged  the  attention  of  the 
enemy.  After  a  fight  of  seven  hours, 
during  which  he  attempted  to  fasten 
and  board  the  Unicom,  and  being  in 
too  crippled  a  condition  to  get  away,  he 
determined  to  run  his  vessel  ashore, 
which  he  succeeded  in  doing.  His  loss 
in  killed  and  wounded  was  less  than 
the  enemy.  The  loss  of  his  vessel  did 
not  prevent  him  from  being  actively  en- 
gaged in  the  service  of  his  country.  He 
made  several  voyages  to  the  West  In- 
dias  in  the  interest  and  protection  of 
American  commerce  and  was  made  a 
commodore,  being  the  first  who  had  re< 
ceived  that  honor.  In  1781  the  Frigate 
Alliance  was  placed  imder  his  com- 
mand, in  which  he  took  Col.  Laurens 
with  important  dispatches  to  France. 
On  her  return  she  captured  two  British 
privateers,  the  Mars,  26  guns,  and  the 
Minerva,  10  guns,  and  two  vessels  of 
war,  the  Atlanta  of  16  guns  and  her 
consort,  the  Trepassy  of  14  guns.  In 
the  engagement  with  the  last  two,  Barry 
was  severely  wounded  through  the 
shoulder.  He  greatly  distinguished 
himself  in  protectmg  the  supply  ship  Lu- 
zerne with  a  large  amount  of  specie 
fromHavanna  from  a  British  fleet  great- 
ly damaging  one  of  the  enemy's  war 
vessels,  Sibyl,  30  guns,  killing  87  and 
wounding  50  of  her  men,  while  he  lost 
only  8  killed  and  11  wounded.  It  was 
when  hailed  on  this  occasion  that  he  an- 
swered, "The  U.  S.  ship  Alliance,  saucy 
Jack  Biarry— half  Irishman— half  Yan- 
kee—who are  you  ?"  After  the  Revo- 
lutiou  Commoaore  Barry  still  remained 
at  the  head  of  the  Amencan  navy  and 
during  the  misunderstanding  with  the 
French  Government  >7hich  occasioned 
some  naval  conflicts,  commodore  Bar- 
ry rendered  conspicuous  service  in  pro- 
tecting th^  Amencan  flagand  commerce 
from  ue  depredations  of  French  cruisers 
and  privateers,  capturing  quite  a  number 
The  Commodore  continued  at  the  head 
of  the  navy  until  his  death,  which  oc- 
curred at  Philadelphia,  Sept.  18,  1808. 
It  was  mainly  through  his  energy,  ad* 
vice,  skill  and  discretion  that  the  Am- 
erican navy  was  created,  and  that  it  won 
for  itself  in  so  short  a  time  so  proud  a 
place  among  the  nations.  Many  of  its 
most  brilliant  officers  learned  their  les- 
sons of  skill,  valor  and  proud  patriotism 
under  him,  to  whom  they  looke(?  up  as 
the  father  of  that  navy,  which  Uiey 


t--\ 


BAB 


IRISH  CBLTS. 


BAB 


Berved  with  such  pride  and  honor. 
In  private  life  Barry  was  not  less  ad- 
mirable and  loving  than  he  was  esteem- 
ed and  honored  m  public.  Washing- 
ton was  his  special  friend,  and  placed 
unlimited  oonfldence  in  both  his  ability 
and  integrity ;  and  when  his  reputation 
was  questioned  in  ranning  his  vessel, 
the  Raleigh,  ashore  when  crippled  and 
in  the  face  of  overpowering  odds,  he 
warmly  defended  him,  and  said,  he  de- 
served the  gi-eatest  praise  instead  of 
censure.  He  died  as  he  lived,  a  con- 
sistent practical  Catholic,  and  having 
no  children  he  left  the  bulk  of  his  pro- 
perty to  an  Orphan  Asylum.  His 
tomb  is  in  old  St.  Mary  Church  yard, 
Philadelphia,  and  beneath  it  rest  the 
remains  of  a  patriot  second  to  none, 
who  aided  in  securing  American  inde- 
pendence, for  devotion  and  worth. 

"There  are  gallant  hearts  whose  glory, 

Columbia  loves  to  name. 
Whose  deeds  shall  live  in  story. 

And  everlasting  fame ; 
But  never  yet  one  braver. 

Our  slaiTy  banner  bore, 
Than  saacj  old  Jack  Barry, 

The  Irish  Commodore. 

BARRY,    MARTIN,    an    emineni 

})hysiologi8t.  was  of  Irish  descent,  bom 
n  England  in  1803,  and  was  best  known 
by  his  discoveries  in  embryology.  He 
was  the  author  of  a  number  of  works 
on  physiology  and  kindred  subjects,  all 
of  which  are  of  high  repute.  He  died 
in  1855. 

BARRY,  PATRICK,  a  talented  au- 
thor and  practical  agriculturalist  and 
horticulurallst,  was  born  in  Ireland  in 
1816,  came  to  America  when  young, 
and  was  ediMr  of  the  Genesee 
Farmer  for  many  years.  He  afterwards 
edited  the  Horticulturist,  both  of 
which  journals  were  of  the  highest  au- 
thority. He  was  part  owper  of  one  of 
the  largest  nurseries  in  the  world,  situ- 
ated at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  and  has  for 
many  years  stood  at  the  head  of  his  spe- 
cialties in  the  United  B'ates. 

BARRY,  SIR  REDMOND,  a  distin- 
guished Australian  statesman  and  law- 
yer, was  born  in  Cork  in  1813.  He 
was  'educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dub- 
lin, and  adopted  the  profession  of  the 
law.  He  emigrated  to  Australia,  and 
Mttled  at  Melbourne,  where  he  soon  be- 


come distinguished  in  his  profession, 
ranking  with  the  first.  He  became  So* 
licitor  &en.  of  the  Colony  of  Yictoiia, 
and  in  1851  one  of  the  Judges  of  the 
Supreme  Court.  He  took  a  prominent 
part  in  the  educational  prosperity  of 
thosr  rising  nations  of  the  antipodes  and 
was  t^e  first  Chancellor  of  the  New 
University  of  Melboimie.  The  honor 
of  Knighthood  was  conferred  on  him 
in  1860,  for  distinguished  services  to 
the  educational  and  legislative  well  be- 
ing  of  those  great  colomes. 

BARRY,  SPBANGEB,  one  of  the 
most  eminent  actors  of  his  day,  was 
bom  in  1717,  at  Dublhi.  His  father 
was  a  silversmith  and  Spranger  alsp 
followed  the  business  until  he  went  on 
the  stage.'  He  first  appeared  en  the 
stage  in  1744 — ^then  in  his  27th  year. 
He  shortly  afterwards  made  his  first  ap- 
pearance  in  London,  and  at  once  step- 

Sed  to  the  first  rank  of  his  profession, 
'or  upwards  of  20  years  he  was  con- 
sidered as  the  great  rival  of  Garrick, 
and  shared  equally  with  him  tLo  first 
honors  of  the  stage.    He  died  in  1774. 

BARRY,  WILLIAM  T.  a  distinguish- 
ed  American  lawyer  and  legislator,  was 
of  Irish  descent  bom  in  Virginia  in  1780 
He  became  a  lawyer,  removed  to  Ken- 
tucky where  he  practiced  with  success 
and  was  sent  to  Congress  in  1810,but  oni 
the  breaking  out  of  the  war  of  1818, 
like  80  many  of  his  race,  he  immediate- 
ly joined  the  army,  and  sen'ed  with  dis- 
tinction. In  1814  he  became  U.S.sena- 
tor  from  Kentucky  and  also  served  with 
ability  as  Chief  Justice  of  that  statu. 
He  was  appointed  by  President  Jackson, 
Post  Master  General,  and  as  such  be- 
came a  member  of  the  cabinet,  being 
the  first  Post  Master  General  admitted 
to  that  honor.  He  was  appointed  MiaiS" 
ter  Plenipotentiaiy  to  Spain  by  Pros. 
Van  Buren  in  1885,  but  died  at  Liver- 
pool, while  on  his  way  to  that  country 
August  80,  1885. 

BARRY,  GEN.  WILLIAM  P.,  a 
distinguished  American  officer  and  stra- 
tegist, of  Irish  descent,  born  in  New 
York,  in  1818,  and  who  greatly  dis- 
tinguished himself  during  the  war  of 
the  Rebellion.  He  was  the  organizer 
of  the  artillery  of  the  Army  of  uxe  Po- 
tomac, which  did  pach  brilliant  service. 
After  the  close  of  the  war,  he  was  as- 
signed to  the  command  of  the  Northern 


BAK 


IBISH  CELTS. 


BEA 


Lake  frontiers,  and  in  1867  to  the  Artil- 
lery school  at  Fortress  Monroe.  He  is 
recognized  as  one  of  the  most  scientific 
and  skillful  of  American  soldiers. 

BARTON,  THOMAS,  a  divine  of 
the  Episcopal  church,  was  bom  in  Ire- 
land, about  1720,  and  educated  in  Dub- 
lin University.  He  afterwards  studied 
for  the  ministry  and  came  to  America 
as  a  missionary.    In  1823,  he  accom- 

ried  the  British  armj^  as  a  chaplain 
the  campaign  against  Fort  Du 
Quesne,  and  became  the  friend  of 
Washington.  He  appears  to  have  had 
conscientious  scruples  as  to  the  rights  of 
the  Colonies  to  take  up  arms ;  but  re- 
mained in  America.  He  died  in  1770. 
He  wrote  an  account  of  Braddock's  de- 
feat, besides  sermons,  &c. 

BATHE,  WILLIAM,  a  celebrated 
Irish  Jesuit,  was  born  in  Dublin,  in 
1564.  His  parents  were  non-Catholics 
but  our  subject  was  educated  without 
bigotry.  He  received  his  early  educa- 
tion from  an  eminent  Irish  teacher  at 
home,  and  it  is  said  afterwards  became 
a  scholar  at  Oxford.  Having  become 
satisfied  of  the  divine  mission  of  the 
old  church  and  seeing  no  hope  of  a  free 
exercise  of  religion  under  English  au- 
thority he  went  to  the  continent.  In 
1596  he  entered  the  order  of  Jesuits  in 
Flanders  and  afterwards  went  to  Padu 
in  Italy,  where  he  acquired  great  repu- 
tation for  wisdom  and  sanctity.  He 
passed  into  Spain,  and  became  head  of 
the  Irish  seminary  at  Salamanca.  Here 
he  was  indefatigable  in  all  good  works, 
and  was  held  in  the  greatest  veneration 
and  love  by  all  the  people;  by  the 
poor  and  unlettered,  because  of  his  zeal 
for  their  welfare ;  by  the  great,  for  his 
learning  and  many  admirable  quelities. 
He  died  at  Madrid,  whither  he  had 

fone  on  business  of  his  order.  June  17, 
614. 

BEATTY,  MARTIN,  a  prominent 
nnd  talented  Kentuckian,  was  a  native 
of  Ulster,  Ireland,  aud  camo  to  Ken- 
tucky at  an  early  day,  rose  by  his  tal- 
ents and  industry  and  reoresented  that 
state  in  the  tweuty-sccona  Congress. 

BEATTY,  WILLIAM,  a  talented 
legiHlaiur  of  Pennsylvania,  was  born  in 
Ireland,  and  emigrated  to  Pennsyl- 
vania, at  an  early  date,  became  cons- 
picuous by  his  talenta.    He  represented 


the  State  in  Congress  from  the  year 
1837  to  1841. 

BEAUFORT,  ADM.  SIRFRANCIS, 
a  distinguished  naval  officer  and  hydro* 

Erapher,  was  bom  at  CoUon  county, 
outh,  Ireland,  in  1774.  He'  entered 
the  British  navy  in  1787,  and  served 
under  Admiral  Comwallis,  as  a  mid- 
shipman, and  in  1794,  he  took  part  in 
the  naval  battle  oflf  Brest,  under  Howe. 
In  1796,  he  was  made  Lieutenant  for 
good  conduct  and  bravery,  and  in  1800, 
was  promoted  to  Commodore,  for  his 
skill  in  the  battle  of  Malaga,  where  he 
was  wounded.  He  had  also  a  scientific 
mind  and  gained  reputation  by  hydro- 
graphical  labors  on  the  coast  of  Asia 
Minor,  in  1811  and  1812,  which  he  pub- 
lished in  London  in  1817,  and  which 
are  of  great  authority.  He  was  wound- 
ed by  Turkish  pirates  in  1812,  and  be- 
ing compelled  to  return  home,  he  spent 
his  time  in  drawing  up  valuable  maps, 
and  was  appointeohydrographer  of  the 
admirality  in  1832,  which  posi- 
tion he  held  till  1855.  He  was  made 
an  honorary  rear  Admiral  in  1846,  and 
knighted  in  1848.  He  died  December 
17, 1851. 

BELL,  ROBERT,  a  writer  of  great 
versatility  and  talent,  was  born  in  Cork, 
Ireland,  1800,  and  for  a  time  was  editor- 
in-chief  of  a  government  organ,  mis- 
called "The  Patriot."  He  was  after- 
wards editor  of  the  Atlas,  and  in  1889 
he  started  the  Morning  Chronicle,  in 
conjunction  with  Sir  E.  Bulwer  Litton, 
and  Dr.  Lardner.  In  1858,  he  pub- 
lished an  annotated  edition  of  the  Eng- 
lish PoetSi  He  received  a  gold  medal 
from  the  King  of  Belgium,  as  a  reward 
for  his  services  to  literature.    He  was  a 

S leasing,  able  and  indefatigable  writer, 
[e  died  in  1867. 

BEI<LING,  RICHARD,  a  celebrated 
Irish  soldier  and  writer,  was  born  near 
Dublin,  in  1618.  He  received  his  pre- 
liminary education  in  that  city,  and 
completed  his  classical  studies  under 
an  Irsh  priest.  He  afterwards  entered 
Lincoln  Inn,  where  he  remained  some 
years,  and  came  back  to  Ireland  learned 
in  the  l;iw,  although  he  docs  not  appear 
to  have  adopted  it  as  a  profession.  In 
1641  he  linked  his  fortunes  with  the 
Irish  Catholic  confederate  chieftains, 
and  was  a  member  of  the  Supreme 
Council  at  Kilkenny,  and  its  sccretaiy. 


BEL 


IKISH  CELTS. 


BEN 


He  also  took  an  active  part  in  the  field, 
and  distinguished  himself  on  various 
occasions.  In  1645,  he  was  sent  to  the 
continent  as  an  ambassador,  and  visited 
the  Pope  and  various  independent 
princes  in  aid  of  the  Irish  cause.  He 
returned  to  Ireland  with  Binuccini, 
Archbishop  of  Fermo,  as  the  Pope's 
Nuncio,  whose  mission,  however,  was 
productive  of  more  evil  than  good,  and 
resulted  in  a  split  amongst  the  confeder- 
ate chieftains.  Belling  soon  after 
made  his  peace,  and  became  a  supporter 
of  the  Duke  of  Ormonde,  who  intrust- 
ed him  with  many  negotiations  both  be- 
fore and  after  the  restoration.  Belling 
went  to  France,  when  the  faithlessness 
of  princely  promises  and  the  perfldioiis 
designs  of  the  English  policy  became 
apparent.  While  on  the  continent,  he 
wrote  several  works  in  Latin,  on  Irish 
affairs,  especially  relating  to  the  rebel- 
lion. He  returned  home  on  the  Restora- 
tion, and  became  repossessed  of  his 
estates  which  had  been  confiscated.  He 
died  in  Dublin,  Sept.,  1675. 

BELLINGHAM,  SIDNEY  RO- 
BERT, one  of  the  most  prominent  poli- 
ticians and  statesmen  of  his  day,  in 
Canada,  was  fourth  son  of  Sir  Allen 
Bellingham  of  County  Louth,  Ireland, 
where  ne  was  bom  in  1808.  He  received 
'  his  education  at  home,  and  afterwards 
came  to  Canada,  where  he  married  Ara- 
bella, daughter  of  Wm.  Holmes  of 
Suebec.  He  adopted  the  profession  of 
le  law,  and  was  called  to  the  bar,  in 
1841.  Li  the  meantime  he  encaged  iu 
the  political  discussions  which  w>td 
atdtating  the  Canadas,  and  became  one 
of  the  ablest  and  most  prominent  of  the 
newspaper  writers  of  Lower  Canada. 
He  was  alsoprominently  connected  with 
the  milita  of  the  province  and  active  in 
the  Rebellion  of  '87.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  Parliament  from  '54  to  '60,  and 
President  of  the  St.  Patrick's  Society  of 
Montreal.  He  was  also  prominently 
connected  with  the  Repeal  movement, 
and  a  strong  advocate  of  O'Conuell's 
policy.  He  returned  to  Ireland  a  few 
years  since  where  he  still  residtss. 

BENIGNUS,  SAINT,  BISHOP  of 
Armagh,  and  first  successor  of  St.  Pa- 
trick in  that  see;  was  son  of  Singcn.one  of 
the  chief  men  of  Meath,  and  who  hos- 
pitably received  Saint  Patrick,  when  on 
Lis  journey  to  the  court  of  King  Lag- 
haire  in  488.    ,Our  future  saint,  then  a 


bright  boy,  was  baptized  by  Patrick, 
who  gave  him  the  name  of  Binen,  or 
Sweet,  on  accoimt  of  the  loveliness  of 
his  person  and  character.  The  boy  be- 
came so  attached  to  Patrick  that  he 
begged  his  parents  to  allow  him  to  fol- 
low  him,  but  they,  dearly  loving  him, 
were  unwilling,  but  Patrick  told  them 
that  it  was  the  Divine  will  that  the  boy 
should  dedicate  himself  to  Ood,  and 
tearfully  they  let  him  go.  He  quickly 
increased  in  knowledge,  and  every 
christian  virtue,  and  became  a  great 
assistance  to  his  Apostolic  master.  His 
zeal  and  example  made  many  converts, 
and  he  became,  as  it  were,  a  substan- 
tial image  of  his  great  leader.  He  was 
perhaps  the  most  beloved  of  all  the  dis- 
ciples of  Patrick,  and  continued  with 
him  from  the  first  to  the  last,  his  coad- 
iuter  as  if  it  were,  and  he  succeeded 
him  in  the  government  of  the  See  of 
Armagh.  Benignus  resigned  his  See 
after  some  years,  for  the  purpose  of 
visiting  Rome,  and  was  succeeded  by 
St.  Jarlath;  another  disciple  of  Patiic!:. 
Benignus  wrote  in  Latin  and  Irish, 
amongst  others,  "Virtue  and  Miracles 
of  St.  Patrick,"  Poems  and  "Munster 
Book  of  Rights."  He  is  said  by  some 
authors  to  mive  died  in  Rome,  and  by 
others  to  have  died  near  QIastonbury, 
England,  in  the  monastery  of  Ferling- 
mere  where  he  went  to  retire  from  the 
world.  William,  of  Malsmsbury,  says, 
"That  the  miracles  of  his  former  lue, 
and  those  of  his  new  translation  pro- 
claim in  what  high  degreee  he  stands 
with  God,"  and  ^ves  the  following  ep- 
itaph as  being  on  his  tomb  at  Feriing- 
mere: 
"Father  Beonna's  bon£s  in  this  tomb 

lie 
Of  old  the  father  of  the  Monk's  here- 
by 
Disciple  to  St.  Patrick  so  much  fam- 
ed. 
The  Irish    say  he  was,  and  Beon 

named.' 
Lanigan  however  thinks  this  must  re- 
fer to  another  saint  of  the  same  name. 

BENNETT,  REV.  JAMES,  an  able 
and  learnod  Presbyterian  divl.r.;  jf  New 
Brunswick,  was  born  in  Lisbum,  Coun- 
ty Down,  Irnltind,  in  1817  and  received 
his  education  in  the  classical  school  of 
the  Royal  Academical  Institution  Bel- 
fast, then  under  the  charge  of  the  father 
of  Sir  F.  Hincks.  Ilavuigbeen  * jstal- 
led  into  the  ministry  of  thePresbyteriaa 


BER 


IRISH  CELTS 


BER 


Church,  he  was  given  a  charge  in 
Annagli,  1843.  In  1854  having  received 
a  call  from  the  Presbyterians  of  St. 
Johns,  New  Brunswick,  he  sailed  for 
that  province,  and  took  charge  in  the 
June  of  that  year.  Ho  is  a  prolific 
writer,  as  well  as  an  able  speaker,  and 
stands  high  amongst  his  brethren.  He 
was  for  a  time  ^itor  of  the  Canada 
Presbyterian  and  has  acted  as  Moderate 
or  in  the  Synods  of  the  Lower  Provinces, 
Amongst  his  work  are  "  The  Wisdom  of 
the  iQng"  and  "The  Divinity  of 
Christ."  He  is  tindoubtedly  one  of  the 
ablest  representatives  of  the  Presbyteri- 
an body  in  America. 

BEREBFORD,  WM.  CARR,  VI- 
COUNT,  a  celebrated  British  General 
And  a  Field  Marshal  of  the  Kingdom  of 
Portugal,  was  bom  in  Ireland,  Oct.  2, 
1768,  and  was  the  natural  son  of  the 
Marquis  of  Waterf  ord.  He  entered  the 
army  at  an  early  age  and  served  first  in 
the  American  colonies  where  he  lost  an 
«ye.  He  served  at  the  seige  of  Toulon, 
in  Corsica  and  both  the  Indies,  and  took 
part  in  the  conquest  of  Cape  of  Good 
Hope.  He  gradually  rose  by  soldierly 
conduct,  and  in  1806  he  was  placed  in 
command  of  the  land  forces  against 
Buenos  Ayres ;  in  1808  he  went  to 
Portugal  as  a  Major  General  and  was 
instrusted  with  the  task  of  organizing 
the  Portugese  Army.  He  accompanied 
Sir  John  More  to  Spain,  took  part 
in  the  battle  of  Corunna  and  covered 
the  retreat  and  the  embarkation  of  the 
defeated  army.  In  1800  he  was  ap 
pointed  to  the  rank  of  Field  Marshal  in 
tho  Portugese  army  and  was  made  Gen* 
eralisimo  of  its  forces,  which  he  had  re- 
organized and  made  efficient.  He 
supported  Wellington  throughout  the 
Peninsular  War  and  took  part  in  all  the 
principle  battles.  In  the  Springof  1811 
he  laid  siege  to  the  fortress  of  Badajoz 
which  Soult  compelled  him  to  raise,  but 
whom  he  defeated  a  few  days  after- 
wards at  the  battle  of  Albuera,  nowever 
more  by  the  desperate  bravery  of  his 
troops  than  superior  skill.  He  took 
part  in  the  victories  of  Salamanca,  Vi- 
toria,  Bayonne,  Othey  and  Toulouse 
and  was  made  Duke  of  Elvas  and  Mar- 
quis of  Santo  Campo.  In  1814  ho  was 
created  Baron  BercHfordand  iiftcrwui'ds 
Vlcount  Dungannon  in  the  peera,n;e  of 
Ireland,  and  whs  sent  on  a  diplomatic 
mission  to  Brazil.  In  1817  he  sup- 
pressed an  insuirection  in  Brazil  as  un 


officer  of  the  Portugese  Government. 
After  his  return  to  England  1825  he  was 
made  a  full  general  and  in  1828  was 
Master  General  of  the  Ordinance.  The 
Portugese  Government  deprived  him  of 
his  marshal's  baton  for  having  assia*,ed 
in  forwarding  English  troops  to  assist 
Dom  Miguel.  He  married  a  daughter  of 
the  Protestant  Archbishop  of  Tuam.  He 
died  Jan.  8, 1854. 

BERKELEY,  GEORGE,  a  noted 
divine  of  the  church  of  England,  and  an 
eminent  metaphysical  philospher,  co- 
temporary  with,  and  friend  of  Pope, 
Swift  and  Addision,  was  bom  at  Kil- 
krin  near  Thomastown,  Ireland  in  1684. 
He  was  educated  at  Kilkenny  and  at 
Trinity  College  Dublin.  He  resided  for  a 
while  in  England,  and  was  intimate 
with  the  wits  and  great  men  of  the  day, 
and  by  whom  he  was  regarded  as  one  of 
the  most  brilliant  minds  of  the  age. 
About  1720  he  returned  to  Ireland,  vnOx 
the  Duke  of  Grafton,  then  appointed 
lord  lieutenant,  and  became  dean  of 
Derry.  In  1728  he  sailed  for  America 
for  the  purpose  of  establishing  a  mis- 
sionary college  for  the  education  and 
conversion  of  the  Indians,  but  after  a 
residence  of  two  years  he  returned,  the 
funds  necessary  having  been  withheld, 
through  the  opposition  of  Sir  Robert 
Walpole.  In  1788,  Berkeley  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  Bishopric  of  Cloyne, 
which  he  hold  to  the  time  of  his  death, 
although  offered  a  see  of  far  greater 
pecuniary  value.  He  died  suddenly  in 
January,  1768.  His  works  were  col- 
lected in  three  quarto  volumes.  He  la 
best  known  in  our  times  by  his  curious 
theoiT  of  the  non-existence  of  matter, 
which  he  developes  in  his  principles  of 
human  knowledge.  He  wrote  numer- 
ous scientific  works,  and  was  one  of  the 
ablest  mathematicians  of  his  day. 

BERNARD,  HUGH,  known  on  the 
Codtiucnt  as  Hugh  of  Ireland,  was  the 
author  of  travels  in  various  countries. 
He  became  a  Brother  of  the  Order  of  Mi- 
nors, and  their  provincial  in  Ireland.  He 
nourished  towards  the  end  of  the  four- 
teenth ccnturv,  and  was  distinguished 
for  his  extensive  knowledge. 

BICKER8TAFF,  ISAAC,  a  success- 
f  ul  and  talented  dramatist,  was  bora  in 
Ireland,  in  1780,  and  became  attached 
to  the  vice  regal  court  in  Dublin,  when 
Lord  Chesterfield  was  in  Ireland.    He 


I 


BLA 


IBIHH  CELTS. 


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m ' 


afterward  received  a  commission  in  the 
marines  and  became  a  lieutenant,  but 
became  involved  in  troubles  and  had  to 
resign.  He  is  the  author  of  numerous 
comedies,  and  comic  operas,  some  of 
which  were  verypopular  in  their  day. 
Among  them,  "  The  Maid  of  the  Mill," 
"The  Captive,"  "Love  in  a  Village," 
"  The  Hypocrite,"  «&c.  He  died  about 
1800. 

BLACK,  JOSEPH,  an  emhient 
chemist,  was  the  son  of  a  Belfast  mer- 
chant, who  resided  for  some  time  in 
Bordeaux  where  our  subject  was  bom 
in  1728.  He  received  his  preliminary 
education  in  Belfast,  and  completed  hu 
studies  at  Edinbuigh  and  Glasgow.  He 
was  appointed  to  the  chairs  of  anatomy 
and  chemistry  and  afterwards  of  medi- 
cine in  the  latter  place,  and  in  1766  to 
the  chemical  chair  in  Edinburgh.  He 
made  the  disco  vrery  of  the  cause  of  dif- 
ference between  limestone  and  quick- 
lime showing  that  the  latter  is  deprived 
of  a  portion  of  its  weight,  in  the  form 
of  carbonic  acid;  and  while  yet  a  stud- 
ent, drew  attention  to  the  use  of  weights 
in  analvzing  chemical  changes,  some- 
thing hitherto  neglected  by  chem- 
ists. He  made  important  discoveries  in 
regard  to  steam,  showing  that  when 
water  changed  into  steam,  140  ®  of  heat 
enter  into  it  -which  is  much  more  than 
is  perceptible  by  the  thermometer.  He 
died  in  1790. 

BLAINE,  JAMES  G.,  one  of  the 
ablest  of  American  statesmen  and  poli- 
ticians and  a  great  leader  of  the  Repub- 
lican partv,  was  born  in  Washington 
County,  Pennsylvania,  Jan.  81, 1830,  at 
the  home  of  his  maternal  gmndfather 
Neil  Gillespie,  a  native  of  Ireland.  His 
paternal  sioie  were  also  descended  from 
Irish  settlers  in  Pennsylvania,  his  great 
grandfather  Gen.  Blaine,  who  was  com- 
missary General  of  the  Revolntionary 
Army  from  1778  till  the  close  of  the 
war,  having  emigrated  from  Ireland  at 
an  early  day.  At  the  age  of.  eleven 
years  he  was  sent  to  school  to  Lancaster, 
Ohio,  living  there  with  his  relative 
Hon.  Thos.  Ewing  then  Sec'y  of  the 
U.  S.  Treasury,  wlio  was  also  a  GlUes- 

{)ie.  He  graduated  at  Washington  Col- 
ego  in  1847.  and  was  noted  for  his 
mathematical  as  well  as  classical  ability. 
After  graduating  he  taught  school  for  a 
while,  wrote  for  the  press  and  studied 
likw,  but  never  opened  an  office.    In 


1853  he  went  to  Maine,  where  he  edited 
the  'Portland  Advertiser'  and  the 
'Kennebeck  Journal'  and  entered  into 
politics  with  that  vim  which  still  char* 
acterizes  him.  In  1858  he  was  sent  to 
the  legislature,  was  re-elected  and 
became  Speaker  of  the  House.  Before 
he  was  a  year  in  the  State  he  was  a  re- 
cognized leader  amongst  the  Republic- 
ans and  a  leading  power  in  the  councils 
of  that  party.  From  1858  he  may  be 
said  to  have  shaped  and  directed  every 
political  campaign  in  that  State,  and  by 
his  individual  efforts  and  great  magnet- 
ism, secured  Republican  success  down 
to  the  present  time.  In  1862  ne  was 
elected  to  Congress  and  soon  made  hia 
mark,  and  before  he  had  served  three 
vears  was  recognized  as  the  ablest  de- 
bater on  the  Kepublican  side  of  the 
House.  His  aptitude  for  business  and 
his  celerity  in  mastering  all  the  details  of 
any  subject  to  which  his  attention  is 
directed  is  unrivalled,  and  this  is  partial- 
ly due  to.  an  amazing  memory  of  both 
persons  and  things.  He  became  speak- 
er of  the  House  in  the  Forty-flrst  Con- 
gress and  continued  to  preside  diuing 
the  42nd  and  48rd,  and  it  is  said  that 
none  more  able  and  impartial  ever  held 
the  gavel  in  the  House.  In  1876  he 
was  appointed  to  the  U.  S.  Senate  in 
place  of  Mr.  Morrill  who  had  accepted 
the  Secretaryship  of  the  Treasury,  and 
the  following  year  was  elected  for 
the  full  term  endmg  in  1888.  Mr.  Blahie 
was  the  ablest,  most  prominent  and  po- 
pular candidate  for  the  Republican 
nomination  for  President  in  1880,  but 
was  opposed  by  those  who  favored  a 
third  term  for  Gen.  Grant  and  wha 
under  the  leadership  of  Conkling  sought 
to  establish  that  dangerous  and  unpatri- 
otic precedent.  The  result  was  the 
nomination  and  election  of  Gen.  Gar- 
Held  of  Ohio,  under  whom  Blaine  ac- 
cepted the  Sec'y  of  State,  which  he  held 
till  the  deatii  of  President  Garfield  by  the- 
hand  of  the  cold  blooded  assassin, 
Giteau.  Mr.  Blaine  is  still  the  most 
prominent  figure  in  the  Republican  par- 
ty and  his  exertions  have  again  (I882)< 
succeeded  in  holding  Maine  for  the  Re- 
publican party,  alOiough  the  Demo- 
crats, by  powerful  majorities,  carried 
Ohio,  Now  York  and  Pennsylvaniai . 
in  the  fall  of  that  year.  Mr.  Blaine  is 
a  man  of  great  intellectual  power  and 
strength,  with  a  vehement  earnestness 
in  speaking  that  often  seems  like  anger, 
ever  ready  and  full  of  resources,  ana 


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IRISH  CELTS. 


BLA 


•II 


bom  to  be  a  political  leader,  havine  in  a 
lu'ge  degree  that  magnetism  which  at- 
tracts the  people.  In  the  life  of  Blaine 
and  a  few  ottier  prominent  American 
statesmen  of  Irish  extraction,  like  Se- 
ward and  DeWitt  Clinton,  we  go  one  step 
beyond  our  general  plan  to  stop  at  the 
sons  of  Irish  parents.  We  do  this  sim- 
ply to  show  how  universally  Irish  blood 
permeates  the  American  people,  and  that 
thf  genius  and  vigor  of  intellectual 
America  is  Irish  and  Celtic  to  the  core, 
and  that  Anglo-Sasonism  is  a  fraud  and 
a  deception. 

BLAKE,  HON.  EDWARD,  one  of 
the  ablest  of  Canadian  statesmen  and 
lawyers,  was  a  son  of  Chancellor  Wm. 
Hume  Blake,and  was  bom  in  the  town- 
ship of  Adelaide,  Ontario,  in  1838,  the 
year  after  his  parents  settled  in  Canada. 
He  was  educated  at  Upper  Canada  Col- 
lege, and  at  the  University,  where  he 
was  silver  medalist  in  classics,  and  took 
his  degree  of  M.  A.  in  1851.  After  com- 
pleting his  collegiate  course,  he  com- 
menced the  study  of  the  law,  and  after 
the  usual  course  was  called  to  the  bar. 
Here  his  career  was  most  brilliant  and 
he  was  soon  recognized  as  one  of  the 
most  promising  members  of  the  Upper 
Canada  bar.  Indeed  his  success  was 
unprecedented,  and  especially  as  a 
chancery  lawyer,  was  he  almost  with- 
out a  peer.  He  was  early  offered  a 
position  on  the  Bench,  but  was  too 
strongly  wedded  to  his  profession  to  ac- 
cept. Still  later  was  he  offered  the 
Chief  Justiceship  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
which  he  also  refused  and  which  de- 
monstrates the  high  estimate  put  upon 
his  legal  learning  by  his  fellow  citizens. 
In  1867  he  entered  public  life  and  was 
elected  to  the  House  of  Commons  from 
West  Durham,  and  the  same  year  to 
tbe  Ontario  House  for  South  Bruce,  and 
became  head  of  the  government  for  that 
province.  In  1873  he  was  re-elected  to 
the  Canadian  Parliament  by  his  old 
constitutents,  as  well  as  by  those  of 
South  Bruce,  and  decided  to  represent 
tlie  latter.  In  1878  he  was  sworn  a 
member  of  the  Privy  Council,  but  re- 
signed in  1874,  was  again  elected 
to  Parliament,  and  re-elected  on  his  ac- 
cept^mce  of  tlie  portfolio  of  Minister  of 
Justice  in  1875,  and  afterwards  became 
President  of  the  Council.  As  a  parlia- 
mentarian he  was  recognized  as  among 
the  ablest  in  the  Canadian  House; 
full  of  resources,  eloquent,  logical  and 


at  times  bitter  end  sarcastic.  As  a  law- 
ver  he  is  recognized  as  second  to  none 
in  the  provinces  in  any  of  the  ramifica- 
tions of  that  learned  profession,  and 
his  practice  is  very  extensive.  Hois' 
still  m  the  Dominon  Parliament  repre- 
senting West  Durham  in  the  liberal  in- 
terests,  and  if  he  lives,  will  undoubted- 
ly  play  a  prominent  part  in  the  future 
of  Canada. 

BLAEE,  ELIZABETH,  nee  Burke, 
a  lady  of  talents,  was  bom  in  Lyagula 
Coimty  Galway,  Ireland,  about  1780, 
and  early  displayed  exquisite  taste  in 
poetry.  She  soon  became  celebrated  in 
that  part  of  Ireland  and  her  poems  were- 
very  popular. 

BLAKE,  WM.  HUME,  a  distinguish- 
ed Canadian  lawyer  and  scholar,  was- 
bom  in  the  County  Galway,  Ireland, 
and  was  educated  in  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  and  married  his  cousin,  Mit!3 
Catherine  Hume  of  Wicklow.  He 
studied  surgery  under  Sir  Philip  Cromp- 
ton,  and  m  1882,  in  conmany  wim 
his  brother.  Rev.  D.  E.  Blake,  and 
others,  chartered  a  vessel  the  "Ann  of 
Halifax,"  and  set  sail  for  Canada, 
where  tiiey  arrived  after  a  six  weeks 
voyage.  Our  subject  first  settled  on  a 
farm  at  Bear  Creek,  near  the  present 
town  of  Strathi'oy,  but  after  two  years 
left  it  for  Toronto,  when  he  applied 
himself  to  the  study  of  the  law.  In  this- 
profession  he  soon  acquired  great  dis- 
tinction, and  was  made  Professor  of  Law 
in  the  University  of  Upper  Canada. 
He  was  recognized  as  a  polished  scholar 
and  one  of  the  ablest  minds  in  that  pro- 
vince up  to  his  death.  He  has  left  be* 
hind  him  sons  equally  distinguished. 

BLAKE,  JOACHIM,  a  Spanish  Gen- 
eral of  Irish  extraction,  was  born  at. 
Valez  Malaga,  and  served  fli-st  as  Cap- 
tain and  next  as  Major  in  the  war  from 
1798  to  1795  between  Fiance  and  Spain. 
When  Napoleon  seized  the  Crown  of 
Spain,  Blake  organized  his  countrymen 
against  French  occupat  ion,  and  sustain- 
ed through  varying  phases  of  fortune,  a. 
high  character  for  military  skill  and  in- 
domitable courage.  In  1810,  he  wa» 
appointed  one  of  regency,  a'nd  was- 
afterwards  elevated  to  that  of  Cap- 
tain-General. Having  been  defeated  at 
Murvadro,  he  retired  to  Valencia,  but 
was  at  length  compelled  to  surrender. 
I  On  the  establishment  of  the  constitution 


•rr 


BLA 


lAlSH  CELTS. 


BEN 


of  1820,  he  was  one  of  the  council  of 
State,  and  his  defence  of  that  constitu- 
tion subsequently  exposed  him  to  dan- 
ger.   He  £ed  at  Yalladolid  in  1827. 

BLAKELY,  JOHNSON,  one  of  the 
bravest  and  most  talented  of  American 
jiHval  officers,  was  born  in  Ireland  in 
1781.  When  he  was  two  years  of  age, 
he  came  with  his  father  to  the  United 
■States  and  settM  in  North  Carolina. 
In  1796,  he  entered  the  University  of 
that  State,  but  adverse  circumstances 
compelled  his  withdrawal,  and  he 
sought  a  position  in  the  navy  towards 
which  his  liking  as  well  as  talents  led. 
He  was  successful  in  obtaining  a  mid- 
shipman's warrant,  and  entered  the 
navy  in  1800.  In  1813  he  was  appoint- 
ed to  the  command  of  the  Wasp,  and 
•soon  afterwards  captiired  the  British 
Ship  Reindeer  of  superior  force,  after 
.a  brilliant  action  of  nineteen  minutes. 
On  the  evening  of  September  1st,  1814, 
the  Wasp  fell  in  with  a  fleet  of  four 
sail  somewhat  scattered,  filakely  im- 
mediately attacked  the  first  of  these, 
*he  brig  of  war  Avon,  a  vessel  of  sup- 
erior force,  and  after  a  severe  action 
she  struck;  the  other  vessels  in  the 
meantime  coming  up,  he  was  unable,  on 
accoxmt  of  his  crippled  condition,  to 
'Capture  her,  and  was  compelled  to  retire. 
The  British  reported  that  they  had  sunk 
the  Wasp  bv  a  broadside,  but  this  prov- 
ed to  be  false,  as  she  was  afterwards 
spoken  by  a  vessel  off  the  Western 
Isles.  As  she  was  heard  of  no  more, 
«he  Js  supposed  to  have  foundered  at 
sea  with  all  aboard,  and  thus  was  lost, 
at  the  early  age  of  88  years,  one  of  the 
most  brilliant  and  promising  of  Ameri- 
ca's naval  heroes. 

BLAKE,  ROBERT  M.  D.  a  physi- 
cian, and  surgeon  dentist  of  great  sidll, 
was  born  in  Dublin,  about  1776,  He 
studied  dentistry  under  his  uncle,  the 
€lder  Hudson,  and  became  the  most 
skillful  and  scientific  dentist  of  his  age, 
and  practiced  with  great  success  in  Ecun- 
burg  and  elsewhere.  He  published  a 
highly  valued  volume  on  the  structure 
and  formation  of  the  teeth  in  man  and 
various  animals. 

BLAKE,  ROBERT,  one  of  the  most 
•celebrated  of  British  Admiralc,  was  a 
descendant  of  the  Qalway  family  of 
Irish  Blakes,  (seeBurke'sPeerages,&c.,) 
sand  was  born  at  Bridgwater,  England, 


and  was  educated  at  Oxford  about  the 
year  1640.  He  was  elected  a  member 
oi  parliament  in  1640,  and  in  the  strug- 
gle between  Charles  I.  and  the  parlia* 
ment,  he  espoused  the  liberal  side,  and 
distinguished  himself  by  his  gallant 
defense  of  Taimton.  In  1649  he  was 
put  in  conunand  of  the  fleet.  His  firat 
achievement  was  the  destruction  of 
Prince  Rupert's  Squadron  at  Malaga. 
In  1662  and  1653,he  four  times  encoun- 
tered the  Dutch  in  desperate  engage- 
ments, in  which  he  defeated  the  cele- 
brated Dutch  admiral  Van  Tromp,  with 
great  loss.  His  next  exploits  were  in 
the  Mediterranean,  to  which  he  sailed 
in  1764,  and  where  he  destroyed  the 
castles  of  Galetta,  and  port  of  Femo  in 
Tunis,  and  intercepted  the  Spanish 
plate  fleet.  Receiving  information  that 
another  plate  fleet  was  lying  at  Santa 
Qruz,  in  Tenerifle ;  he  immediatelv 
sailed  for  that  port,  and  forcing  his 
way  into  the  harbor,  he  destroyed  the 
ships,  and  retired  without  any  loss. 
His  health  having  been  seriously  im- 

Sdred  by  his  arduous  labors,  he  bent 
s  course  homeward,  Lut  died  before 
reaching  England  August  27, 1657. 

BLAKE,  HOIT.  SAMUEL  HUME, 
second  son  of  Chancellor  Blake,  and 
brother  of  Hon.  Edward  B.,  was  bom 
in  1885,  and  received  his  education  at 
Upper  Canada  College.  He  flrst  enter- 
ea  commerical  life,  and  subsequently 
the  law  office  of  his  uncle.  Dr.  Connor, 
and  was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1860.  He 
entered  into  partnership  with  his  bro- 
ther, and  acquired  a  flne  reputation  as 
a  lawyer,  especially  in  chancery  cases. 
He  was  offered  a  position  on  the  bench 
as  Vice  Chancellor  by  the  John  A.  Mac- 
Donald  Government,  which  coming 
from  a  political  opponent,  is  high  testi- 
mony ex  his  merit.  This  he  accepted 
and  has  achieved  a  reputation  as  a  sound 
and  able  judge. 

BLAKE,  SIR  WALTER,  a  soldier 
of  the  civil  wars  of  1686,  was  bom  in 
County  Qalway,  Ireland,  about  1680. 
He  was  the  flrst  Catholic  gentleman  of 
distinctioa  that  joined  me  standard 
of  King  William,  having  raised  a  regi- 
ment and  sustained  it  at  his  own  ez« 
pense.    He  died  about  1700. 

BLATHMAC,  and  Dermod,  joint 
monarchs  of  Ireland,  were  sons  of  Ha- 
gue III,  and  ascended  the  throne  A.  D. 


BLE 


nUSH  CELTS. 


BLO 


654.      During    their 
pla^e    depopulated 


reign  a  great 
the  island,  to 
which  th^fell  victims.  Bede,  in  his 
Church  History,  speaks  of  this  -me 
plague  as  rava^g  a  great  part  of  isrit- 
ain,  A.  D.  664. 


BLESSINGTON,  COUNTESS  of, 
nee  MARGARET  POWER,  one  of  the 
most  celebrated  women  of  her  age,  was 
horn  near  Clonmel,  Ireland,  Sept.  1,1789 
When  only  15  years  old  she  married  a 
Capt.  Farmer.  The  marriage  was  not 
a  happy  one,  and  shortly  after  her  hus- 
band's death  in  1817,  she  married  the 
Earl  of  Blessington.  With  him  she 
traveled  extensively  on  the  continent, 
and  being  witty,  lively  and  talented, 
she  soon  became  widely  known 
amongst  the  literary  circles  of  Europe. 
She  became  acquainted  with  Lord 
Byron  at  Genoa,  and  afterward  often 
saw  him  at  her  house  in  Paris  where 
she  resided  for  some  time  with  her  hus- 
band. Here,  too,  she  became  acquaint- 
ed with  Count  D'Orsay,  who  was  a 
kind  of  relative  by  marriage,  having 
married  a  daughter  of  Lord  Blessing- 
ton  by  his  first  wife.  After  the  Earl's 
death,  which  occurred  in  Paris  in  1829, 
Lady  Blessington  returned  to  England, 
and  resided  at  Gore  House,  Kensington, 
where  she  soon  became  smrounded 
by  the  most  eminent  and  brilliant 
society  of  the  day,  and  where  she  shone 
by  her  brilliant  conversational  powers. 
Her  expensive  and  generous  entertain- 
ments told  on  her  means  and  she  re- 
sorted to  her  pen  to  fill  up  the  gap. 
Her  first  appearance  as  an  author  was, 
however,  in  1825,  when  she  published 
"The  Mystic  Lantern,"  this  was  fol- 
lowed by  "  Traveling  Sketches  in  Bel- 
^um,"  but  it  was  her  "Conversations 
with  Lord  Byron,"  published  in  1832, 
which  brought  her  prominently  out  as 
an  author.  This  was  followed  by 
"  Desultory  Thoughts  and  Reflections,"'' 
"Grace  Cassidy,"  an  Irish  novel,  "The 
Two  Friends,'^  "Meredith,"  "Strath- 
em,"  "The  Governess,"  "Victims  of 
Society,"  and  many  others,  besides 
poems  and  sketches  of  travel,  all  of 
which  was  well  received  by  the  literary 
public.  She  was  also  a  contributor  to 
the  ablest  magazines  of  the  day,  show- 
ing a  mastery  of  all  the  live  subjects  of 
the  times,  and  a  wonderful  fund  of  infor- 
mation. She  was  without  doubt,  one 
of  the  most  brilliant  and  entertaining  of 
women.  She  died  in  Paris,  June  14, 184&. 


BLOOD,  THOMAS,  >  daring  but 
imscrupulous  adventurer,  was  bom  iu' 
Ireland  about  1628.  He  joined  the  par- 
liamentarians, and  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  reckless  daring.  After 
the  restoration  he  conceived,  and  head- 
ed  an  insurrectionary  plot,  which  was- 
to  begin  ith  the  seizure  of  Dublin< 
Castle,  and  of  Ormond  the  Lord  Lieu- 
tenant. The  plot  was  discovered,  but 
Blood  succeeded  in  escaping,  although 
his  prindpal  assistants  were  caught  and 
hung.  He  afterwards  returned  to  Eng^ 
land,  and  schemed  with  the  "Fif& 
Monarchy  Men."  Not  succeeding  he- 
went  to  IreUnd,  and  was  present  dur- 
ing the  troubles  in  1666.  On  the  night 
of  Dec.  6, 1670,  he  planned  and  seized 
the  Duke  of  Ormond  in  his  coach  in  St. 
John's  street,  and  placing  him  on  a 
horse  hied  away  to  Tyburn,  but  so  well- 
were  his  plans  laid  that  he  was  not  even 
suspected  in  the  matter.  His  next 
scheme  was  to  secure  the  crown  and  re- 
galia, of  England,  and  on  the  9th  oi 
May,  1671,  disguised  as  a  clergyman, 
he  entered  the  Tower,  and  after  nearly 
murdering  the  ke£.)er  of  the  jewels, 
carried  the  crown  off  imder  his  cloak, 
while  his  associate  took  the  jewels. 
They  were  however  quickly  pursued 
and  caught.  The  King  nevertheless, 
fearing  the  threats  of  a  pretended  secret 
armed  and  oath-bound  conspiracy,  to- 
revenge  the  death  of  any  of  its  mem- 
bers, pardoned  Blood,  and  [gave  him  a 
place  m  court  and  an  estate  of  £600  a 
year.    He  died  in  1680. 

BLOOMFIELD,  BENJAMIN,  a 
distinguished  officer  and  diplomat,  was- 
born  in  1762,  in  County  Tipperary,  Ire- 
land. He  earlv^  entered  the  military 
service  as  an  offlcei  in  the  artilery,  ana 
gradually  rose  by  meritorious  conduct, 
to  be  colonel,  and  at  length  lieutenant 
general  in  the  army.  He  became  a  great 
ifavorite  of  the  Prince  of  Wales,  and 
while  the  Prince  was  Regent,  Bloomfleld 
was  marshal  and  chief  equerry.  He  suc- 
ceeded Sir  John  McMahon  as  Receiver 
General  of  the  Ducliy  of  Cornwall,  and 
in  1824  was  appointed  minister  plenipo- 
tentiary and  envoy  extraordinary  to 
the  court  of  Sweeden,  which  mission 
lie  held  for  many  years.  He  wa^made- 
a  peer  of  Irelana  in  1824.  He  died  at 
an  advanced  age. 

BONAPARTE,  MRS.  ELIZABETH 
PATTERSON,  wife  of  Jerome  Bon^ 


rf* 


Tl 


BON 


nUBH  CELTS. 


BON 


lIHi'il 


parte,  youngest  brother  of  the  great 
Napoleon,  was  of  Irish  descent  her  father 
William  Patterson  having  emigrated 
from  Ulster  to  the  U.  8,  at  an  early  day. 
She  was  bom  in  Baltimore,  Ma.,  m 
1786.  Her  father  had  acquired  for 
those  days  a  large  fortune  and  was 
among  the  citizens  of  Maryland  sec- 
ond only  to  Chas.  Carroll  of  Carrollton 
in  wealth.  He  was  an  ambitious  and 
worldly  man,  and  his  lessons  were  not 
lost  on  his  beautiful  daughter.  At  the 
age  of  ten  she  is  said  to  have  known  by 
heart  the  worldly  maxims  of  Rochefou- 
cauld, and  ^ew  up  highly  accomplish- 
ed and  ambitious.  She  is  described  as 
tall  and  graceful,  fair  of  face  with  dark 
eyes  and  hair.  In  the  autum  of  1803 
Jerome  Bonaparte  arrived  in  this  U.  S. 
in  command  of  a  French  frigate  and 
came  tc  Baltimore  to  see  Capt.  Bai'ney 
who  had  formerly  served  with  him  in 
the  French  navy.  The  distinguished 
stranger  was  feted  wherever  he  went, 
and  at  a  ball  given  in  his  honor  by 
Samuel  Chase,  one  of  the  signers  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence,  he  first 
met  Miss  Patterson.  The  consequence 
was  that  they  became  lovers.  Her 
father  foreseeing  the  possible  difficulties 
in  the  way,  forbade  the  courtship,  and 
sent  her  away  to  friends  in  Virginia. 
The  lovers  were  not  however  to  be  cross- 
ed. They  found  means  of  correspcnd- 
ingand  soon  became  engaged,  and  Bona- 
parte procured  a  marriage  license,  all 
le^l  formalities  were  carefully  complied 
with,  and  the  contract  was  drawn  up  by 
Alex.  Dallas,  afterwards  Sec'y  of  the 
Treasury,  and  the  ceremonies  were  con- 
ducted with  becoming  pomp  in  the 
Cathedral  of  Baltimore,  by  Archbishop 
Carroll  in  the  presence  ©f  a  distinguished 
audience,  includlnj  the  French  consul. 
To  smooth  the  way  of  the  young  couple, 
1p*  '  ers  were  procured  from  Pres.  Jeffer- 
son and  other  distinguished  America:>«» 
as  to  the  standing  of  the  family,  &c., 
and  the  American  Embassador  to  France 
was  to  present  the  case  in  the  most 
favorable  light  to  the  First  Consul. 
Robt.  Patterson,  her  brother,  who  was 
then  traveling  in  Europe,  a  young  gentle- 
man of  culture,  called  upon  members  of 
the  family  in  Europe  and  was  received 
and  told  by  Lucien  that  the  marriage 
was  approved  of  by  his  mother  and  all 
the  members  of  the  family  except  Na- 
poleon, and  that  the  bride  would  be  well 
received  and  welcomed  into  the  family. 
Before  the  yoimg  couple  had  departed 


from  America  however  they  experieneed 
the  arbitrary  and  determined  opposi- 
tion of  Napoleon.  Orders  were  received 
for  French  vessels  not  to  receive  the 
bride  on  board,  and  a  decree  was  passed 
prohibitinj^  any  civil  officer  in  France 
from  receiving  the  transcrip+ion  of  the 
marriage  of  Jerome.  They  however 
took  passage  on  an  American  vessel, 
feeling  confident  that  when  Jerome 
would  see  his  brother  he  could  smooth 
over  the  trouble.  This  vessel  was  wreck- 
ed on  the  coast  of  Deleware.  F  nally 
they  sailed  in  one  of  her  father's  vessels 
for  Lisbon,  Portugal,  and  arriving,  were 
prevented  from  landing  by  a  French 
frigate.  Finally  at  the  suggestion  of 
Mad.  Bonaparte,  his  mother,  and  Mr. 
Patterson,  Jerome  went  to  Paris  to 
plead  his  case  before  the  then  Emperor, 
protesting  his  determination  to  stand  by 
his  wife  in  every  alternative.  The  se- 
paration ]:owever  was  final.  The  imperi- 
ous will  of  Napoleon,  and  the  gilded 
hopes  he  held  out  to  Jerom*>  proved  too 
strong  for  a  distant  love,  and  he  forgot 
his  oaths  and  stifled  his  principles  of 
honor  and  manly  independence.  His 
yoimg  wife  about  to  become  a  mother 
was  forced  to  seek  a  landing  place  in 
England,  where  her  son  Jerome  Bona- 
parte was  born.  Napoleon  applied  to 
Pope  Pius  VH  for  a  dissolution  of  the 
marriage  on  the  pretended  religious 
groimos  that  the  introduction  of  a  pro- 
testant  into  this  family  was  impolitic, 
dangerous,  and  the  maniage  void,  but 
the  heroic  old  pope  although  a  prisoner 
refused  utterly.  The  Imperial  Council 
of  State  however  found  no  difficulty  in 
pronouncingthe  marriage  dissolved.  As 
a  reward  for  his  desertion  Jerome  was 
made  an  admiral  and  Prince  of  the  Em- 
pire, with  the  right  of  succession  to  the 
Imperial  throne,  if  Napoleon  died  with- 
out male  heirs.  In  1807  Jeromo  mar- 
ried the  Princess  of  Wurtemburg. 
The  marriage  of  Jerome  dispelled  the 
delusion  which  up  to  that  time  blinded 
the  young  wife  as  to  the  faitUesness 
of  her  recreant  husband,  and  poisoned 
with  bitterness,  and  a  kind  of  cynicsd 
pride,  her  whole  life.  After  the  down- 
fall of  Napoleon,  Mrs.  Bonaparte  went 
to  Europe,  and  she  now  spent  her  en- 
ergies in  advancing  the  interests  of  her 
son  and  aiding  Bonapartism.  When 
Napoleon  IH  secured  the  Imperial 
crown,  she  brought  her  case  before  the 
Council  of  State,  who  decided  that  her 
son  was  entitled  to  the  name  of  Bona- 


BON 


miSH  CELTS 


BON 


parte,  although  not  a  member  of  the 
Imperial  family.  On  the  death  of  her 
faithless  husband  she  again  brought  suit 
for  her  rights  in  his  property,  ard  al- 
though according  to  the  laws  of  France 
and  Justice  she  fully  sustained  her 
rights,  yet  inspired  by  the  Government, 
the  decree  was  adverse  to  her,  although 
her  son  was  acknowledged  to  be  a 
"Legitimate  child  of  Prance."  This 
ambitious  mother  was  disappointed  too 
in  her  son.  He  was  recognized  by  his 
grandmother  "Madame  Mere"  and  pet- 
ted by  Pauline  Borghese,  who  at  one 
time  named  him  her  heir,  and  his  moth- 
er was  desirous  to  make  a  distinguished 
match  for  him,  but  the  young  man  had 
good  American  sense,  and  no  special 
ambition,  and  like  his  mother,  he  mar- 
ried to  suit  himself,  and  that  a  simple 
American  girl.  Miss  Williams  of  Balti- 
more, when  his  mother  would  have  a 
princess.  She  practiced  the  most  rigid 
economy  in  her  expenses  so  that  her  son 
might  not  be  without  ample  means  if  the 
situation  required  them,  and  actually 
through  ambition  became  penurious. 
Although  she  did  not  receive  from  her 
father  an  equal  share  of  his  estate  on 
account  of  her  opposition  to  his  desires, 
yet  at  the  time  of  her  death  she  had  ac- 
cumulated a  large  fortune.  She  resided 
a  great  portion  of  her  time  in  Europe, 
and  especially  in  Florence,  where  she 
usually  passed  the  winters,  and  counted 
with  pride  many  royal  and  distinguish- 
ed persons  amongst  her  acquaintances. 
She  saw  her  husband,  but  once  after 
their  separation  in  Spain  in  1805,  and 
that  was  in  the  gallery  of  the  Pittl  Pal- 
ace, where  he  came  to  visit  with  his 
German  wife,  and  where  his  lawful  wife 
happened  to  be  at  the  time.  He  evinced 
considerable  agitation,  and  whispering 
something  to  his  companion,  they  im- 
mediately left  the  gallery  and  the  nert 
day  the  city.  The  downfall  of  Na- 
poleon in  again  revived  her  hopes,  now 
in  the  person  of  her  grandson  Col.  Je- 
rome Bonaparte,  who  had  graduated  at 
West  Point  and  afterwards  served  with 
iistinction  in  the  >  rench  army,  and  al- 
though ninety  years  of  age,  such  was  the 
flro  of  her  ambition,  that  she  put  forth 
the  claim  of  her  grandson,  and  prophe- 
cied  that  he  would  be  called  to  the  Re- 
gency, and  perhaps  to  the  Imperial 
throne.  This  wronged  but  ambitious 
woman  died  after  a  long  life  of  disap- 
pointment and  restlesness,  April,  1879, 
at  ti^e  great  age  of  94  years. 


BONNER,  ROB'T.,  one  of  the  most 
successful  of  newspaper  men,  and  pro- 

Erietor  of  theN.  Y.  Ledger,  was  born  in 
reland,  Apr.  28,  1824.  He  came  to 
this  country  when  about  15  years  of  age 
to  an  uncle  living  in  Connecticut. 
He  entered  the  office  of  the  Hartford 
Courant  shortly  after  arriving,  and  be- 
came an  expert  and  thorough  workman. 
He  removed  to  New  York  in  1844,  and 
got  a  '  sit'  on  the  Evening  Mirror,  and 
became  N.  Y.  correspondent  for  the 
Courant,  and  subsequently  of  papers  in 
Boston,  Washington  and  other  cities, 
and  was  an  indefatisrable  worker.  In 
1857  he  foimded  the  iS".  Y.  Ledger,  hav- 
ing saved  funr«i  enough  to  purchase  the 
office  of  the  Weekly  Ledger,  a  commer- 
cial p,iper.  He  turned  it  into  a  journal 
f  ".  current  literature  and  popular  Action, 
and  his  enterprise,  good  sense,  great 
busiLess  tact  and  a  quick  appreciation 
of  popular  wants  soon  made  it  immense- 
ly popvdar.  He  spared  no  money  to 
secure  the  best  and  most  popular  writ- 
ers to  contribute  to  the  different  depart- 
ments, and  at  the  same  time  to  let  the 
reading  public  know  the  fact.  He  soon 
amassed  a  great  fortune,  the  circulation 
of  the  Ledger  sometimes  reaching  500,- 
000  copies  weekly,  Mr.  Bonner  is  also 
noted  for  his  fast  and  magnificent 
stable  of  horses,  for  which  animal  he 
has  a  passion,  but  although  he  has 
some  of  the  fastest  trotters  in  the  world, 
he  never  allows  them  to  enter  a  race. 
He  is  still  active  as  ever  in  1883. 

BOOTH,  SIR  ROB'T  GORE,  M.  P., 
was  bom  in  Ireland  Au^.  25,  1805,  and 
was  educated  at  Cambridge,  where  he 
graduated  in  1826.  He  was  member  of 
Parliament  for  Sligo  for  many  years, 
and  was  a  man  of  fine  parts.  He  died 
Dec.  22,  1876. 

BORLACE,  EDMUND,  a  physician 
and  writer  of  considerable  talent,  was 
bom  in  Dublin  about  1610,  and  was 
educated  at  Trinity  College.  He  after- 
wards settled  at  Chester,  England, 
where  he  died  in  1683.  His  principal 
work  is  a  History  of  the  Irish  Rebel* 
lion 

BORROWS,  KILDARE,  a  brave 
and  gallant  officer,  was  bom  in  Coun- 
ty Kildare,  Ireland,  and  served  under 
Welliagton,  on  the  Peninsular,  and  af- 
terwards with  Packingham  in  America, 
and  was  present  ai  the  disastrous  battle 


ii 


BOU 


IRI&n  CELTS. 


BOU 


of  New  Orleans.  He  served  also  in 
India  with  distinction,  and  died  from 
over  exertion  after  tlie  gallant  capture 
of  a  Burmese  fort,  in  1825. 


BOUCICAULT,  DION,  one  of  the 
most  talented  and  prolific  of  modem 
dramatists,  and  an  accomplished  and 
highly  popular  actor,  especially  in  Irish 
clSirpcters,  was  bom  in  Dublin,  1822. 
He  early  gave  evidence  of  the  bent  of 
his  mind,  producing  his  first  dramatic 
work  before  he  was  nineteen  years  old, 
one  too  which  proved  a  splendid  suc- 
cess, and  still  holds  its  popularity  on 
the  stage,  "London  Assurance."  'Phis 
was  followed  in  rapid  succession  by 
"Old  Heads  and  Young  Hearts,^' 
"Love  in  a  Maze,"  "Used  Up," 
"Louis  XI,"  "The  Corsican  brothers," 
together  with  a  hundred  others,  in 
every  branch  of  the  drama,  comedy, 
farce  and  melo-drama.  In  the  mean 
time  he  appeared  on  the  stage  in  his 
own  plays,  and  became  as  popular  an 
actor,  as  he  proved  an  author.  In  1853, 
he  came  to  the  United  States,  and  re- 
mained here  till  1860,  acquiring  in- 
creased fame,  and  scoring  both  nnan- 
cially  and  professionally,  a  splendid 
success.  On  his  return  to  England,  he 
produced  his  first  great  Irish  play; 
"The  Colleen  Bawn,"  which  proved  to 
be  one  of  the  most  successful  of  modern 
plays.  Among  other  of  his  works  are 
"The  Streets  of  London,"  "Flying 
Scud,"  "After  Dark,"  "The  Shaug- 
hraim,"  and  "Rescued,"  all  very  pop- 
ular, Ko  dramatist  in  the  English 
language,  if  indeed  any  dramatist,  either 
ancient  or  modern,  ever  produced  so 
many  popular  plays,  and  although 
some  may  cavil  as  to  the  orginality  of  his 
conceptions,  there  is  no  doubt,  as  to  his 
unrivalled  combination  of  talents  in  the 
constraction  of  his  plays.  Brilliant, 
sparkling,  witty  and  natural  in  the  dfa- 
logue,  combined  with  and  supported  by 
such  stage  accessaries  as  demonstr-'^ie 
him  a  master  of  the  dramatic  art  in  its 
entirety  ;  and  perhaps  unrivalled  on  the 
whole,  amongst  modem  dramatists. 
He  still  continues  to  produce  new  ef- 
forts, and  although  above  sixty  years  of 
age,  he  appears  on  the  .  stage  with  all 
the  fire  and  vivacity  of  youth.  Most 
of  his  late  years  have  been  spent  in  the 
United  States,  where  he  is  highly  po- 
pular and  esteemed,  both  as  an  actor 
and  a  man  of  letters. 


BOURKE,  or  DeBURGH,  RICH- 
ABD,  Eail  of  Ulster  and  Lord  of  Con- 
naught,  a  ^lant  soldier,  and  who  waa 
called  the  Red  Earl,  was  bom  in  Con- 
naught  about  the  year  1250,  and  was. 
descended  paternally  from  Charlem'^ 
agne  and  maternally  from  Cahil  Croo- 
day  or  the  "Red  Hand"  king  of  Con- 
naught.  He  was  one  of  the  most  pro- 
minent, able  and  powerful  noblemen 
at  the  court  of  Henry  IH,  and  was  dis« 
tinguished,  like  so  many  of  his  race,  for 
chivalrous  valor  and  soldierly  ability. 
He  died  in  1326. 

BOYD,  HUG. I  Mac AULEY,  whose 
real  name  was  MacAuley,  was  bom  in* 
Ireland,  in  174ti,  and  educated  at  Trin- 
ity College,  Dublin.  He  became  & 
Eolitical  writer  of  considerable  note  in 
london,  and  wai  amongst  the  ablest 
of  his  day.  Among  others,  the  letters  of 
Junius  were  attributed  to  his  pen.  His 
works  were  collected  in  two  volumes. 
He  accompanied  Lord  MacCartney  to- 
Madras  where  ne  died  in  1791. 

BOYLE,  HENRY,  Eari  of  Shan- 
non, a  prominerit  Irish  statesman,  waa 
born  about  1700,  in  the  county  Cork, 
and  filled  some  of  the  highest  politics^ 
offices  in  the  kingdom.  He  was  spea'  . 
of  the  House  of  Commons,  Chanceuor 
of  the  Exchequer,  Lord  Justice,  &c., 
and  was  elevated  to  the  peerage  in  1756. 
He  died  in  1764. 

BOYSE  SAMUEL,  a  poet  of  no 
mean  talent,  was  the  son  of  a  dissent- 
ing minister,  and  was  bom  in  Dublin 
in  1708.  He  adopted  literature  as  a. 
profession,  was  a  contributor  to  some  of 
the  best  magazines  of  his  day,  and  em- 
ployed on  other  literary  work  of  merit. 
His  talents  were  unfortunately  marred 
by  dissipation,  which  at  len^h  reduced 
him  to  great  povertjr  and  pnvation.  He- 
died  In  1749  in  a  miserable  lodging  in 
Shoe  Lane,  in  the  prime  of  life.  Some  of 
his  poems  are  to  be  found  in  the  collect- 
ed works  of  British  poets.  His  prin- 
cipal work  is  a  religious  poem,  "The 
Deity,"  which  exhibits  talents  of  a  high 
order. 

BOYLE,  RICHARD,  Eari  of  Bur- 
lington and  Cork,  was  born  in  1695,and 
was  a  man  of  liberal  mind  and  exten- 
sive knowledge,  with  admirable  teste 
and  talent  as  an  architect.  His  archi- 
tectural designs  were  much  admired 


BOY 


IBIBH  CBUn, 


BRA. 


for  their  originality  and  beauty.  He 
was  the  friend  of  ^ope  and  the  first  pa- 
tron of  the  celebratea  Bishop  Berkeley. 
He  was  made  Knight  of  the  Garter  in 
1780,  and  died  in  1758. 

BOYLE,  ROBERT,  one  of  th?  most 
eminent  of  modem  philosophers  and 
scientists,  ranking  with  Newton  and 
Bacon,  was  the  seventh  son  of  the  cele- 
brated Earl  of  Cork,  and  was  bom  at 
^Lismore,  Ireland,  January  26,  1626. 
He  received  his  education  partially  at 
Eaton,  which  was  perfected  by  pnvate 
tutors  at  home,  and  at  Geneva,  Switz- 
erland. After  travelling  for  some  time 
over  the  continent,  he  at  length  settled 
in  England,  and  devoted  Qmself  to 
science,  especially  to  chemistry  and  na- 
tural philo80i>hy,  and  till  the  close  of 
his  life  unremittingly  pursued  his  scien- 
tific investigations.  He  was  one  of  tiie 
original  members  of  the  Royal  Society, 
and  was  elected  its  president,  which 
office  he  declirioi!,  as  he  did  the  presi- 
dency of  Tlatoa  College.  The  sciences 
did  not  ^aoliy  engross  his  time,  he 
wrote  also  on  moral  and  religious  sub- 
jects, and  unlike  the  latter  so-called 
scientists  and  philosophers,  materialism 
found  no  support  in  his  consistent  and 
comprehensive  intellect.  Among  his 
many  works  of  liberality,  was  the  found- 
ing of  a  lecture  in  defence  of  natural 
and  revealed  religion.  As  an  experi- 
mental philosopher  he  was  indefatig- 
able, and  displayed  in  that  then  almost 
imexplored  field,  uncommon  skill,  pene- 
tration, and  u  wonderful  comprehension 
of  the  hidden  possibilities  before  him. 
His  investigations,  discoveries,  theories 
and  deduction  imdoubtedly  opened  the 
way  to  many  of  the  great  modem  discov- 
eries. As  a  man  his  character  was  of 
the  most  estimable,  kind,  singularly 
mild  and  courteous;  he  possessed  reli- 
gion, without  bigotry,  unbounded  leam- 
mg  without  arrogance  or  self-sufficiency 
and  chanty  without  a  patronizing  osten- 
tation. He  never  muried,  but  resided 
for  nearly  a  half  a  century  with  his 
favorite  sister,  Lady  Ranlagh,  to  whom 
he  was  so  greatly  attached,  that  even 
death  did  not  long  divide  them,  she 
prececding  him  by  only  a  week.  He 
died  on  the  80th  of  December,  1681, 
universally  regretted. 

BRADY  orMcBRADY.  ANDREW, 
first  bishop  of  Eilmore,  A.  D.  14S0 
was  of  a  noble  family,  and  was  appoint- 


ed bishof  of  Brefny,  which  see  he 
had  removed  to  Kilmore  by  consent  of 
Pope  Nicholas  V.  He  was  a  man  of 
great  energy  and  talents.  Ware  names 
seven  bishops  of  this  name  who  flourish- 
ed about  this  time. 

BRADY,  GEN.  HUGH,  an  Ameri- 
cian  officer  of  Iiish  parentage,  was 
bom  in  Pennsylvania  in  1768,  and  en- 
tered the  army  as  Ensign  in  1792.  He 
served  under  Wayne  in  his  campaign 
against  the  Indians  on  the  Maumee.and 
was  made  a  Lieutenant  in  1794,  and 
Captain  in  1799.  He  distinguished 
himself  in  the  year  1812  at  Chippe- 
way  and  Niagara  Falls  having  at  that 
time  risen  to  me  rank  of  Colonel,  and 
was  wounded  in  the  last  named  battle. 
Although  nearly  80  T^rs  of  age  he  took 
part  in  the  Mexican  War,  and  in  1848 
was  raised  to  the  rank  of  Major-General. 
In  1851  ho  was  thrown  from  his  car- 
riage in  the  City  of  Detroit,  where  he 
had  resided  for  jnany  years,  from  the 
effects  of  which  he  died  April  15,  the 
same  year. 

BRADY,  JAMES  TOPHAM,  one  of 

the  greatest  of  American  lawyers  and 
perhaps  most  successful  criminal  lawyer 
that  ever  lived,  was  born  in  New  York 
City  April  9,  1816.  His  father  had  em- 
igrated from  Ireland  a  few  years  pre- 
viously and  opened  a  classical  school 
there.  He  afterwards  studied  law 
and  became  a  judge.  James  T.  was 
educated  by  his  father  and  studied  law 
in  his  office,  and  was  so  proficient  at  the 
age  of  sixteen  that  he  used  to  assist  his 
father  in  the  trial  of  his  cases.  He  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  before  he  was  of 
age,  and  at  once  took  a  leading  position, 
not  only  as  an  eloquent  advocate  but 
for  legal  accumen  and  the  extent  and 
readiness  of  his  resources  in  the  trial  of 
a  case.  As  a  criminal  lawyer  he  was 
soon  recognized  as  without  a  rival,  and 
such  was  his  extraordinary  success  that 
out  of  62  capital  cases  in  which  he  was 
counsel,  he  lost  only  one,  and  that  client 
was  a  spy  and  a  guerilla  and  was  tried  by 
court  marshal.  He  was  also  employed 
in  almost  all  the  great  civil  cases  of  his 
time,  amongst  them  the  great  India-rub- 
ber cases  in  which  he  was  associated 
with  Dan'l  Webster.  He  was  a  grace- 
ful and  eloquent  speaker,  and  his  power 
to^  charm  and  electrify  his  hearers, 
arose  not  alone  from  his  irresistible 
powers  of  convincing  and  great  person- 


■'l 
^1 


i 


i 


idi 


BRA. 


UUtUi  0BLT8. 


BBA 


al  magnetisin  but  was,  to  the  cultivated 
hearer,  increased  by  the  charms  of  his 
diction  and  the  elegance  of  his  lan- 
guage. He  took  a  prominent  part  in 
Soliucs,  as  everjr  true  American  should 
o,  but  he  invariably  refused  to  accept 
office,  saving  onl^  that  of  corporation 
counsel,  deeming  it  purely  a  professional 
one.  In  1860  he  was  made  a  candidate 
for  Governor  of  Kew  York  as  a  an  ultra 
states  rights  man,  that  is  believing  that 
the  reserved  rights  should  be  held  in- 
violate, but  he  gave  a  general  support 
to  the  administration  of  Lincoln  in  its 
acts  to  uphold  the  union.  He  was  one 
of  the  commissioners  sent  b^  the  gov- 
ernment to  New  Orleans  to  investi^te 
the  acts  of  Gen'ls  Butler  and  Banks.  Mr. 
Brady  wrote  much  for  the  magazines 
and  periodicals  and  would  undoubtedly 
have  become  equally  eminent  in  litera- 
ture had  he  the  leisure  to  give  to  the 
creations  of  fancy,  taste  and  beauty,  as 
he  had  a  highly  df  ted  as  well  as  a  pol- 
ished mind  in  this  respect.  He  died 
suddenly  in  the  very  nudst  of  his  fame 
and  usefulness,  Feb.  9,  1869.  He  was 
never  married. 

BRA.DY,  NICHOLAS,  a  poet  and 
Church  of  England  divine,  bom  in 
1659,  at  Bandon,  Ireland,  was  educat- 
ed at  Westminster,  Oxford  and  Dublin, 
held  various  preferments  in  Ireland  and 
England,  among  others  was  chaplain  to 
Wmiam  HI,  and  became  celebrated  in 
London  as  a  pulpit  orator.  He  trans- 
lated the  .£neid  and  wrote  a  tragedy; 
but  is  chiefly  remembered  by  his  version 
of  the  Psalms,  executed  in  conjimction 
with  Tate.  He  died  at  Richmond  in 
1726. 

BRADY,  ROBERT,  a  physician  and 
Ihistorian  of  the  reign  of  tfames  U,  was 
bom  at  Norfolk,  of  Irish  extraction,  edu- 
cated at  Cain's  college,  Cambridge,  of 
which  college  he  became  master  and 
re^us  professor  of  physic.  He  was  al- 
so keejjer  of  the  records  in  ilxe  Towers, 
Physician  to  Jamss  U,  and  one  of  the 
representatives  of  Cambridge  in  porlia- 
ment.  He  died  in  1700.  His  principal 
works,  an  Introduction  to  old  Enghsh 
History,  History  of  England,  and  some 
scientific  works. 

BRADY,  CAPT.  SAMUEL,  a  fam- 
ous Indian  fighter  of  the  days  of  the 
Revolution,  was  of  Irish  parentage,  his 
grand-father,  Hugh  Brady,  having  em- 


igrated from  Ireland  with  his  family,at 
an  early  period,  and  settled  in  Delaware. 
The  wilderness  in  which  the  family 
settled,  (five  miles  from  where  Shipp- 
ensburgh  now  stands,)  was  at  the  time 
thinly  populated  by  Irish  emigrants, 
and  there  the  father  of  our  subject, 
John  Brady,  grew  up  and  married  his 
wife,  Mary  Quigly,  a  daughter  of  the 
same  fearless  race.  John  Brady  had 
distinguished  hhnself  in  the  French  and 
Indian  wars,  and  was  a  Captain  in  the 
£*rovincial  Line.  Our  subject  was  boni 
in  Shippensburg  in  1758.  In  1768  John 
Brady,  with  his  family,  removed  to  the 
westem  branch  of  the  Susquehanna, 
where  Samuel  lived  until  the  breaking 
out  of  Ihe  Revolutionary  War,  when, 
like  his  race  all  over  the  land,  he  volun- 
teered to  fight  the  enemy  of  his  race 
and  liberty,  and  forming  a  company  of 
rifiemen,  he  marchea  for  Boston. 
There  he  distinguished  himself  by 
many  acts  of  daring  in  the  face  of  the 
enemy,  and  was  soon  commissioned  a 
first  Lieutenant  in  Capt.  Doyle's  Com- 
pany, which  company  was  raised  in  the 
Irish  settlement  in  Lancaster  county, 
and  composed  of  yoimg  men.  He  par- 
ticipated in  all  the  principal  engage- 
ments up  to  and  including  the  battte  of 
Monmouth,  in  all  of  which  he  was  dis- 
tinguished for  coolness  and  bravery. 
He  was  now  a  Captain,  and  was  order- 
ed with  his  company  to  the  west.  On 
his  way  to  the  westem  frontiers,  he 
visited  his  home  and  friends,  and  found 
that  his  father,  who  in  the  meantime  had 
raised  a  company  and  joined  the  12th 
Regiment  of  the  Pennsylvania  Line, 
had  been  dangerously  woimded  at 
the  battle  of  Brandywine.  About  this 
time  his  brother,  who  was  also  in  the 
army,  was  murdered  by  the  Indians, 
and  shortly  afterwards  his  heroic  father 
metaUkelate.  This  so  enraged  our 
subject  that  he  vowed  vengaence  against 
all  Indians.  He  participated  in  the 
battle  of  Princeton  and  greatly  distin- 
guished himst'Qf  by  the  daring  and  suc- 
cessful manner  in  which  he  extricated 
himself  and  his  colonel.  Hand,  also  an 
Irishman  of  Lancaster,  when  nearly 
surrounded  by  the  enemy.  In  1780 
he  was  stationed  at  a  little  fort 
where  Pittsburg  now  stands,  under  Gen. 
Broadhead.  All  the  west  to  the^  great 
lakes  was  in  possession  of  the  iiritish 
and  their  savage  allies.  Washington 
felt  the  necessity  of  learning  what  for^ 
ces  might  be  orgaifizing  in  that  quarter. 


BBE 


iBiBH  csvn. 


BRA. 


«nd  wrote  to  Broadhead  to  send  a  reli- 
able officer  and  a  few  men  on  a  scout- 
bag  expedition  aa  far  as  Sandusky. 
Broadhead  at  once  selected  Brady,  who 
with  a  few  trusty  and  fearless  men, 
set  out  in  May,  1780,  on  their  perilous 
expedition.  He  arrived  safely  in  the 
vicinity  of  Sandusky,  made  close  ob- 
aervations  on  a  camp  of  8000  Indians, 
took  a  few  prisoners,  and  started  for 
home.  The  distance  and  difficulties  of 
the  expedition  being  greater  than  sup- 
posed, provisions  and  ammunition  both 
were  about  out,  and  they  were  several 
days  yet  from  home.  Brady  had  but  one 
charge  of  powder  when  he  spied  a  deer, 
his  gun  missed  fire,  and  while  following 
the  deer  he  suddenly  came  in  sight  of  a 
large  Indian  Chief  on  horseback  with  a 
white  child  before  and  its  mother  be- 
hind him,  followed  by  a  ntunber  of 
warriors  marching  in  the  rear.  He  de- 
termined to  save  u  possible  the  mother 
and  child;  standing  behind  a  tree  he 
awaited  his  chance  to  i^oot  without  en- 
dangering the  captives.  At  the  click 
of  the  rifle  the  Indian  dropped  from  the 
horse  and  with  him  woman  and  child. 
Brady,  with  a  whoop  that  made  the  forest 
ting,  called  to  his  men  in  the  Indian 
language  to  surround  the  Indians,  and 
dashed  forward  to  save  the  captives  and 
aeciu-e  the  Indians'  powder  horn.  The 
Indian  warriors  fearing  to  be  surround- 
ed dashed  into  the  forest  but  not  until 
they  had  flred  a  number  of  shots  at 
Brady.  His  own  men  too,  when  they 
lieard  the  whoop  and  shots  made  ofF, 
liavine  no  powder.  Brady  arrived 
at  the  Fort  Mcintosh  the  next  day  with 
ihe  rescued  mother  and  child.  With 
his  men  he  now  returned  to  Pittsburgh 
by  water  to  report,  and  was  received 
with  an  ovation,  it  having  been  report- 
ed by  friendly  Indians  that  the  party 
were  captured,  Brady  was  the  hero  of 
numerous  desperate  encounters  with 
the  savages,  in  which  he  showed  him- 
self master  of  Indian  strategy.  He  be- 
came famous  throughout  the  borders, 
and  was  conceded  to  be  the  hero  of 
■Western  Pennsylvania.  Gen.  Hugh 
Brady  belonged  to  the  same  far  lily. 

BRADY,  WM.  MAZIERE,  a  distin- 
guished Irish  divine  and  scholar,  was 
bom  in  Dnblin  in  1825,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  He 
afterwards  took  orders  in  the  Church 
of  England,  was  appointed  chaplain  to 
Ihe  Lord  Lieutenant  in  1851,  and  held 


successively  the  benefices  of  Farrachy, 
Newmarket,  Eilberry  and  Downpat- 
rick.  Be  astonished  his  hearers  in  the 
Chapel  Roval,  Dublin,  by  boldly  denoun 
cing  the  Establishment  of  the  English 
Church  in  Ireland  as  a  flagrant  injus- 
tice ;  and  was  consequently  dropped 
from  the  list  of  chaplains  to  the  Lord 
Lieutenant.  He  of  course  favored  the 
disestablishment  of  the  state  church, 
holding  that  justice  required  those  alone 
who  believea  in  a  religion  to  support  it, 
or  be  taxed  for  its  support.  In  1873  he 
visited  Rome  and  made  his  profession 
of  adherence  to  the  doctrines  and  au- 
thority of  that  church.  He  has  been 
an  indefatigable  worker  and  among  his 
works  are  "The  Irish  Reformation  or 
the  Alleged  Conversion  of  the  Irish 
Bishops  on  the  Accession  of  Queen  Eli- 
zabeth and  the  assumed  descent  of  the 
present  established  Hierarchy  in  Ire- 
land from  the  Ancient  Irish  Church." 
"The  McGillicuddy  Papers,"  "Essays 
on  the  English  State  Church  in  Ire- 
land," "The  Episcopal  Succession  in 
England,  Ireland  and  Scotland."  He 
still  continues  active  as  ever. 

BRANNAN,  GEN.  JOHN  M.,  a 
distinguished  American  officer,  who 
served  both  in  the  Mexican  and  the 
civil  war,  was  of  Irish  decent  and  boru 
in  1819.  He  rose  by  a  career  of  honor- 
able and  brilliant  services  to  the  rank 
of  Major  General.       ,,^_ 


?':t| 


BREACA  and  BURIAN  SAINTS, 
two  holy  maidens  of  Ireland,  who  were 
greatly  honored  in  Britain.  The  for- 
mer was  baptized  by  St.  Patrick,  be- 
came a  religious,  passed  over  into  Brit- 
ain and  established  a  community  on  the 
bank  of  the  river  Hagle,  now  called  the 
Alan  in  Penrith.  Her  life  was  so  saint- 
ly that  she  was  honored  by  the  erection 
of  a  church,  which  became  famous  for 
miracles  performed  through  her  inter- 
cession. Her  companion  was  also  held 
in  great  veneration.  King  Athelstan 
erected  a  church  over  her  remains 
which  was  privileged  as  a  sanctuary, 
and  which  had  also  a  noted  school  of 
learning  attached.  These  holy  womeu 
died  eariy  in  500. 

BRENDAN,  ST.,  of  Clonfert,  one 
of  the  most  famous  of  the  Irish  saints, 
not  only  celebrated  for  his  missionary 
labors  but  also  for  his  voyages  and  dia» 
cpveries;  was  born  about  483  in  Kerry, 


BRE 


IRISH  csi/m 


BRE 


and  as  a  child  was  under  the  care  of  St. 
Ita,  who  devoted  hei-self  to  the  care  and 
instruction  of  children.  He  received 
his  classical  education  under  Bishop 
Ercas,  and  was  raised  to  the  priesthood. 
He  was  noted  for  his  zeal  and  apostolic 
spirit,  and  desirous  of  spreading  the 
gospel  among  a  neglected  people  he 
made  inquiry  among  the  original  in- 
habitants (Tuatha — Danians)  of  the  is- 
land, who  were  always  noted  as  a  sea- 
faring people,  as  to  traditions  of  West- 
ern lands  that  had  been  visited  at  earlier 
periods.  Among  those  he  visited  was 
8t.  Enda  who  had  a  monastery  on  one 
of  the  Arran  Isles,  and  who  was  well 
versed  in  all  the  early  traditions  on  the 
subject,  St.  Brendian  returned  home 
and  prepared  for  his  western  voyage 
fitting  tut  his  vessel  in  the  Bay,  now 
known  by  his  name,  and  at  length  set 
sail  on  the  broad  Atlantic,  directing  his 
coui*se  south-west.  The  accounts  of 
this  voyage  which  are  numerous,  state 
that:  "After  a  long  and  rough  voyage, 
his  little  bark  being  well  provisioned; 
he  came  to  summer  seas,  where  he  was 
carried  along  without  the  aid  of  sails 
or  oars  for  many  days  (undoubtedly  the 
gulf  stream).  He  at  length  reached 
land,  and  with  a  portion  of  his  com- 
panions landed  and  pushed  into  the 
wilderness  to  seek  inhabitants.  They 
traveled  for  fifteen  da^s,  and  then  came 
to  a  large  river  flowmg  from  east  to 
west,  (probably  the  Ohio).  They  did 
not  penetrate  the  country  any  further, 
nor  does  the  traditions  state  what  work 
was  performed  or  conversions  made. 
The  saint  returned  after  about  seven 
years,  and  undoubtedly  must  have  been 
actively  employed  during  that  time, 
S<  andanavian  accounts  of  voyages  and 
attempted  settlements  in  America  by 
princes  of  that  race'  from  Qreenland 
about  the  year  1000  are  very  definite, 
and  of  undoubted  authority.  One  of  their 
accounts  translated  and  published  by 
Kafn,  the  Danish  histoi'ian,  admits  that 
the  Irish  had  already  settled  on  the 
coast  of  America  at  more  southerly 
parts,  before  their  time,  and  they  called 
the  place  "Ireland  it  Mekla"  or  Great 
Ireland, Jand  that  some  of  the  Norso  voy- 
agers visited  them,  "  a  white  people 
different  from  the  Esquimaux  of  the 
Dortn,  having  long  robes  or  cloaks  and 
frequently  bearing  crosses  in  'eligious 
processions  and  their  speech  was  Insh," 
Those  undoubtedly  were  the  remains 
of  colonies  who  settled  in  the  days  of 


St.  Brendan  and  prior  to  that  time,  and 
indeed  every  little  while  evidences  of  tk 
more  cultivated  race  than  the  Indian  is 
found  along  the  coast  of  the  United 
States,  St,  Brendan  after  his  return 
settled  at  Clonfert  where  he  founded 
one  of  the  most  eminent  of  the  early 
Irish  schools,  and  which  gave  to  Ireland 
and  Ji;urope  many  great  saints  and 
scholars.  Its  schools  were  of  vast  ex- 
tent and  contained  at  times  thousandH 
of  students,  not  only  from  all  parts  of 
Ireland,  but  from  Britain  and  the  con- 
tinent. He  himself  became  famous  for 
his  wisdom  and  sanctity,  and  was  con- 
stantly consulted  by  the  most  eminent 
bishops  and  scholars.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  several  works,  among  them, 
"Life  and  Mirades  of  St.  Bridget."  He 
died  about  the  year  577  at  a  great  age, 
(94  years,)  and  was  buried  in  his  Mon- 
astery at  Clonfert.  In  confirmation  of 
his  voyage  there  are  still  many  old  MSS. 
In  the  "Bibliotheque  Imperiale"  at  Par- 
is there  are  eleven  Latin  MSS.,  dating 
from  the  eleventh  century,  besidea 
many  other  scattered  over  the  continent 
in  Latin  and  Irish,  besides  the  confirm- 
ation of  the  fact  by  the  Scandanavian 
MSS,  according  to  the  testimony  of  Prof. 
Raf n,  the  Danuh  Historian. 

BRENDAN,  SAINT,  of  Birr,  a  man 
eminent  for  his  learning  and  sanctity, 
was  the  son  of  Loralgine,  a  member  of  a 
distinguished  family  of  Munster.  He 
became  a  disciple  of  St.  Finian,  of  Clo- 
nard,  by  whom  he  was  held  in  the- 
highest  honor  for  his  virtues,  learning 
and  supernatural  gifts.  He  was  inti- 
mate with  tie  great  Coiumbkill ;  and 
foretold  him  on  his  leaving  Ireland, 
what  some  of  his  future  labors  would 
be.  He  wrote  some  of  his  works  in 
verse,  and  founded  a  monastery  and 
school  at  Birr,  He  died  in  November, 
671.  A  fact  known  to  St,  Coiumbkill 
at  the  time,  although  ihen  in  lona. 

BRIDGET,  SAINT,  one  of  the  most 
eminent  of  the  Irish  saints,  was  bora 
about  468.  Her  father's  name  was 
Dubtach  and  her  mother's  Brochessa, 
and  were  said  to  have  been  Christians' 
at  the  time  of  our  saint's  birth  ;  this  Is 
opened  to  doubt  as  according  to  the 
most  ancient  authorities,  Brochessa  waS' 
but  a  handmaid  and  slave,  and  it  ap- 
pears under  the  Druidical  religion,  sO' 
among  the  Hebrews,  it  was  permissible 
for  rich  men  to  take  a  handmaid  to> 


BRI 


ntlBH  CELTS. 


BRI 


wife.  It  is  stated  that  the  wife  of 
Dubtach  compelled  him  to  dispose  of 
Brochessa,  and  that  he  sold  her  to 
a  Druid,  but  conditioned  that  he  should 
return  the  child  which  she  was  then 
bearing  in  her  womb.  While  the  Druid 
was  on  his  way  home  with  Brochessa, 
he  stopped  at  the  house  of  a  piouc 
Christian,  who,  while  {^raying,  is  said 
to  have  received  a  divine  intimation, 
that  the  child  of  the  slave  was  destined 
for  great  things;  and  told  the  Druid 
that  he  must  treat  her  kindly,  and  that 
innumerable  blessings  would  come  to 
his  house.  Our  saint  was  born  at  Fau- 
gher,  a  village  near  Dundalk,  but  the 
native  place  of  the  Druid  was  Oon- 
naught,  where  St.  Bridget  spent  her 
early  years  and  was  rearei  by  a  Chris- 
tii^n  nurse.  Many  wonderful  things 
are  told  of  her  infancy,  which  fore- 
shadowed her  wondenul  gifts  and 
graces.  She  grew  up  full  of  every 
grace  and  virtue,  meek,  kind  and  sweet 
in  manner,  and  so  entirely  unselfish, 
that  she  gained  the  love  and  admira- 
tion of  all,  under  the  careful  training  of 
her  mother.    She  developed  a  wondeii ul 

Sirit  •f  prayer  from  her  tenderest  years, 
er  spirit  of  charity  was  not  less  mark- 
ed, while  her  spirit  of  obedience  was 
not  satisfied  with  carefully  doing  all  she 
was  desired  to,  but  in  anticipating  every 
wish  of  her  superiors.  After  some 
years  Dubtach  demanded  her  from  the 
Druid  according  to  agreement.  Her 
parting  from  her  mother  and  from  her 
kind  protector  the  Druid  was  her  first 

freat  grief,  but  though  most  heart- 
roken,  she  submitted  with  that  meek- 
ness and  patience  which  never  forsook 
her  during  life.  The  Druid  kindly  al- 
lowed her  mother  to  accompany  her 
which  was  her  only  consolation.  Her 
father  received  her  very  kindly,  but 
her  step-mother  with  coMness  and  con- 
tempt, which  she  did  not  seek  t«  con- 
ceal. She  subjected  her  to  ill-treatment, 
and  tried  to  humiliate  her  by  requiring 
her  to  do  the  most  menial  offices  of  the 
household.  As  her  virtue  and  the  ad- 
mhrable  beauty  of  her  character  shone 
out  more  from  the  attempted  degrada- 
tion, winning  the  love  and  admiration 
of  all,  so  did  the  malice  of  this  wicked 
step-mother  multiply  and  increase,  and 
she  tried  to  poison  the  mind  of  her 
father  against  her,  by  putting  wrong 
constructions  on  all  her  actions.  It  is 
said  that  about  this  time  she  accompan- 
ied a  plouB  woman  to  a  synod  held  in 


the  plains  of  Liffey,  and  that  St.  Iber 
saw  m  a  vision,  one  whom  he  supposed 
was  the  Blessed  Virgin,  standing  in  the 
midst  of  the  Bishops,  but  on  beholding 
this  child  of  grace,  he  recognized  in  her 
the  Virgin  of  his  vision.  She  was 
treated  with  great  honor  by  the  assem- 
bled Bishops,  and  it  is  said  that  mira- 
cles attested  her  great  virtues  and  the 
singular  favor  in  which  she  was  held 
by  her  Divine  Master.  After  this  she 
was  allowed  to  visit  her  mother,  and 
while  there,  she  had  charge  under  her 
mother  of  the  Druid's  daily.  Her  ever 
burning  charitv  could  not  see  want  go 
unrelieved,  ana  when  she  was  asked  to 
make  a  return  of  all  the  proceeds,  she 
became  alarmed  lest  trouble  might  come 
from  her  generosity,  and  she  fervently 
implored  God  to  aid  her.  Her  prayers 
seemed  heard,  for  her  gifts  to  the  poor 
did  not  reduce  the  property  cf  the 
Druid.  The  Druid,  seeing  the  tender 
attachment  of  the  mother  and  child, 
and  the  pain  that  separation  gave,  was 
moved  with  compassion  and  gave  the 
mother  her  fieeeqom,  and  told  her  to 
go  with  her  beloved  daughter.  Their 
gratitude  knew  no  bounds,  and  weep- 
ing with  joy  they  blessed  him,  and  he, 
it  Is  said,  soon  afterwards  became  a 
Christian.  It  is  recorded  also,  that 
after  returning  to  her  father's  house, 
she  took  the  jewels  out  of  the  hilt  of  a 
sword  which  had  been  presented  to 
him  by  the  King  of  Leinster,  and  sold 
them  to  relieve  the  wants  of  Ihie  needy. 
This  came  to  the  ears  of  the  King,  and 
being  present  at  a  banquet  at  her 
father's  house,  he  called  the  little  maid 
and  asked  her  how  she  dared  to  deface 
the  gift  of  a  King.  She  answered  that 
she  did  it  to  honor  a  better  King,  and 
that  rather  than  see  Christ  and  his 
children,  the  poor,  suffer  for  want,  she 
would  if  she  could  give  all  that  Aer 
father  and  the  king  possessed,  yen, 
"yourself  too,"  If  necessary.  The  Kinf; 
was  struck  with  the  answer  of  one  ei 
young,  and  said  to  her  father,  nbo  is 
priceless,  let  Qod  work  out  in  His  own 
way  His  holy  w  ill,  and  do  not  restrahi  the 
extraordinary  graces  conferred  on  her. 
About  this  time,  according  to  Jocylin, 
Bridget  assisted  at  an  instruction  ^ven 
by  St.  Patrick  and  had  a  vision.  Pat* 
rick,  knowing  that  she  had  a  revelation, 
asked  her  to  relate  what  she  had  seen. 
She  answered,  **  I  beheld  an  assembly 
of  persons  clothed  in  white  raiment; 
and  I  beheld  ploughs  and  oxen,  and 


BRI 


ntlSH  CELTS. 


BRI 


Btauding  com  aU  white,  and  immed- 
iately they  became  all  spotted ;  and  after- 
waros  they  became  all  black;  and  in  the 
end  I  beheld  sheep  and  swine,  dogs  and 
wolves,  all  fighting  and  contending  to- 
gether," and  St.  Patrick  said:  The 
whiteness  represented  the  church  of 
Ireland  as  it  ,it  was  then,  for  all  the 
prelates  and  servants  of  t!ie  church 
were  pure  and  faithful  and  diligent  in 
all  things.  The  things  which  were 
spotted  belonged  to  the  succeeding  gen- 
eration, which  would  be  stained  by  evil 
works.  The  blackness  represent^ia  the 
following  and  more  remote  times,  V7hen 
the  world  would  be  profaned  by  evil 
and  the  renouncement  of  faith.  The 
contest  of  the  sheep  and  swine,  the  dogs 
and  wolves,  represented  the  contest  of 
the  pure  and  unpure  prelates,  and  good 
and  bad  men,  which  in  the  lapse  of 
time  would  come  to  pass.  Bndget's 
step-mother  having  failed  in  all  her  evil 
designs,  urged  her  father  to  get  her  mar- 
ried. As  she  was  very  beautiful,  a  most 
desirable  match  could  be  easily  arranged 
but  Bridget  firmly  refused  and  told  her 
father  tluit  she  had  long  since  resolved 
to  devote  herself  to  God.  It  is  said  her 
step-brother  lifted  his  arm  to  strike  her 
for  disappointing  their  wishes,  when  it 
became  paralyz^.  Having  communi- 
cated her  intentions  of  consecrating 
herself  to  God  to  some  of  her  pious 
companions,  thev  resolved  to  accom- 
pany her.  Havrng  arranged  all  their 
matters,  the  band  oi  pious  maidens  di- 
rected their  steps  to  Ussna  Hill,  in  the 
County  of  Westmeath,  where  the  holy 
Bishop  Maccaile  was.  He  graciously 
received  them,  and  the  next  day  they 
made  their  vows  before  him,  he 
placed  white  veils  on  their  heads  and  a 
white  mantel  or  habit  to  wear.  This 
took  place  in  her  sixteenth  year,  about 
469.  Some  authors  say  it  was  St.  Mell 
from  whom  she  received  the  veil, 
but  thev  admit  the  presence  of  Bishop 
Maccaile.  Bridget's  first  community 
was  established  at  Bridget's  Town  near 
Ussna  Hill,  under  the  spiritual  direc- 
tions of  Bishop  Maccaile.  She  govern- 
ed her  house  with  great  prudence, 
sweetness  and  firmness,  and  here  her 
charities  knew  no  bounds ;  the  needy 
never  went  empty  away,  and  her  char- 
ity and  miracles  soon  drew  crowds  to 
receive  benefits  from  her  hands.  Her 
work  partook  of  the  nature  of  the  apos- 
tolic, for  she  is  credited  with  the  power 
of  casting  out  devils,  which  she  often 


used.  She  did  not  confine  her  lab03i 
or  good  works  to  her  convent,  but  went 
about  serving  and  instructing  the  poor, 
and  reproving  and  converting  the  pa- 
gans, many  oi  whom  she  brought  with- 
m  the  fold..  The  fame  of  her  works 
spread  all  over  Ireland,  and  she  was  in- 
vited by  many  pious  Bishops  to  estab- 
lish branches  of  her  community  in  their 
diocese.  It  is  said  that  once  while  at 
Ardagh  the  See  of  St.  Mell,  a  great 
banquet  was  given  by  the  Prince  of 
Longford,  at  which  a  servant  let  fall  a 
vase  of  great  value  and  it  broke  in 
pieces.  The  Prince,  in  a  rage,  ordered 
the  man  executed,  and  St.  Mell  was 
called  upon  to  intercede  without  avail. 
When  he  ordered  the  fragments  of  the 
vase  to  be  sent  to  Bridget,  when  she  im- 
nediately  restored  it  to  its  original  per- 
f/>ction,  at  which  the  man  was  pardon- 
ed ?nd  many  conversions  followed. 
Stopping  once  at  the  house  of  a  pious 
family  who  had  a  deaf  and  dumb  child, 
and  being  alone  with  the  child  when  a 
beggar  called,  she  asked  the  child  where 
the  provisions  were  kept,  who  im- 
mediately answered,  and  the  parents 
were  filled  with  joy  on  their  return  to 
find  their  deaf  and  dumb  one  perfect. 
It  is  also  related  that  she  confounded  a 
wicked  woman  who  made  a  false  charge 
against  one  of  Patrick's  disciples  nam^ 
Bronus,  by  making  the  sign  of  the  cross 
on  her  lips,  compelling  her  to  speak  the 
truth.  On  this  occasion  St.  Patrick 
appointed  the  holy  priest  Natfroich  to 
be  her  chaplain  and  to  accompany  her 
on  all  her  journeys. 

She  visited  the  eastern  part  of  Ulster 
and  also  Mimster  establishing  convents 
and  performing  wonderful  works  of 
mercy,  curing  me  sick,  giving  sight  to 
the  blmd  anaeven  abating  a  pestilence. 
It  is  said  while  in  Limercik  a  female 
slave  fled  to  her  for  protection  from  her 
mistress;  Bridget  pleaded  for  her  libera- 
tion, but  the  woman  seized  the  slave, 
who  clung  te  the  saint  for  protection, 
and  commenced  to  drag  her  away  when 
her  arm  became  paralized.  She  became 
frightened  and  begged  the  saint  to  restore 
her  arm  which  she  did  on  release  of  the 
slave.  Bridget  established  her  com- 
munities all  over  Ireland,  found- 
ing convents,  and  placing  over  them 
the  most  worthy  of  her  disciples.  She 
spent  much  time  in  Connaught  parti- 
tfcular  in  Roscommon,  and  established 
many  convents  throughout  the  province, 
besides  gaining  many  souls  to  the  faith 


PSI 


iitmti  OBLTB 


BBI 


by  her  miracles.  Her  fame  was  now 
second  only  to  St.  Patrick's.  He  sowed 
the  good  seed  and  she  was  cultivating 
it  to  rich  blossoms  and  an  abundant 
harvest.  While  she  was  thus  engaged, 
the  people  of  hevown  province  Leinster 
became  uneasy  lest  they  should  not  be 
blessed  with  her  ptresence  again,  so  a 
deputation  of  prominent  men  were  sent 
to  invite  her  back  to  her  native  home. 
She  consented,  and  returned  with  them. 
When  they  arrived  at  the  Shannon 
which  they  were  to  cross,  no  boats 
were  there,  and  some  pagans  who  were 
present  taunted  Bridget  saying,  "Why 
don't  you  walk  over,  if  your  God  is  so 
powerful?  "  Some  of  the  men  asking 
uie  prayer  of  Bridget  and  God's  assis- 
tance immediately  proceeded  to  walk 
across,  which  they  did  safely  to  the 
great  discomfiture  of  some  pagans  and 
me  conversion  of  others.  Her  tour 
through  Ireland,  establishing  houses 
occupied  about  seventeen  years,  and 
they  rivalled  the  monast.  iesinnumbers, 
the  sanctity  of  their  inmates  and  the 
abundance  of  their  charity.  St.  Bridget 
was  received  by  the  people  of  Kildare 
with  great  afiection  and  joy,  and  a 
large  convent  soon  rose  which  proved 
of  mestimable  benefit  to  its  people;  a 
source  of  joy  to  the  rich  and  benedic- 
tion to  the  poor.  The  convent  of  Kil- 
dai'e  was  erected  about  the  year  487. 
Near  it  stood  a  great  oak,  which  Brid- 
get blessed,  and  which  stood  for  cen- 
turies afterwards,  giving  the  name  to 
the  place  which  it  retains  to  this  day 
Eil-dara,  Church  of  the  oak.  It  finally 
yielded  to  time  and  relic  hunters.  Here 
our  saint  was  visited  by  pious  souls 
from  all  parts  of  Ireland,  and  even 
Britain  ana  Scotland,  to  seek  advice,  to 
abk  her  prayers  and  blessing.  Saints, 
bishops  and  nobles  came;  mothers 
brought  their  children  t*  be  blessed,  the 
poor  to  be  fed  and  the  sick  to  be  heal- 
ed. So  great  was  the  crowds  that  came 
that  the  place  soon  xtew  up  into  a  large 
town,  the  chief  onein  Leinster.  Kings 
and  nobles  vied  with  each  other  in  fav- 
oring it,  and  it  was  made  a  city  of  re- 
fuge. Bridget  desired  that  it  might  be 
made  a  see  and  at  her  request,  Con- 
lailh,  who  was  an  humble  hermit,  was 
made  its  first  IMshop.  It  has  preserved 
an  unbroken  line  ever  since,  and  is  wne 
of  the  most  ancient  sees  in  Europe. 
Bishop  Conlaith  aided  by  Bridget  built 
a  Cathedral  which  in  the  course  of  time 
became  large  and  imposing.  Cogitosus, 


who  wrote  about  300  years  after  Bridget, 
describes  it  as  extending  over  a  large 
surface  of  ground  and  of  an  imposing 
elevation.  It  was  adorned  with  paint- 
ings and  contained  under  one  roof  three 
spacious  oratories  separated  by  wooden 
screens,  while  the  wall  at  the  eastern 
end  of  the  church  ran  across  the  whole 
breath  of  the  structure  from  side  to  side, 
frescoed  with  holy  figures  and  orna- 
mented with  rich  tapestry.  This  had 
two  entrances,  one  at  each  end.  The 
one  on  the  right  was  for  the  Bishop  and 
his  regular  college,  and  through  the 
other  no  one  entered  but  the  abbess- 
and  her  community.  This  church  con- 
tained many  windows  and  one  orna- 
mented 'door  on  the  right,  through 
which  the  men  entered,  and  another  on 
the  left  through  which  women  entered. 
St.  Bridget  was  probably  first  amongst 
the  saints  of  Europe  who  gathered  into- 
communities  holy  women  under  certain 
rules  of  obedience.  The  Abbess  of 
Kildare  exercised  control  over  all 
the  convents  of  the  Bridgetatine  Order 
in  Ireland,  as  is  now  the  general  custom 
with  religious  communities,  being  all 
subject  to  a  mother  house ;  but  inwose 
days  it  was  not  so,  as  the  Augustinian 
nuns  were  subject  only  the  superioresa. 
of  the  house  in  which  they  lived.  The 
church  of  Kildare  and  its  plate  and  pro* 
pertv  belonged  to  the  nuns,  and  this- 
mother  house  became  in  the  course  of 
time  very  wealthy  from  the  gifts  and 
largesses  it  continually  received  from  the? 
rich  and  noble.  St.  Bridget  was  held 
in  high  esteem  by  the  holy  men  of  her 
day,  as  well  as  by  the  kings  and  princea 
of  the  land,  who  often  came  to  profit 
by  her  advice  and  instruction.  She 
stood  sponsor  for  the  nephew  of  Kinf 
Echodius  and  prophesied  that  he  would , 
be  raised  to  the  episcopacy.  He  after- 
wards became  bishop  of  Clogher,  suc- 
ceeding St.  Maccartln.  She  also  fore- 
told of  the  birth  and  greatness  of  St» 
ColumbkiU. 

Bridget  practiced  the  most  severe  aus> 
terities,  spending  her  nights  in  prayer 
and  contemplation,  and  as  her  body 
was  not  vigorous  she  suffered  severely. 
St.  Patrick  highly  extolled  her  virtuea 
and  mission,  ana  looked  upon  her  as 
one  raised  up  by  God  to  perfect  the 

f:ood  work  he  had  commenced.  She 
requently  visited  him  for  his  blessing, 
advice  and  encouragement.  She  waa 
warned  of  his  approaching  end,  and  set 
out  with  four  oi  her  nuns  to  receive  hla 


H- 
■''t 


f-l 


^1 


.'■I 
Ml 


'i-i 


'I 


M 


BRI 


IBISH  CELTS. 


BRI 


dying  benediction  and  to  attend  his 
ODsequies.  Her  life  was  filled  with 
acts  of  mercy  and  charity.  She  labor- 
ed in  every  way  to  promote  the  glory 
of  Ood,  and  the  good  of  souls.  The 
consolations  of  a  life  overflowing  with 
good  works,  was  hers,  as  she  calmly 
and  serenely  awaited  the  inevitable  call, 
a  call  to  her  full  of  sweetness  and  hope, 
as  coming  from  her  Divine  Spouse  for 
whom  she  so  ardently  sighed.  She  was 
forewarned  of  her  approachingdeath, 
and  told  a  favorite  nun  named  Derlug- 
dacha  of  the  event,  who  was  distressed 
at  the  prospect  of  losing  her  beloved 
mother;  but  the  saint  told  her  to  be  con- 
soled for  one  year  from  the  day  of  her 
death  she  would  be  united  with  her  in 
heaven.  The  prediction  was  fulfilled 
and  St.  Bridget  having  received  the 
Blessed  Sacrament  from  the  hands  of 
St.  Neunnidh,  she  soon  after  passed 
away  in  the  odor  of  san  -Mty  on  the  Ist 
of  February,  535,  in  the  V2d  year  of 
her  age.  The  venerable  St.  Conlath 
had  died  some  time  before,  and  was  in- 
terred on  one  side  of  the  high  altar.  On 
the  other,  the  holy  remains  of  St.  Brid- 
get found  a  resiling  place.  Her  tomb 
was  the  resort  of  pious  pilgrims  for 
centuaries,  and  innumerable  cures  were 
attributed  to  her  intercession.  During 
the- invasion  of  the  Danes,  her  remains 
which  had  been  enshrined  were  removed 
to  a  place  of  safety.  This  church  was 
plundered  by  them  in  881.  The  re- 
mains were  subsequently  deposited 
with  those  of  St.  Patrick  in  the  Cath- 
edral of  Down  where  they  remained  for 
nearly  400  years,  or  until  the  more  bar- 
barous reformers  plundered  and  de- 
stroyed the  shrine.  The  relics  or  por- 
tions appears  to  have  been  preserved, 
for  we  find  by  Cardosus,  that  the  head 
of  St.  Bridget  was  in  a  church  of  the 
Cistercian  nuns  near  Lisbon,  where  her 
festival  and  an  office  is  yearly  held  on 
the  Ist  of  February,  ana  that  outside 
church  door  was  a  slab  with  this  in- 
scription, "  In  these  three  graves  are 
interred  the  three*  Irish  Knights  who 
brought  the  head  of  the  glorious  St. 
.Bridget  who  was  bom  in  Ireland,  and 
whose  relics  are  preserved  in  this  cha- 
T)el.  Erected  in  the  month  of  January, 
1288." 

Few  saints  were  perhaps  ever  honor- 
ed during  their  lifetime  as  was  Saint 
Bridget.  She  was  not  alone  regarded 
as  a  model  of  all  sanctity,  but  also  as  a 
special  friend  of  Ood,  who  could  obtain 


any  favor  asked.  She  was  consulted 
by  holy  Bishops,  and  it  is  said  that  her 
opinion  was  asked  for  by  an  Irish  Synod 
and  taken  as  authoritative  and|the  people 
called  her,  "Altera  Maria,  another 
'  'Mary  and  Mary  r -f  the  Irish. "  Churches 
in  her  honor  were  xo^nded  all  over  Eu- 
rope. In  Ireland,  her  name  is  justly 
held  in  the  highest  veneration,  and  the 
praises  bestowed  on  her  by  the  saintly 
writers  who  were  her  cotemporaries, 
show  that  she  was  indeed  preeimnent  for 
saintly  qualities,  when  so  marked  in 
days  m  which  the  Isle  was  filled  with 
saints.  The  ruins  of  the  ancient  church 
of  Eildare  still  exist* 

BRIEN,  BOIROIMHE,  one  of  the 
wisest,  and  most  celebrated  of  the  Irish 
Monarchs,  was  son  of  Eennede,  Prince 
of  Thormond  of  the  race  of  Heber, 
who  governed  Munstsr  during  the  per- 
fidious imprisonment  of  Keallachan, 
the  king,  by  the  Danes.  It  was  Ken- 
nede,  who  planned  the  expedition  by 
sea  and  land,  which  led  to  the  release 
of  the  king  and  the  tragic  death  of 
Sitrick,  the  Danish  prince,  byFiongall, 
the  commander  of  the  Irish  fleet,  who 
sprang  with  him  into  the  sea,  at  the 
bloody  naval  action  in  the  Harbor  of 
Dundalk.  Brien  succeeded  his  brother 
Mahon  on  the  throne  of  Munster,  A.  D. 
056.  He  had  already  signalized  himself 
against  the  Danes,  as  general  of  the 
Munster  forces,  and  on  succeeding  to 
the  throne,  after  chastising  the  murder- 
ers of  his  brother  and  O'Faolan,  prince 
of  Desie,  who  supported  their  quarrel, 
he  turned  his  arms  against  the  Danes, 
who  bad  made  an  alliance  with  the  king 
of  Leinster,  and  defeated  them  in  several 
bloody  battles ;  compelling  the  Leinster 
people  to  pay  tribute,  and  scourging  the 
Danps  out  of  those  provinces.  He  also 
declared  war  against  the  Danes  of  Dub- 
lin and  advancing  against  that  city,  he 
defeated  them  with  a  loss  of  6,000  killed 
and  after  raising  the  walls  he  plundered 
the  city  and  took  hostages.  The  leth- 
argy, and  criminal  indifference  of 
Malichi,  the  Monarch,  towards  the 
Danes,  and  their  ravages,  aroused  the 
indignation  of  Bricn,  and  calling  to- 
gether the  princes  of  Munster  and  Con- 
naught,  it  was  decreed  by  them  that 
Malichi  r'  ould  be  dethroned  and  Brien 
placed  in  his  stead,  as  one  who  had 
demonstrated  his  ability  to  curb  the 
insolence  and  aggressions  of  the  Danes. 
Bricn  at  once  moiched  with  a  powerful 


they 


BBI 


XBISH  OBVn. 


BRI 


-aiaj  to  Tara,  and  compelled  Mallchi 
to  abdicate  without  a  blow,  who  how- 
e!7er  retained  his  title  of  king  of  Meath, 
his  patrimony.  The  sceptre  of  Ireland, 
which  had  been  held  by  the  descendants 
•of  Hermon  almost  uninterruptedly  from 
the  advent  of  the  Celto-Milesians,  now 
passed  to  those  of  Heber  A.  D.  1002. 
Having  received  the  homage  of  O'Con- 
nor, king  of  Connaught,  and  the  princes 
of  that  province,  he  entered  Ulster  with 
an  army  of  20,000  men,  principally  of 
his  own  tribe  of  Dal-Cass.  He  was  re- 
edved  with  every  mark  of  honor  by  the 
people,  and  by  Maelmury,  Archbishop 
©f  Annagh,  and  was  visited  here  by 
Hugh  O'lieill,  king  of  Ulster,  who  ac- 
knowledged him  as  Monarch.  Having 
thus  without  a  blow,  or  a  drop  of  blood, 
established  his  authority,  he  repaired  to 
'  Tara,  where  he  was  solemnly  crowned  in 
an  assembly  of  Bishops  and  Nobles. 
He  immediately  set  to  work  to  put  pub- 
lic affairs  into  order,  enacted  new  laws 
which  were  necessary  to  meet  the 
changes  in  the  times,  and  secure  the 
pubhc  welfare,  and  saw  that  all  laws 
were  strictly  enforced,  and  respected. 
He  made  the  resident  Danes  rebuild  the 
-churches  they  had  destroyed,  as  well  as 
the  monasteries  and  schools  of  learning. 
He  re-established  the  great  universities, 
which  the  ravages  of  so  many  years  of 
war  had  ruined.  He  founded  new 
ones,  all  of  which  he  liberallv  endowed. 
He  encouraged,  and  honored  all  distin- 
guished for  their  learning,  making 
science  and  knowledge  flourish  once 
again,  as  It  did  before  the  barbarians 
had  visited  the  island,  with  their  plun- 
dering expeditions.  He  also  restored 
old  proprietors  to  the  possessions  which 
they  had  lost  by  Danish  plunder,  built 
fortresses  in  every  commanding  posi- 
tion, in  which  he  placed  garrisons  for 
the  public  safety ;  repaired  and  paved 
the  public  highways  throughout  the 
kingdom,  building  bridges  over  the 
rivers,  and  marshes,  so  that  travel  mi^ht 
be  easy  and  expeditious.  He  also 
caused  to  be  adopted  the  use  of  sur- 
names,  so  as  to  more  easily  preserve  the 
genealogy  of  families;  the  governing 
families  taking  the  additional  Mac.  or 
O'  to  designate  their  descent  from  a  no* 
ble  and  illustrious  ancestor,  O'  mean- 
ing of  and  Mac.  son  of.  Brien  resided 
pnncipally  at  Kean-Coradh,  on  the 
Danks  of  the  Shannon,  where  he  held 
his  court  and  transacted  the  affairs  of 
the  kingdom,  assisted  by  a  great  con- 


course of  princes  f  roqi  all  parts  of  the 
kingdom.  Peace  which  had  now  reign- 
ed for  about  ten  years,  was  unfortunate- 
ly broken  by  an  affront  which  Mac  Mur- 
chad,  king  of  Leinster,  and  brother-in- 
law  to  the  Monarch  had  received  from 
Morrough,  eldest  son  of  the  Monarch, 
while  attending  Court.  He  suddenly 
departed  for  his  province  without  tak- 
ing leave  of  any  one,  and  determining 
on  revenge,  he  secretly  made  an  alliance 
with  8itrick  prince  of  the  Dublin 
Danes,  who  privately  sent  an  express  to 
the  king  of  Denmark  for  aid.  That 
kin^  seeing  a  favorable  opportunity  of 
again  getting  a  footing  and  possessions 
in  Ireland,  sent  his  sons,  Charles  Crot, 
and  Andrew,  in  a  fleet  with  12,000men 
who  were  farther  reinforced  by  4,000 
liwe^ians  from  the  Hebrides.  They 
landed  in  Dublin,  and  were  joined  by 
all  tl^e  Danes  then  in  Ireland,  together 
with  the  Leinster  troops  making  a  formi- 
dable army.  The  Monarch  on  behold- 
ing the  gathering  storm  assembled  hia 
gallant  Munster  men,  who  were  flll^ 
with  enthusiasm,  the  prestige  of  victory, 
as  they  recounted  the  heoric  deeds  of 
the  past  against  these  same  enemies  of 
their  country,  and  under  the  same 
heoric  leader  who  had  led  them  twenty- 
flve  times  to  victory,  and  who,  although 
in  his  88  year,  was  about  to  lead  them 
once  again.  He  was  joined  by  the  king 
of  Connaught  and  Mulichi,  late  Moo 
arch,  king  of  Meath,  with  their  forces 
in  all  amounting  to  80,000  men.     He 

Sbve  the  chief  command  of  the  array  to 
orrough  his  son,  who  led  the  right. 
He  himself  with  O'Kelly  prince  of  Con- 
naught headed  the  center,  while  Malichi 
commanded  the  left.  Everythinc:  being 
ready  they  pressed  on  towards  l>ublin 
and  found  the  enemy  aw£  ^ng  them,  in 
a  chosen  jjosition,  on  thepiuinsof  Clon- 
tarf,  two  miles  from  the  city.  The 
Irish  troops,  eager  for  the  fray,  advanc- 
ed against  the  enemy  at  8  o'clock  on  the 
morning  of  Good  Friday,  April  28, 
1014,  when  the  most  bloody  and  mem- 
orable battle  in  Irish  history  was  fought. 
Malichi  after  the  first  brush  on  some 
flismy  pretext  remained  with  his  troops 
an  idle  spectator  of  the  conflict,  but  the 
remainder  of  the  Irisli  forces  made  up 
in  valor  what  they  lost  or  lacked  in 
numbers  ;  for  after  a  most  desperate 
and  sanguinary  conflict,  whicl>.  lasted 
untill  5  o'cloclc  in  the  af  terno  m,  they 
gained  a  glorious  and  decisive  victory ; 
and  crushed  the  hopes  and  the  power 


■M 


BBI 


nUBK  GBIAVL 


BBO 


of  the  Danes  in  Ireland  forever.  About 
20,000  men  lay  dead  on  the  field  of 
battle,  of  whom  13,000  were  Danes  and 
their  allies,  and  among  them  the  king 
of  Leinster  and  the  two  sons  of  the  king 
of  Denmark,  Bruadar  Admiral  of  the 
fleet,  and  many  chiefs.  The  victonr 
was  not  however  cheaply  purchased. 
The  gallant  old  monarch,  after  prod- 
igies of  valor,  at  length  retired  to  his 
tent  to  rest  and  pray,  and  although  too 
exhausted  to  fight,  his  arms  were  lifted 
in  prayer  to  the  God  of  his  fathers  that 
success  might  crown  their  efforts ; 
while  thus  absorbed,  he  was  noticed 
and  recognized  by  a  retreating  band  of 
Danes,  headed  by  Bruadar,  the  Admiral, 
who  slew  him  as  he  knelt ;  but  every 
man  of  them  was  put  to  the  sword  be- 
fore they  could  reach  their  vessels. 
Morrough  son  of  Brien,  and  command- 
er of  the  Irish  forces,  was  also  among 
the  slain  as  well  as  his  son  Turloii^h, 
and  O'Kellv,  prince  of  Connaught,  with 
manv  chiefs  and  lords.  Thus  ended 
the  life  of  this  glorious  Irish  monarch, 
who  was  as  distinguished  for'  wis- 
don,  as  valor ;  for  greatness  of  soul  as 
for  military  exploits. 

BRIEUC,  SAINT,  was  born  in  Ire- 
land and  flourished  in  the  5th  century. 
He  went  to  the  continent  to  preach  the 
gospel,  and  founded  a  monastery  which 
was  the  origin  of  the  present  town  of 
that  name  in  the  department  of  Cote- 
du-Kord-France.  He  converted  large 
nnmbers  of  the  Franks  and  other  bar- 
barians to  Christianity,  and  established 
schools  where  all  the  learning  af  the  age 
was  taught. 

BRIGGS,  REV.  WILLIAM,  one  of 
the  most  prominent  and  able  ministers 
of  the  M.  E.  Church  in  Canada,  was 
born  in  Ireland  in  1880,  and  became 
connected  with  the  Canadian  branch  of 
his  church  in  1850.  H  was  soon  re- 
cognized as  one  of  its  ablest  membci-s, 
and  is  highly  esteemed  for  his  learning 
and  eloquence. 

BRISAY.  REV.  THEOPHILUS,  a 
protestant  aivine,  and  first  protestant 
clergyman  who  was  stationed  on  Prince 
Edwards  Island,  was  born  in  Tipper- 
ary,  Ireland,  in  1764,  and  was  appoint- 
ed by  Royal  warrant  to  the  parish  of 
Charlotte,  in  1776.  He  was  acting 
Gov.  of  the  island  for  a  time,  and  was 
an  able  supporter  of  educational  and 


other  progressive  movements  on  the  is- 
land.   He  died  in  1828. 

BRODRICK,  SIR  ALLAN,  a  law- 
yer  of  eminence,  was  bom  in  County 
Cork,  Ireland,  about  1680,  and  after 
having  filled  the  chair  of  the  Irish 
House  of  Commons,  held  successively 
the  ofllces  of  Solicitor  and  Attorney 
General  and  Lord  High  Chancellor.  Hie 
was  elevated  to  the  peerage  in  1715  and 
created  Vercount  Middleton,  in  1717. 
He  died  in  1728. 

BRODERICK,  DAVID  C,  a  talen^ 
ed  American  legislator  and  politician, 
was  bom  in  the  District  of  Columbia, 
December,  1818,  of  Irish  parents.  His- 
father  was  a  stone-cutter  and  worked 
on  the  Capitol  building,  and  it  is  said 
that  some  of  the  columns  in  the  old 
Senate  chamber,  where  his  son  after- 
wards sat  among  the  greatest  of  the- 
land,  were  cut  and  placed  by  him.  He 
died  when  David  was  quite  young,  and 
his  widow,  theninN.Y.  City,  had  to  sup- 
port her  young  family  by  toilsome  labor 
of  the  humblest  kind.  Toung  David  con* 
sequently  received  but  a  rudementary 
education  in  the  common  schools  of 
that  city,  and  while  yet  but  a  child,, 
had  to  add  his  labor  in  aiding  his  moth* 
er  to  support  the  family.  Being  quick, 
bright  and  manly  he  soon  puiuied  hi» 
way  along,  and  when  large  enough  he 
engaged  himself  to  learn  the  trade  of 
his  father.  As  he  advanced  towards 
manhood  he  took  an  active  interest  in' 
politics,  and  his  natural  ability  and  en- 
ergy soon  gained  him  prominence  in 
local  politics.  Ward  and  municipal 
honors  were  accorded  to  him,  and  he- 
did  not  fail  to  cultivate  his  talents  tO' 
meet  the  positions  in  which  he  was 
placed,  and  his  mind,  clear  and  capa* 
cious,  improved  and  expanded  by  his 
contact  with  cultivated  men  of  the 
world.  In  1849,  when  the  golden  vis- 
ion of  California's  richness  burst  upon 
the  country,  Broderick,  like  thousands 
of  others,  was  dazzled  by  the  prospects 
and  he  transferred  his  fortunes  to  the- 
new  "Eldorado."  His  habits  and  in- 
stincts as  a  politician  followed  him  to 
his  new  home  and  he  quickly  became 
identified  with  the  active  politics  of  the 
new  country,  and  was  a  member  of  the 
convention  which  drafted  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  new  state.  Bold,  fearless, 
energetic  and  talented,  he  was  such  a 
man  as  the  stormy  elements  of  the  time 


•'\' 


BBO 


nUSH  OOiLTS. 


BBO 


and  place  could  admire.  He  became  a 
leader  of  his  party  (Democratic)  and 
was  elected  a  state  senator  in  18/)0,  and 
president  of  that  body  in  1851 .  In  1856 
after  a  hot  struggle  he  was  elected  one 
of  the  U.  S.  senators  from  that  state, 
and  the  little  orphan  boy  of  yesterday, 
struggling  amidst  the  great  sea  of  hu- 
manity in  New  York  City  for  bread,  is 
now  the  peer  of  Webster  and  of  Clay, 
whose  genius  and  eloquence  were 
charming  senates  as  he  there  started  his 
struggle  for  bread.  A  brilliant  future  lay 
before  him;  he  was  but  in  the  early 
prime  of  life ;  and  yet  through  the  force 
alone  of  his  character  and  commanding 
abilities,  he  not  only,  unaided,  but  op- 
posed by  talented  and  cultivated  states- 
men, mastered  all  opposition,  and  won 
a  position  which  but  few  men  of  the 
same  age  (37)  with  every  advantage — 
education,  wealth  and  powerful  friends 
— seldom  attain.  Nor  did  he  prove  un- 
equal to  the  high  station,  for  although 
the  U.  S.  senate,  at  the  time  of  his  en- 
tering, contained  some  of  the  greatest 
min£  that  ever  adorned  that  Dody — 
Webster,  Clay,  Calhoun,  Cass,  Benton 
— and  questions  of  the  gravest  impor- 
tance were  agitating  Congress,  yet  the 
young  senator  took  a  prominent  part  in 
the  great  debates,  and  was  not  less  not- 
ed for  his  manly  independence  and  de- 
fiance of  party  dictation,  especially  as 
to  the  slavery  (question,  than  for  his 
commanding  ability;  earning  the  ap- 
plause and  admiration  of  his  great  co- 
temporaries.  On  returning  home  in  1859 
he  became  involved  in  some  political  and 
personal  antagonism  with  Chief  Justice 
Terry  of  that  state,  which  ended  in  a 
duel,  in  which  he  was  unfortunately 
killea,  being  at  the  time  only  40  years 
of  age. 

BROOKE,  HENRY,  a  writer  of  abil- 
ity and  merit,  was  born  in  1706,  at 
Kantavau,  Ireland,  and  was  bred  to  the 
bar.  He  was  the  friend  of  Swift  and 
Pope,  the  latter  of  whom  is  said  to  have 
encouraged,  if  not  assisted  him,  in  his 
poem  of  Universal  Beauty,  which  ap- 
peared in  1782.  Darwin  seemed  to  have 
made  the  versification  of  this  poem  the 
model  of  his  own.  Brooke's  next  pro- 
duction was  the  tragedy  of  Gustavus 
Vasa,  which  in  consequence  of  its  sup- 
posed political  tendency,  the  licenser 
would  not  allow  to  be  acted.  The 
author  however  published  it  by  sub- 
Mription  and  gained  a  thousand  pounds. 


He  soon  after  returned  to  Ireland,  and 
received  a  government  employment, 
which  he  held  till  his  death,  which  oc- 
curred in  1788.  One  of  the  most  fin- 
ished and  popular  of  his  works  is  the 
"Pool  of  Quality."  His  dramatic  and 
miscellaneous  works  form  four  octavo 
volumes. 

BROOKE,  PRANCES,  whose  maid- 
en  name  was  Moore,  was  the  daughter 
of  an  Irish  clergyman,  bom  about  1720. 
Her  first  published  production  was  a 
periodical  called  "  The  Old  Maid,  which 
appeared  in  1755  and  '66,  she  wrote  the 
tragedies  of  "Virginia"  and  the  "Siege 
of  Sinope ;"  besides  the  musical  drama* 
of  Rosinaand  Marian,  the  novels  "Lady 
Julia  Mandeville,"  "Emily  Montague,'*^ 
&c.,  and  the  memoirs  of  the  Marquis- 
de  St.  Porlaix,  also  numerous  transla- 
tion of  letters  and  history.  She  died 
in  1789. 

BROOKE,  GUSTAVUS  VAU- 
GHAN,  a  celebrated  Irish  tragedian 
who  stood  at  the  head  of  his  pro- 
fession in  Great  Britain.  He  was  bom 
in  Ireland  in  1818,  and  was  an  actor  of 
eminent  naturalness  and  power  and  of 
great  popularity.  He  was  second  ta 
none,  perhaps,  who  ever  trod  the  Eng- 
lish stage. 

BROOKE,  REV.  STAPPORD,  a 
talented  divine  of  the  church  of  Eng- 
land, was  born  in  Dublin,  in  1882,  and 
was  educated  at  Trinity  College  in  that 
city,  where  he  graduated  in  1853.  He 
subsequently  received  orders.  In  1857 
he  became  curate  of  St.  Matthews, 
Maiylabone,  London,  and  became  pop- 
ular by  his  eloquence.  He  was  after- 
wards appointed  rector  of  St.  Jame'sand 
Bedford  Chapels  and  in  1872  was  mnde 
chaplain  in  ordinary  to  the  Queen. 
Among  his  works  are  Theology  of  the 
.English  Poets,  "  A  Primer  of  English 
Jiiteratiure,"  "Sermons,"  &c. 

BROPHEY,  REV.  George,  a  noted 
and  learned  Irish  divine,  was  born  near 
Kilkenny,  Ireland  in  1776.  His  father 
took  part  in  the  Rebellion  of  '98,  and 
was  present  at  the  Battle  of  Vinegar 
Hill,  he  was  afterwards  captured  and 
executed  by  the  British.  Youni^  Brop« 
hey  who  from  an  early  age  was  destined 
forthepriesthood,receivcd  his  education 
at  Carlow  College  and  at  the  Irish  Col- 
lege in  Paris,  where  he  was  ordained  in 


.   I. 


BRO 


IRISH  CELTS. 


BRO 


1789.  Besides  his  classical  learning  he 
'Was  proficient  at  this  time  in  the  French, 
^Spanish,  Italian,  English  and  Irish 
'languages.  While  in  France  during 
theKevolution  he  became  personally  ac- 

Suainted  with  its  leaders  and  considered 
Canton,  Robespierre  and  Marat  human 
fiends..  He  had  also  many  personal 
conversations  with  Napoleon  and  when 
Napoleon  was  taken  prisoner  by  the 
English  and  was  about  being  sent  to  St. 
Helena,  Father  Brr  liey  w"^  among 
the  vast  concourse,  -■...  >».  lif  \...ic'l  to  ?us 
last  words  on  the  sol,'  ;;f  S?rance.  He 
«lso  assisted  at  the  ;^'.n!:ul  ;>:  3quies 
held  in  1883,  whenthei«*>wirf«i,iUona- 
parte  were  brought  back  io  nis  be  "d 
France  for  interment.  He  witne^^^e*' 
the  attempt  on  the  life  of  Louis  Philippe 
by  Fuschi,  beholding  the  terrible  ex- 
;piosion  and  the  havoc  it  caused.  Fath- 
er Brophey  attended  the  illustrious  La- 
fayette in  his  last  illness,  assisting  Arch- 
bishop Duponton  and  was  there  at  the 
time  of  his  death.  In  1848  Father 
Brophey  came  to  America  and  was  ap- 
pointed pastor  of  St.  Paul's  Chiu'ch  N. 
X.  City.  During  his  ministry  there  he 
built  nine  churches.  Under  his  spirit- 
ual instruction  the  late  Archbishop 
Bailey  was  converted  from  Protestant- 
ism and  by  his  advice  went  to  Rome, 
where  he  was  received  into  the  church. 
He  became  personally  acquainted  with 
many  of  the  most  eminent  men  of  his 
•day  and  amongst  them  he  coimted  Presi- 
dents Tyler,  Polk,  Filmore,  Pierce, 
Buchanan  and  Lincoln.  He  removed 
to  Iowa  in  1865,  and  although  in  his 
^th  year  proposed  to  establish  an  Irish 
College  and  for  that  purpose  purchased 
A  large  tract  of  land  near  Boone,  but 
for  some  reason  the  project  was  never 
pushed  forward.  After  some  few 
years  more  of  priestly  labor  he  removed 
to  Davenport,  Iowa,  and  entered  Mercy 
Hospital  to  spend  the  remainder  of  his 
days.  There  tenderly  cared  for  by  the 
dsters  he  spent  the  last  years  of  his  long 
iind  eventful  life,  performing  as  he 
could  the  divine  offices  and  minister- 
ing still  to  relieve  the  heavy  laden.  At 
length  worn  out  with  age  he  layed  down 
his  Durthen  at  the  call  of  the  Master 
whom  he  had  so  long  and  faithfully 
served.  He  died  Oct.  16,  1880  at  the 
great  age  of  105  years. 

BROME,  ALEXANDER,  a  relative 
«nd  friend  of  the  succeeding,  was  a 
writer  of  considerable  talent  and  spirit 


Satires,  songs  and  epigrams  without 
stint  he  poured  out  against  the  parlia- 
mentary party,  during  the  struggle  be- 
tween the  parliament  and  the  crown. 
He  also  wrote  a  comedy,  "The  Cun- 
ning Lovers,"  and  edited  an  edition  of 
Richard  Brome's  plays.  He  died  in 
1666. 

BROME,  RICHARD,  a  dramatist  of 
considerable  merit,  and  cotemporary 
and  friend  of  Ben  Johnson,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Ireland,  and  on  first  comingto 
England  hired  out  as  a  servant.  He 
wrote  fifteen  plays,  some  of  which  were 
very  popvilar  m  meir  day.  He  died  in 
1653. 

BRONTE,  ANNA,  one  of  the  cele- 
brated sisters  of  that  nnme,  whose  lives 
fill  us  with  mingled  feelings  of  sorrow, 
admiration  and  regret.  See  the  follow- 
ing sketch  of  Charlotte. 

BRONTE,  CHARLOTTE,  one   of 

the  most  celebrated  literary  notables  of 
her  age,  was  the  daughter  of  an  Irish 
clergyman,  Patrick  Bronte,  who  short- 
ly before  her  birth  became  curate  of  a 
poor  English  parish  at  Thorton,  York- 
shire, where  Charlotte  was  bom,  April 
21,  1816,  In  1820,  they  removed  to 
Harworth  to  which  her  father  had  been 
appointed  rector.  About  this  time  her 
mother  died,  leaving  a  family  of  little 
cUldren,  who  had  in  great  part,  to  look 
to  themselves  for  occupation  and 
amusement.  The  limited  resources 
of  their  father,  compelled  the  chil- 
dren early  to  learn  lessons  of  econ- 
omy and  thrift,  and  sharpened  and  de- 
veloped the  intellectual  faculties  of 
these  quick  witted  children,  surrounded 
as  they  were,  by  a  people  notoriously 
dull  and  unimaginative.  In  1824  four 
of  the  sisters  were  put  to  school  at  a 
place  called  Cowars  Bridge.  Two  of 
them  died  the  following  year  from  dis- 
eases contracted  there,  more  from  neg- 
lect, and  bad  and  Insufficient  food, 
than  any  other  cause.  Charlotte  and 
Emily  returned  home,  and  for  several 
years  attended  to  household  duties,  but 
devoting  much  of  their  spare  time  to 
writing,  more  to  satisfy  a  desire,  than 
for  any  distinct  motive.  It  tended 
however  to  develope  Uielr  natural 
powers  and  quickened  their  observation. 
In  1886  Charlotte  was  arain  sent  to 
school,  where  she  remained  two  years. 
At  this  time  adversity,  lack  of  proper 


BBO 


naBn  OEiyrs.^ 


BRO 


social  surroundings,  apart  from  home, 
and  the  loss  of  two  of  her  dear  sister 
companions,  had  made  our  little  wo- 
man serious,  if  not  despondent;  with  no 
desire  for  aught  but  serious'  thoughts 
and  the  acquirement  pf  useful  informa- 
tion. Although  serious,  her  compan- 
ions at  school  soon  found  her  interest- 
ing, as  the  developement  of  her  ima- 
ginative piower  and  its  practical  train- 
m^  by  writing  had  made  her  an  inter- 
esting story  teller,  and  she  was  often 
called  upon  to  entertain  them.  In  1835 
she  was  employed  in  this  school  as  a 
teacher,  but  the  drudgery  wore  upon  her 
health  and  spirits,  and  she  was  com- 
pelled to  give  it  up.  :  She  then  tried  ae 
governess;  but  the  family  were  unap- 

Ereciative  and  uncongenial,  and  she 
ad  too  much  self-respect  and  indepen- 
dence to  be  continually  slighted  by  in- 
feriors. The  sisters  then  determined  to 
start  a  school  of  their  own,  and  for  this 

Eurpose  Charlotte  and  Emily  went  to 
Inissels  to  perfect  themselves  in  French, 
&c.  At  the  end  of  six  months  they 
were  employed  in  the  school  as  teach- 
ers. Emily  remained  but  a  year,  and 
Charlotte  remained  two.  In  1844  she 
returned,  and  they  made  arrangements 
to  open  a  school;  sent  circulars,  and 
secured  many  words  of  encouragement 
but  when  the  day  of  opening  came,  no 
scholars  appeared.  Such  was  the  hard 
fortune  of  these  Indefatigable  girls. 
They  now  divided  their  time  between 
household  duties  and  literary  labors, 
and  in  1846,  produced  a  volume  of 
poems,  under  the  names  of  "Carrier, 
Ellis  and  Acton  Bell."  It  did  not  prove 
a  paying  risk,  and  then  each  of  the 
sisters  set  about  writing  a  novel.  Char- 
lotte produced  "The  Professor,"  Emily, 
"Welthering  Heights,"  and  Anne, 
"Agnes  Gray."  Charlotte  nowhere 
found  a  publisher,  but  the  other  two, 
were  more  fortunate,  and  met  with  fair 
success.  Charlotte,  disappointed  but 
undismayed,  went  again  to  work,  and 
produced  "Jane  Eyre,"  which  was 
published  In  1857,  and  met  with   un- 

Erecedented  success;  and  was  translated 
ito  most  European  languages.  Thus  was 
this  indefatigable  and  herdc  Uttle  wo- 
man at  length  rewarded.  All  this  time 
these  modest  but  heroic  girls  were  un- 
known even  to  their  publishers,  and  were 
supposed  to  be  men;  especially  as  their 
assumed  names  "Currier,  Ellis  and  Act- 
on," sounded  that  way,  and  before  the 
world  knew  their  indentity  two  of  them 


had  passed  away,  broken  down  by  a  hard< 
fate,  disappointment  and  labor.  Em- 
ily  died  in  Dec,  1866  and  Anne  the  fol- 
lowing May.  Charlotte's  only  solace-' 
under  her  great  afflictions  was  to  write, 
and  in  Oct.  '49  she  published  "Shirley" 
and  through  it  her  identity  was  dis- 
covered. In  1853  she  published  "Vilet- 
te"  which  was  received  with  unbounded! 
praise.  In  1854  she  married  Rev.  Aj- 
thur  NichoUs,  her  father's  curate,  and 
in  March,  1855  she  died.  After  her 
death,  the  "Professor,"  her  rejected 
work,  was  published,  and  proved  near- 
ly as  popular  as  any.  This  family  was- 
certainly  a  most  extraordinary  one,  pos- 
sessing talents  of  a  high  order,  deve- 
loped under  the  most  un^'vvorable  cir>- 
cumstances.  Perhaps  f r  ,  .'  'ny  work 
of  the  imagination  ever  >  ibh  sd,  had 
as  large  a  class  of  in+i'Mectv  readers' 
as  Jane  Eyre,  or  ere  .  ^  c  .,  ;«.fe  pro- 
found impression. 

BRONTE,  EMII Y,  sis  er  of  the 
foregoing,  and  thr  loving  and  loved 
partner  of  her  woi'.  or  Joys,  and  her 
sorrows,  was  but  liu  j  i  any  inferior  to 
her  in  genius.  The  almost  uniform' 
sadness  of  her  life  must  bring  tears  tO' 
every  eye,  and  every  generous  breast 
must  feel  regret  and  sorrow  that  she  did 
not  live  to  feel  the  sunlight  which  her 
countless  admirers  would  so  willingly 
surround  her  with.    See  preceding. 

BROUGHAM,  JOHN,  an  eminent 
Irish-American  actor,  dramatist  and 
scholar,  was  born  in  Dublin,  May  8, 
1810.  He  received  his  education  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  where  he  grad- 
uated with  honor.  Chas.  Lever,  the 
celebrated  Irish  novelist,  was  one  of  his 
class-mates,  and  it  is  said  his  friend 
Brougham  furnished  him  the  tnodel  for 
theonginalof  'Harry  Lorequer.'  Broug- 
ham  studied  medicine  but  never  prac- 
ticed, his  passion  for  the  drama  being 
so  strong  that  he  finally  adopted  the- 
stage,  and  made  his  debut  in  London, 
1880,  in  "Tom  and  Jerry."  In  1883  he 
joined  the  company  of  Madame  Yestris- 
flrst  at  the  Olympic,  and  afterwards  at 
Covent  Garden  as  general  utility  man, 
and  in  1840  he  launched  out  in  the  im- 
certain  sea  of  theatrical  management 
and  met  the  usual  success.  About  this 
time  too,  he  made  bis  first  attempt  as  a 
dramatist,  and  produced  "Life  in  the 
Clouds."  In  1843  he  came  to  the  U.  8. 
to  better  his  fortune,  and  made  his  de> 


■m 


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IRISH  CELTS 


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but  at  the  Park  Theatre,  1<.  Y.,  as 
"Tim  Moore,"  in  the  Irish  Lion,  and  he 
■ever  afterwards  was  a  favorite  with  the 
American  public.  His  unlucky  star 
was  a  strong  penchant  for  theatrical 
management  wh*ch  repeated  misfor- 
tunes failed  to  cure.  He  founded 
Brougham's  Lyceum,  afterwards  con- 
ducted by  Lester  Wallack,  tried  the 
Bowery  and  then  Fisk's  5th  Avenue, 
and  lost  money  in  every  venture.  He 
produced  many  plays,  burlesques  and 
adaptations,  and  was  an  elegant  graphic 
and  natural  writer  and  constructor. 
Among  his  productions  are,  "The 
Haunted  Man,"  and  "Gold  Dust."  The 
most  successful  of  his  comedies,  "Play- 
ing with  IFire,"  was  a  marked  success 
in  l^ew  York  and  Loudon.  He  wrote 
the  "Duke's  Motto,"  for  Fechter.  In 
1861  he  went  to  London  and  played  a 
successful  engagement,  and  returning 
to  New  York  resumed  his  labors  in 
both  lines.  The  failure  of  the  bank  in 
which  he  deposited,  swept  away  all  his 
-savings,  at  a  time  too  when  he  most 
needed  them,  for  his  health  was  fast 
becoming  impaired.  He  however  bore 
bravely  up  against  his  misfortunes.  His 
great  popularity  with  his  professional 
brethren  insured  him  a  magniflcent 
benefit  in  which  some  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished American  actors  took  part, 
and  which  realized  for  him  $10,000. 
He  did  not  live  long  to  benefit  by  the 
kindness  of  his  friends,  for  the  disease, 
inflammatorv  rheumatism,  which  had 
fastened  itself  upon  him  and  had  ren- 
•dered  it  impossible  for  him  to  practice 
his  profession,  soou  attacked  vital  parts 
^md  he  died  June  7,  1879,  in  the  seven* 
tietii  year  of  his  age.  Brougham  was 
not  only  an  elegant  writer  and  a  polished 
actor,  but  he  was  a  scholarly  and  culti- 
vated gentleman,  and  unrivalled  as  a 
conversationalist,  overflowing  with  wit, 
humor  and  anecdote,  supported  by  a 
lively  and  brilliant  imagination.  It 
may  be  easily  conceived  that  he  was 
ever  the  welcome  guest  of  the  social 
circle,  as  well  as  the  idolized  companion 
of  those  who  loved  a  feast  of  reason  and 
a  flow  of  soul.  He  left  an  auto-biography 
and  an  unpublished  Irish  play  called 
Home  Rule.  And  here  we  must  say 
that  in  his  Irish  characters  John  Broug- 
ham may  be  credited  with  having  cre- 
ated a  new  and  more  worthy  standard 
for  the  stage  Irishman,  discarding  the 
low  buffoonery  which  had  characterized 
jthem  b^ore  liis  time,  he  placed  them 


on  the  stage  full  indeed  of  their  native 
wit  and  humor,  but  with  a  dignity  and 
depth  of  pathos  eminently  characteris- 
tic of  that  great  and  unrivalled  race, 
and  for  which  he  is  entitled  to  the  ben- 
edictions of  a  people  too  long  carica- 
tured, defamed  and  robbed,  by  the 
cunning  of  that  huge  fraud  called  An- 
glo-saxonism. 

BROWN,  ANDREW,  a  patriot  and 
writer  of  note  during  the  American  re- 
volution, was  a  native  of  Ireland,  and 
came  to  America,  in  1773,  as  a  British 
soldier.  He  left  the  service,  and  es- 
poused the  cause  of  the  colonies.  He 
fought  at  Lexington  and  Bunker  Hill, 
and  continued  with  pen  and  sword  to 
uphold  the  cause.  After  the  conclusion 
of  the  war  he  opened  a  school  in  Penn- 
sylvania, and  some  time  afterwards 
started  the  "Federal  Gazette,"  which 
he  changed  to  the  "Philadelphia  Ga- 
zette "  so  as  to  divest  it  of  a  partisian 
appearance.  His  paper  became  very 
interesting  and  popular,  it  being  the 
medium  through  which  much  <h  the 
political  discussions  of  the  period  were 
carried  on.  His  death  was  caused  by  a 
terrible  calamity  which  befell  himself 
and  family  in  1797.  His  wife  and  three 
of  his  children  having  been  burned  to 
death  and  he  himself  receiving  fatal 
injuries  in  the  destruction  of  their  home 
by  fire.  One  son  alone  survived,  who 
succeeded  his  father  in  conducting  and 
editing  the  Gazette. 


BROWN,  CHARLES  BROOKDEN 
an  American  novelist  and  man  of  let- 
ters, was  bom  in  Philadelphia,  of  Irish 
extraction,  January,  1771.  After  a 
good  common  school  education  he  com- 
menced the  study  of  law,  but  having  a 
passion  for  literary  ptu^uits  he  aban- 
doned the  profession  and  gave  himself 
wholly  up  to  literature.  His  first  pub- 
lication was  "Alcuin,  or  the  Rights  of 
Women."  His  first  novel  was  Miland, 
published  in  1798,  a  powerful  and  ori- 
ginal romance,  after  which  followed 
"Ormond,"  succeei!«id  by  others  in  rap- 
id succession.  In  1799,  he  started  the 
"Monthly  Magazine  and  American  Re- 
gister," which  he  edited  for  five  years. 
He  also  wrote  about  this  time  some  able 
political  pamphlets,  besides  a  series  of 
American  annuals  and  left  unfinished  a 
system  of  geography  said  to  possess  un- 
common  merit.    He  died  in  1810.    • 


BBO 


IBISH  CEZiTB. 


BRO 


BROWN,  JACOB,  a  Major  General 
of  the  U.  S.  army,  was  the  son  of  Irish 
settlers  in  Pennsylvania,  where  he  was 
bom  in  1775.  He  first  adopted  the  pro- 
fession of  land  surveyor,  and  practiced 
his  profession  in  the  wilds  of  Ohio  before 
he  was  of  age.  He  went  from  thence 
to  New  York,  to  study  law,  and  taught 
school  to  sustain  himself.  From  thence 
he  went  to  the  shores  of  Lake  Ontario, 
to  work  out  his  fortune.  On  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  war  of  1812,  he  entered 
the  service  of  his  country  as  a  militia  offl- 
cer,and  so  greatly  did  he  distinguish  him- 
self in  the  defences  of  Ogdensburgh  and 
Sacketts  Harbor,  that  he  rapidly  rose 
in  rank,  and  in  1814  was  appointed  a 
brigadier,  and  afterwards  a  Major-Qen- 
eral  in  the  Regular  Army.  He  was 
placed  in  cbief  command  at  Niagara. 
He  comiaanded  in  person  at  the  battles 
of  Chippewa,  Niagara,  and  Fort  Erie. 
At  the  conclusion  of  the  war  Gen. 
Brown  and  Gen.  Jackson  were  alone 
retained  as  Major -Generals  ;  and  on 
the  retirement  of  Jackson,  in  1831,  he 
became  sole  commander  of  the  TJ.  S. 
Army.  He  died  at  Washington  in  1828, 
aged  52  years. 

BROWN,  JOHN  A.,  a  noted  Irish- 
American  philanthropist,  was  born  in 
Ireland  in  1778,  was  a  member  of  the 
celebrated  banking  firm  of  Brown  Bros. , 
and  came  to  the  U.  8.  as  manager  of  the 
PliJladelphia  branch  of  that  firm.  He 
was  distmguished  for  ability  and  cul- 
ture. He  died  in  1872. 
f 

BROWN,  THOMAS,  an  Irish  divine 
and  writer  of  note  in  his  day,  was  chap- 
lain to  the  bishop  of  Loughlin,  of 
whom  he  wrote  a  life.  He  flourished  iu 
the  early  part  of  the  16th  century, 

BROWN,  SIR  WM.,  a  distinguish- 
ed merchant,  writer,  and  public  bene- 
factor, was  born  in  Ireland  in  1784,  and 
In  his  12th  year,  came  to  the  U.  S.  with 
his  parents.  Here  he  laid  the  found- 
ation of  one  of  the  most  extensive 
mercantile  firms  in  the  world.  Es- 
tablishing the  principal  house  in  Liver- 
pool, he  oecame  the  leading  importer 
of  Ajnerican  Cotton.  He  was  naturally 
of  a  philanthropic  mind,  and  took  an 
abiding  interest  in  everything  that  re- 
lated to  the  improvement  of  the  masses. 
He  was  a  liberal  reformer,  an  advocate 
of  free-trade,  and  an  unceasing  promotor 
of  the  education  of   the  people.    He 


contributed  a  series  of  letters  to  the 
Pennsylvanian,  an  American  news- 
paper, which  attracted  much  attention 
and  controversy.  He  also  ably  advo- 
cated the  general  adoption  of  the 
decimal  coinage.  In  1857,  he  muni- 
ficently bestowed  $150,000,  for  the  es- 
tablishment of  a  free  public  library  at 
Liverpool,  and  the  magnificent  build- 
ing erected  there,  for  that  purpose,  owes 
its  existence  entirely  to  this  Irish  phil- 
anthropist.   He  died  in  1864. 

BROWNE,  ARTHUR,   L.  L.  D., 

professor  of  Greek  in  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  was  born  in  Newport,  R.  I., 
and  was  sent  by  his  father.  Rev.  Mr. 
Browne,  a  native  of  Ireland,  who  set- 
tled in  Newport,  to  Dublin  College  to 
be  educated.  His  father  dying  while 
our  subject  was  still  in  college,  he  re- 
mained there  ever  after.  He  represent- 
ed the  University  in  the  Irish  House  of 
Commons,  and  was  a  man  of  extensive 
leariiing.  He  wrote  a  compendium  of 
the  civil  law,  besides  two  volumes  of 
miscellaneous  papers.    He  died  iu  1805. 

BROWNE,  ARTHUR,  a  learned  and 
eloquent  clergyman  of  the  established 
church,  was  born  in  Ireland,  and  grad- 
uated at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in 
1729.  He  studied  for  the  ministry,  and 
after  his  ordination,  was  sent  to  Amer- 
ica as  a  missionary.  He  first  located  at 
Providence,  R.  I.,  but  in  1736  removed 
to  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  where  he  re- 
mained till  his  death  in  1778. 

BROWNE.    FRANCES,    an  Irish 

poetess  of  precocious  talent,  wasbom  in 
County  Donegal,  Jime  16, 1818.  When 
an  infant,  she  lost  her  sight  from  the 
effects  of  small-pox,  and  her  education 
was  entirely  acquired  by  hearing  her 
brothers  and  sisters  instructed,  and  from 
their  reading.  She  early  developed  a 
talent  for  poetry,  making  verses  at  the 
age  of  8eveu,and  was  almost  constantly- 
composing  in  verse  till  about  her  15th 
year,  when  hearing  the  works  of  Pope 
and  Byron  read,  she  perceived  her  own 
inferiority,  and  for  some  years  could 
not  be  persuaded  to  give  voice  to  any  of 
her  thoughts  in  verse.  In  1841,  she 
began  contributing  to  the  Atheneum  and 
other  periodicals,  and  iu  1844,  she  pub- 
lished a  small  volume  of  poems  which 
was  well  received.  Her  next  effort  wa  s 
"The  Legends  of  Ulster,"  and  in  1847  a 
volume    of    "  Lyrics ;    Miscellaneous 


1  i, ' 


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IBIBH  CKVSB. 


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Poems,"  and  a  novel  called  the  "Enik- 
■one."  In  1847  she  went  to  Edinburg 
and  afterwards  to  London  with  her  sis- 
ter, who  acted  as  her  amanuensis,  and 
there  she  still  remains  contributing 
to  the  literature  of  the  day.  In  1861 
she  published  "  My  Thoughts  of  the 
World,"  and  in  mi,  "  TLe  Hidden 
Sin,"  a  noyeL 

BROWNE,  OEORQE  COUNT  de, 
an  Irish  exile,  bom  in  1698.  On  his 
expatriation  he  went  to  the  continent, 
and  at  length  entered  the  Russian  ser- 
vice. He  saved  the  Empress  Anna  Iv- 
anovna  from  conspiracy  of  the  guards, 
and  served  with  distinction  under  Lacy, 
Himich  and  Eeith.  On  the  banks  of 
the  Volga,  with  only  three  thousand 
men,  he  Kept  at  bay  the  whole  Turkish 
army,  and  earned  the  praise  and  admir- 
ation of  his  co-temporaries.  He  was 
afterwards  taken  prisoner  by  the  Turks 
and  sold  as  a  slave ;  but  succeeded  in 
escaping.  In  the  seven  years  war  he 
distinguished  himself  at  uie  battles  of 
Prague,  Eollin,  Jaegendorf  and  Zom- 
dorff,  and  was  rewanled  with  the  gov- 
ernment of  Livonia.  After  holding  this 
administration  thirty  years  he  wbhed 
to  retire,  but  Catherine  II  replied, 
"Death  alone  shall  part  us."  He  died 
in  the  faith  of  his  fathers  in  1792,  at  the 
age  of  ninety-six. 

BROWNE,  HENRIETTE,  (Mme. 
Desault,)  a  talentod  French  artist,  bom 
in  Paris  in  1829,  is  a  descendant  of  the 
celebrated  Irish  General  Brown,  who 
setUed  in  France  after  the  battle  of  Col- 
loden,  and  distinguished  himself  in  the 
service  of  that  country.  Her  produc- 
tions are  held  in  high  repute  in  England 
as  well  as  France;  She  has  produced 
numerous  works  both  in  oil  and  etch- 
ing. Among  them,  "The  Puritans'" 
"Consolation,"  "The  Woman  of 
ElusiB,"  "A  Court  at  Damascus," 
"Nubian  Dancers,"  &o. 

BROWNE,  JOHN  ROSS.,  an  Ameri- 
can traveller  and  Author  was  bom  in 
Ireland  in  1817,  and  emigrated  with 
his  father  to  the  U.  S.  who  settled  in 
Kentucky,  with  his  family.  When  18 
years  of  age  John  went  to  Washington, 
beingat  that  time  an  expert  stenographer 
and  was  employed  as  a  reporter  in  the 
U.  S.  Senate  for  several  years.  He, 
however,  had  a  passion  to  see  the  world, 
and  embarked  on  board  a  whaling  diip 


as  his  first  venture,  and  on  his  return, 
he  published  "EtcUngs  of  a  Whaline 
Cnuse,"  and  "Residence on  thelsland  of 
Zanzibar."  He  then  became  secretary  to- 
Robert  J.  Walker,  Secretary  of  the 
United  States  Treasury.  In  1869  he- 
went  to  California,  conunissioned  l^ 
the  goveriiment,  and  employed  to  report 
the  debates  and  proceedmgs  of  the  Con- 
vention wnich  framed  a  State  Constlta- 
tion.  In  1861  he  returned  to  Washing- 
ton  and  then  went  to  Europe  as  a 
newspaper  correspondent.  He  traveled 
through  Italy,  Sicily  and  Palestine,  of 
which  he  published  an  accoimt  in  hJa 
■  Yusef"  in  1868.  He  returned,  and 
again  was  employed  by  the  C^ovemment 
as  Inspector  of  Customs  on  the  North- 
em  frontier  and  Pacific  Coast,  of  wluch 
he  gave  graphic  sketches  in  "Adven- 
tures in  ue  Apache  Country."  In  IStit 
he  again  went  to  Europe,  and  leaving 
his  ramUy  at  Frankfort  on  the  Main,  he 
traveled  through  Algeria,  Poland, 
Russia  and  Iceland,  of  which  he  gives 
an  account  in  "The  Land  of  Thor'^^and 
other  books,  all  of  which  are  graphically 
illustrated  bv  the  author  himself,  ae 
returned  to  the  U.  S.  and  was  again  em- 
ploved  bv  the  Government  to  examine 
and  report  .on  the  mineral  and  other 
resources  of  the  region  west  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  which  he  does  in  his  "Re- 
port of  the  Pacific  Slope"  in  1869.  The 
same  year  he  was  appointed  Minister  to< 
China,  but  was  recalled  in  1871.  H» 
is  a  man  of  tmtiring  industry,  exten- 
sive knowledge  and  varied  accomplishr 
ments.  His  residence  is  at  OaUaiul, 
California.  ' 

BROWNE,  JOHN,  an  officer  in  the 
service  of  King  James,  in  Ireland,  was 
bom  in  County  Mayo,  about  1640.  He 
took  part  in  the  defense  of  Limerick, 
and  being  originally  a  lawyer;  he  luid 
the  principal  hand  in  drawing  up  the 
celebrated  articles  of  Capitulation,, 
known  as  the  "Treaty  of  Limerick," 
which  were  afterwaras  so  shamefully 
violated,  by  the  English.  From  him. 
has  descended  the  present  Marquis  of 
Sligo.    He  died  in  1705. 

BROWNE,  MARY  ANN.,  (Mrs. 
James  Gray)  a  talented  poetess  and' 
writer,  was  bom  Sept,  24,  1812,  of 
Irish  parents,  in  Berkishire.  She  early 
developed  poetic  talent,  and  before  she 
was  15  years  of  age,  published  a  vol- 
ume, "Mont  Blanc  and  other  Poems." 


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This  was  followed  by  "Ada,"  In  1828, 
"Repentance,  and  other  poems,"  chief- 
ly religious,  in  1829.  The  "Coronal," 
and  Birthday  Gift,  in  1883  and  4,  and 
"Ignatia,"  her  most  finished  work  in 
1838.  She  resided,  most  of  her  time, 
in  Ireland,  aiid  contributed  to  the  Dub- 
lin University  Magazine,  among  other 
things  a  scries  of  prose  tales,  "Recollec- 
tions of  a  Portrait  Painter."  Her  last 
work  was  a  volume  of  "Sacred  Poems," 
In  1842,  she  married  a  brother  of  the 
"  Ettrick  Shepherd."  She  died  in 
Cork,  Jan'y  28, 1846. 

BROWNE,  PATRICK,  a  botar^fat 
and  physician  of  eminence,  was  born  at 
Crosboyne,  Ireland,  in  1750,  and 
studied  medicine  at  Paris  ard  Leyden. 
For  many  years  of  his  life,  he  resided  in 
Jamaica,  and  wrote  a  Civil  and  Natural 
History  of  that  Island,  besides  other 
works  of  merit.  He  returned  to  Ireland 
and  died  in  Mayo  in  1720. 

BROWNE,  PETER,  a  noted  Irish 
protestant  divine  and  scholar,  was  born 
and  educated  in  Dublin,  and  became 
provost  of  Dublin  university,  and  after- 
wards protestant  bishop  of  Cork.  He 
wrote  several  works,  amon^  them, 
"The  Proper  Extent  and  Limit  of  the 
Human  Understanding,"  Sermons,  &c. 
He  died  in  Cork  in  1785. 

BROWNE,  ULYSESS  MAXIMIL- 
IAN, one  of  the  ablest  generals  of  his 
day,  and  who  rose  to  be  an  Austrian 
Field  Marshal.  He  was  the  son  of  an 
expatriated  Irish  offlc ,  and  was  bom 
in  Basil,  in  1705.  He  entered  the  Aus- 
trian aimv  at  an  early  a^e  and  won  his 
wayrnpidly,  distinguishing  himself  by 
his  acUvity,  military  skill,  and  daring, 
in  the  wars  against  the  Turks,  espe- 
cially at  the  oattles  of  Parma  and 
Guastalla.  He  was  made  field  marshal 
in  1780,  and  served  with  distinction 
in  Italv  from  1744  to  1746,  particularly 
at  the  battle  of  Placentia,  where  he  great- 
ly distinguished  himself.  He  died  in 
1750,  of  wounds  received  at  the  battle 
of  Prague. 

BROWNE,  WILLIAM,  a  celebrated 

fem  engraver,  was  born  in  Irelimd  in 
748,  traveled  on  the  Continent,  '  and 
was  imtronized  by  Catherine  of  Russia, 
and  Louis  XVI  of  Franco.  At  the 
breaking  out  of  the  French  revolution, 
he  settled  in  London,  where  he  died  in 


1825.  He  produced  many  excellent 
works  of  art,  and  ranked  among  the 
first  in  his  profession. 

BROWNE,  GEN.  WILLIAM,  aBrit- 
Ish  soldier  and  statesman,  was  bom  in  Ire* 
land,  1791.  He  entered  the  army  at  an 
early  age,  and  served  with  distinction  in 
the  wars  against  Napoleo^i,  and  rose  t9 
be  a  general  officer.  Hewasaiicrwaids, 
for  many  years,  liberal  member  from 
Kerry.    He  died  Aug.  4, 1878. 

BRYAN,  GEORGE,  an  American 
Patriot,  and  Judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Pennsylvania,  was  born  in 
Ireland  in  1780  and  came  to  America 
with  his  parents,  at  an  earl^  age.  He 
took  an  active  part  in  the  discussions  of 
the  difficulties  with  the  Mother  Country, 
prior  to  the  revolution.  In  1765,  ho 
was  a  member  of  the  Congi-ess  which 
protested  against  the  arbitrary  measures 
of  the  British  Government,  and  one  of 
tlie  boldest  opposers  of  Government 
measures.  In  1778,  he  was  president 
of  Supreme  Council  of  Pennsylvania. 
In  1780,  he  was  appointed  a  Judge  of 
the  Supreme  Court,  and  in  1784,  one  of 
the  council  of  censors.  Like  Patrick 
Henry,  however,  he  opposed  the  adop- 
tion of  the  Federal  Constitution,  as  be- 
ing dangerous  to  free  institutions.  He 
died  in  1791,  aged  60  years. 

BRYAN,  MICHAEL,  an  eminent 
connoisseur  of  art,  was  bo»n  in  Ire- 
land, in  1757,  and  was  recognized  as 
one  of  the  ablest  of  the  art  critics  of 
his  day.  He  is  the  author  of  a  valuable 
Biographical  and  Critical  Dictionary  of 
Painters  and  Engravers,  in  2  vol.  He 
died  in  1821. 

BRYAN.  REBECCA,  wife  of  Dan'l 
Boon,  the  celebrated  explorer  and  Am- 
erican pioneer,  was  born  in  N.  Carolina, 
of  Irish  parents,  and  was  a  worthy 
mother  of  a  hardy  race  of  heroes,  and 
the  brave  sharer  of  the  toil  and  dunsor 
of  her  enterprising  husband.  She  died 
in  Kentucky,  after  a  lii'e  replete  with 
danger  and  heroism. 

BUCHANAN,  JAMES,  President  of 
the  United  States,  distinguished  as  a 
statesman  and  politician,  was  born  in 
Finnklln  County,  Penn.,  Sept.  22, 1701, 
Ilia  father  emigrated  to  U.  B.  from  Ire- 
land in  1788,  and  settled  In  that  great 
hive  of  early   Irish  emigration,   Pena* 


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sylvania.  There  Is  no  race  in  the  world, 
•who  will  with  such  slendewtneans  be  wil- 
ling and  anxious  to  give  their  children 
the  best  kind  of  an  education,  or  will  sac- 
riflce  so  much  for  it  as  the  Irish.  It  is  pre- 
eminently a  nat'onal  trait.  James  Bu- 
chanan was  seuii  by  his  father  to  Dicto- 
inson  College,  and  graduated  in  1809. 
He  commenced  the  study  of  the  law  in 
Lancaster,  where  he  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1812,  and  soon  obtained  a  lucra- 
tive practice.  In  tho  war  of  1813,  with 
Great  Britain,  he  enlisted  as  a  private 
in  a  company,  which  went  to  the  de- 
fence of  Baltimore,  although,  at  this 
time,  he  was  a  Federalist.  In  1814,  he 
•was  sent  to  the  Penn.  Legislafure,  and 
in  1831,  to  Congress,  where  he  remain- 
ed for  ten  years,  and  supported  a  tarlfif 
for  revenue  only.  In  the  grea;  presi- 
dential contest  of  1831,  he  supported 
Qen.  Jackson,  and  was  chairman  of  the 
committee  on  judiciary  in  the  following 
Congress.  Mr.  Buchanan  was  one  of 
the  managers  in  the  impeachment  of 
Judge  Peck,  of  Missouri,  who  disbarr- 
ed a  lawyer  who  had  published  strict- 
ures on  one  of  his  decisions.  In  1831, 
Buchanan  was  appointed  by  Pres. 
Jackson,  as  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to 
Russia,  and  while  there  he  concluded 
the  first  commercial  treaty  with  that 
Country-,  securing  important  privileges 
in  the  Black  ana  Baltic  Seas,  to  our 
commerce.  In  1833,  he  was  elected  to 
the  U.  S.  Senate  and  on  his  return 
home  he  found  the  politics  of  the  country 
at  fever  heat;  a  rupture  had  occurred  bet- 
•ween  Jackson  and  Calhoun,  and  the  U. 
S.  Bank  question  was  disturbing  the 
country  to  its  very  centre.  Jackson  was 
fiercely  attacked  from  all  sides,  and  an 
attempt  was  made  to  deprive  the  presi- 
dent of  the  power  to  remove  from  office 
without  the  consent  of  the  Senate.  Mr. 
Buchanan  took  sides  with  the  Presi- 
dent, on  all  the  issues,  and  ably  defend- 
ed him.  He  also,  at  this  time,  supported 
the  theory  that  Congress  hud  no  power 
to  Legislate  in  regard  to  slavery,  and 
that  the  States  alone  had  power  to  do 
so  in  their  individual  capacity.  He 
also  supported  the  Jackson  Adminis- 
tration in  the  French  Indemnity  question 
and  supported  In  a  strong  speech  the 
appropriotlon  of  $3,000,000  to  put  the 
navy  of  the  U.  8.  on  u  war  footing,  to 
support  the  claim,  and  Inforce  It  If 
necessary.  Ho  sustained  the  veto  power 
in  opposition  to  Clav,  during  the  Tyler 
Admmistrutlou,  and  opposed  the  ruli- 


flcation  of  the  Webster  -  Ashburton 
treaty  on  our  boundry  line  with  Canada, 
He  also  early  advocated  the  annexaK:ion 
of  Texas,  though  his  reasons  on  the 
subject  are  somewhat  specious,  and 
when  that  temtory  was  at  length  admitt- 
ed just  prior  to  the  inauguration  of  Wfr. 
Poik,  Buchanan  was  the  only  member  of 
the  Committee  on  Foreign  Affairs  who 
reported  favorably  on  the  admission. 
On  Polk  taking  his«eat  as  president,  Mr. 
Buchanan  was  appointed  Secretary  of 
State.  England  and  America  had  both 
claimed  the  whole  north-western  terri- 
tory, and  Mr.  Buchanan,  on  coming 
into  power,  felt  himself  obliged  to  offer 
the  compromise  line  49  "^  N. ,  offer- 
ed by  the  administration  of  Mr.  Tyler 
and  [refused  by  England.  This  was 
again  rejected  by  Mr.  Packenham  on  be- 
half of  England,  when  Mr.  Buchanan 
on  behalf  of  this  government  formally 
withdrew  the  offer,  and  claimed,  witJi  a 
strong  show  of  reason,  the  whole  terri- 
tory m  dispute,  advising  our  Govern- 
ment to  insist  on  the  same.  The  Brit- 
ish Government  then  offered  to  settle  by 
that  line  and  the  President  left  the 
question  to  be  decided  by  Congress, 
who  advised  its  acceptance.  At  the 
close  of  Polk's  administration,  Buchan- 
an returned  to  private  life,  but  he  took 
a  deep  interest  in  the  great  questions 
which  were  disturbing  the  Country. 
During  his  seat  in  the  Cabinet,  he  had 
written  his  so-called  "Harvest  Home" 
letter  to  friends  In  Pennsylvania  advis- 
ing the  extension  of  the  "Missouri 
Compromise  line"  to  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
which  however  was  voted  down.  The 
uneasy  and  dissatisfied  south,  how- 
ever, was  looking  for  relief  from  the  re- 
strictions which  confined  the  extension 
of  her  peculiar  system,  and  was  becom- 
ing restless  and  defiant.  In  1860, 
through  an  union  of  conservative 
elements  of  the  country,  led  by  Clay, 
Webster,  and  Cass,  the  compromise 
measures  of  1860  were  passed,  but  no 
half  measures  could  ever  settle  the  ques- 
tion, or  satisfy  either  section.  On  the 
election  of  Mr.  Pierce  to  the  presidency, 
Mr.  Buchanan  was  sent  as  Minister  to 
England  ;  while  abroad  he  took  part  in 
several  Important  dlscuselons  in  rela- 
tion te  American  Interests;  notably  that 
with  Spain  in  regard  to  the  purchase  of 
Cuba,  and  the  drawing  up  of  the  Ostcnd 
manifesto,  whicli,  without  doubt,  was  In 
the  Interest  of  tlie  South  rather  than 
the  nation.    His  desire  to  protect  the 


BUG 


IRISn  CELTS. 


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South  as  thus  exhibited  secured  for 
him  the  Presideutial  nomination  at 
the  hands  of  the  Democratic  National 
Convention  of  1858.  He  was  opposed 
by  a  new  party,  the  Republican, 
formed  in  the  Isorth  by  those  who 
were  opposed  to  the  extension  of  Slavery 
under  any  pretext  or  theory,   and  who 

S laced  in  nomination  John  0.  Fremont, 
[r.  Buchanan  was,  however,  elected, 
receiving  174  electoral  votes  against  114 
for  Fremont  and  8  for  Fillmore.  The 
vital  question  and  perhaps  the  one  alone 
which  could  ever  shake  the  unity  of  the 
American  States,  and  their  identity  of 
interests,  was  now,  with  an  energy  that 
would  not  he  refused,  demannmg  a 
final  solution.  Mr.  Buchanan  undoubt- 
edly i-hcught  that  he  would  be  able  to 
master  the  situation,  and  in  an  address 
to  the  students  of  Franklin  and  Mar- 
shall College,  after  his  el'^ciion,  he  said 
"That  the  object  of  his  administration 
would  be  to  destroy  any  sectional  party 
whether  North  or  South,  and  to  restore 
fraternal  feelings  between  the  sections." 
On  his  taking  his  seat,  the  whole  ques- 
tion was  at  issue  in  Kansas.  The  ex- 
tremists of  the  South  had  determined 
that  it  should  be  a  slave  state,  while  the 
North  was  unwilling  to  see  another  foot 
oif  territory  devoted  to  slavery.  Under 
the  squatter -sovereignty  theory  the 
people  of  the  territory  had  a  right  to 
hola  slaves,  and  to  decide,  on  forming 
a  state  constitution,  either  to  prohibit 
or  establish  slavenr.  Each  interest  now 
sought  to  secure  the  prize  by  coliniza- 
tion.  The  South  had  the  advantage 
of  being  adjacent,  but  the  North  had 
numbers.  The  Southerners  sought  to 
forestall  the  nortJi  by  celerity  in  form- 
ing a  constitution  securing  slavery,  and 
applying  for  admission  into  the  Union 
to  a  Congress  who  might  admit  them. 
In  this  way  the  Lecompton  Constitu- 
tion, made  under  the  forms  of  law,  but 
In  violation  of  the  rights  of  the  people, 
was  adopted,  and  admission  into  the 
union  under  it  was  claimed;  Mr.  Buchan- 
an made  a  fatal  mistake  in  his  message 
to  Congress,  Feb.  3,  1858,  in  approving 
of  this  constitution,  and  advising  admis- 
sion, only  objecting  to  the  validity  of  a 
clause  in  the  same,  by  which  it  required 
a  two-thh-d  vote  to  change  it ;  asserting 
the  right  of  the  people  of  Kansas  to 
change  it,  when  tlie  majority  willed. 
The  measure  failed  as  it  should  have, 
and  after  considerable  illegal  interfer- 
ence, the  bona  tide  people  of  Kansas  were 


allowed  to  form  a  Constitution,  and  by 
it  slavery  was  prohibited.  About  this 
time  the  Mormons,  of  Utah,  were  giv- 
ing trouble,  and  dared  to  defy  the  au- 
thority of  the  U.  S.,  at  the  same  time, 
corrupting  the  good  will  of  the  Indians 
towards  the  Union.  Mr.  Buchanan 
secured  submission  without  resorting 
to  violent  measures.  As  Mr.  Buchan- 
an's term  of  office  drew  near  its  close,  it 
was  evident  that  the  "  irrepressible  con- 
flict" was  impending.  Southern  Sena- 
tors and  Congressmen  were  loud  in  their 
determination  to  secede  if  the  new  Re- 
publican Party  succeeded  in  electing 
their  candidate  at  the  coming  election. 
Unfortunately  Mr.  Buchanan's  theories 
of  the  powers  of  the  Government  to 
coerce  states,  were  not  such  as  could 
tend  to  arrest  ao  great  a  disaster  as 
secession,  by  any  fear  of  punishment, 
or  resultant  danger  to  the  wreckers  '  1 
the  Union.  In  his  last  message,  Dec. 
1860,  he  deplored  the  situation,  blamed 
the  unwarrantable  agitation  in  the  North 
of  the  slavery  question,  and  argued 
that "  the  people  of  any  state,  who  felt 
themselves  grieved  by  the  Federal 
power,  had  only  the  revolutionary  right 
of  resistance."  "That  it  was  the  duty  of 
the  executive  to  see  that  the  laws  were 
faithfully  executed,  but  that  the  Con- 
stitution gave  no  power  to  coerce  into 
submission,  a  state  which  is  attempt- 
ing to  withdraw,  or  has  actually  with- 
drawn from  the  Union."  Such  very 
absurd  theories  would  actually  tie  up  all 
the  powers  of  the  government  and  leave 
it  without  means  to  protect  itself  from 
dissolution  or  secession.  About  this 
time.  South  Carolina  had  passed  its  act 
of  secession  and  had  the  audacity  to 
send  commissioners  to  treat  about  the 
transfer  of  the  public  property,  and  to 
negotiate  a  treaty  of  amity  between 
their  state  government  and  the  govern- 
ment at  Washington.  Mr.  Buchanan 
instead  of  sending  those  lofty  gentle- 
men to  a  little  healthy  confinement, 
actually,  unoflicially  replied  to  them, 
that  he  could  only  submit  the  whole 

auestion  to  Congress,  and  coulil  meet 
lem  only  as  private  gentlemen  of  the 
highest  standing,  to  hear  their  viows,  &c. 
His  cabinet  broke  up  in  indignation; 
Mr.  Cass,  the  Scc'y  of  State,  resigned, 
because  the  President  would  not  send 
reinforcements  to  the  forts  in  Charhiston 
Harbor.  Mr.  Cobb,  Sec'y  of  tlx?  Trea- 
sury, hod  already  resigned,  while  Mr. 
Thompson,  Sec'y  of  the  Interior,  left  in 


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IRISH  CELTS. 


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disgust  without  the  formality  of  resign- 
ing, and  Floyd,  Sec'y  of  War,  resigned 
because  the  President  would  not  with- 
draw the  forces  already  in  South  Caro- 
lina. This  indeed  looked  like  dissolu- 
tion, but  happily  for  the  conntry,  those 
who  held  these  fatal  doctrines  of 
passive  resistance,  were  going  out  of 

Bower,  for  it  needed  now,  to  save  the 
nion,  positive  principles  of  the  par- 
amount authority  of  the  General  Gov- 
ernment, and  its  ri^ht  to  demand  obe- 
dience to  its  le^timate  acts  and  au- 
thority, and  even  if  necessary,  a  Jackson- 
ian  Hand  that  would  throttle  with  a 
death  grip,  any  power  that  would 
threaten  the  existence  of  the  Union, 
even  if  the  letter  of  the  constitution  it- 
self might  seem  to  be  violated.  In 
January,  '61,  supplies  and  reinforce- 
ments were  dispatched  to  Fort  Sumpter, 
but  they  were  prevented  from  reaching 
there  by  rebel  batteries,  and  Jan.  15, 
Mr.  Holt,  Sec'y  of  War,  by  order  of  the 
President,  wrote  to  the  Governor  of 
North  Carolina,  that  the  forts,  arsenals, 
&c.,  of  the  U.  S.,  are  in  charge  of  the 
President,  and  if  assailed,  it  is  his  duty 
to  protect  them,  &c.  Such  manifestoes 
in  the  face  of  passive  right  theories  were 
powerless  to  stop  resolute  men  with 
positive  theories,  and  arms  tn  their 
hands.  It  was  but  a  repetition  of  the 
old  man  throwing  grass.  Mr.  Bu- 
chanan, however,  left  to  his  lawful 
successor  the  sterner  duty  of  throwing 
stones,  and  history  gives  us  the  same 
result  as  the  fa  Die.  Mr.  Buc'  jnan 
may  have  been  honest  in  his  opinions, 
and  no  doubt,  entered  on  his  adminis- 
tration with  tlie  intention  of  preserving 
the  Union;  but  his  idea  was  by  concilia- 
tion and  compromise,  and  when  this 
failed,  he  was  lost;  his  theories  in  regard 
to  federal  authority,  no  doubt  honestly 
held,  were  fatal  in  the  face  of  armed 
violence.  Holding  as  he  did,  that  the 
act  of  secession  was  revolutionary,  it  is 
8ti-iiiige  that  he  did  not  recognize  the 
rit^ht  of  the  government  to  put  down  rev- 
olution, as  a  supreme  act  of  law,wheth- 
pr  writ  ten  in  the  constitution  or  not,  but 
mi  i  !>;  :)ut  of  the  very  existence  of  the 
go  a  cnment .;  .d  its  right  of  self  preser- 
vaiitjn.  Strange  loo  that  a  Celt,  brought 
vj*,  ^'■♦  vu  tpcak,  under  that  ackson, 
vho.  u  id'^r  ilk"  circumstai'oes  had 
j^'  n  SI  cl»  prcnpt  evidence  of  his 
:jt':.M(''lv  style  of  tretitn^nt  towards 
••''1  ylli'-Ms  states,  and  their  ropresent- 
ai'v  '''.  i  liu  ilit  havy  failed  so  signally  to 


profit  by  the  lesson.  Tn  1886,  Mr.  Bu- 
chanan published  a  oook  defending 
his  administration,  and  the  position 
which  he  took  on  the  question  of  seces- 
ision.    He  died  in  1868. 

BUCHANAN,     MARGARET    P., 

(Mrs.  M.  F.  Sullivan)  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  female  writers  of  America, 
equally  able  as  a  journalist  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  was  born  in  County 
Tyrone,  Ireland,  in  1846,  and  emigrated 
with  her  mother  to  the  United  States, 
when  she  was  about  five  years  old, 
settling  in  Detroit,  Michigan,  where 
some  of  the  family  had  previously 
located.  She  receivea  the  principal  part 
of  her  education  in  the  Public  School? 
of  Detroit,  graduating  in  the  High 
School,  the  curriculum  of  which  is 
Academical.  There  she  was  noted  for 
her  thoroughness  and  the  breadth  of  Iier 
intellectual  aspirations.  It  may  be  said 
that  while  pursuing  her  studies  at  th^t, 
time,  that  she  made  her  first  etXoits  i-^t 
journalism,  having  become  a  nuiea 
contributorto  the  celebrated  "Corner"  in 
the  Boston  Pilot,  which  Corner,  it  may  be 
said,  at  that  time,  developed  somn  very 
brilliant  talent  among  its  fema'c  con- 
tributors. After  leaving  tht?  iT?ijh 
School,  Miss  Buchanan  bee.  .i'  a 
teacher  in  the  Public  w  .•■ols,  ,.  aioh 
position,  she  held  for  sev  ,  :al  years  bvit 
in  the  mean  time,  she  commenced  aa 
active  ,  ^urnalistic  career,  first  by 
coni;u.ii:!("g  to  the  Advertiser  and  Tri- 
1  iire,  the  :  \ding  Republican  Journal 
Ox  ^^'-liibi^n,  and  at  length,  by  holding 
a  position  on  its  staff,  which  she  filled 
after  her  school  labo'-s  were  over  each 
day.  While  here,  she  worked  with  a 
method,  storing  her  mind  with  solid 
information  in  every  field  of  journalism, 
testing  it  in  the  crucible  of  public  opin- 
ion, and  by  the  aid  of  eminently  practical 
sound  common  sense,  distinguishing 
popular  methods,  constructing  them  into 
an  harmonious  theory  for  her  guidance 
and  the  best  developement,  and  cultiva- 
tion of  her  intellectual  powers  in  that 
regard.  The  result  was,  that  striking 
bravely  into  an  intellectual  field,  into 
which  female  writers  scarcely  dared  to 
look,  she  made  a  brilliant  success,  and 
may  be  said  to-day  to  rank  witli  the 
first  journalists  in  Amorica,  and  also  to 
hold  an  cnvinMe  position,  as  a  review 
writer,  in  the  deeper  and  more  scholar- 
ly walks  ot  literature.  About  the  year 
1871,  Miss  Buchanan  removod  to  Chi- 


BUO 


XBISH  CELTS. 


BUO' 


cago,  as  a  field  better  adapted  to  her 
aspiration.!,  and  chances  for  journalist- 
ic employment  and  remuneration.  Her 
advent  there  was  characteristic,  and 
afterwards  graphically  related  by  the 
leading  journalist  of  one  of  the  great 
Chicago  Dailies,  who  was  the  party  to 
it.  It  is  substantially  as  follows:  He 
said,  "one  morning  a  ^oun^  lady  dressed 
in  plain,  but  neat  attire,  with  a  modest, 
but  reliant  and  self  possessed  manner 

E resented  herself  before  me,  as  I  was 
usily  eugaged  writing  at  my  desk.  In 
a  quiet  and  polite  manner,  she  asked 
me  if  I  could  accord  her  a  few  minutes 
conversation  on  business.  I  asked  her 
to  be  seated,  until  I  had  completed 
what  I  was  engaged  on,  and  at  the 
same  time,  I  was  trying  mentally  to 
imagine  just  what  literary  purpose  my 
visitor  was  bent  upon,  but  arrived  at  no 
conclusion.  After  mechanically  com- 
pleting my  work,  I  turned  toward 
her  and  said,  '  Now  Mademoiselle  I  am 
at  your  service.'  She  quietlv  Inform- 
ed me  that  she  called  to  see  if  she  could 
fet  employment  on  the  staff  of  the  paper. 
lentaUy  both  surprised  and  amused,  I 
asked  her  what  position  she  thought 
she  could  fill,  when  she  replied  in  the 
same  easy  confident  manner,  'I  think 
almost  any.'  I  then  asked  her  if  she 
had  any  experience  in  journalism  and 
she  said  she  had,  on  the  staff  of  the 
Detroit  Tribune.  Then  I  said  I  would 
like  to  see  what  she  could  do,  when, — 
to  my  surprise,  not  less  at  the  practical 
maimer,  in  which  she  interpreted  me, 
than  at  the  result  of  it — she  quietly  re- 
moved her  coat  and  hat,  and  and  after 
hanging  them  on  the  rack,  she  seated  her- 
self at  a  table,  which  had  a  supply  of  writ- 
ing materials,  and  with  great  rapidity 
dashed  off  'Copy.'  After  completing 
her  work,  she  resumed  her  coat  and 
hat,  and  before  bidding  me  good  morn- 
ing said  she  would  return  the  next  day. 
— I  picked  up  the  '  Copy'  with  considei- 
able  curiosity  and  was  not  less  surpris- 
ed at  the  subject,  than  at  the  masterly 
manner  in  whicli  it  was  handled — it 
was  on  'Finance!'  then  especially  a  live 
and  absorbing  question.  She  returned 
the  iipxt  day,  and  in  the  same  bu- 
slneHH  like  way  removing  her  street 
garments,  she  seiited  heisolf  at  a 
table  and  again  rapidly  produced  copy, 
and  after  completing  it  loft  in  the  same 
manner  as  on  the  previous  morning. 
This  proved  to  be  a  political  article  of 
interest,  ably  handled,  and   thus    fur 


several  days  ^e  continued  taking  up  a 
new  but  live  subject  each  time,  and 
treating  each  and  all  in  a  clear,  forcible 
and  masterly  manner,  and  to  my  great 
surprise  and  increasing  satisfaction, 
demonstrated  that  she  fully  appreciated 
what  she  said  at  our  first  inte'^view  as 
to  her  ability  to  fill  any  position  on  the 
staff."  From  that  time  forward  she 
has  pursued  a  brilliant  and  successful 
journalistic  career,  having  been  engn  'j;ed 
on  the  leading  dailies  of  Chicago  in  h6 
mostimporiant  journalistic  capaci  (3S, 
from  managing  editor  at  times,  to  the 
more  ori^nal  and  ponderous  duties  of 
the  political  or  literary  departments. 
Besides  her  journalistic  work,  she  has ' 
contributed  largely  to  the  general  litera- 
ture of  the  day,  and  has  taken  a 
prominent  position  among  the  Cali>olio 
writers  of  Ara;"tca;  having  written 
many  very  acceptable  articles  for  the 
"Catholic  Review,"  a  very  able  quarter- 
ly. She  has  still  further  increased  her 
reputation  and  popularity  by  her 
articles  on  the  "Irish  Question,"  and 
especially  by  her  book,  "The  Ireland 
of  To  Day,"  which  is  recognized 
by  James  Kedpath  and  others  as  the 
clearest  and  most  forcible  exposiiioa 
and  analyttis  of  the  question  yet  p  ■o- 
duced.  She  still  pursues  lier  higu 
career  with  undiminished  energy  and 
success,  aud  has  in  press  a  new  work  on 
the  great  ([uestion  of  Ireland's  status, 
which  qurjstion  is  attracting  more  (at- 
tention tha  world  over  than  any  other 
issue  whi'ih  moves  the  nations  to-day. 
Miss  Buchanan  married  some  yeart 
since  Alex.  P.  Sullivan,  a  Chicago  law- 
yer, who  has  of  late  f^fjjured  prominent- 
ly in  the  organizati'  :>f  the  Irish  Land 
League  in  Kmejna 


BUCHANAN,  I  liOMASMcKEAN, 
a  distinguished  nival  officer  of  the  U. 
S. ,  of  Irish  descc  born  in  U.  S.  in  1837, 
served  with  distinction  during  the  civil 
war,  taking  a  rilliant  part  m  various 
engagements,  ui  was  killed  at  Bayou 
Teche  on  the  Mississippi,  in  1808.  llo 
was  an  able  and  gallant  officer.      ^ 

BUGEAUD,  IVIAESIIAL,  an  able 
and  celebrated  French  Marshal,  and  dis- 
tinguiMhcd  as  an  original  tactician, >vas  of 
Irish  descent  by  his  mother,  a  daughter 
of  Count  Dillo'^  born  at  Linioges, 
France,  in  1784  After  a  varied,  out 
distinguished  chi>  w  on  the  continent, 
he  was,  in  1840,  appointed  Governor- 


■:'•;  :^!i , 


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General  of  Algeria.  He  immediately 
set  about  organizing  tliat  celebrated 
branch  of  the  French  Army  known  as 
"Zouaves,"  and  in  a  few  years,  the 
French  arms  were  everywhere  trium- 

8 bant,  and  the  Arab  tribes  brought  un- 
er  subjection,  principally  through  the 
agency  of  the  new  tactics.  He  died  in 
1849. 

BUNSTER,    HON.     ARTHUR,  a 

prominent  Canadian  statesman,  was 
Dorn  in  Queen's  County,  Ireland,  in 
1883,  emigrated  to  Canada,  and  after- 
wards settled  in  Vancouver,  where  he 
acquired  a  prominent  position  by  his 
talents.  He  represented  that  constitu- 
ency in  the  Dominion  Parliament  with 
marked  ability  for  some  years. 

BURKE,  uEDANUS,  an  able  Ameri- 
can lawyer,  jurist  and  patriot,  was  born 
in  Galway,  Ireland,  in  1743,  and  re- 
ceived a  classical  education.  He  was 
originally  intended  for  the  church,  but 
his  own  inclination  led  him  to  the  Bar. 
Being  on  a  visit  to  the  West  Indies  just 
before  the  Reyolutionary  War  he  went 
from  thence  to  South  Carolina  and 
served  in  the  Revolutionary  army  as  a 
volunteer.  In  1 778  he  was  appointed 
first  Judge  of  the  Bupreme  Court  of 
that  State.  When  Ciiarleston  fell  into 
the  hands  of  the  enemy  in  1780 he  again 
buckled  on  the  sword,  as  he  deemed  it 
the  first  duty  of  a  citizen  to  exjicl  the 
merciless  Invader  from  the  soil.  In 
1782  he  returned  to  the  Iknch.  Like 
Patrick  Henry  he  oppose  d  the  adoption 
of  \\\(\  Federal  constitutiou  because  he 
feared  the  effects  of  consolidated  power 
on  local  self -government,  which  he  held 
to  be  the  only  security  for  true  liberty. 
He  also  wrote  a  pamphlet  against  the 
aristocratic  ^  atures  of  the  society  of  the 
"Cincinnati,"  which  was  translated  into 
French  by  Mirabeuu.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  first  Federal  Congress,  and 
afterwards  Chancellor  of  SouLli  Carolina 
for  ii  number  of  years.  He  possessed 
in  a  high  degree  the  native  wit  of  his 
rate,  was  highly  accomplished  and  an 
ardent  lover  and  advocate  of  Republi- 
can fciimplicity.  No  purer  or  more  dis- 
interested patriot  drew  a  sword  in  be- 
half of  American  liberties.  He  died 
March,  1803. 

BURKE,  RT.  REV.  DR.  EDMUND, 
a  learned  and  distinguished  Canadian 
Catholic  divine,  was  born  in  County 


Kildare  in  1758,  was  educated  on  the 
Continent  and  for  some  time  taught 
with  distinction  in  the  University  of 
Paris.  He  returned  to  Ireland,  and  for 
a  few  years  ministered  in  Kildare.  In 
1780,  at  the  urgent  solicitations  of  the 
professors  of  the  Seminary  of  Que- 
bec, some  of  whom  had  known  him  in 
France,  he  came  to  Canada  and  taught 
in  the  Seminary  the  higher  branches  of 
Mathematics  and  Philosophy,  for  which 
he  acquired  a  great  reputation  in  Paris. 
He  excelled  not  only  in  mathematics, 
but  also  in  classics,  especially  Greek 
and  Hebrew,  in  which  he  had  few,  if 
any,  superiors  in  Europe.  At  the  solici- 
tation of  Lord  Dorchester,  Governor- 
General  of  Canada,  he  undertook  the 
task  of  reconciling  the  India',  tribes 
around  Lake  Superior  and  westward, 
who  manifested  hostile  dispositions  to- 
ward tlie  British.  He  resided  among 
those  savages  for  about  seven  years, 
and  succeeded  in  accomplishing  his 
mission,  the  results  of  which  are  still 
apparent.  The  Government  in  acknow- 
ledgment of  his  great  services  in  this 
matter,  granted  him  a  life  annuity,  and 
so  gicat  a  reliance  was  placed  ou  his 
discretion  and  judgment,  that  he  was 
continu,  My  consulted  on  all  important 
questions  by  the  successive  heads  of 
the  Canadian  Government  during  his 
life.  The  British  Government  also, 
without  his  knowledge  or  desire,  ex- 
pressed to  the  court  of  Rome  the  satis- 
faction it  would  give  his  Majesty's  gov- 
ernment to  see  Dr.  Burke  elevated  to 
the  episcopacy,  which  desire  was  com- 
plied with,  as  well  on  account  of  his 
great  abilities,  blameless  life,  and  great 
and  successful  missionary  labors.  Ho 
was  made  Bishop  of  Sionand  Vicar 
Apostolic  of  Nova  Scotia. 

BURKE,  EDMUND,  one  of  the  most 
illustrious  of  Statesmen,  Orators,  and 
isci.olars,  whose  master  mind  ranks 
second  to  none,  of  either  ancient  or 
modern  times,  was  the  son  of  a  Dublin 
Attorney,  and  was  born  in  tliat  city 
January  1,  1730.  He  recived  his  early 
training  in  a  private  school,  and  enter- 
ed Trinity  College,  Dublin  at  the  age  of 
10  years,  where  he  remained  three  years, 
pursing,  on  a  plan  of  his  own,  an  ex- 
tensive course  of  study.  In  1753,  ho 
(Mitered  a.s  a  law  student  at  the  Temple; 
his  luind,  liowever,  was  bent  on  a  broad- 
er, and  more  exltuded  acquisition  of 
knowledge,  and  so  ardent  and  unremit- 


'i 


BUR 


IBISH  CELTS. 


BUR 


ting  was  Ms  exertions,  that  he,  at  length, 
injured  his  health.  During  his  illness, 
he  became  an  inmate  in  the  house  of  Dr. 
Nugent,  an  Irish  Catholic  physician, 
whose  daughter  afterwards  became  his 
■wife,  whose  traits  of  character,  he  is  said 
to  have  desecribed  in  that  beautiful  little 
sketch,  "Burke's  Idea  of  a  Perfect 
Wife."  The  Union  was  a  happy  one, 
and  he  always  dwelt  upon  it  as  the 
chief  blessing  of  his  life.  On  his  recov- 
ery, he  applied  himself  almost  wholly  to 
literature,  and  his  first  acknowleged 
work,  which  was  published  anonymous- 
ly, was  his  "Vindication  of  Natural 
Society,"  so  admirable  an  imitation  of 
Lord  Bolingbroke's  style,  as  even  to 
deceive  the  'best  judges.  This  was 
followed  by  his  essay  on  the  Sublime 
and  Beautiful,  which  was  written  some 
years  before,  but  likely  retouched  at 
this  time.  This  master  piece,  at  once, 
l)laced  him,  even  in  the  eyes  of  his  co- 
temporaries,  in  the  front  rank  of  think- 
ers and  literary  men  of  his  time,  and 
brought  him  to  the  notice  and  acquaint 
ance  of  the  most  eminent  characters  of 
the  age.  Even  Dr.  Johnson,  who,  at 
this  tune,  was  the  great  giant  of  litera- 
ture, in  the  zenitli  of  his  power,  and 
before  whose  caustic  criticisms  the  liter- 
ary world  trembled.acknowledged  in  the 
youthful  stranger  of  26  years  .^n  equal, 
whose  mind  was  as  replete  with  vast 
stores  of  knowledge,  and  whose  pene- 
tration was  as  searching  and  as  compre- 
hensive as  his  own.  Nor  is  it  strange 
that  his  admirers,  and  we  might  sa^ 
worshipers,  were  amazed  to  see  this 
literary  Leviatlian,  who  heretofore 
brool.^d  no  rival,  listen  with  respect  and 
deference  to  this  almost  beardless 
youth.  The  political  career  of  Edmund 
Burke,  which  fills  so  large  a  space  in 
the  history  of  his  time,  did  not  com- 
mence until  1701,  when  he  took  govern- 
ment employment  under  the  Irish  Sec- 
retary Hamilton.  It  was  not,  liowevcr, 
untiriie  attached  himself  to  the  Rock- 
ingliam  administration,  and  entered 
Parliament  as  member  for  Windover, 
in  1765,  that  his  political  career  can  bo 
said  to  have  actively  commenced.  From 
this  time  forward,  he  took  an  active  and 
prominent  part  in  the  debates  of  the 
Iloiise  of  Commons,  aud«the  vast  stores 
of  knowledge,  he  had  accumulated, 
cave  I'im  a  mastery  over  every  subjeot 
Drought  before  the  House.  In  1774,  by 
the  sponlaneous  act  of  the  electors,  he 
was  returned  to  parliament  from  Bristol, 


but  having  offended  the  bigotry  of  his 
constituents,  by  his  liberality,  in  support- 
ing Irish  and  Catholic  rights,  a  crime 
which  the  boasting  liberty  loving  1 
Britton  could  not  forgive,  he  lost  his 
seat  at  the  next  election.  He  was, 
however,  subsequently  returned  for 
Malton.  The  same  just  and  manly 
spirit,  which  made  him  support  Catho- 
lic and  Irish  rights,  called  him  forth 
also  in  defence  of  the  rights  of  the 
American  Colonies.  His  great  heart, 
which  beat  honestly  for  a  true  consti- 
tutional liberty,  and  the  just  rights, 
whether  of  the  individual  or  the  nation, 
perceived  and  denounced,  not  only  the 
outrage  against  both  constitutional  and 
natural  liberty,  which  marked  the 
policy  of  the  Mother  Country  towards 
the  American  Colonies,  but  he  also 
foresaw  and  warned  the  government 
against  its  inevitable  results, — the  loss  of 
the  Colonies, — if  persevered  in.  Burke's 
position,  on  those  questions,  should 
endear  his  name  to  every  true  friend  of 
liberty:  Regardless  of  personal  consid- 
erations or  popular  clamor,  he  bodly  elo- 
quently and  persistently  defended  the 
rights  of  the  Colonies,  and  denounced 
the  policy  of  the  Home  Government. 
By  such"  acts,  he  demonstrated  his 
greatness  of  soul  ;  great,  not  only  in  the 
capacity  and  grasp  of  his  statesmanship, 
but  also  in  unselfish  inte^ity  of  pur- 
pose. Americaas  especially  should 
hold  his  name  and  his  efforts  in  their 
behalf,  in  grateful  remembrance.  In' 
the  midst  of  their  enemies,  he  was  their 
unbought  champion.  On  the  downfall 
of  Lord  North's  ministry,  Burke  obtain- 
ed the  olBce  of  Paymaster-General,  and 
a  seat  in  the  council,  and  by  the  aid  of 
this  ministiy,  he  canied  through  his 
celebrated  reform  bill,  which  he  had 
vainly  stiven  to  do  before.  The  prose- 
cution of  Warren  Hastings,  and  his 
opposition  to  Mr.  Pitt's  regency  bill, 
were  amongst  his  next  great  parliament- 
ary efforts.  His  efforts  in  the  first  of 
thl'se  brought  down  on  him  a  load  of 
calumny  and  censure;  for  Hastings  had 
powerful  friends  eventothe  throne  itself, 
who  believed,  or  pretended  to  believe 
him  to  be  a  persecuted  and  innocent 
man.  But  the  honesty  and  integrity  of 
Burke,  in  the  matter,  were  beyond  ques- 
tion, even  Hastings,  whom  lie  lield  up 
to  universal  detestation  admitted  it, 
and  such,  was  the  jiow  (a*  of  the  orator, 
and  such  his  classiticalion  and  graphic 
presentation  of  facts,  that  even  Hastings, 


BUR 


miSH  CELTS. 


BUR 


ini;.;    ■ 


ill 


himself  said,  that  at  times  while  listening 
he  was  so  carried  away  by  the  earnest- 
ness and  magic  inflilcnce  of  the  great 
orator,  as  to  forget  liis  identity,  and 
loath  the  guilty  wretch,  who  was  being 
denounced.  When  the  French  revolu- 
tion broke  out,  Burke  early  foresaw 
the  results,  and  in  1790,  he  produced 
his  celebrated  Reflections  on  that  event. 
On  this  subject,  he  differed  entirely 
with  his  friend,  Chas.  James  Fox,  and 
this  difference  created  a  breach  in  their 
friendship,  which  was  never  healed. 
Burke's  horror  of  the  Revolution  was 
thorough  and  sincere.  A  friend  of  true 
.  erty,  he  abhorred  every  species  of 
anarchy,  and  in  the  French  Revolution, 
he  saw  an  anarchy,  which  threatened 
the  subversion  of  society  itself.  The 
wisdom  of  his  position  in  this,  as  in  the 
case  of  the  colonies  was  sustained  by 
the  result,  and  entitles  him  to  be  con- 
sidered as  one  of  the  most  wise  and  far 
seeing  of  statesmen.  In  1794,  he  retir- 
ed, from  Parliament,  with  a  pension  of 
about  $6,000  a  year,  but  his  literary 
activity  continued.  With  unceasing 
pen,  he  opposed  the  spirit  and  tendency 
of  the  French  Revolution,  and  de- 
nounced its  doctrines  as  fatal  to  society 
and  order.  The  last  works,  which  he 
gave  to  the  press,  were  two  letters  on  a 
Regicide  Peace,  and  his  concluding  ones 
were  posthumous.  He  died  on  the  8th 
of  July,  1797.  His  works  were  publish- 
ed in  16  Vc;    Octavo. 

In  private  life,  Burke  was  among 
the  most  amiable  of  men,  natural,  pleas- 
ant and  unassuming,  his  conversation 
was  varied,  interesting,  and  instructive, 
without  labor  or  pedantry;  culling  from 
his  boundless  stores  of  knowledge  in- 
teresting facts,  or  pleasing  reminiscences, 
often  pointed  by  philosophical  analysis. 
In  public  lifr,  he  he  was  ardent,  indefati- 
gable and  ^earless;  above  all  chicanery, 
meanness  and  injustice.  He  defended 
the  right,  because  be  loved  justice.  As 
an  orator,  according  to  Dr.  Johnson,  he 
was  unrivalled  in  either  ancient  or 
modern  times.  As  a  writer,  whether  we 
consider  the  beauty  of  his  language, 
the  grandeur  of  his  imagery,  his  just- 
ness and  grasp  of  tlioiii]rbt,  or  the  vast 
stores  of  learning  displiiycd,  he  assur- 
edly had  no  superior  if  any  equal,  in  any 
age  or  language. 

BURKE,  JOHN,  author  of  Bnrkc's 
Peerages  of  Great  Ih'iliiin  and  Iniliiiul, 
was  boi'u  in  Ireland  and  having  adopted 


literature  as  a  profession  went  to 
London,  where  he  was  connected  with 
the  London  Press.  He  is  best  known 
by  his  compilation  of  the  History  of  the 
Peerages  and  Baronetages  of  Great  Brit- 
ain and  Ireland,  which  still  under  his 
son,  continues  to  be  authority  on  all 
questions  relating  to  the  nobility  of 
those  countries.  He  died  in  London  in 
1848.  ^ 

BURKE,  SIR.  JOHN  BERTTARD, 
a  British  Genealogist  of  authority,  was 
the  son  of  John  Burke,  the  first  com- 
piler of  Burke's  Peerages  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  was  born  In 
London  in  1815.  He  was  called  to  the 
bar  at  the  middle  Temple  in  1839,  and 
was  appointed  "Ulster  King  of  Arms 
of  all  Ireland"  in  1853,  and  in  1854, 
was  knighted.  He  succeeded  his 
father  as  editor  of  "Burke's  Peerage 
and  Baronetage  of  the  British  Empire" 
and  also  wrote  the  "History  of  Dor- 
mant, Forfeited  and  Extinct  Peerages," 
"  History  of  Landed  Gentry,"  "  Vicisi- 
tudes  of  FamiUes"  and  other  kindred 
works. 

BURKE,  REV.  THOS.  N.,  a  learn- 
ed Irish  divine,  pati-iot  and  scholar, 
and  one  of  the  most  eloquent  of  pulpit 
orators,  was  a  distinguished  member 
of  the  Dominican  Order,  and  was  bom 
in  Gal  way,  Sept.  8.  1830.  The  first 
language  he  spoke  was  the  native  lan- 
guage of  his  race.  He  received  his 
early  education  in  his  native  town  at  the 
schools  of  Erasmus  Smith,  (so  called,^ 
and  seems  to  have  loved  study  and 
play  equally  well.  In  his  seven- 
teenth year  he  entered  the  Dominican 
Order  and  was  sent  to  Rome  to  com- 
plete his  studies  in  one  of  their  semin- 
aries in  that  citf.  There  he  spent  five 
years,  and  gave  evidence  of  his  won- 
derful capacity,  energy  and  eloquence. 
He  was  ordained  priest  at  the  age  of 
twenty-two,  and  sent  upon  the  mission, 
his  flret  priestly  labors  bein^  in  Glou- 
cestershire, England,  where  lie  remain- 
ed four  years.  His  next  labors  were 
in  the  dear  old  land  of  his  fathers, 
where  he  was  sent  to  found  a  house 
and  novitiate  of  his  order,  which  he  did 
at  Tallasht,  near  Dublin.  He  soon 
attiacted  attention  in  Dublin  by  his  elo- 
quence, preaching  in  the  old  church  of 
St.  Saviour,  Denmark  street  In  1869 
lie  was  asked  to  conduct  a  retreat  for  the 
students  of  Llauooth  College,  and  so 


lii 

M 


BUR 


nUSH  CELTS. 


BUR 


transcendent  were  his  powers,  that  even 
here,  in  the  shadow  of  walls  that  had 
almost  daily  resounded  with  silvery 
tongued  orators,  as  eloquent  as  it  is 
often  given  to  men  to  htiar,  yet  he  was 
awarded  the  palm  over  all.  In  1866  he 
was  recalled  to  Rome,  and  appointed 
Superior  of  St.  Clement's,  the  oldest 
basilica  with'-:  the  Eternal  City,  and 
was  honored  with  the  request  to  deliver 
the  Lenten  sermons  in  English,  succeed- 
ing Cardinal  Manning  in  that  honor,  and 
earning  for  himself  continental  fame, 
fully  sustaining  his  high  reputation  as  a 
preacher  of  matchless  power  and  elo- 
quence, and  before  audiences  as  intel- 
lectual and  discriminating  as  ever 
listened  to,  or  were  charmed  by  the 
irresistible  music  of  eloquence.  In  1871 
Father  Burke  was  appomted  visitor  of 
the  Dominican  Order  in  the  United 
States,  and  he  arrived  in  New  York  in 
the  Fall  of  that  year.  There  he  won 
increased  fame  not  alone  as  an  orator, 
but  as  a  master  mind  of  unrivalled  capa- 
city and  inexhaustible  resources.  He 
was  kept  constantly  lecturing  on  an 
endless  variety  of  subjects,  and  seemed 
equally  master  of  all.  The  people  were 
never  tired  listening  to  him,  and  the 
halls  in  which  he  lectured  were  always 
crowded.  He  tilled  the  Coliseum  of 
Boston  twice  in  one  day  addressing  over 
40,000  people,  the  largest  paying  audi- 
ence ever  assembled  to  li:jten  to  one 
man.  His  most  noticeable  and  famous 
efforts  in  America,  however,  were  his 
answers  and  we  might  say  annihilation 
of  Proude,  the  celebratea  English  his- 
torical dude,  who  came  to  America, 
evidently  at  the  inspiration  of  the  Eng- 
lish government,  to  set  the  American 
Eeople  right  on  the  'Hirish'  question, 
[is  mission,  however,  ended  in  any- 
thing but  the  desired  result,  for  at  the 
very  outset  of  his  qua,si-learned  disquisi- 
tions he  was  met  by  the  great  Domini- 
can, and  his  facts  and  theories  alike 
were  torn  into  shreds  and  patches.  The 
plausible  historical  structure  which  he 
had  spent  months,  perhaps  years  of 
labor  in  erecting,  to  be  palmed  off  as 
history,  to  blacken  the  Celt  and  exalt 
the  8a.xon,  was  tumbled  about  his  head, 
and  the  wouUl-be  champion  of  an  in- 
famous government  that  would  pose 
before  the  world  as  benign  and  just, 
was  (!xp(ised  to  the  laughter  and  scorn 
of  honest  Americans,  and  its  luif  ortunate 
defender  huriicd  bark  to  his  nuisier, 
crest-fallen,     defeated   and  disgi-aced. 


Perhaps  nothing  better  could  show  the 
•wonderful  resources  of  the  great 
Dominican  than  the  readiness  with 
which  he  grasped  the  historical  ques- 
tion controverted  in  his  discussion  with 
Froude.  "Without  any  possible  pre- 
paration against  a  so-called  renowned 
Oxford  scholar  and  historian,  v/ho  had 
made  special  preparations  and  study  on 
the  questions  at  issue,  he  confronted 
him  like  a  great  sun,  whose  searching 
rays  penetrate  every  dark  crevice  and 
corner,  and  while  exposing  his  dissimu- 
lations, frauds  and  distortions,  built 
up  a  citadel  of  truth,  whose  consistent 
proportions  fitted  the  evidences  of  his- 
torjr,  and  silenced  even  the  brazen 
enfrontery  of  British  conceit  and  fraud, 
by  driving  it  back  to  its  native  lair. 
Yet  no  less  wonderful  was  the 
variety,  ability,  learning  and  elo- 
quence of  his  other  lectures  in 
America,  which  followed  each  other  in 
quick  succession  and  which  for  re- 
sources required,  power  and  erudition 
displayed,  would  have  bankrupted  the 
capacities  of  a  dozen  of  the  best  lec- 
turers of  the  day.  His  manner  and 
methods  as  an  orator  are  not  less  mar- 
velous. With  a  voice  of  great  compass 
and  sweetness  he  carries  his  fascinated 
listeners  along  with  him,  regardless  of 
time.  After  a  brilliant  career  as  a 
preacher  and  lecturer  in  America  he 
again  returned  to  Europe.  His  health 
became  impaired  by  his  indefatigable 
industry  and  for  a  time  his  life  itself 
was  in  danger.  He  however,  re- 
cuperated, and  was  constantly  en- 
gaged in  both  England  and  Ireland  in 
preaching  and  other  apostolic  work. 
IFnfortunately  he  never  fully  recov- 
ered. A  fatal  and  painful  malady  had 
fastened  itself  upon  him  which  he  bore 
up  against  with  the  fortitude  of  a  hero 
and  martyr,  preaching  almost  daily  and 
performing  the  other  laborious  duties 
of  his  vocation  to  the  very  last.  On 
June  80th,  1883,  when  it  might  be  said 
he  was  almost  in  his  last  agony,  he  ap- 
peared in  the  pulpit  of  the  Jesuit  church 
in  Dublin,  to  preach  for  the  starving 
children  of  Donegal.  He  knew  it  would 
hasten  his  dissolution,  but  altho.igh  in 
an  agony  of  pain  he  arose  from  his  bed 
to  perform  his  promise,  but  had  to  be 
carried  back  to  it,  on  the  arms  of  his 
sorrowing  friends,  when  he  expired 
a  few  hours  afterwards,  on  the  2nd  of 
July,  in  the  153d  year  of  his  age.  Thus 
died  this  great  Dominican,  whose  in- 


nil 
Vii'  ■' 


{''  " 


BUR 


nUBH  CELTS. 


BUR 


i 


I  i 

■  11 1!!!! 


tellectual  powers  so  much  resembled 
his  great  namesake,  Edmund  Burke. 
As  an  orator  he  coualed  him  in  chaste- 
ness,  beauty  and  sublimity  of  thought, 
while  he  was  his  superior  in  simplicity 
of  style,  as  he  was  in  the  power  to  charm 
and  captivate  his  hearers.  On  seeing 
him  in  repose  one  would  not  suspect  the 
wonderful  powers  that  lay  under  the 
plain,  unassuming  exterior.  But  he  was 
a  born  orator,  and  beneath  the  repose 
burned  fires  of  eloquence  as  irresistible 
and  brilliant  when  they  burst  forth,  as 
an  eruption  of  Vesuvius.  In  the  pulpit 
you  saw  a  new  man,  transformed  by 
his  intensity  of  thought:  dignity,  power 
and  authority  to  command  seemed  to 
belong  to  him  as  a  garment,  while  a 
voice  of  wonderful  sweetness,  power 
and  pathos,  complemented  this,  and  the 
charm  was  completed  by  irresistible 
bursts  of  eloquence,  accompanied  by 
grand  and  imposing  action  which  cap- 
tured every  eye  and  captivated  every 
heart.  His  greatness  did  not  consist  in 
his  eloquence  alone,  but  rather  in  the 
marvelous  extent  of  his  knowledge, 
the  grasp  and  force  of  his  intellectual 
powers,  and  the  amazing  quickness 
with  which  he  brought  them  to  the 
analysis  of  any  subject.  He  ranked  high 
as  a  theologian,  and  was  an  accom- 
plished linguist,  preaching  with  equal 
facility  in  a  number  of  the  modern  lan- 
guages, including  Irish,  while  he  ranked 
high  as  a  cxassical  scholar.  He  was  not 
less  noted  for  his  wit  than  for  his  other 
great  qualities,  and  whether  in  conver- 
sation or  on  a  platform,  could  convulse 
his  hearers  with  laughter  at  his  will. 
He  undoubtedly  stands  in  the  front 
rank  of  the  great  minds  of  this,  or  in- 
deed, of  any  age. 

BURKE,  JOHN  DOLT,  an  histo- 
rian and  dramatic  writer,  was  born  in 
Ireland  and  came  to  America  in  1797. 
He  became  editor  of  a  political  paper  in 
Boston  and  afterwards  in  New  York, 
which  was  conducted  with  abilitjr. 
He  was  the  author  of  a  history  of  Vir- 

g'nia  and  two  dramatic  pieces  entitled 
unker  Hill  and  Bethlem  Gabor.    He 
fell  in  a  duel  in  1808. 

BURKE,  ROBERT  O'HARA,  a  cel- 
ebrated Australian  explorer  and  traveler, 
was  born  in  Ireland  m  1821.  He  first 
entered  the  military  service  of  Austria, 
but  afterwards  returned  to  Ireland,  and 
accepted  a  govenunent  position.    He 


next  went  to  Australia,  and  became 
Public  Inspector  at  Melbourne,  but  again 
returned  home,  and  joined  the  British 
army  in  the  Crimea,  as  a  volunteer, 
where  he  distinguished  himself.  After 
the  war  he  returned  to  Australia,  was 
appointed  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  gov- 
ernment exploring  expedition  and  was 
one  of  the  first  Europeans,  who  travers- 
ed that  continent  from  north  to  souUi. 
It  however,  cost  him  his  life,  the  priva- 
tions and  hardships  being  too  much  for 
a  constitution  perhaps  already  weaken- 
ed by  Crimean  privation.  He  died  in 
1860. 

BURKE,  WALTER,  a  gallant  Irish 
officer,  born  about  1665,  in  Athlone. 
He  early  took  up  arms  in  defense  of  his 
country's  rights  and  afterwards  raised  a 
regiment  in  aid  of  that  imbecile,  James 
II.  After  the  treaty  of  Limerick,  he 
went  to  France  with  his  regiment  and 
gi'catly  distinguished  himself  on  various 
occasions,  especially  at  the  battle  of 
Cremona  in  Feb.,  1702,  gaining  the 
credit  of  being  mainly  instrumental  in 
the  defeat  of  the  enemy  on  that  mem- 
orable occasion,  and  gaining  the  rank 
of  a  general  officer.  Burke  afterwards 
served  in  Spain  and  still  later,  with  his 
regiment,  signed  permanent  arrange- 
ments of  enlistment  under  the  Span- 
ish Monarch,  and  served  with  great 
distinction  in  Sicily,  Africa  and  Italy, 
during  the  war  of  1733.  Burke's  reg't 
remained  after  the  war  in  Naples,  and 
was  called  the  "  King's  Regiment,"  the 
King  of  Spain  having  transferred  it  to 
his  son,  Don  Philip,  King  of  the  Two 
Sicilies.  Burke  acquired  high  distinc- 
tion for  skill,  valor,  and  iiniform  suc- 
cess, and  was  held  in  the  highest  esteem 
by  his  King. 

BURNS,  GOV.  JOHN,  an  Irish- 
American  patriot  and  legislator,  was 
born  in  Dublin,  about  1730,  and  em- 
igrated to  Philadelphia  when  quite 
young.  He  took  a  prominent  part  in  all 
local  as  well  as  national  questions,  and 
was  honored  by  his  fellow  -  citizens 
with  many  positions  of  trust  and  honor. 
He  was  the  first  governor  of  Pennsyl- 
vania elected  after  the  adoption  of  the 
Federal  Constitution,  and  retained  in  a 
high  degree  the  confidence  and  respect 
of  his  fellow-citizens  till  his  death. 

BURTON,  RICHARD  FRANCIS, 
one  of  the  most   celebrated  explorers 


BUR 


ntlSH  CELTS 


BUS 


and  authors  of  modem  times,  was  bom  at 
Tuam,  Ireland,  in  1821,  and  entered  the 
Indian  army  as  a  lieutenant  in  1842. 
While  stationed  near  Bombay,  he  spent 
gome  time  in  exploring  the  geological 
formation  of  the  Neilgherry  Hills.  He 
served  in  Sinde  under  Sir  u.  J,  Napier, 
and  wrote,  while  there  ,  "Sinde,  or  the 
Unhappy  Valley",  and  also'Talconry 
in  the  Valley  of  the  Indus,"  and  "The 
Kaces  that  inhabit  the  Valley  of  the 
Indus,  1850."  In  1851,  "  Goa  and  the 
the  Blue  Mountains."  He  also  became 
proficient  in  the  Arabic,  Afghan,  Psr- 
sian,  Hindostanee  and  other  languages, 
and  published  ~  grammar  of  the 
last  namf  ^ol  he  returned  homo 

and  receivii^ga  year's  furlough,  he  start- 
ed to  visit  Mecca  and  Medina,  which  no 
christian  was  known  to  reach  since 
Burclchardinl815.  At  Alexandria  he  as- 
sumed the  character  of  a  wandering 
dervish  and  so  natural  was  his  language 
and  habits  that  he  was  never  detect- 
ed, and  succeeded  in  reaching  the  "Holy 
Cities"  an  account  of  which  he  publish- 
ed in  1855,  as  "A  pilgrimage  to  El  Medi- 
na and  Mecca,"  which  attracted  great 
attention.  He  also  attempted  to  pene- 
trate into  East  Africa,  which  he  pub- 
lished as  "Footsteps  in  East  Africa  or 
8n  Exploration  of  Harron."  During  the 
Crimean  War  he  was  chief  of  staff  to 
Gen.  Beatson.  In  1856  he  again  visited 
Africa  starting  from  Zanzibar  with 
Capt.  Speke  and  penetrating  the  lake 
regions,  discovering  Lake  Tanganyika 
which  he  describes  in  liis"Lake  Regions 
of  Central  Africa.  He  also  visited  Utah 
and  published  "The  City  of  the  Saints". 
In  1861  he  was  consul  at  Fennando  Po, 
on  the  west  coast  of  Africa,  where  he 
wrote  "Abbeokuta  and  the  Cameroons" 
and  a  "Mission  to  the  King  of  Dahom- 
ey." In  1864  he  was  consul  at  Santos, 
Brazil,  and  published  "Explorations  in 
the  Highlands  of  Brazil"  and  "Letters 
from  battle  fields  of  Paraguay."  In 
1868  he  was  at  Damascus  as  consul  and 
traveled  m  the  Holy  Land  publisliing 
"Unexplored  Palestine."  His  "Anthro- 
pological Collections  in  the  Holy  Land" 
was  published  by  a  London  society  in 
tliat  interest.  In  1872  he  published '  'Zan- 
zibar City,  Island  and  Coast"  and  the 
same  year  was  appointed  consul  to 
Trieste.  Among  his  other  works  is 
"Viki-am  and  the  Vampire  or  Tales  of 
Hindoo  Deviltry."     He  is   said  to  be 

Sroficient  in  35  different,  languages  and 
ialects..' 


BUSHE,  CHARLES  KENDAL,  one 
of  the  most  brilliant  of  men,  ranking  as 
an  advocate,  orator  and  statesman  among 
the  very  first  which  Great  Britain  or 
Ireland  has  ever  produced,  was  born 
on  the  13th  of  January,  1767,  at  Kil- 
murry.  County  of  Killkenny,  Ireland. 
His  mother  was  a  sister  of  Gen.  Sir 
John  Doyle.  His  early  instruction  was 
received  in  the  same  school  which  help- 
ed to  develop  the  youthful  genius  of 
the  great  Edmund  Burke,  and  he  en- 
tered Trinity  College  in  1782,  where  his 
career  was  distinguished,  obtaining  & 
scholarship  at  the  end  of  his  first  year, 
and  carrying  off  the  gold  medal  from  a 
host  of  able  competitors.  At  this  time 
the  Historical  Society  held  its  meetings 
within  the  college  walls  which  Bushe 
joined  and  soon  became  one  of  its  most 
noted  members;  among  its  brilliant 
speakers  at  that  time  were  Plunket, 
Miller,  Graves  and  Magee.  In  1790  he 
was  called  to  the  bar  and  the  principles 
of  the  French  revolution  was  at  this 
time  attracting  the  attention  of  the 
civilized  world,  and  nowhere  more  than 
among  the  ardent  and  liberty  loving 
young  men  of  Ireland.  Bushe, although 
a  patriot,  was  not  attracted  by  its  doc- 
trines, but  like  Burke  saw  its  delusions 
and  used  his  pen  against  its  pernicious 
theories.  He  looked  upon  its  leading 
principles  as  fatal  to  the  highest  devel- 
opment of  men's  genius,  and  destructive 
of  a  human  infiuence,  powerful  in  the 
support  of  manly  honor,  and  public 
virtue.      On  this  subject,  in  a  pam- 

Shlet  in  answer  to  Paiue's  "  Rights  of 
[an,"  written  in  his  24th  year,  and  of 
which  Lord  Brougham  says,  "It  is  no 
exaggeration  to  say  that  it  deserves  a 
place  on  the  same  level  with  Mr.  Burke's 
celebrated  Reflections;  audit  would  be 
hard  to  say  whether  the  sound  and 
judicious  reasoning,  or  the  beautiful 
and  chaste  composition,  most  deserve 
our  admiration."  He  said,  "There is  a 
principle  in  the  heart  of  man  which 
any  wise  government  will  encourage, 
because  it  is  the  auxiliary  of  virtue.  I 
mean  the  principle  of  honor,  which  in 
those  moments  of  weakness,  when  the 
conscience  slumbers,  watches  over  the 
deserted  charge,  and  engages  friends  in 
the  defense  of  integrity.  It  is  a 
sanction  of  conduct  which  the  im- 
agination lends  to  virtue,  is  itself  the 
reward,  and  inflicts  shame  as  the 
punishment.  The  audacity  of  vice  may 
despise  fear,  the  sense  of  reason  may  be 


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33  WUT  MAIN  STRUT 

WIHTIR.N.Y.  MSM 

(7U)  173-4303 


BUS 


nOBH  CBLT8. 


BUS 


«teeled ;  art  and  cunning  may  elude 
•temporal,  and  impiety  mav defy  eternal 
"Vengeance,  but  honor  holds  the  scourge 
•of  shame,  and  he  is  hard  indeed,  who 
trembles  not  under  its  lash.  If  the  in- 
stitution of  hereditary  dignities  cherish 
this  sentiment  of  honor,  and  this  senti- 
ment cherishes  virtue,  it  would  be  follv 
to  charge  them  with  being  either  child- 
ish or  puerile.  Virtue  coldlv  enter- 
tained in  any  other  comer  of  the  heart 
will  take  a  strong  hold  in  the  pride  of 
man.  She  has  often  erected  her  temple 
•on  the  coronets  of  a  glorious  ancestry, 
and  the  world  has  been  indebted  to  the 
manes  of  the  dead,  for  the  merits  of  the 
living."  Fame  and  success  in  obtaining 
practice  at  the  bar  has  always  been 
slow,  and  Bushe's  experience  was  not 
an  exception.  His  business  for  some 
years  was  depressingly  seamy,  and  he 
sought  a  seat  in  parliament  as  a  field 
where  his  abilities  might  have  a  chance 
to  assert  themselves.  In  1799  he  enter- 
ed the  Irish  parliament  as  member  for 
C'allan,  in  his  native  county.  It  was  at 
-one  of  the  most  vital  periods  in  Irish 
history;  the  liberties  of  Ireland  were 
trembling  in  the  balance,  Pitt  and  Cast- 
lereagh  had  determined  that  the  Union 
-should  be  carried,  and  the  latter,  armed 
with  all  the  means  which  the  British 
government  could  place  in  his  Lmds 
was  seeking,  by  intimidation  and  bri- 
bery, to  bring  to  his  support  all  those 
whose  vanity  might  be  tempted  by  a 
title  and  wealth,  or  whose  conservative 
fears  might  be  gulled  into  beholding 
Imaginary  anarchy*  in  the  future  of 
Irish  independence.  He  thi'ew  himself 
into  his  unpatriotic  work  with  that 
reckless  abandon  and  energv  of  pur- 
pose, which  throughout  his  career, 
•characterized  this  great,  but  unscrupu- 
lous politician ;  and  which  afterwards 
would  have  placed  him  at  the  head  of 
the  Engl  sh  government,  had  he  not 
<:ut  slior.  his  own  existence. 

Bushe  t(»ok  his  stand  among  the  pa- 
triots of  his  country,  alongside  of  Grat- 
tan  and  Curriin,  and  there  was  none 
more  earnest  or  more  able.  If  he  did 
not  possess  that  fiery  eloquence  of 
■Grattan  which  like  the  swift  lightning 
of  heaven  paralizcd  and  scorched  the 
min'ons  of  power  who  had  been  bought 
for  a  price,  and  who  shrank,  cowed  and 
terrified  before  the  velienience  of  his 
denunciations,  and  the  irresistible  force 
•of  his  arguments  ;  yet  tbo  keen  odsre  of 
ihe  polished  wit  of  Bushe,  like  the 


Damascus  blade,  cut  deep,  and  opened 
up  to  the  shame  and  dismay  of  his  op- 

?}nents,  the  depths  of  their  corruption, 
he  following  is  a  E'pecimen  of  his  el- 
oquence taken  from  one  of  his  speeches 
against  the  union.  "Let  me  ccajure 
tms  house  to  consider  whether  this  is  a 
transaction  on  which  they  are  willing 
to  commit  themselves,  their  properties, 
their  characters,  and  their  children. 
Let  me  conjure  them  to  weigh  the  ques- 
tion well,  if  every  generous  feeling  be 
not  banished  from  amongst  us  ;  and  if 
private  honor  and  public  virtue  be  not 
a  name.  Where  is  that  spirit  which  in 
'82  swelled  the  crest  and  ennobled  the 
character  of  the  Irish  gentry  ?  Which 
achieved  liberty  for  Ireland;  extorted 
justice  from  Eivglandt  and  adm  ration 
from  Europe  I  Is  it  fl^  and  extinguish- 
ed forever  I  I  will  not  believe  it  1  But 
were  every  appeal  to  everything  human 
fruitless  and  vain,  I  would  invoke  the 
Providence  which  even  in  my  short 
life,  has  stretched  a  protecting  arm 
so  often  over  my  country  1  In  my  short 
life,  my  country  has  been  raisea  from 
a  Province  to  become  a  Nation,  has 
been  protected  from  a  bloody  rebellion 
and  a  formidable  invasion,  and  has  seen 
one  desperate  attack  against  her  liber- 
ties and  constitution  defeated  and  over- 
thrown. I  will  rely  on  God  to  save 
Ireland."  Neither  was  his  pen  idle  in 
the  defense  of  Ireland's  integrity,  and 
in  exposing  the  fallacy  of  her  enemies, 
and  amongst  the  ablest  pamphlets 
which  appeared,  was  his  answer  to  Mr. 
Ser-^etary  Cook's  "Arguments  for  and 
against  the  Union  Considered,*  and 
called  "Cease  your  Funning."  Its 
style  If  comical  and  Lord  Brougham 
says  it  is  fully  equal  to  the  very  best  of 
Dean  Swift's  political  writings.  All 
the  effort!  of  the  Irish  patriots  were 
however  unavaUlng  against  the  elo* 
quence  of  the  'Oastle,'  which  was  pa- 
tronage and  title,  and  to  the  shame  and 
ruin  of  Ireland  the  union  was  carried. 
Bushe  felt  keenly  the  degradation  of 
his  country,  which  he  Knew  would 
henceforth  be  only  a  province,  and  at 
one  period  half  resolved  to  abandon  the 
bar,  and  even  the  country.  His  pecun- 
iary difllculties  however  determined 
him  to  remain,  and  he  devoted  himself 
closely  and  steadily  to  '*\ifl  profesidon, 
and  he  soon  rose  t'y  splendid  eminence, 
and  a  lucrntive  practice.  In  180S  he 
wfl«  raised  to  the  nignlty  of  Sergeant  at 
Law  and  the  same  yeur  was  appointed 


't' 


BUS 


IBIBH  CELTS. 


BUS 


Solicitor  General.  This  position  he 
held  during  one  of  the  most  turbulent 
periods  in  the  history  of  bis  country; 
the  State  prosecutious  were  many, 
often  unjust  and  vexatious,  if  not 
iniquitous,  and  Bushe's  position  was 
one  it  was  diflScult  to  fill  without  incur- 
ring censure.  His  honor  and  justice 
cannot  however  be  fairly  impeached, 
although  without  doubt,  some  of  the 

government  minions  associated  with 
im  would  hesitate  at  no  iniquity 
to  carry  out  the  wishes  of  the  Castle  I 
A  contest  at  this  time  between  the 
Crown  1.  e.  the  'Castle'  and  Chief  Baron 
O'Oradv,  of  the  Exchequer  as  to  the 
right  of  appointing  the  clerk  of  that 
court,  a  very  lucrative  position,  was  of 
great  notoriety.  Plunket  appeared 
against  the  crown,  and  he  made  it  the 
bccasion  of  hurling  all  the  thunders  of 
his  wrath  against  the  law  officers  of  the 
Crown,  especially  Saurin,  the  Attornev- 
Qeneral,  who  was  worthy  of  the  seech- 
ing. Bushe  however  answered  hi  \  in 
a  most  masterly  manner,  and  wnich 
we  give  as  a  specimen  of  his  style. 
"The  weight  of  the  censure  which  uip 
fallen  upon  us  is  increased  in  propor- 
tion to  the  hight  from  which  it  has  de- 
scended. It  has  come  from  the  counsel 
of  a  Chief  Judge  of  the  Land,  from  the 
lips  of  one  of  the  most  illustrious  in- 
dividuals in  this  country,  from  •»  mem- 
ber of  the  United  Parliament ;  from  a 
man  whose  inimitable  advocacy  is  but 
secondary  to  that  high  character  for 
integrity  and  talent  which  he  has  es- 
tabirHhed  for  himself  and  for  oui^  nation 
— upon  whose  accents  'the  listening 
senate  hangs, — with  whose  renown  the 
entire  Empire  resounds.  From  such  a 
man  censure  is  censure  indeed.  I  cnll 
then  upon  him  not  to  stop  half  way  in 
the  discharge  of  his  duty.  If  we  are 
tyrannical  and  oppressive — if  we  have 
revived  and  transcended  the  worst  pre- 
'  cedents  of  the  worst  days  of  prerogative, 
I  call  upon  him  in  the  name  of  justice, 
of  our  ancient  friendship,  and  of  our 
common  country ;  I  call  upon  him  by 
every  obligation  which  can  bind  a  man, 
to  impeach  us.  If  ho  be  not  our  prose- 
cutor, he  becomes  our  accomplice.  He 
is  bound  to  call  us  to  the  bar  of  that 
senate  where  he  shall  be  upon  his  feet, 
and  we  upon  our  knees,  nad  if  his  ac- 
cusation be  true,  our  heads  are  due  to 
Justice.  The  character  of  the  Chief 
iaron  has  been  redeemed  bv  me,  I 
have  resoned  the  character  of  the  Court 


of  Chancery;  I  have  vindicated  my 
own — one  yet  remains,  the  character  of 
Mr.  Plunket  himself.  And  therefore  I 
call  upon  him  in  vindication  to  bring 
us  to  Westminister,  where  impeachment 
is  constitutional,  where  he  will  hold 
his  high  place,  and  the  lofty  port  which* 
becomes  him.  I  call  upon  him  to  as- 
sume the  senator  and  the  patriot,  and' 
assert  his  rank  in  that  august  assembly; 
to  none  has  that  high  station  which  he 
holds  in  it  given  more  delight  than  to 
me.  I  rejoice  in  it  as  an  attached  and 
ardent  fnend,  and  as  an  Irishman,  I 
exult  in  a  man  who  has  exalted  tb9' 
character  of  our  country  in  the  Senate, 
as  high  as  another  illustrious  country- 
man (Wellington)  has  raised  it  in  the 
Field.  Let  him  not  stop  at  the  charge 
he  has  made  in  this  place.  Let  him 
follow  it  up— 'non  progredi  est  regredi' 
he  must  either  with  shame  give  up  thi» 
unjust  attack  upon  the  servants  of  the- 
crown,  or  he  must  follow  up  his  duty 
as  a  member  of  Parliament,  and  carry 
us  before  the  bar  of  the  Commons.  Let 
him  do  so,  we  are  not  afraid,  then  at 
least  the  judicial  determination  shalF 
not  be  upon  the  hearing  of  one  party. 
Let  him  remember  the  charge  is  illegal- 
ity, jacobinism,  and  revolution,  and 
that  the  crime  is  disrespect  to  what  ho 
call  the  adjudication  of  the  Court  of 
Exchequer  1  The  very  neigh  borhood  of 
Westminister  hall  ought  to  make  him> 
pause.  What  1  state  within  its  pre- 
cincts that  a  court  of  Exchequer  in  Ire- 
land has  made  a  solemn  determination 
in  a  case  where  one  party  was  not  pre- 
sent, and  where  the  other  presided  I  The- 
very  walls  o  fWestminister  Hall  would 
utter  forth  a  groan  at  sucu  an  insult  to- 
the  judicial  cTiaraoter,  the  very  monu- 
ments would  deliver  up  thuii-  illustrious 
dead,  and  the  shades  of  Mansfield  and 
of  Somers,  and  of  Holt,  and  of  Hale, 
would  start  from  their  tombs,  to  robuke- 
the  atrocious  imputation."  In  1832  he 
became  Chief  Justice,  and  held  it  till 
1841,  when  he  resij^ned,  the  entire  bar- 
of  Ireland  joining  in  an  address  of  re- 

Sret,  and  of  the  highest  praise.    He 
led  on  the  10th  of  July,  1848.    We- 
must  judge  of  Bushe  mainly  by  the  es- 
timate of  his  illustrious  cotcinporaries. 
His  career  was  confined  to  Ireland,  and 
has  therefor  not  given  him  that  prom- 
inence which  some  of  his  illustrious- 
countrymen  acquired.     Lord  Broug- 
ham says  of  him,   "His  merits  as  » 
spuukur  was  of  the  highest  description. 


v-i 


BUS 


IBIBR  CBLT8. 


BUT 


His  powers  of  narration  has  not  per- 
haps been  equalled.  If  any  one  would 
see  this  in  its  great  perfection,  he  has 
only  to  read  the  inimitable  speech  in 
the  Trimbleston  cause,  the  narative  of 
Livy  himself  does  not  surpass  that  great 
eflEort."  An  anonymous  poetical 
pamphlet  published  m  1805 ;  thus  de- 
■ficribes  his  oratory :, 

Sedate  at  first,  at  length  his  passion 
warms, 

And  every  word  and  ev'ry  gesture 
charms 

Sunk  to  no  meanness,  by  no  flourish 
swelled. 

The  copious  stream  its  course  majes- 
tic held, 

The  Graces  to  his  polished  wit  gave 
birth, 

Which  wakes  the  smile,  but  not  the 
roar  of  mirth. 

His  le^  tenets  stand  on  stable 
ground. 

His  moral  precepts,  novel  and  pro- 
found. 

Well  has  he  traced  the  law's  unbound- 
ed chut. 

Well  searched  each  comer  of  the 
human  heart. 

In  triumph  his  resistless  march  pro- 
ceeds, 

Beason  and  passion  follow  where  he 
leads. 

Is  justice  his  inalienable  trust? 

Or  does  he  deem  each  cause  he  bat- 
tles just? 

Suffice  it — ev'ry  ener^  of  zeal, 

Marks  that  conviction  he  makes 
others  feel. 

BU8HE,  GEORGE  MACARTNEY, 
ra  celebrated  surgeon,  was  born  in  Ire- 
land in  1707,  and  after  completing  his 
education  at  home,  and  recei7ing  his 
■degree,  ho  came  to  New  York  and 
commenced  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion. He  soon  acquired  fame  as  a  most 
skilled  and  successful  operator  and  ob- 
tained an  extensive  and  lucrative  prac- 
tice. He  is  the  author  of  valuable  sur- 
ficnl  works  and  papers.  He  died  in 
886. 

BUTCHER,  R.  A.,  REV.  SAM'L, 
a  learned  prolcstnnt  divine  of  the  es- 
tablished church  and  bishop  of  Meath, 
was  the  son  of  Vice  Admiral  Butcher, 
and  was  born  in  Ireland  in  1811.  He 
received  his  education  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Dublin,  and  was  elected  a  Fellow 


in  1837,  and  Professor  of  Ecclesiastical 
History  in  1850.  He  became  Re^us 
Professor  of  Divinity  in  1852,  and  in 
1866,  was  named  Bishop  of  Meatli.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Royal  Irish  Acade- 
my and  of  the  Privy  Council  in  Ireland. 
He  was  an  author  of  some  note  in  his 
church  but  somewhat  tinctured  vith 
bigotry.  Amongst  his  works  are '  'Lec- 
tures on  the  study  of  Ecclesiastical 
Literature,"  "Relative  value  of  Human 
and  Divine  Authority,"  "Sermons  on 
the  Crimean  War,"  &c.  He  died  July 
22,  1876. 

BUTLER,  JAMES. VicountGalmoy, 
a  gallant  officer  of  the  Irish  brigade, 
nephew  of  Lt.  Gen.  Piers  Butler.  He 
distinguished  himself  on  many  occasions 
at  the  head  of  his  regiment,  particularly 
under  the  celebrated  Marshal  Saxc,  and 
participated  in  the  credit  and  satist'ation 
which  the  Irish  troops  won,  at  the 
celebrated  battle  of  Fontenov,  where, 
mainly,  through  their  irresistible 
valor,  the  English  suffered  so  disastrous 
a  defeat.  He  died  in  1770,  high  in 
rank. 

BUTLER,  JAMES,  Duke  of  Or- 
mond,  was  bom  in  County  Killkcnny 
about  1660,  was  appointed  a  lord  of  the 
bed  chamber  in  1685  and  serving  in  the 
army  tiad  a  share  in  the  victory  over 
the  imfortunate  Duke  of  Monmouth,  at 
Sedgemore.  He  afterwards  joined  the 
standard  of  the  Prince  of  Orange  and 
was  by  him  given  the  order  of  the  Gar- 
ter, and  made  High  Constable  of  Eng- 
land for  the  coronation.  He  took  part 
in  the  battle  of  the  Boyne  and  afterwards 
entertained  his  mojesty  most  sumptu- 
ously at  his  castle  in  Killkenny.  In 
1698  he  served  at  the  battle  of  Landen, 
where  he  received  several  wounds,  and 
had  a  horse  shot  under  him.  In  1703 
he  was  appointed  by  Queen  Anne  com- 
mander in  'chief  of  the  forces  sent 
against  France  and  Spain,  when  he  de- 
stroyed the  French  fleet,  sunk  the 
Spanish  ga'djone  in  the  harbor  of  Viio, 
and  took  the  fort  of  Rcndondella,  for 
which  he  received  the  thanks  of  both 
houses  of  Parliament.  In  1711  ho  was 
appointed  Captain  General  and  Com- 
mtuuler  in  Chief  of  the  land  forces  in 
Great  Britain,  which  were  to  bo  em- 
ploved  abroad  in  conjurution  with  the 
Allies,  which  position  he  held  till  the 
treaty  of  Utrech  in  1718,  which  year  ho 
was  made  Warden  of  t  ehOinque  Ports, 


/ 


BUT 


nUBH  CELTS. 


BUT 


and  Constable  of  Dpver  Castle.  Two 
years  afterwards,  however,  George  I, 
naving  succeeded  to  the  throne,  he  was 
impeached  of  high  treason  and  retired 
to  France.  He  wad  attainted,  his  es 
tates  forfeited  and  $10,000  offered  for  his 
apprehension,  should  he  attempt  to  land 
in  Ireland.  He  resided  until  his  death, 
which  took  place  in  1745,  at  Avignon, 
in  France. 

BUTLER,  JAMES,  an  American 
patriot  cf  the  Revolution,  was  born  in 
Virginia,  whither  his  father  had  emi- 

f rated  from  the  troubles  in  Ireland.  In 
772  he  removed  to  South  Carolina  and 
on  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  he  took 
up  arms.  He  accompanied  Oen.  Rich- 
ardson's "snow  expedition,"  and  also 
Gen.  Williamson's,  the  following  year, 
1776.  When  Lincoln  was  placed  in 
command  of  the  Southern  forces  But- 
ler joined  him  at  Augusta.  In  1780 
Cornwallis  issued  an  order  requiring 
every  inhabitant  of  that  state  to  swear 
allegiance  to  the  Crown,  having  previ- 
ously to  that  time  recognized  neutrals. 
Butler  refused  to  take  the  oath  and  was 
aiTested  and  lodged  in  jail,  and  after- 
wards sent  to  Charleston  harbor  where 
he  was  confined  on  a  prison  ship  for  18 
months.  After  his  release  he  organized 
a  band  of  patriots  to  oppose  a  foray  of  to- 
ries  which  threatened  his  neighborhood, 
and  was  killed  at  Clowd's  Creek,  1782. 

BUTLER,  PIERCE,  a  descendant  of 
the  Ormond  family,  was  born  in  Ireland 
in  1744,  and  came  to  America  as  an  of- 
ficer of  the  British  army  previous  to  the 
revolution.  He  resigned  his  commis- 
sion and  became  an  ardent  supporter  of 
colonial  rights.  He  represented  South 
Carolina  in  the  convention  which  fram- 
edthe  constitution  of  the  United  States, 
and  in  Congress  in  1780,  and  as  U.  S. 
Senator  in  1789.  He  was  a  strong 
whig,  a  bitter  opponent  of  England  and 
a  strong  advocate  of  the  war  of  1812. 
He  died  in  1822,  aged  77. 

BUTLER,  PIERCT,  or  Piers  VI- 
count  Galmoy  and  Earl  of  Newcastle, 
a  distinguished  Irish  officer  who  took 
up  arms  to  sustain  James  II,  in  Ireland, 
and  was  one  of  the  principal  command- 
ers at  the  battle  of  Boyne,  lost  by  the 
imbecility  of  James.  He  was  also  one 
of  the  parties  to  the  treaty  of  Limerick, 
and  under  its  conditions  withdrew  with 
fiuch  forces  as  preferred  to  accompany 


him,  to  France,  and  entered  the  service 
of  the  French  Monarch.  He  gallantly 
participated  in  many  of  the  victories 
won  by  the  valor  of  the  Irish  brigades, 
in  the  wars  of  Louis  XIV,  and  rose  to 
the  rank  of  Lieut.  General.  He  died 
in  France  in  1740. 

BUTLER,  PIERCE  M.,  son  of  the 
Senator,  was  bom  in  South  Carolina 
in  1798.  He  became  a  popular  and  able 
politician  of  the  Democratic  party  and 
was  elected  Governor  of  South  Caro- 
lina in  1838.  On  the  call  for  volunteers 
for  the  Mexican  war  he  raised  a  rogi  ment 
and  greatly  distinguished  himself  at 
Cerro  Gordo,  and  was  killed  while  gal- 
lantly leading  his  troops  at  Cherubasco, 
1347. 

BUTLER,  RICHARD,  VICOUNT 
MOUNTGARRET,  an  Irish  patriot 
and  soldier,  was  bom  about  1500.  In 
1642  he  took  up  arms  against  the  crom- 
wellians,  whose  fanaticism  and  heartless 
butcheries  threatened  the  extermination 
of  Irish  Catholics.  He  obtained  posses- 
sion of  the  City  of  Killkenny,  and  was 
appointed  General  of  the  Irish  forces 
ana  President  of  the  Supreme  Coimcil 
assenibled  there  that  year.  He  contin- 
ued an  active  leader  and  met  with  vary- 
ing success  (against  the  enemies  of  his 
county)  until, his  death,  which  took 
place  m  1651.  His  wife  was  a  daughter 
of  the  celebrated  Hugh  O'Neill.  Euilof 
Tyrone 

BUTLER,  RICHARD,  second  son 
of  the  11th  Earl  of  Ormond  an  Irish 
soldier  and  patriot,  was  born  in  County 
Killkenny  about  1610.  He  was  among 
the  leadjrs  in  the  rebellion  of  1641,  and 
was  made  acting  Governor  of  Wexford 
and  a  Lieut.  General  in  the  Irish  forces. 
He  died  1701. 

BUTLER.  GEN.  COUNT  WAL- 
TER, a  celebrated  Irish  soldier  in  the 
employ  of  the  German  Empire,  was 
born  about  1610.  The  troubles  and 
misfonunes  of  his  native  land  com- 
pelled him  to  seek  his  fortune  on  the 
Continent,  and  one  of  his  family  beiuff 
in  the  service  of  the  Empire  as  Colonel 
of  an  Irish  legion,  ho  joined  him  while 
still  a  mere  youth,  and  became  an  ollicer 
under  him.  In  1631  he  was  captured 
while  conHpicuously  fighting  at  the  head 
of  his  men  in  tlie  defense  of  Frankfort 
on  the  Oder,  then  besieged  byGustavus 


:*4 


1 


t1    n 


BUT 


UUBH  0BLT8. 


BUT 


'^H*' 


Adolphufl  in  command  of  the  allies. 
Gustavus  was  so  pleased  by  the  reckless 
daring  exhibited  by  the  fiery  vouth, 
that  he  had  him  speedily  released. 
For  his  daring  and  gallantry,  Wallen- 
siein,  then,  (1683),  in  command  of  the 
Imperial  forces,  appointed  him  Colonel 
of  a  regiment  of  Dragoon,  chiefly  com- 
posed of  Irish  and  rewarded  him  in  a 
princely  manner  for  his  distinguished 
ffallantry  and  skill  in  the  Bohemian 
Campaign,  especially  at  the  capture  of 
Eger,  to  which  he  greatly  contributed. 
Wallenstein,  one  of  the  greatest  gen- 
erals of  his  age,  had  been  clothed  with 
almost  imperial  power  by  the  Emperor 
Ferdinand,  and  intoxicated  by  ambi- 
tion, had  long  secretly  designed  to  carve 
out  of  the  Empire  aKingttom  for  him- 
self, and  sought  bv  his  munificence  to 
attach  his  ablest  officers  to  his  interest. 
Deeming  the  situation  ripe  for  his 
scheme  ne  entered  into  secret  negotia- 
tions with  the  leaders  of  the  allies.  The 
death  of  Gustavus  Adolphus,  and  the 
defeat  of  tne  Swedes  and  their  allies  in 
some  desperate  battles,  enabled  Wal- 
lenstein the  more  easily  to  approach 
them  on  the  subject,  and  he  offered 
them  valuable  concessions  and  his  sup- 
port to  maintain  the  same  if  they  m 
turn  would  support  his  scheme  of  am- 
bition. He  now  laid  open  to  Colonel 
Butler  and  other  Irish  officers,  (as  he 
had  previously  to  more  intimate  sup- 
porters,) his  whole  scheme,  holding 
out  to  Uiem  most  brilliant  prospects  ot 
dignity  and  power  in  the  new  kingdom, 
not  dreaming  that  these  men  who  were 
but  soldiers  of  fortune  would  not  gladly 
support  his  elevation  and  their  own. 
Butler  and  his  Irish  associates,  although 
but  soldiers  of  fortune  had  a  principle 
which  Wallenstein  did  not  know  or  ap- 
preciate— honor — and  being  soldiers  of 
the  Empire,  although,  technically 
sworn  to  obey  Wallenstein,  to  the 
Empire  would  they  remain  faithful 
while  they  wore  its  uniform.  Butler 
was  now  placed  in  a  dangerous  position 
as  umy  be  supposed.  Wallcnstein's 
power  was  about  absolute,  his  decisions 
were  imperious  and  unalterable,  and 
his  action  prutnpt  and  merciless  when 
taken,  as  his  men  well  knew  from  past 
experleuce.  Butlor,  while  astounded 
at  the  greatness  uf  the  treachery,  so 
well  dissembled  his  thoughts  as  to  excite 
no  mii»trust,while  heseemingly  acqulest 
in  the  treason.  No  time  was  to  be  lost 
if  this  great  treason  was  to  be  averted. 


Butler  at  once  informed  the  mor)» 
trusted  of  his  officers  of  the  situation, 
and  with  secrecy  immediately  dispatch- 
eda  trusty  messenger  to  inform  the 
Emperor  of  the  danger,  and  to  h&ve  the 

£  roper  orders  and  authority  to  avert  it. 
a  the  meantime  he  counseled  with 
Gen.  ]?iccolomini,  whom  he  found 
faithful,  as  to  the  best  means  to  gain 
time .  Fortunately  for  them  and  the 
Empire,  the  Allies  were  distrustful  of 
Wallenstein,  and  advanced  cautiously, 
fearing  this  alleged  consphracy  might  be 
only  a  trap  to  1^  them  to  destruction. 
Butler  and  Piccolomni  suggested  send- 
ing some  trusted  officer  to  meet  them 
and  hurnr  them  up,  and  two  trusted 
Irish  officers  were  despatched, 
one  after  anotlier,  but  thev  had  other 
missions  than  seeking  the  Swedes, 
namely,  hurrying  up  faithful  troops 
that  mi*;ht  be  needed  in  the  emergency, 
because  Butler  and  his  friends  could 
not  know  how  wide-spread  the  con- 
spiracy was,  or  who  they  migbt  depend 
on  in  the  forces  under  Wallenstein. 
They  kuew  that  the  principal  com- 
manders were  with  him  and  the  others 
they  dare  not  question.  Soon,  bow- 
ever,  the  orders  came  from  the  E0  per- 
or  to  capture  Wallenstein  and  his  prin- 
cipal supporters,  dead  or  alive.  The 
time  was  short  to  act.  The  Swedes 
were  but  a  day's  march  away,  the  next 
morning  would  perhaps  find  them 
fraternizing  with  the  troops  o'l  Wallen- 
stein, and  Uie  true  position  of  Butler  and 
Ids  friends  would  be  expos'jd  and  the 
consequence  they  but  too  well  kuew. 
Butler  could  alone  depend  on  his  gal- 
lant Irish  dragoons,  and  be  at  first  deter- 
mined to  capture  the  oor^pirators  alive 
and  dash  off  with  them  in  the  midst  of 
his  troops.  Circumstances  rendering 
this  too  hazardous,  it  was  decided  that 
they  should  be  cut  down,  and  to  Capt. 
Deveraux  was  assigned  the  duty  of 
forcing  the  house  of  Wallenstein,  which 
was  well  guarded,  and  of  destroving 
the  traitor,  which  he  accomplished  on 
the  night  of  Feb.  25, 1084.  The  other 
principal  traitors  were  cut  down  fight- 
ing lud  some  of  thehr  adherents  escap- 
ing t«)  the  Swedish  camp  gave  the  alarm, 
but  the  conaplracy  died  with  Wallen- 
stein. But'ier  was  made  a  General  and 
Count  of  the  Empire  and  presented 
with  extensive  estates.  He  did  not  live 
long  to  T>roflt  by  his  good  fortune,  for 
he  died  'shortly  after  the  Battle  of  Nord- 
lingeo,  where  the  Swedes  suffered  • 


•re 
n, 
h. 
■the 


of 


U 


If: 


:'•'! 


'& 


w'l 
3'! 


,.J5   George  Canning.      H  —  i—  H3    Lord CMtlereagh. 

*'"*,.  Chns.  Kendal  Buscbe  '  Duke  of  Wellington.   »    Wm.  C.  Plunket. 


BUT 


miSfl  CELTS. 


BUT 


disastrous  defeat,  and  where  Butler  was 
wounded  whilst  leading  his  troops  with 
Ids  usual  darinff  and  gallantry.  He 
died  Sept.  6, 1634,  and  was  biuied  in 
Bohemia.  He  bequeathed  large  sums 
for  religious  purposes  and  also  to  mem- 
bers  of  his  family  and  to  Col.  Deveraux, 
who  succeeded  him  in  command  of  the 
Irish  Dragoons.  Accounts  of  him  are 
found  in  Schiller's  "Thirty  Years  War," 
and  he  is  one  of  the  characters  in  his 
great  drama  of  Wallenstein. 

BUTLER,  GEN.  WM.  O.,  a  promi- 
nent American  statesman  and  soldier, 
was  a  son  of  Gen.  Pierce  Butler  and 
nephew  of  Gen's.  Richard,  James  and 
William,  all  of  whom  with  their  father 
came  from  Ireland  and  served  in  the 
war  of  the  Revolution  with  distinction, 
so  much  so,  that  Lafayette  once  said, 
"  If  I  want  a  thing  well  done,  I  order 
a  Butler  to  do  it."  Wm.  O.  was  bom  in 
Jessamine  County,  Kentucky,  in  1791, 
his  parents  having  just  previously  re- 
moved from  South  Carolina.  Our  sub- 
ject received  his  education  at  Transyl- 
vania University,  where  he  graduated 
in  1812,  and  had  commenced  the  study 
of  the  law  with  Robt.  WicklifE,  at  Lex- 
ington, Ky„  when  the  war  of  1812 
broke  out.  He  immediately  enlisted  as 
a  private,  and  accompanied  the  relief 
force  to  Fort  Wayne.  He  was  soon 
made  an  ensign,  and  was  present  at  the 
disastrous  battles  near  the  River  Raisin, 
Jan'y.  18th  and  22,  1818.  In  this  sec- 
ond engagement  he  exhibited  heroic 
bravery.  The  Indians  in  possession  of 
a  stable  were  pouring  a  murderous  fire 
from  their  shelter  into  the  ranks  of  the 
Americans,  when  the  commanding 
officer  exclaimed,  will  no  one  bum  that 
barnl  The  youn^  ensign  improvised 
.  a  torch  and  crossmg  tu3  open  space, 
which  was  swept  by  the  rifles  of  the 
Indians,  succeeded  in  reaching  the 
cover  of  the  savages,  and  igD'*'ng  the 
hay,  compelled  them  to  abanuv/U  their 
vantage  ground.  He  was  afterwards 
wounded  and  taken  prisoner,  and  suf- 
fered greatly  from  cold,  hunger  and  the 
inhumanity  of  his  captors.  He  was 
soon  afterwards  paroled  at  Fort  Niag- 
ara, and  amid  perils  and  hardships  he 
traveled  back  to  Kentucky.  On  reach- 
ing home  he  was  commissioned  a  cap- 
tain, and  raising  a  company  was  at- 
tached to  the  44th  infantry,  served  with 
distinction  under  Jackson  in  the  south. 
On  New  Orleans  being  threatened  by 


the  British,  he  was  ordered  up  to  its  re* 
lief,  and  on  the  night  of  Dec.  28.  1814, 
he  was  present  at  the  first  attack  on  the 
enemy  below  New  Orleans,  in  com- 
mand of  four  companies  of  the  left  wing, 
and  drove  the  enemy  before  him  with 
great  gallantry,  and  the  strong  force  then 
on  shore,  (8,000),  would  have  been  cap- 
tiu^,  but  a  dense  fog  came  to  their  as- 
sistance. This  check,  however,  en- 
abled Jackson  to  gain  time  to  concen- 
trate all  his  available  forces  and  choose 
his  position.  Butler  was  breveted  for 
his  bravery,  and  his  conduct  at  the  ever 
memorable  battle  of  Jan.  8th,  which 
followed  is  thus  reported  on  by  his 
great  leader.  ' '  He  displayed  the  heroic 
chivsdrv  and  calmness  of  judgment  in 
the  midst  of  danger,  that  distinguishes 
the  valuable  officer  in  the  hour  of  bat- 
tle." In  the  following  year  h  i  was  one 
of  Jackson's  staff,  having  tucceeded 
his  brother,  Maj.  Thos.  Butler.  He  al- 
ways remained  greatlv  attached  to 
Jackson,  and  afterwaras,  when  Jack- 
son was  fined  for  declaring  marshal 
law  to  save  his  country,  at  New 
Orleans,  Butler  made  a  most '  ^'Miant 
defence  against  the  injustice  auu  mon- 
strous ingratitude  of  such  a  decision 
towards  one  who  rather  deserved  a 
crown  for  his  great  valor  and  sUlI. 
In  1817  he  resigned  from  the  army 
and  resumed  the  study  and  prac- 
tice of  law,  and  shortl^r  after  was  sent 
to  the  Legislature  of  his  state,  and  in 
1839  was  elected  to  Congress,  and  re- 
elected in  1841,  refusing  a  third  nomi- 
nation. While  in  Congress  he  took  an 
active  part  in  the  debates  on  all  great 
questions,  such  as  the  tariff  act  of  1842, 
&c.  At  this  time  he  was  induced  to 
head  the  Democratic  ticket,  in  his  na- 
tive state,  that  of  Kentucky,  although 
the  party  was  greatly  in  the  minority, 
having  been  beaten  by  2,800  majority 
the  previous  election  by  the  jubilant 
whigs.  Although  he  did  not  carry  the 
state,  yet  he.  reduced  their  majority 
down  to  600,'  so  popular  was  he  with 
his  fellow  citizens.  On  the  breaking 
out  of  the  Mexican  war,  he  again  aban- 
doned the  unbloody  strifes  of  the  fo- 
rum for  the  sterner  ones  of  war,  and  was 
commissioned  a  Maj.  Gen.  of  Volunteers. 
He  reported  to  Gen.  Taylor,  and  first 
served  in  Texiis  and  Northern  Mexico. 
At  Monterey  ho  was  wounded  while 
heading  a  charge  and  was  sent  home  to 
recover.  He  jomed  the  army  again  and 
took  part  in  the  capture  of  the  City 


BYR 


nUSH  CELTS. 


BYR 


Wr 


of  Mexico.  In  1848  he  was  senior  Major 
Gen.,  and  for  a  wliile  lield  chief  com- 
mand. Both  Congress  and  his  native 
state  voted  him  swords  for  gallant 
conduct  at  Monterey,  and  the  same 
year  the  Democratic  National  Conven- 
tion placed  him  in  nomination  as  their 
candidate  for  vice-president.  Gen.  Cass, 
another  Irish  American,  heading  the 
ticket  for  president.  He  was  tendered 
the  governorship  of  Nebraska  in  1855, 
but  declined.  He  however  answered 
the  patriotic  call  to  the  Peace  Con- 
gress, which  assembled  in  Washing- 
ton, in  1861,  to  wardoflf,  if  possible,  the 
terrible  and  dubious  consequences  of 
civil  war.  Failing  in  this,  the  old 
hero  retired  in  sadness  to  his  home,  but 
unalterably  attached  to  the  Union  of 
the  States.  Gen.  Butler  was  a  man  of 
commanding  personal  appearance,  born 
a  soldier,  still  he  was  no  less  fitted  by 

{generous  gifts  to  shine  in  all  walks  of 
ife.  His  position  at  the  Kentucky  bar 
was  amongst  the  foremost,  and  he  ac- 
quired a  large  and  lucrative  practice. 
As  a  speaker  he  was  clear,  forcible  and 
eloquent.  He  lived  to  a  ripe  old  age, 
dying  Aug.  6th,  1880,  in  his  90th  year, 
having  the  satisfaction  of  beholding  his 
coimtry  emerge  from  the  dark  abyss  of 
disunion  and  civil  war,  redeemed  and 
regenerated,  "her  flag  still  high,  not  a 
stnpe  erased  or  diminished,  not  a  single 
star  obscured,"  enjoying  a  profound 
peace,  and  a  prosperity  without  paral- 
lel among  the  nations. 

BYRNE,  PATRICK,  an  eminent 
bookseller  and  publisher  of  Dublin,  and 
a  man  of  talent  and  a  patriot,  was  bom 
in  Ireland,  about  1750.  His  store  on 
Grafton  street,  Dublin,  was  the  usual 
literary  rendevous  of  the  United  Irish- 
men; he  himself  being  a  member  of 
that  body.  He  was!  the  first  Catholic 
admitted  into  the  guild  of  booksellers 
after  the  relaxation  of  the  penal  law,  in 
1798.  The  position  of  a  patrotic  Irish 
publisher,  in  those  times,  was  one  of 
trouble  and  danger.  Byrne  published 
some  of  Wolfe  Tone's  pamphlets,  Ha- 
milton Rowan's  Trial,  written  by  him- 
self, and  many  patriotic  pamphlets. 
The  following  dialoeue  took  place  be- 
tween Byrne  and  "the  unscrupulous 
Lord  Clonmel,  Chief  Justice  of  the 
King's  Bench,  in  regard  to  some  of  his 
publications.  Clonmel — "Mr.  Byrne  I 
perceive  yo\j  have  advertised  Mr.  Row- 
an's Trial?"    B.— "  The  advertisement, 


my  lord.  Is  Mr.  Rowan's,  he  has  only 
selected  me  as  publisher,  which  I  think 
an  honor,  and  I  hope  it  will  be  profit- 
able." Clonmel — "Take  care,  sir,  what 
you  do — I  give  you  this  caution,  for  if 
there  is  any  reflection  on  the  judges  of 
the  land,  by  the  eternal  G —  I'll  lay  you 
by  the  heels."  Byrne — •'  I  have  many 
thanks  to  return  to  your  lordship  for 
your  caution.  I  have  many  opportuni- 
ties of  going  to  Newgate,  but  I  have 
never  been  ambitious  of  that  honor,  and 
I  hope  in  this  case  to  stand  in  the  same 
way."  Mr.  Byrne  was  arrested  in  1798 
as  one  of  the  United  Irishmen,  and  after 
suffering  imprisonment  for  some  time 
he  was  released  and  oi-dered  to  leave 
the  country.  He  came  to  America  and 
we  believe  settled  in  Philadelphia  where 
he  engaged  in  the  book  business,  and 
after  some  years  died,  honored  and  re- 
spected by  his  fellow  citizens. 

BYRNE,  WILLIAM,  an  artist  and 
enCTaver  of  talent,  was  bom  in  London 
of  Irish  parents  in  1743.  He  studied  in 
Paris  under  Atinet  andWille,and  on  his 
return  to  England,  was  held  in  great  re- 
pute. Amongst  his  principal  works  are 
the  Antiquities  of  Britain  and  Smith's 
Italian  Scenery.    He  died  in  1805. 

BYRNE,  REV.  WILLIAM,  one  of 
those  extraordinary  men  who  in  an  or* 
dinary  way  perform  wonderful  results, 
was  born  in  County  Wicklow,  Ireland, 
in  1780.  He  was  the  oldest  of  a  large 
family,  his  father  dying  when  our  suo- 
ject  was  comparatively  young.  The 
care  of  largely  providing  for  the  family 
devolved  upon  him,  and  although  de- 
siring to  consecrate  himself  to  a  religi- 
ous hfe,  he  neither  shrank  from,  nor 
abancloned  the  heavy  burthen  which 
Providence  had  put  upon  him,  so  neith- 
er did  he  abandon  the  idea  of  working 
out  the  desire  of  his  heart,  although 
hti  had  neither  the  opportunity  nor 
mcand  of  acquiring  a  classical  educa- 
tion, and  for  the  little  progress  he  could 
make  in  the  way  of  education  under 
his  difficulties,  he  was  indebted  to  tixe 
instructions  of  a  pious  uncle.  He  re- 
mained with  his  mother  till  his  twenty- 
fifth  year,  when  feeling  that  he  might 
safely  be  spared,  he  determined  to  go  to 
the  United  States,  as  he  thought  he 
might  there  more  easily  and  quickly 
carry  out  his  desires.  Not  long  after 
his  arrival  he  applied  to  the  Jesuits  at 
Georgetown  College  for  admission  and 


BYR 


nuSH  CBLTS. 


BYR 


was  taken  on  probation;  but  after  some 
months  at  this  institution,  finding  that 
on  account  of  his  advanced  age  and 
meagre  studies,  he  could  not  expect  for 
many  years  to  be  ordained  a  pnest,  he 
resolved  to  so  elsewhere.  He  apj^lied 
to  Archbiemiop  Carroll  who  received 
him  kindly,  and  advised  him  to  go  to 
8t.  Mary's,  Emmittsburg.  Here  Dr. 
Dubois,  the  President,  received  him 
like  a  father,  pointed  out  to  him  his 
future  course  of  study,  and  encouraged 
him  to  persevere.  Fmding  in  him  great 
tact  for  managing  boys  he  made  him 
prefect.  Here  he  commenced  ^e 
study  of  Latin,  now  almost  in  his  thir- 
tieth year,  but  cheered  himself  with  the 
thought  that  St.  Ignatius  was  as  old 
when  he  did  the  same.  To  prosecute 
more  rapidly  his  theological  studies,  he 
repaired  to  the  Theological  Seminary 
at  Baltimore,  which  was  then  in  a 
flourishing  condition.  The  faculty 
were  all  Frenchmen,  nd  for  some  rea- 
son  Mr.  Byrne  did  not  entirely  agree 
with  them,  and  thought  it  advi^ble  to 
leave.  He  had  by  this  time  been  so 
advanced  in  his  studies  as  to  have  been 
admitted  to  Subdeaconship.  He  im- 
mediately proceeded  westward,  and 
meeting  Bishop  Flaget  at  Pittsburgh  he 
tendered  him  his  services  for  the  diocese 
of  Bardstown,  which  were  gladly  accep- 
ted. Here  he  was  happy  in  meeting 
Mr.  Elder,  who  had  been  a  fellow 
student  with  him  at  Emmittsburgh, 
and  between  whom  a  strong  friendship 
bad  sprung  up.  After  some  further 
preparation  at  the  Seminary  of  St. 
Thomas,  he  and  his  friend  were  both 
elevated  to  the  dignity  of  the  priesthood 
by  Bishop  David.  They  were  the  first 
priests  he  had  ordained  m  the  Cathedral 
of  St.  Joseph  at  Bardstown.  Mr. 
Byrne  was  put  in  charge  of  St.  Charles 
and  St.  Mary's  congregations  besides 
adjoining  missions,  and  although  not 
in  very  strong  health,  he  pushed  his 
work  with  characteristic  energy,  and 
left  no  duty,  far  or  near,  great  or  small, 
u)idone.  Although  no  orator,  he  was 
tsminently  practical,  and  a  keen  judge 
of  human  nature.  His  sermons  were 
always  effective,  because  pointed  and 
for  a  purpose.  He  scorched  out  evil 
customs  and  encouraged  pious  and 
charitable  ones,  both  by  word  and  ex- 
ample* Having  had  so  much  of  the 
unpleasant  dutv  of  Prefect  in  his  college 
experience,  he  had  determined  never  to 
have  anything  more  to  do  with  such 


-f 


work;  but  seeing  the  great  want  of 
some  institu'lon  for  the  instruction  of 
the  children  in  his  various  congregSr 
tions,  many  of  whom  could  not  even 
read,  there  being  no  schools  of  any  kind 
established,  but  especially  were  the 
poorer  classes,  of  which  his  parisliioners 
were  mainly  composed,  without  any  re- 
source, he  therefore  determined  to 
make  a  sacrifice  of  his  feelings,  nnd  es- 
tablish some  kind  of  an  institution  of 
learning  that  might  at  least  give  a 
medium  education,    and    ground    its 

Supils  in  religion  and  virtue.  The 
imculties,  however,  seemed  appalling; 
no  money  nor  means  of  any  kuid,  but 
an  indomitable  will  and  a  spirit  of  sacri- 
fice. He  laid  his  plans  before  the 
Bishop,  who  too  felt  the  need,  and  who 
encouraged  him  to  make  the  attempt. 
There  was  a  neglected  farm  near  by, 
upon  which  was  an  old  stone  mill  which 
had  to  be  closed  from  failure  of  its 
water  supply,  and  this  he  determined 
to  purchase.  He  canvassed  all  classes 
of  his  neighbors  for  advances  to  aid 
him  in  purchasing  the  site,  offering  to 
pay  back  in  full  in  schooling  at  low 
rates.  He  took  all  sorts  of  produce  in 
pay,  converting  it  with  much  trouble 
into  cash,  and  at  length  succeeded  in 
raising  enough  to  make  his  first  pay- 
ment on  the  purchase.  He  next  had  to 
fit  up  the  old  mill,  and  transform  it  into 
an  academy.  This  he  did  by  taking  off 
his  own  coat  and  laboring  like  the 
lowliest  of  his  workmen.  Early  in  the 
spring  of  1821,  was  this  inelegant  seat 
of  learning  opened  with  al^ut  fifty 
scholars.  The  energy  and  self  sacrifice 
of  one  man  alone  had  accomplished  it, 
and  after  a  period  of  sixty  years,it  still  ex- 
ists, and  is  to-day,  one  of  the  flrat  institu- 
tions of  learning  in  the  Southwest.  It 
has  given  to  the  country  hundreds  and 
hundreds  of  men,  illustrious  for  their 
virtue  and  their  learning,  and  among 
them  some  of  our  most  eminent  bishops. 
Including  the  ^eat  Dr.  Spalding,  arch- 
bishop of  Baltimore,  who  was  one  of 
the  boys  who  sat  on  the  rude  forms  on 
that  memorable  opening,  and  who  per- 
haps, but  for  the  work  of  this  humble 
priest,  might  never  have  been  able  to 
acquire  the  education  which  enabled 
himtmder  God,  to  become  the  great  light 
he  was.  Father  Byrne  was  the  presi- 
dent and  faculty  of  his  new  college,  and 
besides  he  had  to  attend  to  his  mission- 
ary duty.  But  happily  he  was  equal  to 
the  emergency,  and  soon  trained  from 


;'.i 


V 


m 


'-'  A 


BYR 


HUBH  CBLTB. 


CAD 


among  his  boys,  assistants,  who  develop- 
ed in  time  into  an  able  and  trained  body 
of  teachers,  who,  while  pursuing  their 
own  studies,  taught  others,  and  produced 
their  own  successors,  until  the  school 
became  noted  throughout  Kentucky  and 
the  south-west.  He  soon  had  to  enlarge 
the  institution  on  account  of  the  increas- 
ing applications,  and  had  succeeded  in 
building  a  large  addition  which  was 
about  to  be  occupied,  when  it  was  burn- 
ed to  the  ground.  He  was  absent  when 
it  occured,  and  although  sad  at  the  sight 
that  met  his  eyes,  he  did  not  stop  to 
make  regrets,  but  takingofl  his  coat,set 
to  work  to  repair  the  disaster,and  he  scar- 
cely took  rest  day  or  night,until  a  new 
St.  Mary's  arose,  larger  and  more  beau- 
tiful than  that  destroyed.  In  a  few  years 
he  cleared  off  all  the  new  obligations, 
and  as  the  applications  for  admission 
exceeded  the  capacity  still,  he  built 
another  large  addition,  and  it  was  almost 
ready  for  occupation  when  it  also  was 
burned  to  the  ground.  Such  misfor- 
tunes would  have  completely  dishearten- 
ed most  men,  but  Father  Byrne  was  a 
man  bom  to  conquer.  He  rebuilt  on  an 
enlarged  plan,  and  so  successful  and 
prosperous  was  the  college,  and  so  well 
did  he  manage,  that  in  a  few  years  he 
was  again  entirely  out  of  debt,  and  his 
institution  placed  on  an  enduring  found- 
ation. '  We  now  arrive  at  an  act  that 
shows  him  to  have  been  as  great  of  soul, 
and  as  disinterested,  as  he  was  able  and 
successful.  This  grand  institution 
which  was  the  work  of  his  unaided  la- 
bors, which  he  had  btiilt  up  twice  from 
its  ashes,  carrying  it  through  misfor- 
tunes, less  than  which  has  ofen  swamp- 
ed institutions  generously  endowed  and 
backed  up  by  influence,  means  and  abil- 
ty ;  yet  although  it  was  a  grand  and  per- 
manent monument  of  learning  and  one  of 
great  pecunary  value,  he  freely  offers 
It  to  the  Jesuit  fathers,  without  consider- 
ation! solely  and  alone,  because  he  felt 
that  they  had  the  material  to  make  it 
mi  >re  complete  and  perfect,  than  he  alone 
ever  could  expect  to  do  I  His  intention 
then,  after  a  little  rest,  was  to  seek  a  new 
location,  where  pople  were  in  want  of 
educational  facilities,  and  build  up  again 
from  the  foundation,  a  new  St.  Mary's. 
After  seeine  the  Jesuit  fathers  installed, 
he  went  to  help  his  friena  Father  Elder 
whose  church  was  laboring  under  pecun- 
iary ditllculties.  While  there,  the  chol- 
era of  1884  broke  out,  and  although  he 
was  under  no  obligation  to  attend  the 


sick,  and  besides  being  subject  to  violent 
cramps  and  spasms  of  the  stomach,  and 
as  a  consequence  predisposed  to  the  then 
fatal  disease,  yet  the  first  call  which 
came — that  of  an  old  negro  woman — 
which  found  no  priest  to  attend,  was 
immediately  answered  by  him;  although 
he  said  while  getting  readv,  "Itisproo- 
able  that  this  will  be  my  death"  and  so 
it  proved.  He  died  before  noon  the  next 
day,  a  martyr,  not  to  duty,  but  great- 
er still  to  disinterested  zeal  and  charity. 
What  a  life  was  this,  in  its  means  and 
labor  so  simple,  in  its  results  so  grand 
and  successful.  In  his  youth  an  orphan 
who  had  not  only  to  take  care  of  him- 
self, but  also  of  a  large  family,  at 
twenty  five  without  education  or  means; 
at  nearly  thirty  commencing  his  class- 
ical studies!  and  after  completing  his 
education  becomes  the  priest  of  a  poor 
parish,  and  while  attending  to  these 
duties,  without  money  or  aid,  except  in 
the  way  of  advances  for  which  he  gave 
more  than  full  value,  he  starts  an  in- 
stitution of  learning,  and  in  the  face  of 
appalling  misfortunes,  he  sustains  it, 
unaided  and  alone,  and  placed  it  upon  so 
permanent  a  footing,  that  it  stands  today, 
after  sixty  years,  one  of  the  great  insti- 
tutions of  learning  of  the  country!  St. 
Mary's  of  Bardstown,  Kentucky.  When 
we  remember  that  during  those  years 
numerous  institutions  with  magni- 
ficent endowments,  backed  often  by 
wealthy  and  dominant  religious  bodies, 
have  arisen  and  flourished  and  failed, 
we  may  form  some  estimate  of  the  mag- 
nitude of  the  work  of  this  simple  priest, 
who  had  commenced  his  own  education 
when  old!  and  yet,  dying  before  his 
prime!  left  behind  him  such  a  work  !  1 
Truly  "In  a  few  years  had  he  ac- 
complished many." 

CADE,  JACK,  a  famous  insurrec- 
tionary leader  of  Kent,  England,  of 
whose  personal  history  little  is  known 
except  that  he  was  an  Irishman  and 
called  himself  Mortimer.  In  June, 
1450,  with  from  15  to  20,000  armed 
men  of  Kent  he  marched  towards  Lon- 
don and  encamped  at  Blackheath,  from 
whence  he  kept  up  a  correspondence 
with  citizens  who  looked  favorably  on 
his  enterprise.  The  Court  sent  to  know 
why  the  good  men  of  Kent  had  left 
their  homes.  Cade  in  a  paper  entitled 
"The  Complaint  of  the  Commons  of 
Kent,'  replied  that  the  men  of  Kent 
were  especially  ill-treatfjd  and  overtax- 


CAI 


IRISH  OEITB. 


CAI 


6d  by  the  eoTernment,  and  that  the  free 
election  of  their  knight  of  the  shire 
had  been  hindered — a  just  and  honest 
defence.  The  King,  ifeniy  VI,  sent  as 
his  answer  an  army,  before  which  the 
men  of  Kent  retreated  to  Sevenoaks 
where  Jack  Cade  drew  them  up  and 
awaited  the  advance  of  theKing's  troops, 
whom  he  defeated. '  Tlie  main  portion 
of  the  royal  army  sympathizing  with 
the  grievances  oi  the  men  of  Kent,  re- 
fused to  advance  against  them,  and  the 
King  had  to  make  some  of  the  desired 
concessions  to  Cade  bnd4iis  men.  Cade 
entered  London  on  Julv  8, 14fi3,  and 
compelled  the  Mayor  and  Judges  to  try 
and  pass  death  sentence  on  Lord  Fay, 
one  of  the  King's  advisers  and  favorites, 
whose  head  the  men  of  Kent  immedi- 
ately cut  off  in  Cheapside.  The  Court 
now  by  fair  promises  and  threats,  sowed 
dissension  among  Cade's  followers  and 
exemption  from  pimishment  being  pro- 
mised to  all  who  immediately  returned 
to  their  homes,  they  commenced  to  dis- 
perse, and  a  price  was  set  on  Jack 
Cade's  head.  He  attempted  to  reach 
the  coast  of  Sussex,  but  was  killed  on 
the  way,  July  11,  and  his  head  stuck 
upon  London  Bridge  as  a  terror  to  trai- 
tors. It  is  probable  that  the  men  of 
Kent  and  their  leader  were  better  pa- 
triots than  their  enemies,  at  least  they 
Bought  but  the  redress  of  real  griev- 
ances. 

CAIBRE,  LIFPECHAIR,  son  of 
Cormac  Ulfada,  a  learned  monarch  of 
Ireland  in  the  third  century-.  He  wrote 
a  "History  of  the  Kings"  his  predeces- 
sors, a  copy  of  which  was  in  the  Abbey 
of  Icolm-kill  in  the  17th  century  and 
which  Sir  George  McKenzie  in  his  "De- 
fense of  the  Rojal  Line  of  Scotland," 
refers  to  as  havmg  seen. 

CAILAN,  SAINT,  first  bishop  of 
Down  was  probabi^  a  disciple  of  Pat- 
rick, was  for  a  time  abbot  of  a  monas- 
tery at  Neudrum,  the  situation  of  wliich 
iei^ow  unknown, and  was  placed  over  the 
see  of  Down  about  the  year  500,  which 
he  governed  for  upwards  of  twenty 
years.  But  little  has  come  down  to  us 
regarding  his  life  and  labors.  He  was 
cotemporary  of  St.  Macnisse  bishop  of 
Connor,  which  see  was  united  to  that 
of  Down  in  1441.  He  died  in  the  early 
part  of  the  sixth  century. 

CAIRNES,  HUGH  MoCALMONT. 
Lord,  one  of  the  most  able  and  distin- 


guished of  living  jurists,  and  equally 
celebrated  as  an  orator  and  statesman, 
was  bom  near  Belfast,  Ireland,  in  1819. 
After  completing  his  educatiop  he 
studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the 
Irish  bar,  where  he  quickly  won  recog- 
nition for  thoroughness  and  ability.  In 
1853  he  was  returned  to  Parliament  for 
Belfast,  in  1806  was  Attorney  Gener- 
al under  Lord  Derby,  and  in  1808  he  was 
made  Lord  Chancellor  of  England. 
He  is  looked  upon  as  the  ablest  of  the 
conservatives  in  the  House  of  Lords, 
and  their  recognized  leader. 

CAIRNES,  JOHN  ELLIOTT,  one 
of  the  able.st  and  most  distinguished 
political  economists  of  the  age, was  born 
at  Drogheda  in  1834.  After  leaving 
school  he  first  entered  the  counting 
house  of  his  father,  who  was  an  exten- 
sive brewer,  'desiring  howe  er,  to  con- 
tinue his  studies,  he  was  permitted  to 
enter  Trinity  College,  Dubhn,  and  grad- 
uated in  1848,  and  afterwards  passed 
the  curriculum  of  Art.  He  then  studied 
law  and  was  admitted  to  the  Irish  bar. 
His  mind,  however,  was  absorbed  in 
questions  of  political  economy,  and  he 
became  a  contributor  to  the  daily  press, 
especially  on  questions  of  this  nature, 
and  soon  acquired  a  wide  mputation 
for  the  depth  and  ability  of  his  articles. 
In  1856  he  was  appointed  to  the  chair 
of  Political  Economy  at  Dublin,  found- 
ed bjr  Archbishop  Whately,  who  was 
his  friend  and  admirer.  His  first  pub- 
lished work,  1857,  was  the  "Character 
and  Lodcal  Method  of  Political  Econ- 
omy." In  1861  he  was  appointed  to  the 
"Professorship  of  that  chair  in  Queen's 
College,  Galway,  and  the  same  year 
appeared  his  work,  "The  Slave  Power" 
which  attracted  great  attention,  and  its 
predictions  have  been  verified  by  the 
results  of  the  Great  Rebellion.  In  1866 
he  was  appointed  Professor  of  the  sjime 
chair  in  University  College,  London, 
but  his  health  failing  he  was  compelled 
to  seek  Italy  to  recuperate.  He  resigii- 
ed  his  duties  in  1873.  In  1873  he  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  L  L.  D.  from 
Dublin  University.  He  continued  to 
write  on  his  favorite  subject  till  his 
death,  July  8th,  1875.  tie  is  justly 
ranked  among  the  ablest  writers  ou 
Political  Economy  who  have  yet  ap- 
peared. 

CAISON,  REV.  ALEXANDER.  L 
L.  D.,  a  talented   and   distinguished 


4 


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1 1 


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CAL 


XBIBH  CBLTS. 


CAL 


ni  I 


Baptist  divine,  was  born  in  Ireland, 
1776.  He  was  a  man  of  great  learning 
and  ability,  and  the  recognized  leader 
of  that  liody  in  Ireland.  He  died  in 
1844. 

CALDWELL.  DR.  CHARLES,  an 
eminent  American  physician,  bom  in 
Caswell  Co.  N.  C,  May  14, 1773.  He 
was  the  son  of  an  Irish  officer  who  had 
emigrated  at  an  early  day  to  America, 
and  who,  like  the  rest  of  Lis  country- 
men, had  supported  by  pen  and  sword, 
the  rights  of  the  American  colonies. 
He  received  the  best  education  his 
neighborhood  afforded,  and  in  1792 
went  to  Philadelphia  and  entered  the 
medical  department  of  of  the  Universi- 
ty. The  next  year  he  was  6  istinguished 
by  his  zeal,  courage  and  bkill  in  an  epi- 
demic of  yellow  fever.  He  acted  as 
surgeon  to  a  brigade  during  the  Whiskey 
Insurrection.  He  contributed  to  the 
Medical  literature  of  the  times,  trans- 
lating Blummbach's  "Elements  of  Phy- 
dology"  from  the  Latin.  He  also  edited 
the  Port  Folio,  and  in  1816  CuUen's 
"  Practice  of  Physic"  and  at  this  time 
he  was  also  profe'isor  of  Natural  His- 
tory in  his  Alma  Mater.  In  1819  he 
published  the  "Life  of  Gen.  Green"  and 
about  this  time  filled  the  chair  of  medi- 
cine and  clinical  practice  at  the  Tran- 
sylvania University,  Lexington,  Ky. 
In  1820  he  went  to  Europe  in  the  inter- 
est of  that  institution  and  purchased 
books  and  philosophical  tipparatus.  In 
1837  he  establfshed  in  the  city  of  Louis- 
ville a  Medical  Institute,  but  in  conse- 
quence of  a  misunderstanding  with  the 
trustees  was  removed  from  office  in 
1849.  Among  his  works  are  a  Persian 
Tale  translated  from  from  the  Ar- 
abic; memories  of  Rev.  Dr.  Holley  and 
an  autobiography.  He  died  in  Louis- 
ville Tuly  9, 1868. 

'  CALDWELL,  GREEN  W.,  distin- 
guished as  a  soldier,  lawyer  and  doctor 
was  of  Irish  descent  bom  in  North 
Carolina,  April  18,  1811,  and  after 
completing  his  education  took  up  the 
study  of  medicine  in  which  he  acquired 
reputation  and  standing.  In  the  mean 
time  he  read  law,  was  admitted  to  the 
bar,  then  sent  to  the  State  Legislature 
and  afterwards  to  Congress,  serving 
there  at  the  same  time  his  relative, 
Patrick  C,  £rom  Bouth  Carolina  did. 
He  subsequently  held  the  position  of 
Supt.  of  the  U.  S.  Mint  at  Charlotte 


and  still  later  participated  with  distinc- 
tion in  the  Mexican  war. 

CALDWELL,  JOSEPH  P.,  of  the 
above  Irish  family,  was  bom  in  North 
Carolina,  in  1808,  received  his  educa" 
tion  at  Bethany  Academy,  adopted, 
the  law  as  a  profession  and  rose  to 
distinction  in  its  practice,  was  in 
the  state  Legislature  for  a  number  of 
years  and  afterwards  in  Congress,  where 
he  exerted  much  influence  by  his 
talents. 

CALDWELL,  PATRICK  C,  a  dis- 
tinguished Soutii  Carolinian,  was  of 
Irish  descent  and  bom  in  that  state. 
He  was  appointed  to  many  positions  of 
honor  and  tmst  by  his  fellow  citizens 
and  represented  that  state  in  Congress 
in  1851,  2  and  8. 

CALHOUN,  JOHN  CALDWELL, 
one  of  the  ablest  and  most  eloquent  of 
American  statesmen  and  vice  president 
of  the  United  States,  was  born  at  Long 
Cone,  South  Carolina,  March  18,  1782. 
His  father,  Patrick  Calhoun  was  a  na- 
tive of  Ireland,  who  emigrated  -^'ith  his 
parents  and  first  settled  in  Pennsylvania, 
from  thence  they  went  to  the  border 
settlements  of  Virginia,  but  the  Indians 
after  Braddock's  defeat  being  a  con- 
stant menace,  the  family  moved  to 
South  Carolina,  on  the  border  of  the 
Cherokee  territory.  Here  Patnok  la- 
came  commander  of  a  body  of  liangers 
raised  for  defence  against  the  Indians, 
prior  to  the  Revolutionary  war.  The 
Calhouns  were  amongst  the  boldest  up- 
holders of  colonial  rights  and  the  haray 
Rangers  were  upon  the  first  alarm  of 
war  in  the  active  service  of  their  coun- 
ry,  and  whether  against  the  savage  al- 
lies of  tlie  British  who  prowled  about 
their  homes,  or  their  no  less  heartless 
instigators  and  employers,  they  made 
themselves  felt  and  feared  duriug  the 
whole  course  of  the  struggle.  Patrick 
Calhoun  was  also  for  many  years  a 
member  of  the  Legislature  of  his  state, 
and  encouraged,  as  well  by  voice  as 
sword  his  state  to  make  every  sacrifice 
necessary  to  sustain  the  common  cause. 
He  died  full  of  years  in  1796.  Our 
future  statesman's  education  had  not 
been  neghictcd  at  home,  bvit  it  was  not 
for  some  time  after  his  father's  death 
that  he  entered  Yale  College,  in  1802. 
Such  good  progress  had  he  made  before 


CAL 


IBIBH  CELTS. 


CAL 


that  he  graduated  in  1804,  and  then  en- 
tered the  law  school  at  Litchfield,  Conn. 
Having  completed  Uie  course,  he  re- 
turned home  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  of  Ids  state.  He  soon  becnme  dis- 
tinguished for  the  quickness  and  clear- 
netts  of  his  percepnons,  and  the  fiery 
impetuosity  of  Ym  oratory.  He  was 
sent  to  the  legislature  of  his  state  in 
1808,  and  in  1811  to  congress:  from 
thenceforward  up  to  the  time  of  his 
death,  a  period  of  40  years,  he  pursued 
a  splendid  congressional  career, with  no 
superior,  and  rivalled  only  by  Clay  and 
Webster.  In  1817  he  became  Secretary 
of  War  under  Monroe,  and  in  1825  was 
elected  Vice  President,  and  again  in 
1829.    Having  become  involved  m  some 

Sersonal  misunderstanding  with  Presi- 
ent  Jackson,  and  also  being  opposed 
to  his  administration  on  the  State  Kight 
or  nuiification  question,  he  resigned  nis 
position,  became  United  States  Sen- 
ator in  1831,  and  continued  to  occupy 
his  seat  until  1848,  when  he  became 
Secretary  of  State  under  Polk.  He  re- 
turned to  the  Senate  in  1846  and  re- 
mained up  to  the  time  of  his  death, 
March  31, 1850.  As  an  able  and  pro- 
found statesman  Calhoun  ranks  amongst 
the  very  first  that  America  ever  produc- 
ed, and  was  recognized  as  the  ablest  of 
the  democratic  leaders  during  his  career 
in  congress,  differing  however  with  liis 
party  and  with  the  great  body  of  the 
American  people  on  the  State  Rights 
question.  As  a  parliamentary  speaker, 
(>alboim  stands  in  the  first  rank ;  in 
force,  second  to  none  who  have  moved 
senates  i  n  any  age  or  nation .  He  was  not 
noted  like  Burke  for  the  magnificence 
of  his  images  or  splendor  of  diction, 
but  rather  for  the  sharp,  well-defined 
and  logical  compactness  of  his  sentences. 
Ho  seemed  rather  to  avoid  all  discui- 
siveness  of  the  imagination,  but  sv;ept 
on  straight  to  the  ob;|ective  point  with 
an  irresistible  flood  ot  logic  and  a  sub- 
tile power  of  decomposing  arid  analy- 
sing all  opposing  obstacles  that  seemed 
penectly  overwhelming.  His  appear- 
ance too  at  such  times  v.as  an  inspira- 
tion and  a  power  of  Itself.  His  figure 
tall,  spare  and  commanding,  his  face 
pale  but  awe  inspiring  by  the  intensity 
of  its  expression,  nis  eyes  flashing 
with  the  light  of  genius,  while  the  tor- 
rent of  his  words  cams  forth  with  a 
fiery  vehemence  supported  by  the  dog- 
matic authority  of  a  prophet,  that  has 
never  been  excelled  in  power.    It  was 


this  great  earnestness,  recognized  as  the 
expression  of  honest  conviction,  which 
secured  for  Calhoun  the  respect  of  the 
nation,  even  in  his  dangerous  advocacy 
of  extreme  State  Rights,  and  which  re- 
spect and  esteem  he  retained  till  his 
death:  His  cotmtrymen  recognizing  his 
high  integrity  and  admiring  his  fearless 
independence ;  characteristics,  which 
no  matter  what  the  mistakes,  are  after 
all  the  best  security  for  the  perpetuation 
of  free  institutions. 

CALHOUN,  JOHN  EWING,  a  dis- 
tinguished lawyer  and  orator  of  South 
Carolina,  was  the  son  of  Irish  settlers 
in  that  state  and  was  born  in  1759.  He 
was  educated  by  his  uncle,  Patrick  Cal- 
houn, father  of  the  still  more  celebrated 
John  C.  Our  subject  graduated  at 
Princeton  in  1774,  adopted  the  law 
a3  his  profession,  and  soon  became 
noted.  He  served  in  the  legisla- 
ture of  his  ^3tate  during  the  stormy 
period  of  the  Revolution  and  was  an 
ardent  supporter  of  the  popular  cause. 
He  was  elected  U.  S.  Senator  in  1801, 
but  died  in  November  the  followine 
yea'*,  aged  52  years.  He  was  a  man  of 
enlr.rged  views  and  much  independence 
of  character,  which  he  exhibited  by 
voting  against  some  of  the  measures  of 
his  party,  during  his  short  ;)areer  in  the 
senate.  He  was  but  little  if  any  inferior 
to  his  cousin  in  eloquence. 

C  ALLAMORE,  JOHN,  an  early  Irish 
settler  in  New  Hampshire  and  noted 
throughout  the  state  for  his  great  age, 
was  born  in  Ireland  in  1715,  died  in 
Kersington,  New  Hampshire,  in  1825. 
A  most  singular  thing  in  regard  to  him 
was  that  im  hair,  which  in  the  course 
of  time  became  white  with  age,  regain- 
ed its  original  color  before  his  death. 

CALLANAN,  REV,  LAWRENCE, 
an  able  and  pious  Franciscan  of  the  last 
century,  co  *  umporaiy  and  friend  of 
Father,  O'Leary,  was  born  in  Cork  in 
1720,  and  educated  at  tlie  Convent  of 
Bt.  Antony,  Louvain.  He  was  for 
many  yeurs  prior  of  his  order  in  his 
native  city.  By  his  advise  and  co-oper- 
ation tie  "Presentation  Order"  of  Nuns 
was  founded  by  Miss  Nano  Nagle,  and 
the  rule  by  wliich  they  are  governed 
was  drawn  up  by  his  hand.  With 
talents  of  the  first  order,  he  was  known 
rather  by  the  simplicity  and  sweetness 
of  his  cltaracter  and  his  efforts  to  bene- 


1! 


H?l 


II 


CAM 


IRI8H  CELT& 


CAN 


ill! 


fit  his  fellow  men.  He  died  Jan.  29, 
1818,  leaving  behind  him  not  only  the 
memory,  but  the  living  virtue  of  his 
good  works. 

CAMPBELL,  ALEXANDER,  D. 
D.,  a  talented  and  eloquent  American 
protestant  divine  and  theologian,  was 
bom  \a  Ireland,  in  1788.  He  came  to 
America,  settled  in  Bethany,  Vir- 
cinii  I,  and  became  president  of  Bethany 
CJollege,  founded  there.  He  soon  ac- 
quired fame  by  his  eloquence  as  well  as 
his  great  controversial  powers,  and  was 
the  recognized  leader  of  a  peculiar  class 
of  Presbyterians,  known  afterwards  as 
"The  Disciplesof  Christ. "  He  was  the 
Protestant  champion  in  the  celebrated 
(oral)  religious  diHcussion  which  took 
place  in  Cincinnati,  in  1886,  in  which 
Bishop  Purcell  defended  the  Catholic 
side,  but  the  common  verdict  was  thatMr. 
Campbell  met  a  more  than  Greek.  He 
continued.however,  to  wield  a  powerful 
influence  amongst  his  brethem  till  his 
death,  which  occurred  in  1866.  He  un- 
doubtedly was  a  man  of  distinguished 
ability  and  eloquence. 

CAMPBELL,  BARTLET,  one  of 
the  most  talented  and  successful  of 
American  dramatists,  was  born  in 
Alleghany  City,  Pa.,  Aue.  12,  1848,  of 
Irish  parents,  and  received  the  ordinary 
common  school  education.  When 
thirteen  years  o^  ^.^e  he  entered  a  law 
offlco,  but  haeep  skin  covers  had  no  at- 
tractions for  his  dramatic  soul  and  he 
was  soon  disbarred  from  further  prac- 
tice and  sent  home.  He  next  tried  a 
newspaper  ofBrc,  ^he  Pittsburgh  Leader, 
and  his  native  wit  was  soon  sharpened 
suflBcently  to  write  for  the  press,  which 
he  did  in  1858.  In  the  Presidential 
campair-n  of  1864  h^  took  the  stump 
for  McClellan,  and  in  1868  he  tried  his 
hand  at  starting  a  newspaper,  the  Eve- 
ning Mail,  with  the  usual  result.  In 
1869  he  went  to  New  Orleans  and  start- 
ed the  tjouthem  Magazine  and  was 
made  official  reporter  of  the  Louisana 
House  of  Hepresentatives.  His  first 
attempt  at  the  drama  was  "Through 
Fire,  thoroughly  sensational,  in  1871, 
which  was  followed  Ly  "Peril,"  a  com- 
edy, and  next  "Fate, ''^  which  Charlotta 
LeClcrc  purchased  to  take  to  England. 
He  then  produced  "Risks"  puroliased 
by  Jno.  T.  Raymond,  and  then  the 
"Virginian,"  which  was  also  produced 
luEnglkHu  and  purchased  afterwards 


by  Frank  Mayo.  In  1874  he  produced 
his  first  Irish  play  "Oran  Uale,"  and 
then  "On  the  Rhine,"  this  was  follow- 
ed by  the  "Big  Bonanza"  an  adaptation 
from  the  Qerman,which  proved,  in  San 
Francisco,  hit  first  big  strike.  In  1876 
he  went  to  England,  and  while  there 
wrote  "A  Herome  in  Rags"  Kud  "How 
Women  Love,"  which  latter  play  he 
afterwards  reconstructed  as  liie  "Vigil- 
antes." In  1878  he  wrote  "Clio'*^  a 
poetic  picture  of  Italy,  and  in  '79  Fair- 
fax, or  Life  in  the  Sunny  South.  "My 
Partner"  was  brought  out  in  1879,  and 
proved  a  great  success  on  the  metropoli- 
tan stage  and  throughout  the  country. 
The  "Galley  Slave"  followed,  and  "Mat- 
rimony" about  the  same  time,  and  during 
the  season  of  1879,  at  times,  three  of 
Mr.  Campbell's  plays  were  on  the  beards 
at  ths  same  time,  in  New  York  City, 
which  we  surmise  is  the  best  indication 
of  his  ability  as  a  dramatist.  He  has 
undoubtedly  fine  dramatic  instincts, 
and  understands  thoroughly  stage  art. 
He  has  also  appeared  on  the  stage  In 
some  of  his  own  plays,  and  may  yet, 
like  Boucicault,  be  equally  popmar  as 
an  actor. 

CANNING,  RIGHT  HON.  GEO., 
one  of  the  ablest  of  British  states- 
men, and  most  polished  of  orators, 
was  the  son  of  an  Irish  barrister,  a  man 
of  talent  and  no  mean  poet,  was  bom 
in  London,  April  11,  1770.  His  father 
died  while  our  subject  was  still  but  a 
child,  and  left  his  family  in  straighten- 
ed circumstances.  The  future  states- 
man, who  already  gave  indications  of 
genius,  was  placed  at  Eatori  by  his 
father's  rolbtions,  and  he  soon  distin- 
guished blmself  as  a  classical  scholar 
and  was  uie  of  the  principal  contribu- 
tors to  the  Microcosm.  Prom  Eaton  he 
went  to  Oxford,  where  he  quickly  dis- 
tinfniishv-id  JLJrraelf  and  took  several  of 
thb  prizes.  Alter  leaving  Oxford  he 
entered,  himself  a  member  at  Lincoln's 
Inn  intending  like  Burke  to  adopt  the 
Law  as  his  profession.  The  persuasive 
el'-quence  of  his  friend  Sheridan,  how- 
ever, ind  jced  him  to  relinquish  the 
"dry  drujery"  and  enter  the  more  ex- 
citing one  of  politips.  In  1798  he  first 
obtuin<^,d  a  seat  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons as  a  member  for  Newport,  in  the 
Isle  of  Wight,  and  in  1796  he  was  ap- 
pointed Uiuler  Secretary  of  State  and 
returned  for  the  treasury  borough  of 
Weudover.    during  this  time  hupen 


\  I 


CAN 


HUSH  CELTS. 


CAR 


was  not  idle,  for  Jie  contributed  liberal- 
ly  to  the  party  literature  of  the  day 
amon^  which  were  New  Morality, 
parodies  on  Darwin  and  Bouthey,  and 
many  other  brilliant  satirical  articles. 
In  1799  he  married  Miss  Scott,  sister  of 
the  Duchess  of  Portland,  who  brought 
to  him  an  ample  fortune.  On  the  re- 
signation of  latt  he  also  retired  from 
the  ministry  and  proved  himself  an  able 
«nd  formidable  opponent  of  the  Adding- 
ton  administration.  Its  existence  was 
not  of  long  duration,  and  Canning  again 
took  office  imder  Pitt  as  Treasurer  of 
the  Navy,  which  he  held  till  the  death 
■of  that  statesman,  January,  1809.  This 
placed  him  again  in  opposition  for  a 
short  time,  but  he  was  soon  again  called 
to  fill  a  post  in  the  Cabinet,  as  Secre- 
tary of  State  for  Foreign  Affairs.  In 
180i9,  however,  the  Waicheren  exi)edi- 
tion  produced  a  quarrel  between  him 
and  Lord  Castlereigh,  which  resulted  in 
a  duel  in  which  he  was  severely  wound- 
•ed,  and  also  in  his  withdrawal  from  the 
ministry.  In  1812  he  was  elected  one 
■of  the  members  from  Liverpool,  and 
subsequently  thrice  returned  after  bitter 
•cojitests.  In  1816  l>o  was  embassador 
to  Lisbon,  and  in  1818  became  President 
«of  the  Board  of  Control,  which  place h3 
relinquished  and  went  abroad,  not  wish- 
ing to  tt.\ke  pairt  In  the  proceedings 
4igainst  tho  Queen.  In  1822  he  was 
appointed  Oovernor  General  of  India 
^and  was  on  the  eve  of  embarking  when 
'the  sudden  death  of  Lord  Londonderry 
left  vacant  the  po-jt  of  Secretary  of 
Foreign  Affairs.  This  he  held  until  the 
Illness  of  the  Earl  of  Liverpool  dise^lv- 
•ed  the  Cabinet,  when  he  was  raised  to 
the  dignity  of  Prime  Minister.  He  did 
not,  however,  long  enjoy  this  acme  of 
the  hope,  and  aspiration  of  British 
statesmen,  for  worn  out  by  both  mental 
and  bodily  labor,  he  died  on  the  8th  of 
Augiist.  1827  in  the  zenith  of  his  power 
ana  popularity.  As  an  orator.  Canning 
ranks  among  the  first  of  modern  times, 
and  for  elegance  of  diction,  classical 
taste,  wit  and  sarcasm  combined,  has 
never  been  excelled.  j.^h  .a  statesman 
he  had  broad  and  liberal  views,  and  is 
Justly  ranked  amongst  the  great  stwho 
«ver  directed  the  destinies  of  the  British 
Empire. 

CANTWELL,  EDMOND,  a  gallant 
officer  of  the  Irish  brigade  who  went  to 
France  after  the  treaty  of  Limerick,  in 
1691.     He   served  under   Catenat  in 


Savoy,  and  participated  in  many  of 
theglories  earned  by  the  Irish  brigades 
in  France.  Onth>  re-organization  of  the 
Irish  brigade  in  France  in  1695  he  was 
major  oi  the  Athlone  regiment  and  was 
afterwards  advanced  t«  distinguished 
rank  for  brilliant  services. 

CARAUSIUS,  Emperor  of  Britai  i, 
was  a  native  of  Ireland,  of  phbiun 
birth,  but  a  daring  and  experiencod 
seaman,  was  born  in  Manapia,  Irelar  d, 
about  A.  D.  260,  according  to  Camdt  n. 
He  was  employed  by  Dioclesian  a:id 
Maximian  to  defend  ihe  maratiuie 
parts  of  Gaul  against  the  Franks  a:id 
Saxons.  Having  abused  bis  power  he 
was  declared  an  enemy  to  the  State. 
He  then  sailed  for  Bntain,  where  he 
crushed  Roman  aiithority,  hed  himself 
proclaimed  Emperor  »f  that  country' 
and  in  the  face  of  the  Roman  powei 
maintained  his  position  for  seven  years. 
He  was  killed  by  Alectus  who  succeeded 
him  for  three  years  and  who  was  at 
length  crushed  by  the  Romans  imder 
Constantine  Chlorus. 

CARET,  HENRY  C,  an  em  lent 
political  economist,  and  the  ablest  writ- 
er in  advocacy  of  the  American  theory  of 
protection  to  home  industries,  that  has 
yet  appeared,  was  bom  in  Philadel- 
phia, 1793,  and  was  a  son  of  Mathew 
Carey.  He  received  a  liberal  educa- 
tion and  entered  the  great  publishing 
house  of  his  father.  In  1886,  having 
amassed  an  independent  fortune  he 
withdrew  from  active  business,  to  de- 
vote himself  to  the  preparation  and  pub- 
lication of  a  work  on  Political  Economy, 
especially  the  advocacy  and  elucidation 
of  the  protection  system,  which  he 
made  his  life  work.  Hiu  discussions  on 
the  relations  of  labor  and  capital,  of 
finance  and  other  paramount  questions 
in  that  science  soon  attracted  universal 
attention  at  home  and  abroad.  -  His 
works  have  been  translated  into  every 
European  language,  and  are  looked 
upon  by  the  advocates  of  protection  as 
unanswerable,  not  indeed  according  to 
abstract  rea8oning,but  by  the  unanswer* 
able  arguments  of  stubborn  and  uncon- 
trovertable  facts.  To  the  end  of  his 
life  he  was  the  great  champion  of  what 
his  genius  had  stamped  as  the  "Ameri- 
can JProtective  System."  His  most  im- 
portant works  are  "Past  and  Present," 
8  vols.8vo.  1848.  "Essay  on  Wages"  and 
his  general  works  on  the  policy  of  Pro- 


.  ■.  f 


il 


)f'i 


'•/.• 


CAR 


HUSH  CELTS 


CAB 


jectJon.  Hr.  Carey  was  recognized  the 
world  over  as  the  leading  writer  oa  the 
protection  system,  and  his  works  were 
accordingly  valued.  In  private  life  he 
was  highly  respected  and  popular.  He 
died  Oct.  18.  1879. 

■^  CAREY,  MATHEW,  an  Irish  pa- 
triot and  author,  and  a  distinguished 
political  economist,  was  a  son  of  Wm. 
P.  Carey,  the  Irish  patriot,  and  was 
born  in  Dublin  Jan.  28, 1760.  He  re- 
ceived as  good  an  education  as  the 
academic  schools  of  ^  native  city  af- 
forded, and  at  the  age  ef  16  years  began 
to  learn  the  business  of  printer  and 
bookseller.  His  first  attempt  at  author- 
ship was  a  pamphlet  on  the  evils  and 
absurdity  of  duelling,  then  so  prevalent 
in  Ireland.  This  was  followed  by  an 
address  to  the  Irish  Catholics  on  their 
oppression  by  the  Penal  Code,  so  sharp 
pomted,  freedom  li  piring  and  defiant 
that  the  outspoken  and  manly  young 
patriot  had  to  fly  from  the  gnp  of  the 
oppressor  and  went  to  Paris.  He  re- 
mained there  about  a  year  and  then  re- 
turned to  Ireland  and  edited  the  "Free- 
man's Journal,"  and  in  1788  he  estab- 
lished the  "Volunteer's  Journal"  which 
became  very  popular  and  was  extensive- 
ly circulated,  it  advocated  a  bold  and 
uncompromising  stand  for  Irish  rights 
and  legislative  independence,  which  was 
soon  after  recognized  and  acceded  to 
by  England,  probably  by  reason  of  the 
convincing  bayonets  of  the  Irish  Vol- 
unteers. On  account  of  an  attack  upon 
Parliament  n.nd  the  Ministry  he  was  ar- 
raigned before  the  House  of  Commons 
for  libel,  and  committed  to  Newgate  in 
1784.  He  was,  however,  soon  liberated 
and  he  sailed  for  Philadelphia  where  he 
arrived  Nov.  15, 1784.  He  was  now 
under  a  government  more  congenial  to 
his  principles  and  where  he  could  not 
only  express  them  without  fear  of  pri- 
son and  chains,  but  with  applause. 
Shortly  after  his  arrival  he-  started  the 
"Pennsylvania  Herald,"  the  first  news- 
paper in  America  which  furnished  ac- 
curate reports  of  Legislative  doltutes. 
To  Carev  must  be  conceded  the  iionor 
of  starting  the  American  newspapers 
into  exploring  the  great  fields  •f  living 
issues  and  passing  events,  and  which 
made  them  the  first  noted,  as  pre- 
eminently the  newspaper  of  the  World. 
Carey's  enterprise  involvei  him  in  a 
dispute  with  tne  editor  of  a  rival  jour- 
nal, and  Ms  Irish  being  stronger  than 


his  theory,  he  fought  his  opponent, 
Col.  Oswald,  a  duel  which  nearly 
proved  fatal  to  Carey,  he  having  been 
confined  to  his  house  for  sixteen  months 
after.  About  this  time  he  commenced 
the  publication  of  the  "American  Mu- 
seum," which  he  continued  for  six 
years.  In  1791  he  married  and  settled 
down  to  business  in  the  book  trade; 
In  1798  he  was  a  member  of  the  Com- 
mittee  of  Health  when  the  yellow  fevet 
epidemic  decimated  Philadelphia, 
and  was  heroic  in  his  attention  to  the 
sick.  He  also  studied  the  disease  and 
the  results  of  different  treatments  with 
much  accuracy  and  judgment,  and 
published  his  observations  in  "History 
of  the  Yellow  Fever  in  1798."  About 
this  time  too  he  f  oimded  the  Hibsmiaik 
Society.  He  was  also  active  in  advanc- 
ing the  interests  of  religion,  and  was 
earnest  and  zealous  without  bigotry.  In 
1810  he  engaged  warmly  in  the  mscus- 
sions  concerning  a  United  States  Bank, 
both  in  the  public  press  and  pamphlets. 
In  1814  appeared  his  "Olive  Branch" 
or  "Faults  on  Both  Sides,  Federal  and 
Democratic."  This  was  a  patriotic  of- 
fering, designed  to  harmonize  and  unite 
the  whole  country  pending  the  war 
with  Oreat  Britain.  It  had  a  large  cir- 
culation, passing  through  ten  editions 
and  is  regarded  as  the  highest  authori- 
ty on  the  political  questions  of  the 
period.  In  1819  he  published  his 
"VindecisB  Hibernicise,"  an  examina- 
tion and  refutation  of  the  charges 
against  his  countrymen  in  reference  to 
alleged  butcheries,  said  to  have  been 
committed  in  the  Rebellion  of  1641. 
and  which  he  proves  to  be  the  baseless 
fabrication  of  bigots  and  enemies  of 
Ireland.  Carey  being  a  consistent  and 
high  m  nded  Protestant,  ought  to  make  ■ 
his  conclusions  on  this  subject  final. 
About  this  time  he  withdrew  from  bus- 
iness, having  acquired  an  independent 
fortune,  and  left  to^his  son,  Henry  C, 
the  largest  book  business  in  America. 
From  mistime  forth  he  gave  his  princi- 
pal attention  to  the  politTco-economistic 
policy  best  adapted  for  the  develope- 
ment  of  the  great  resources  of  the 
United  States.  In  1820  he  published 
the  "New  Olive  Branch,"  showing 
from  tlie  invincible  logic  of  facts  how 
harmonious  were  the  real  interests  of 
the  various  portions  of  society,  and  in 
1822,  "Essays  on  Political  Economy," 
This  was  followed  by  a  series  of  tracta 
covering  over  2,000  pages,  all  tending 


CAB 


IRISH  CELTS. 


CAB 


to  show  that  the  true  interests  of  Amer- 
ica lay  in  Protection.  He  was  also  an 
active  advocate  for  all  beneficial  public 
works,  and  was  one  of  the  originators 
ct  the  system  of  internal  improvements 
which  resulted  in  the  construction  of 
the  Pennsylvania  canals.  He  was  also 
an  active  promoter  of  education  and  bt 
every  philanthropic  work  which  tend- 
ed to  help  or  benefit  his  fellow  man. 
He  died  in  Philadelphia,  September  16, 
1889. 

CAREY,  WM.  PAULET,  a  talent- 
ed Irish  portrait  painter  and  engraver, 
but  more  noted  as  a  patriot  ana  politi- 
cal writer  and  pubUsher.  He  edited 
the  Sentimental  and  Masonic  Magazine, 
published  in  Dublin  before  the  Union, 
and  in  1791  established  the  "National 
Evening  Star,"  on  the  principles  adopt- 
ed on  the  foundation  of  the  society  of 
the  United  Irishmen  later,  and  so  popu- 
]ax  was  this  paper  that  Carey  was  styled 
"The  printer  of  the  People."  The 
matter  was  almost  entirely  contributed 
by  himself,  the  prose  under  the  name  of 
"Junius  Hibemicus"  and  the  poetical 
under  "8.  Murtaugh O'Pindar."  Carey 
became  prominent  by  his  decided  opin- 
ion on  t&e  national  questions,  and  his 
advocacy  and  defense  of  Napper  Tandy. 
In  1793  Carey  was  prosecuted  for  hav- 
ing published  certain  documents  issued 
by  the  United  Irishmen,  and  not  being 
supported  in  his  defence  as  agreed  upon, 
he  gave  evidence  against  Dr.  Drennan, 
and  appealed  to  the  public  in  justifica- 
tion. Carey  came  to  the  United  States 
and  settled  in  Fhilahelphla,  where  his' 
sons  had  established  themselves  as 
booksellers  and  publishers,  acquiring 
extensive    trade   and   wealth.     They 

Sublished  In  1819  Mathew  Carev's  Yin- 
eciae  Hibemicee  which  echoed  the  senti- 
ments of  their  father,  who  died  there 
at  an  advanced  age. 

CARLTON,  SIR  GUT,  an  able  Brit- 
ish General,  was  bom  in  1784,  at  Stra- 
bane,  Ireland,  and  after  pursuing  a 
regular  cburse  of  studies  he  entered  the 
English  army.  He  distinguished  him- 
self in  America  at  the  seiges  of  Quebec 
and  Savannah,  was  made  Governor  of 
Qneboc  in  1771.  Successfully  defended 
Canada  against  Mo:itgomery  and  Ar- 
nold, and  succeeded  Clinton  (Bhr  Henry) 
as  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  British 
forces  in  America ;  was  in  1786  created 
a  peer,  and  appointed  Governor  of 


Nova    Scotia,    New  Brunswick 
Canada,  and  died  in  1808. 


and 


CARLTON,  WILLIAM,  a  talented 
and  witty  Iri^  novelist,  was  born  at 
Clogher,  in  1798.  He  received  a  fair 
education.  When  about  twenty  yeara 
old  he  went  to  Dublin  to  try  his  fortune 
at  literary  work,  and  after  struggling 
for  some  years  writing  fur  the  penodl- 
cals,  he  at  length  attamed  notice  by  hia 
"Traits  and  Stories  of  the  Irish  Peasan- 
try which  he  produced  in  1880.  He 
followed  this  by  "Fardorougha  the 
Miser,"  and  in  1841  published  three 
vols,  of  tales  and  sketches,  among  them 
"The  Misfortunes  of  Barney  Branagan" 
His  stories  are  all  Irish,  and  some  of 
them  give  true  and  graphical  pictures 
of  the  misgovemment  of  his  country, 
among  them  "Valentine  McClutchy  or 
the  Insh  Landlord,"  which  exhibits  the- 
ucprincipled  villany,  heartlessnesa 
power  and  vindictivcness  of  the  agent 
— "Rody  the  Rover,"  "The  Black  Pro- 
phet, a  tale  of  the  Irish  Famine,"  "The 
Tithe  Proctor,"  "WilUe  Reilly,"  &c. 
Carlton  was  a  natural,  graphic,  and 
elegant  writer,  full  of  pathos  and 
humor.  His  works  are  of  a  health- 
ful and  instructive  nature,  and  wlU 
continue  to  be  among  the  standard 
works  of  the  imagination  as  long  a» 
correct  taste,  charming  narative  and 
chaste  matter  will  attract  the  readhig 
public.  Carleton  died  in  Dublin  Jan. 
80, 1869. 

CARRIGAN,  PHILIP,  an  eminent 
American  physician,  was  bom  in  New 
York  in  1746,  of  Irish  parents,  wha 
afterwards  settled  in  New  Hampshire. 
After  completing  his  education  Philip- 
took  up  the  study  of  medicine  and  set- 
tied  to  practice  in  Concord.  For  many 
years  he  was  recognized  as  the  ablest 
physician  in  the  state.  He  died  ia 
1806. 

CARROLL,  CHARLES,  of  CarroU- 
ton,  one  of  the  ablest  of  the  statesmen 
and  patriots  of  the  RevolutioD,and  most 
distinguished  figures  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independance,  was  born  at  .luinapo- 
lis,  Maryland,  Sept.  20, 1727.  He  wag 
a  descendant  from  an  Irish  Catholic 
family  of  some  note,  who  had  left  the- 
troubles  and  ceaseless  turmoil  of  the  un- 
fortunate land  of  their  fathers,  to  find  a 
quiet  asylum  and  liberty  in  the  new 
world.    It  is  not  strange  therefore,  that 


m 


CAB 


IBISH  CELTS 


CAR 


they  became  distinguished  and  zealous 
patriots  and  unflinching  defenders  of 
the  Peoples  Rights  in  every  ramification 
and  form.  This  colony  itself — Mary- 
iland —  where  our  subject  was  bom  was 
settled  at  first  in  part  by  Irish  Catho- 
lics, under  Charles  Calvert,  who  first 
and  alone  in  the  wilds  of  free  America, 
•^established  a  broad  and  true  charter 
of  liberty,  allowing  and  seeming  to  all 
without  any  test  or  restriction,  full 
.and  equal  rights  under  their  laws,  and 
yet  they  were  doomed  to  suffer  for 
their  justice  from  the  hands  of  those 
whom  they  made  participators  of  their 
^blessings,  for  even  here  in  their  new 
.house  as  it  were,  did  the  strangers  whom 
they  sneltered,  deprive  them  afterwards 
•of  the  rights  of  sufferage,  perhaps,  no 
doubt,  lest  perchance  they  might  abuse 
itl  They  succeeded,  however,  before 
the  era  of  the  Revolution,  in  recovering 
their  rights  under  the  liberal  charter 
they  had  themselves  promulgated,  and 
were  thus  doubly  tramed  for  the  fight 
for  National  Independence.  At  a  very 
•ear'y  age,  Charles  was  sent  to  France  to 
be  educated.  After  completing  his  edu- 
•cation  he  entered  one  of  the  best  insti- 
tutions of  France  for  the  study  of  Civil 
Law,  and  after  becoming  well  versed 
in  this  science  he  passed  over  to  London 
and  commenced  the  study  of  Common 
Law  in  the  Temple.  After  completing 
his  studies  and  expanding  his  mind  by 
travel,  he  returned  to  his  native  land  at 
the  age  of  twenty-seven,  an  accomplish- 
•ed  scholar  and  polinhed  gentleman.  At 
.this  time  discussions  on  the  differences 
between  the  Mother  Country  and  Col- 
onies had  already  commenced,  and  our 
young  statesman  fullv  armed  with  all 
the  legal  weapons  of  both  the  civil  and 
common  law,  entered  the  arena  and  was 
quickly  recognised  as  a  champion  of 
popular  rights,  whose  polished  weapon 
was  wielded  within  the  limits  of  the 
English  constiiution.  His  writings  were 
so  able  and  scholarly  that  they  attract* 
ed  the  attention  of  the  first  men  of  the 
day,  and  although  under  a  non-de- 
plilme,  it  was  soon  known  who  was  the 
author.  He  early  foresaw  that  an  ap* 
peal  to  arms  was  inevitable,  if  liberty 
was  to  be  secured,  and  he  was  one  of 
the  first  to  boldly  declare  its  probabil- 
ity, and  the  necessity  and  wfedom  of 
anaking  preparations  for  the  event.  At 
the  commencement  of  the  struggle  he 
was  sent  on  a  commission  to  Canada  to 
induce  the  people  of  that  province  tb 


join  their  fortunes  with  the  colonies. 
The  savage  bigotry  of  Arnold  had 
however,  preceded  him,  and  the  French 
were  unwilling  to  enter  a  struggle  from 
which  they  imght  gain  nothme,  and 
lose  rights  already  guaranteed.  Mr. 
Carroll  returned  in  June  1776,  and  find- 
ing that  the  convention  of  his  state  had 
instructed  its  delegates  in  congress  not 
to  vote  for  independence,  he  mstantly 
repaired  to  v^here  the  convention  was 
sitting  and  took  his  seat,  being  a  mem- 
ber. He  immediately  addr^ed  the 
members  in  a  masterly  speech,  review- 
ing the  whole  history  of  the  trouble, 
and  proving  that  retreat  then  would  be 
the  death  knell  of  their  liberty,  that  for 
freemen,  but  one  course  was  left.  Inde- 
pendence, and  that  they  must  withdraw 
their  instructions  from  the  delegates. 
He  succeeded  and  was  appointed  to 
join  them  with  the  instructions  to  act  as 
they  thought  best.  On  the  18th  of  July 
he  anived  at  Philadelphia,  on  the  2nd 
of  August  attached  his  name  to  the  im- 
mortal instrument.  It  was  said  he 
staked  more  than  any  man  who  signed, 
being  considered  very  wealthy  for 
those  days.  He  was  appointed  a  mem- 
of  the  Board  of  War  and  continued  an 
efficient  and  valued  member.  He  also 
remained  a  member  of  his  own  state  con- 
vention, and  continually  spurred  them 
by  word  and  example  to  heroic  efforts 
in  the  long  struggle,  his  fervor,  patriot- 
ism and  trust  never  slacking  for  a 
moment.  On  the  adoption  of  the 
Federal  constitution  he  was  elect- 
ed United  States  Senator  from  his 
state  and  took  his  seat  on  the 
organization  of  the  government,  and 
was  re-elected  for  a  second  term.  He 
never  sought  office,  nor  never  flinched 
from  any  public  responsibility,  even  in 
the  darkest  hour  of  the  struggle.  In 
the  year  1801  he  retired  from  public 
life  as  far  as  such  a  man  could  do 
it.  Totally  disinterested  and  unselfish, 
he  desired  rather  to  see  the  young  men 
of  the  nation  take  upon  themselves  the 
duties  and  responsibilities  of  public 
offices,  loving  to  give  any  encourage- 
ment  or  assistance  m  his  power,  feeling 
amply  repaid  if  to  the  ability  requirea 
they  add  the  sterling  honesty  which 
characterized  the  founders  of  the  Re- 
public, their  predecessors  in  office. 
Charles  Carroll  was  an  orator,  not, 
however,  of  the  pronounced  Irish 
school,  like  Patrick  Henry.  His  polished 
education,    acquired  in   the    French 


Ip: 


CAR 


IRISH  CELTS. 


CAS 


schools  and  amongst  the  ancient 
nobleese,  seems  to  have  toned  down  the 
vehemence  of  his  Irish  nature,  and  his 
eloquence,  though  strong,  was  smooth, 
graceful  and  convincing.  With  a  master- 
fy  power  over  his  subjects,  he  led  cap- 
tive hotii  the  understanding  and  the 
sepses  of  his  hearers.  So  dignified, 
serene  and  placid,  one  woiild  never  sus- 
I>ect  the  tireless  ardor  and  irresistible 
strength  of  the  character  beneath. 
Though  his  weapons  were  adorned  with 
grace  and  beauty,  like  the  Damascus 
blade  thev  possessed  strength  more  mar- 
velous stul.  His  body  and  spirit  seemed 
proper  counterparts,  the  one  shadowed 
lorUi  the  other.  He  saw  all  his  cotem- 
poraries  pass  away,  and  his  stream  of 
life  still  moved  on,  gentle  but  strong. 
For  years  he  stood  alone,  the  only  liv- 
ing actor  that  connected  two  gener- 
eratioBs,  who  had  lost  no  grace  or 
beauty  by  a^e  and  whose  capital  was  still 
crowned  with  the  leaves  of  the  laural. 
The  glory  of  past  generations  encircling 
his  brow,  while  the  incense  of  another 
was  round  about  him.  He  passed  away 
full  of  years  and  honors,  in  the  fall  of 
1882  universally  mourned  and  regret- 
ted. 

CARROLL,  MOST  REV.  JOHN, 
First  Catholic  Bishop  and  Archbishop 
of  the  United  States,  was  of  Irish  des- 
cent, bom  in  Maryland  in  1784.  He 
was  sent  at  the  age  of  thirteen  to  St. 
Omer's  college,  in  Flanders,  where  he 
remained  for  six  years,  and  finished  his 
studies  in  the  colleges  of  Leige  and 
Bruges.  He  was  ordained  priest  in 
1769,  and  soon  after  joined  the  Society 
of  Jesus.  He  returned  to  America  at 
the  breaking  out  of  the  Revolution,  and 
like  Ills  cousin.  Charles,  was  an  ardent 
supporter  of  American  independence. 
He  exerted  his  influence  to  have  Cana- 
da join  the  confederation,  and  wo  aid 
probably  have  succeeded  but  for  the 
Digotry  of  Arnold  and  other  pseudo 
patriots  of  New  England.  The  clergy 
of  the  United  States  having  requested 
Rome  to  establish  a  hierarchv,  John 
Carroll  was  appointed  first  Bishop,  and 
the  succeeding  year,  1790,  was  conse- 
ciated,  in  England,  Bishop  of  Balti- 
more. He  was  afterwards  raised  to 
the  dignity  of  Archbishop,  and  died  in 
1816,  greatly  regretted. 

CARSON,  REV.  ALEXANDER. 
D.  D.,  an  able  protestant  divine  of  the 


North  of  Ireland,  who  was  originally  a 
Presbyterian,  but  eventually  became  a 
Baptist,  and  was  followed  by  many  of 
his  brethren.  See  "Caison,"  Rev. 
Alexander,  which  is  intended  for  'Lar- 
son." 

CAS,  CORMAC,  or  Cormac  Cas,  son- 
of  Oilioll  Olima,  a  warlike  King  of 
Munster.  He  defeated  the  Monarch. 
Connac  Ulfada,  whose  paternal  uncle^ 
he  was,  and  compelled  him  to  make- 
g;ood  all  the  losses  caused  by  his  inva- 
sion of  Munster.  He  reigned  about  A.. 
D.  250.  From  him  descended  Brian' 
Bom  and  many  other  illustrious 
patriots. 

CASS,  LEWIS.a  distinguished  Amer- 
ican statesman,  was  of  Irish  descent, 
bom  ki  Exter,  N.  H.,  Oct.  9,  1783,  his^ 
his  father,  Jonathan  Cass  was  probably 
bom  in  Ireland,  although  like  Oen.. 
John  Sullivan,  he  is  credited  in  most 
biographies  with  being  bom  somewhere- 
in  New  England.  However,  be  that  as 
it  may,  they  belong  to  that  great  and 
distinguished  body  of  Irish  emigranta 
who  settled  the  Northern  parts  of  New 
England,  and  gave  to  the  Revolution 
so  many  distinguished  patriots  and 
soldiers.  The  name  of  Cass,  like  Sul- 
livan is  peculiarly  milecian,  and  knowiu 
only  in  Ireland.  Cass'  father  served 
witn  distinction  in  the  war  of  the  Revo- 
lution and  rose  to  the  rank  of  Maior, 
and  in  1799  was  stationed  at  Wilming- 
ton, Del.,  where  Lewis  found  employ- 
ment as  a  teacher,  he  having  left  Col- 
lege before  graduating.  The  following 
year  the  family  removed  to  Marietta, 
Ohio,  where  our  subject  studied  law^ 
and  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in  1802. 
He  opened  an  ofi^ce  in  Zanesville,  and. 
by  his  ability  and  attention  soon  ac- 
quired a  good  practice.  In  1806  he 
was  sent  to  the  legislature,  and  while 
there  drew  up  the  address  to  President 
Jefferson,  embodying  the  views  of  that 
body  on  Burr's  expedition,  and  drafted 
tne  law  under  which  Burr's  boats  and 
provisions  collected  in  Ohio  were  seized. 
When  the  war  of  1812  broke  out  he 
immediately  offered  his  services,  and 
was  appointed  Col.  of  the  Third  Ohio- 
Volunteers,  and  placed  under  Gen. 
Hull.  On  the  surrender  of  Hull,  Ca^ 
who  was  away  with  a  portion  of  his 
command  on  special  duty,  but  who  wag 
included  in  the  terms  oi  the  surrender,, 
was  very  indignant  at  the  cowardly  act^ 


Jii 


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CAS 


naSH  CELTS 


CAS 


and  rather  than  surrender  his  sword, 
"broke  it  and  threw  it  away.  Shortly 
-after  Hull's  surrender,  on  being  ex- 
changed he  was  made  Colonel  of  the 
27th  U.  S.  Infantry,  and  shortly  after- 
wards made  a  Bngadier-General.  At 
the  close  of  the  Campaign  he  was  in 
command  of  Michigan,  naving  parti- 
'Cipated  in  the  movements  unaer  Gen. 
Iterrison,  which  led  to  the  recapture  of 
that  territory,  and  in  October  1818  was 
appointed  its  Governor.  He  remaiAed 
in  this  position  for  eighteen  vears,  at 
the  same  time  acting  as  Superintendent 
et  Indian  affairs  in  that  section.  He 
negotiated  many  important  treaties  with 
the  various  tribes  of  the  Northwest,  se- 
curing the  best  tracts  of  land,  and  open- 
big  them  up  to  the  settlers  who  were 
conunencing  to  pour  into  the  country. 
H«  also  in  the  new  territory  laid  out 
ixmds,  instituted  surveys,  built  forts 
and  organized  townships  and  counties. 
In  18^,  in  company  with  Henry  B. 
Schoolcraft  and  others,  he  explored  the 
upper  lakes  and  the  head  waters  of  the 
Mississippi,  travelling  5,000  miles,  an 
account  of  which  he  published  in  the 
Korth  American  Review  in  1828.  In 
1881  President  Jackson  appointed  him 
Secretary  of  War,  and  in  1888  he  was 
sent  as  Minister  to  France,  in  which 
country  he  became  very  popular,  and 
succeeded  in  settling  the  indemnity  dis- 

n9,  by  obtaining  the  interest  which 
been  withheld  when  the  principal 
was  paid.  In  1840  he  published  an  able 
and  interesting  account  of  his  impres- 
dons  in  *'King,  Court  and  Government 
of  Fnuice."  His  attack  on  the  quin- 
tuple treaty  for  the  suppression  of  the 
Slave  trade,  created  great  comment  in 
diplomatic  and  other  circles,  and  led 
to  his  resignation  in  1842.  In  January 
1845  he  was  elected  United  States  Sena- 
tor from  Michigan,  and  immediately 
took  a  prominent  place  among  the  dis- 
tinguished men  of  that  body,  and  if  not 
ranking  with  Webster,  Clay,  and  Cal- 
h()un,  standing  first  in  the  next  rank. 
In  1848  he  became  the  candidate  of  the 
Democratic  party  for  President,  and 
would  have  been  elected,  but  for  the 
defection  of  the  Van  Buren  faction  in 
the  State  of  New  York,  who  through 
Jealousy  or  some  other  cause  put  an  op- 

Sosition  ticket  in  the  field  in  that 
tate,  called  "Free  Soil"  and  succeed- 
«d  in  throwing  the  State  into  the 
hands  of  the  Whigs,  by  which  they  suc- 
ceeded in  electing  Gen.  Taylor  to  the 


Presidency.  Gen.  Cass,  in  the  mean 
time,  had  resigned  his  seat  in  the  Sen- 
ate, but  was  re-elected  in  1849,  and 
strongly  opposed  the  Wilmot  Proviso, 
although  mstructcd  by  the  Legislative 
of  Michigan  to  support  the  same,  claim- 
ing that  his  constitutional  oath  was  his 
guide,  and  that  their  instructions  were 
without  warrant  of  law  or  reason.  In 
1850  he  was  a  member  of  the  Clay  com- 
promise committee,  but  did  not  vote  on 
the  fugitive  slave  law.  He  was  again 
returned  to  the  Senate  in  1851,  and  was 
also  a  prominent  candidate  for  the 
Democratic  nomination  for  the  Presi- 
dency in  1852,  but  did  not  succeed,  a 
compromise  candidate,  Franklin  Pierce, 
receiving  the  nomination.  In  1854  he 
voted  for  the  Douglas  Kansas-Nebraska 
BUI  which  abolished  the  Missouri  com- 
promise line,  and  established  the  doc- 
trine first  broached  by  Cass  in  his  famous 
"Nicholson  Letter"  and  known  as  the 
"Squatter's  Sovereignty,"  which  held 
that  the  inhabitants  of  the  territories 
had  the  right  to  regulate  their  ovm 
domestic  institutions,  subject  alone  to 
the  Constitution  of  the  United  States, 
which  doctrine  was  most  certainly 
sound.  He  again  refused  to  obey 
the  instructions  of  the  Michigan  Legis- 
lature in  his  vote  on  the  Kansas  ques- 
tion. He  declined  to  be  a  candidate  for 
the  Presidency  in  1856,  and  cordially 
supported  James  Buchanan,  who  re- 
ceived the  nomination,  and  who  on 
taking  his  seat  appointed  Cass,  Secre- 
tary of  State,  1867.  This  was  the  dark 
ana  stormy  period  in  the  councils  of 
the  country  which  ushered  in  the 
still  more  dark  and  disastrous  one  of 
the  civil  war.  Cass,  throughout  this 
time  acted  the  part  of  a  patriot,  per- 
haps too  desirous  to  concede  to  the 
South  in  his  fear  for  the  Union,  which 
to  him  was  paramount.  In  December 
1860,  however,  when  conciliation  was 
no  longer  possible,  he  indignantly  re- 
signed his  seat  hi  the  Cabinet  on 
Buchanan  refusing  to  reinforce  Sump- 
ter  at  all  hazards,  and  came  home  in 
sorrow  and  dismay  at  the  coming 
storm.  He,  however,  bid  his  fellow  citi- 
zens, who  for  a  half  century  he  had  repre- 
sented in  various  and  important  public 
offices,  hope,  and  support  with  all  their 
energy  and  power  the  Constitution 
and  the  Union.  Although  home  down 
with  age  and  public  services,  he  hnppily 
lived  to  behold  the  country  emerge 
from  the  storm,  and  that  iJnion^  to 


'% 


CAT 


miBH  CELTS. 


CHA 


.1 


to 


which  he  was  so  much  attached,  re- 
lieved from  its  greatest  danger.  Gen. 
Cass  was  a  man  of  commanding  pre- 
flence,  of  extensive  knowledge,  a  fine 
scholar,  aa  elegant  writer  and  an  effec- 
tive public  speaker.  Among  his  other 
works  are,  "History,  Traditions  &c.  of 
the  Indians  in  the  United  States,"  1828, 
besides  historical  sketches  and  addresses. 
He  died  at  his  home  in  Detroit,  June 
17, 1866. 

CASSIDY,  RODERICK,  a  learned 
Irish  divine  and  writer  of  the  sixteenth 
century.  He  as  held  in  high  esteem 
as  a  canonist,  theologian,  philosopher 
and  historian.  He  was  Arch  Deacon  cf 
Clogher,  and  author  of  the  last  part  ef 
the  annals  of  Ulster,  called  by  Usher 
"Ultonienses."  This  work  commenced 
with  the  year  A.  D.  444  and  ends  with 
1641,  the  year  Cassidy  died.  It  is  writ- 
ten partly  in  Irish  and  partly  in  Latin 
in  the  Irish  characters  of  the  tenth  cen- 
tury. ^ 

CATHIRE,  MORE,  a  famous  Mon- 
arch of  Ireland,  who  ascended  the 
throne  A.  D.  140.  He  was  of  the  fam- 
ily of  Heremon  and  was  Bang  of  Lein- 
ster  when  he  ascended  the  throne  of 
Ireland.  He  is  said  to  have  had  thir^ 
sons,  ten  of  whom  left  posterity,  ae 
reigned  thirty  years  as  king  and  mon- 
ardi,  and  was  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Moyacha  in  Meath.  His  will,  which 
was  preserved  and  seen  by  the  author 
of  the  "Ogygia,"  will  give  some  idea 
of  the  tastes  and  habits  of  the  Irish  in 
that  day,  and  is  as  follows:  His  eldest 
son,  was  named  executor.  To  Breasal, 
a  son,  he  left  five  ships  of  burthen, 
fifty  embossed  bucklers,  ornamented 
wim  borders  •t  gold  and  silver,  uve 
swords  with  golden  handles,  and  five 
chariots  with  the  horses.  To  Fiacha, 
another  son,  he  left  fifty  drinking  cups, 
fifty  barrels  made  of  fern  tree,  fiity 
piebald  horses  with  bits  and  bridles  of 
brass.  To  his  naphew,  Tuathal,  ten 
chariots  with  horses,  five  play  tables, 
five  chess  boards,  thirty  bucklers  with 
gold  and  silver  borders,  and  fifty  polish- 
ed swords.  To  Daire,  another  son, 
one  hundred  and  fifty  pikes,  the  wood 
of  which  was  bound  with  plates  of  sil- 
ver ;  fifty  swords  of  fine  workmanship, 
five  rings  of  pure  gold,  one  hundred 
and  fifty  coats  of  fine  texture,  and  seven 
military  colors.  To  Crimothon,  fifty 
bUliard  balls  of  brass,  with  tables  and 


cues  of  the  same  material ;  ten  tric-tracs 
of  exquisite  workmanship,  twelve  chess 
boards  and  men.  To  Mogcorf ,  ion  of 
Laogare,  one  hundred  cows  spotted 
with  white  and  calves  vrith  yokes  of 
brass  to  couple  them,  one  hundred 
bucklers,  one  hundred  red  javelins,  one 
hundred  fine  lances,  fifty  saffron  color- 
ed coats,  one  hundred  horses,  one  hun- 
dred drinking  cups,  one  hundred  bar- 
rels of  yew-tree,  fifty  chariots,  fifty 
chess  boards,  fifty  tables  used  by  wrest- 
lers, fifty  trumpets,  fifty  copper  boil- 
ers and  fifty  standsurds,  with  the  right 
to  be  a  member  of  the  Council  ef  State 
t«  the  Leinster  King. 

CATHOLICUS,  (O'bXJBTHAY), 
Archbishop  of  Tuam,  A.  D.,  1165,  was  a 
prelate  noted  for  his  great  learning  and 
piety.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Third 
General  Council  of  Lateran,  and  was 
called  Catholicus  on  account  of  the  ex- 
tent of  his  knowledge. 

CELLACH,  ST.,  an  illustrious  Pri- 
mate of  Ireland,  bom  about  1074,  and 
elevated  to  the  See  of  Armagh  in  1106. 
In  1111  he  held  a  great  syn^  in  West- 
meath,  which  was  attended  by  over 
fifty  bishops,  and  three  himdred  priests, 
besides  great  numbers  of  the  inferior 
clergy.  The  Monarch  and  all  the  prin- 
cipal princes  of  the  country  assisted,  so 
as  to  be  able  to  carry  out  the  reforms 
necessary,  and  t*  cure  the  evils  which 
two  centmies  of  devastating  war  with 
the  Danes  had  entailed.  In  1118  he 
called  another,  at  which  Gilbert,  Bishop 
of  Limerick  presided,  as  Apostolic 
Legate.  In  thu,  the  church  lands  were 
declared  free  from  tribute  and  rent. 
Our  Saint  was  author  of  a."Summa 
Theologi^BB."  "Testamentum  Ecclesia" 
and  DeSuccessione  Malachise."  He  was 
anxious  that  Malachy  O'Moore,  (St. 
Malachy)  already  famed  for  his  piety 
and  wisdom,  should  be  elected  to  suc- 
ceed him,  and  he  sent  to  him  his  staff 
(St.  Patrick's  staff,)  as  an  earnest  of  his 
wishes,  and  also  wrote  to  the  Monarch 
and  Princes  of  th(,  country  on  the  sub- 
ject. He  died  at  Aidpatrick,  in  County 
Limerick,  April  1st,  1129,  and  the  see 
was  usurped  for  a  while  by  an  ambiti- 
ous prelate  of  noble  birth,  named  Mau- 
rice MacDonald,  whom  St.  Malachy  suc> 
ceeded  after  a  short  time. 

CHANDLER,  EDWARD,  a  native 
of  Dublin,  was  educated  at  Cambridge, 


llli 


•ill 


•..T 


GHA 


IBIBH  CBIiTS. 


CHA 


and  became  a  prelate  of  the  English 
church,  and  a  controversial  writer  of 
30te.  He  was  made  Bishop  of  Litch- 
field in  1717,  and  afterwards  Bishopof 
Durham.  He  was  author  of  "A  De- 
fense of  Christianity,"  in  answer  to 
Collins,  and  many  other  works  and  ser- 
mons.   He  died  in  1750. 

CHAin)LER,  ZACHARIAH,  one  of 
the  ablest  American  politicians  of  his 
day,  and  a  great  leader  of  the  Republican 
paity,  United  States  Senator  from  Michi- 
gan, and  Secretary  of  the  Interior 
under  Gen.  Grant,  was  bom  in  Bedford, 
Kew  Hammhire,  December  10,  1818, 
and  was  of  Irish  extraction,  more  or  less 
on  both  sides,  especiaHy  his  mother's 
family,  and  as  he  married  an  Irish  wife, 
and  was  always  a  consistent  opposer  of 
British  designs,  and  aggressions,  we 
deem  him  to  have  demonstrated  the 
purity  of  his  blood,  and  t«  be  entitled  to  a 
place  in  our  book.  Chandler  leceived 
an  academic  education  in  his  native 
state  and  emigrated  W<ist  in  his  twentieth 

Sear.  He  settled  in  Detroit,  engi^ged 
1  mercantile  business,  and  by  shrewd- 
ness and  energy  acquired  a  leading 
Elace  in  the  Dry  Goods  trade.  In  1851 
e  first  entered  the  arena  of  politics  and 
carried  with  him  into  it  business  meth- 
ods. He  was  the  Whig  candidate  for 
Mayor  that  year,  and  although  the  City 
of  Detroit  was  thoroughly  democratic 
he  was  elected  bv  a  handsome  majority: 
His  success  and  popularity  maae  him 
prominent  in  state  politics,  and  he  was 
the  nominee  of  his  part^  for  Governor 
in  1852.  Although  he  fuled  of  success, 
yet  so  strong  a  run  did  he  make,  that  he 
demonstratea  the  growing  weakness  of 
the  Democracy  which  the  advent  of  the 
New  Republican  party,  which  he  was 

{)rominent  in  organizing,  and  its  popu- 
ar  advocacy  of  aee  territory  as  against 
the  extension  of  slavery,  completed,  and 
in  1856  enabled  them  to  carry  the  state, 
which  they  continued  to  d«  up  to  the 
vear  1882.  In  the  winterof  '66  and  '67 
he  was  elected  United  States  Senator  to 
succeed  Lewis  Cass,  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  Democratic  Senators  of 
his  day.  This  was  the  stormy  period 
of  American  politics.  The  South,  which 
to  a  great  extent  had  ruled  the  legisla- 
tion of  the  country  by  its  power  and  in- 
fluence, was  losing  its  hold,  and  was 
struggling  with  the  mighty  energy  of 
despair,  to  extend  its  territories  and 
secure  its  predominating  influence.    Its 


representatives  in  both  houses  of  Con- 
gress were  bold,  aggresBive  and  defiant,, 
and  threatened  a  dissolution   of  the- 
Union  if  the  pturty  which  advocated 
free  territories  should  come  into  power. 
Chandler  was  one  of  tJie  ftrst  who  re- 
presented that  partv  in  ttie  Senate  of  the* 
United  States,  and  he  was  of  the  bold 
masculine,  defiant  character  well  adapt- 
ed to  meet  and  hurl  back  with  an  easy 
confidence,  the  threats  and  taunts  of  aa, 
adversary.    For  four  years  this  angry 
clashing  of  irreconcilable  politics  con-^ 
tinned,  when  in  the  fall  of  1860  the  Re- 
publican party  succeeded  in  electing 
Abraham  Lincoln,  President,  and  whic& 
was  soon  followed  by  the  secession  of 
the  South.    It  was  about  this  time  that 
Chandler  gave  expression  to  his  famous 
"blood-lettine"  policy,  which  advoeat- 
ed  that  a  little  blood-letting  might  be- 
as  beneficial  to  a  nation  insane  with 
political  fever,  as  to  an  individual  simi- 
larly situated.    In  1868  he  was  again 
elected  United  States  Senator  and  held 
important  positions  on  Senatorial  com- 
mittees, ana  was  one  of  the  most  ardent 
and  indefatigable  supporters  of  mea- 
sures of  war,  and  for  strengthening  Uie-  - 
hands  of  the  government.    In  1869  he 
was  elected  for  his  third  term.    During 
the  National  reaction  in  which  the  Re- 
publican party  nearly  lost  power,  and 
{>robably,  honestly  did,  Mr.  Chandler 
ost   his  place  in  the   Senate,  Judge 
Christiancy  having  been  elected  to  sue 
ceed  him,  through  a  combination  of 
democrats  and  dissatisfied  Republicans. 
His  friend.  Gen.  Grant  offered  him  a 
position  in  his  Cabinet— Secretary  of 
the  Interior— which  he  accepted,  andi 
his  administration  of  that  ofilce  was 
eminentiy  satisfactory  to  the  country;, 
putting  method  into  every  part,  and 
otrrerang  many  gross  abuses.    This, 
re-established  Mr.  Chandler's  popularity, 
and  on  the  resignation  of  Judge  Chrls- 
tiancv,  to  accept  the  Mission  to  Peru,  he 
was  for  tiie  fourth  time  elected  United 
States  Senator  from  Michigan.    In  the 
meantime,  as  President  of  the  Nation- 
al Republican  Committee,  he  conduct- 
ed tiie  Presidential  campaign  of  1876, 
whose  complications  nearly  involved 
the  countiry  in  war,  and  was  ref eiTed  at 
length  to  the  United  States  Commission, 
chosen  from  both  parties,  for  decision, 
and  which  gave  the  election,  justly  or 
unjustiy  to  Mr.  Hayes.    The  Republi- 
can party,  however,   may  thank  the 
politi(»ls8(gacity«f  Chandler,  if  nothing: 


PLATI  6. 


CHI 


IRISH  CELTS. 


CLA 


more,  for  the  lease  of  power  thus  at- 
tained. Had  he  lived  he  might  proba- 
bly have  been  the  Republican  candidate 
for  President  in  188U,  but  he  died  sud- 
denly in  Chicago,  after  a  great  political 
effort,  November  1,  1879,  He  had  ac- 
quired a  large  fortune  through  his  busi- 
ness ventures,  and  left  bchiad  but  one 
daughter,  who  is  the  wife  of  Senator 
Eugene  Hale,  of  Maine. 

CHARLEMONT,  JAMES  CAUL- 
FIELD,  Earl  of,  was  bom  in  Dublin 
in  1728.  In  his  early  years  he  traveled 
extensively  in  France,  Italy,  Greece  and 
Asia  Minor.  In  1768  he  was  created 
Earl  of  Charlemont.  On  his  return  to 
Ireland  he  took  an  active  part  in  the 
politics  of  his  country,  and  was  a  lead- 
ing spirit  in  the  organization  of  the  Irish 
Volunteers,  of  which  he  became  com- 
mander. He  was  a  friend  of  Grattcn 
and  a  co-patriot  in  supporting  Irish 
rights.  Lord  Charlemont  was  a  man^ 
•f  mere  than  ordinary  culture,  and  dis- 
cussed with  his  pen  the  leading  politi- 
cal events  of  his  dav,  always  too,  in  a 
dignified  and  masterly  manner.  It  was 
mainly  through  his  exertions  that  the 
Royal  Irish  Academy  was  established, 
of  which  Institution  he  was  annually 
chosen  president  till  death.  He 
died  in  1799,  and  thus  was  saved  the 
mortification  of  beholding  the  bargain 
and  sale  of  Ireland's  last  arm  for  nation- 
al protection — her  own  Parliament. 

CHICHESTER,  MAJOR  GENER 
AL  ARTHUR,  third  Earl  of  Donegal, 
was  born  about  1660,  near  Belfast,  Ire- 
land, and  having  eiitered  the  army  soon 
distinguished  himself  by  his  skill  and 
daring.  In  1704  the  Prince  of  Hessd 
offer^  him  the  position  of  Major  Gen. 
in  the  Spanish  forces,  wliich  he  accept- 
ed, and  he  fell,  on  April  10,  1706,  mor- 
tally wounded,  at  Fort  Monjuich.  His 
wi^  was  Lady  Catherine  Forbes, 
daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Granard,  of 
whom  Swift  wrote: 
Unei-ring   Heaven,  with  bounteous 

.  hand. 
Has  form'd  a  model  for  your  land. 
Whom   love    eudow'd    with   eveiy 

grace; 
The  glory  of  the  Granard  race, 
Now  destined  by  the  powers  divine. 
The  blessing  of  another  line: 
Then  would  you  paint  a  matchless 

dame. 
Whom  you'd  consign  to  endless  fame, 


Invoke  not  Cytherea's  aid. 

Nor   borrow   from   the   blue   eyed 

maid. 
Nor  reed  you  on  the  graces  call. 
Take  quauties  from  Donegal. 

CHRIMTHAN,  a  warlike  Irish  Mon- 
arch of  the  race  of  Heber.  He  ascend- 
ed the  Irish  throne,  A.  D.,  860.  He 
carried  his  arms  into  Albania  (Scot- 
land), Britian  and  Gaul,  and  brought 
home  with  him  immense  booty.  He  is 
said  to  have  been  poisoned  by  his  sister, 
who  thereby  expected  to  raise  one  of 
her  sons  to  the  throne,  but  tasting  the 
poison  herself  she  also  died  and  hor 
wicked  ambition  was  defeated. 

CHRISTIAN,  a  saintly  Bishop  %t 
Lismore,  and  apostolic  legate,  who  was 
so  eminent  for  his  virtues  that  Wion 
and  Minard  place  him  in  their  Martyro- 
logy.    He  lived  about,  A.  D.,  1150. 

CHRISTIAN,  ST.,  bishop  of  Clog- 
her  and  broiher  of  St.  Malachi,  A.  D. 
1138,  was  according  to  St.  Bernard 
"A  man  full  of  grace  and  virtue  and  a 
bishop  who  though  inferior  in  reputar 
tion  to  Malachi  did  not  yield  to  him  in 
the  sanctity  of  his  life,  nor  in  his  zeal 
for  justice."  The  annals  of  the  Four 
Masters  say,  "He  was  an  eminent  Doc- 
tor in  wisdom  and  rehgion,  shone  by 
his  preaching  and  enlighiened  both  the 
clergy  and  -people  by  his  works  and 
woras.  His  feast  is  kept  on  the  12th 
of  June,  the  day  of  his  death. 

I       • 

CHURCH,  GEN.  RICHARD,  a  dis- 
tinguished officer  in  the  Greek  service, 
was  born  in  Ireland  in  1785  enter- 

ed the  British  army  at  an  early  age, 
and  rose  to  distinction.  In  the  Greek . 
war  for  Independence  he  commanded 
the  land  forces,  and  contributed  great- 
ly to  the  happy  results  of  the  war.  He 
afterwards  was  a  Minister  of  State 
under  King  Otho,  and  the  recognized 
chief  or  leader  of  the  Auti-Russian 
party.    He  died  March  20,  1873. 

CLARKE,  DR.  ADAM,  a  celebrated 
protestant  divine,  and  biblical  com- 
mentator of  the  Methodist  church,  was 
born  at  Moybey,  Ireland,  in  1760. 
Aftc  completing  his  education,  at  the 
suggestion  of  Wesley  he  became  a 
Methodist  preacher,  and  was  soon  noted 
as  an  oriental  and  biblical  scholar  of 
great  industry  and  learning.     He  le- 


-"^— V-- 


CLA 


IRISn  CELTS. 


CLE 


ceived  the  honoraxy  title  of  L  L.  D.  from 
the  University  of  St.  Andrews,  and  was 
a  member  of  many  learned  societies. 
He  died  from  an  attack  of  asiatic  chol- 
era in  1882,  in  London.  He  is  the 
author  of  "Commentaries  on  the  Bible," 
"Succession  of  Sacred  Literatiu«," 
"Memories  of  the  Wesley  Family," 
"Fleury's  Manners  of  the  Ancient  Is- 
raelites," etc.  His  works  are  still  held 
in  high  esteem  by  his  Methodist  breth- 
ren. 

CLARK,  COUNT  HENRY  JAMES 
W.,  Marshal  of  France  and  Duke  of 
Feltre,  a  distinguished  French  officer, 
was  the  son  of  an  officer  of  the  Irish 
Brigade  and  was  born  at  Landrecies, 
October  17, 1762.  He  entered  the  army 
at  8*1  early  age,  winning  his  way  by 
good  conduct  and  gallantry,  to  the  rank 
of  a  general  officer, before  he  was  thirty. 
In  1795  he  was  appointed  by  Carnot, — 
who  at  that  time,  as  one  of  the  'Direc- 
tory,' had  the  control  of  the  French 
armies — chief  of  the  topogrophical 
bureau  in  the  Ministry  of  War,  and  he 
materially  aided  Carnot  in  organii^inff 
l^e  plans  wh^ch  led  to  the  triumph  of 
the  French  armies.  For  this  he  was 
made  a  General  of  Division,  a  just  re- 
ward for  his  skill  and  services.  When 
Napoleon  was  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  army  of  Italy,  and  his  ex- 
traordinary success,  and  independent 
acts  made  him  an  object  of  Jealousy 
to  the  Directory,  Clark  was  sent  to 
watch  his  movements,  but  he  was  soon 
fascinated  by  the  geulus  and  brilliancy 
of  the  young  hero,  and  instead  of  in- 
terfering with  him,  ^e  gave  him  his 
imqualiled  support.  For  this  he  was 
recalled  and  deprived  cf  his  rank  and 
.  office  by  the  Directory,  but  after  the  fall 
of  Caruot,  September  18, 1797,  Clarke  was 
restored  to  his  former  position,  and  in- 
trusted with  important  duties.  In  1804 
he  was  made  a  Courisellor  of  State,  and 
Private  Secretary  of  Napoleon  on  Mili- 
tary Affairs,  ana  in  1807  Minister  of 
War,  which  position  he  held  till  April, 
1814.  His  celerity  in  raising  an  army 
of  60,000  men  and  sending  it  to  oppose 
the  English,  who  had  landed  on  the 
Island  of  Walcheren  in  1809,  procured 
for  him  the  title  of  Count  of  the  Em- 
pire, and  Duke  de  Feltre.  On  the  over- 
throw of  Napoleon,  Clarke  gave  in  his 
adhesion  to  the  new  government,  and 
was  created  a  peer  of  France  and  Min- 
iflter  of  War,  March,  1815.    During  the 


hundred  days  Clarke  remained  faithful 
to  Loius  Xvni,  and  was  'sent  by  him 
on  a  mission  to  the  Prince  of  Wales. 
On  the  second  restoration  he  was  again 
appointed  Minister  of  War,  and  receiv- 
ed  the  Marshal's  Baton,  July  8,  1817, 
but  shortly  after  resigned  and  retir« 
ed  to  private  life.  He  died  at  Neu- 
viller,  October  38, 1818. 

CLARl  MAJ.  GENERAL  SIR 
WILLIAM,  a  soldier  of  eminence,  born 
about  1750,  was  the  son  of  a  Cork  mer- 
chant. After  completing  his  education 
he  entered  the  army,  ana  was  employed 
mostly  in  India,  and  through  gallant 
services  he  rose  rapidly  until  he  became 
a  Major  General.  As  a  reward  he  was 
made  a  Baronet  in  1804.  lie  died  at 
Seringpatum,  in  1808. 

CLAYTON,  ROB.,  a  distinguished 
Irish  divine  of  the  established  church, 
and  Bishop  of  Clogher,  was  an  author 
of  some  note  on  historical  and  religious 
subjects.  Among  others.  Introduction 
to  the  History  of  the  Jews,  etc.  He 
died  in  1758,  aged  63  years. 

CLAXTON,  HON.  WM.,  a  distin- 
guished Canadian  merchant  and  finan- 
cier, was  born  at  Dundalk,  County 
Louth,  Ireland,  in  1819,  and  losing 
both  father  and  mother  before  his 
twelfth  year,  the  orphan  emigrated  to 
Canada  to  seek  his  fortune.  Having 
relations  nearPeterboro,  he  joined  them 
on  a  farm,  but  soon  left  them  to  push 
his  own  way,  and  entered  a  store  in  the 
village.  BIs  intelligence  and  energy 
soon  led  to  promotion,  and  at  twenty- 
two  he  engaged  in  business  for  himseii. 
In  1852  he  was  manager  of  the  Petei- 
boro  branch  of  the  Commercial  Bank 
of  Canada,  and  was  pushing  his  mer- 
chantile  business  extensively  through 
Canada  West,  besides  engaging  in  all 
the  prominent  public  improvements. 
He  has  been  President  of  the  Midland 
Railway  Company,  Mormora  Mining 
Co.,  and  is  still  of  the  Lake  Huron  unU 

Suebec  Railroad  Co.,  besides  euioying 
1  the  local  honors  which  his  fellow- 
citizens  could  bestow  on  him.  In  1881 
he  was  returned  to  Parliament  for 
West  Peterborough,  and  is  one  of  the 
leading  public  men  in  his  part  of  Can- 
ada. 

CLEMENT,  CLAUD,  a  companion 
of  John  Scot,  and  equally  renowned  for 


lej 


GLB 


XBISH  CKIiTB. 


CLI 


lion 
for 


learning,  was  also  a  native  of  Ireland. 
He  accompanied  L';ot  to  Paris,  and  was 
received  by  Charlemagne  with  great 
distinction.  Clement  he  asked  to  re- 
main in  Paris,  to  instruct  all  who  de- 
sir^,  in  wisdom  and  science,  and  John 
Scot,  he  sent  to  Pavia,  for  the  same 
purpose.  Most  of  the  ancient  writers 
mention  Clement  as  the  founder  of  the 
great  schools  of  learning  in  Paris,  and 
prove  that  he  was  there  before  Alcuin, 
the  great  English  doctor;  among  them 
'Notker.'  '  The  Chronicle  of  Aries,' 
cjuoted  by  de  Beauvais,  'Paulus  Emi- 
lius,'  "Antonius  Lupoldus'  and  others. 
Pupils  from  all  parts  of  Europe  came 
to  hear  his  lectures  and  study  under 
him,  and  he  left  among  them  some 
of  the  most  illustrious  of  their  age. 
Ireland  in  those  days  was  the  foun- 
tain head,  and  prolific  source  of 
learning,  sacred  and  profane.  The 
most  profound  and  learned  from  all 
over  Europe  flocked  there  to  be  made 
pei'fect  in  learning  and  science.  Alcuin 
the  celebrated  English  doctor  received 
his  education  principally  from  St.  Eg- 
bert, wh«  received  his  education  in 
Ireland,  and  of  whom  he  says  in  his 
life  of  Willibrordus,  "Because  he  (Wil- 
librordus)  heard  that  scholastic  erudition 
flcimshed  in  Ireland,  and  roused  by 
his  intercourse  with  Egbertus,  a  most 
holy  father  and  bishop,  and  Wiebertus 
a  holy  priest,  both  of  whom  for  the 
love  of  heaven  left  their  homes  and 
friends,  and  withdrew  to  Ireland,"  and 
he  continues  by  saying,  that  Willibror- 
dus did  likewise,  rumamiug  there  twelve 
J'^ears,  perfecting  himself  m  virtue  and 
earning,  that  he  would  become  a 
preacher  to  many  people."  Camden 
also  acknowledges  the  pre-eminence  of 
Ireland  in  those  days  and  says,  "Our 
Anglo  Saxons  at  that  time  nocked  to 
Ireland  as  if  to  purchase  goods.  Hence 
it  is  frequently  read  in  our  historians. 
"He  has  been  sent  to  Ireland  to  school" 
and  in  the  life  of  Sulgeniuswho  flourish- 
ed 600  years  before,  it  is  read  "Moved 
by  the  example  of  oiu"  fathers  for  a 
love  of  reading,  he  went  to  the  Irish 
renowned  for  tlieir  philosophy,"  Camb. 
Brit.  Ed.  P.  780.  Bede  also  gives  like 
testimony  in  his  "Church  History  B.  8, 
O.  27,  and  says,  "Many  nobles  and 
gentry  amongst  the  English  went  to 
Ireland  to  attend  the  monasteries  and 
hear  the  professors  or  for  the  sake  of 
diviD3  study,  and  to  lead  more  perfect 
liyeB,  and  all  of  them  the  Scots  mostfree- 


ly  admitted,  and  supplied  them  gratis 
with  daily  sustenance,  books  and  mas- 
ters. Bede's  Church  History  B.  3,  C. 
27.  He  also  refers  to  many  celebrated 
men  of  learning  and  piety  in  those  days 
(English  and  Continental)  who  spent 
vears  in  Ireland,  perfecting  themselves 
in  her  celebrated  schools;  among  them 
— Agilbertus,  afterwards  Bishop  of 
Paris — Marcus,  a  British  Philosopher, , 
noted  for  learning  and  piety — Petrocus, 
the  son  of  a  British  King,  who  spent 
20  years  in  study  in  Ireland,  preferring 
knowledge  and  virtue  to  a  crown,  and 
who  came  back  to  Cumberland  te  freely 
dispense  the  treasures  he  had  acquired 
in  Ireland,  among  his  own  people. 
Also  Alfred,  King  of  the  Northumbri- 
ans, who  spent  some  years  in  Injland, 
to  perfect  himself  in  science  and  Phil- 
osophy. This  same  testimony  is  also 
found  in  Usher's  Syllogisms.  Ireland 
in  those  glorious  days,  not  only  receiv- 
ed all  foreigners  who  sought  her  shores 
for  knowledge,  sacred  or  profane,  but 
with  an  incomparable  generosity  which 
stands  without  precedent  or  imitation, 
she  gave  them  all,  even  their  support, 
free! I  Her  children  too,  eminent  for 
their  learning  and  virtue,  went  abroad, 
over  Britain  and  over  aU  Europe, 
founding  schools  and  houses  of  learn- 
ing, and  filling  them  with  eminent 
teachers  like  Clement,  John  Scot, 
Erigena,  Yirgileus  and  a  thousand 
others. 

CLINTON,  COL.  CHARLES,  yraa 
a  native  of  Longford,  Ireland,  born  in 
1690,  emigrated  to  America,  set- 
tled In  Ulster  County,  New  York,  in 
1719,  and  took  part  in  the  capture  of 
Fort  Frontenac,  under  Bradstreet,  in 
1758.  Like  the  rest  of  the  Irish  settlers, 
he  was  a  strong  advocate  of  Colonial 
Rights,  and  died  while  the  storm  was 
preparing  to  burst,  in  1778.  He  how- 
ever was  represented  by  four  sons,  two 
of  whom  became  eminent  in  the  history 
of  their  country. 

CLINTON,  DbWITT,  grandson  of 
the  foregoing,  and  son  of  Qen.  James 
Clinton,  was  born  in  Orange  County, 
New  York,  in  1769,  and  graduated  at 
Columbia  College  in  1780.  He  studied 
law  in  the  office  of  Hon.  Samuel  Jones, 
and  afterwards  became  Secretary  to 
his  uncle  George,  then  Governor  of  New 
York.    lu  1799  he  was  elected  Stat* 


a 

■  m 

m 


ll-' 


/ 


,^fl 


CLI 


miSH  CELTS. 


CLI 


Senator,  and  in  1802  one  of  the  United 
Btatest  Senators  from  New  York.  For 
a  number  of  years  he  was  elected  Mayor 
of  New  York  City,  and  in  1817  Gover- 
nor, re-elected  in  1820,  and  declined 
a  third  nomination.  In  '23  and  '24  he 
was  President  of  the  New  York  Board 
of  Canal  Commissioners,  but  through 
some  party  feeling  and  petty  spite  was 
unjustly  deprived  of  his  office  by  the 
Legiylature.  The  people  took  up  his 
cause,  and  he  was  again  elected  Gover- 
nor by  an  overwhelming  majority,  and 
ngain  re-elected,  but  died  suddenly  of 
heart  disease,  February  11th,  1828, 
while  in  efflce.  DeWitt  Clinton  was  a 
statesman  of  enlarged  public  views  and 
great  administrative  ability,  and  to  him 
New  York  is  largely  indebted  for  the 
commanding  position  which  she  now 
holds  among  her  sister  states.  He  fore- 
saw more  vividly  than  any  other  of  his 
cotemporaries,  the  great  strides  which 
the  country  would  make,  and  pushed 
his  state  on  to  what,  appeared  monster 
improvements,  so  that  she  might  be- 
come the  great  thoroughfare  and  store- 
house of  the  nation.  Literature,  science 
arts,  as  well  as  internal  improvements 
engaged  his  attention,  and  New  York 
owes  mainly  to  him,  her  Historical  So- 
ciety, her  Academy  of  Arts,  her  system 
of  Canals,  and  other  grand  institutions 
which  gave  to  her  prestige  and  the 
commerce  of  the  nation.  One  regrets 
that  his  commanding  abilities  were  not 
employed  in  the  wider  field  of  the 
whole  nation,  although  it  may  perhaps 
be  doubted  if  he,,  or  any  man  could  have 
produced,  even  as  President  of  the 
United  States,  such  great  or  beheflcial 
results  even  as  regards  the  whole  coun- 
try. DeWitt  Clinton  must  ever  be  re- 
giirded  as  one  of  the  ablest  of  American 
statesmen,  and  greatest  of  its  benefac- 
tors. 

■^  CLINTON,  GEORGE,  a  prominent 
and  able  American  statesman,  Vice-Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States,  and  Gover- 
nor of  New  York,  was  born  in  Ulster 
('ounty,  in  that  state,  and  was  a  son  of 
Col.  Charles  Clinton,  and  brother  of 
Gen.  James  Clinton.  He  served  as  a 
lieutenant  in  his  brother's  company  at 
the  taking  of  Fort  Frontenac.  He  after- 
wards aoopted  the  profession  of  Law, 
and  soon  became  noted  for  ability  and 
success.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
memorable  Congress  of  1776,  and  voted 
for  the  Declaration  of  Independence, 


but  being  appointed  to  a  command  in 
the  army  as  Brigadier  General,  he  had  to 
leave  for  headquarters  before  the  im- 
mortal document  was  r^y  for  sig- 
natures. In  1777  he  was  elected  Gov- 
ernor of  New  York,  and  such  was  his 
acknowledged  ability  and  popularity 
that  he  was  continued  in  office  for  eigh- 
teen years.  After  a  retirement  of  five 
years  he  was  again  chosen  Governor 
m  1801,  and  in  1804  was  elected  Vice- 
President  of  the  United  States.  The 
name  of  Clinton  is  so  identified  with 
New  York,  that  the  history  of  this  Irish 
American  family  for  two  generations, 
is  but  the  history  of  the  state.  Our 
subject  was  at  the  hcim  during  most  of 
the  stormy  period  of  the  Revolution, 
and  contributed  greatly  to  the  organiz- 
ation of  the  resources  of  that  state,  in 
the  great  struggle  for  independence. 
Great  administrative  faculties,  as  well 
as  commanding  ability,  and  inloniit- 
able  energy  seems  to  have  been  charac- 
teristic of  this  greai  family,  and  there  is 
no  name  in  the  bright  galaxy  of  illus- 
trious Americans  to  which  the  country 
is  more  indebted  than  to  that  of  Clinton. 
Gov.  Clinton  died  at  Washington,  in 
1812,  aged  72  years. 


CLINTON,  GEN.  JAMES,  son  of 
Col.  Charles  Clinton,  and  brother  of  the 
foregoing,  was  born  in  Ulster  County, 
New  Ywk,  in  1786.  He  served  under 
his  fatlier  as  captain  of  a  company  at 
the  taking  of  Fort  Frontenac,  1758,  and 
in  1768  was  placed  in  command  of  the 
forces  raised  in  Ulster  and  Orange 
Counties  to  punish  the  Indians  for  their 
depredations,  and  push  them  buck  from 
within  easy  reach  of  the  settlements. 
He  accompanied  the  gallant  Montgom- 
ery to  Quebec  in  1775.  The  following 
year  he  was  appoir  ted  Brigadier  Gen- 
eral. He  was  in  command  of  Fort 
Clinton,  when  attacked  by  Sir  IlOnry 
Clinton,  with  overwhelming  numbers, 
and  fell  severely  wounded,  narrowly 
escaping  with  nis  life.  In  1779  he 
served  under  Gen.  Sullivan  in  his  cam- 

Eaign  against  the  Inditins,and  afterwards 
ore  a  prominent  part  in  the  sie;:eand 
surrender  of  Oornwallis,  at  Yorktown. 
After  the  termination  of  the  war  he  was 
honored  by  Ids  fellow-citizens,  with 
many  dlsingulhjd  positions  in  civil 
life,  and  died  the  same  year  as  his 
brother  George,  IBVi,  in  the  76th  year 
of  his  age. 


I!" 


COB 


naSH  CELTS 


COO 


CLIVE,  MRS.  CATHERINE,  the 
most  cel»brated  actress  of  her  day,  was 
bom  in  Kilkenny,  Ireland,  about  1710. 
Her  flrst  appearance  on  the  stage  was 
at  Drury  Lane,  in  1728,  she  having  gone 
t9  London  v/ith  a  Miss  Johnson,  after- 
wards the  wife  of  Theophilus  Cibber — 
the  dramatist.  Her  part,  although  but 
a  minor  one,  was  so  charmingly  played 
that  instant  recognition  was  accorded 
to  her.     This  same  season  she  took  the 

Sart  of  Phillida  in  Gibber's  "Love  in  a 
liddle"  <and  although  the  play  did  not 
Srove  a  success,  the  part  she  played  was 
etached  and  long  continued  as  a 
popular  after-piece.  By  1781  she 
had  established  her  reputation  and 
was  acknowledged  as  being  without 
a  rival  in  the  lighter  walks  of  the 
drama.  In  1882  she  marriod  Geo. 
Clive,  a  lawyer,  and  brother  of  Earon 
Clive.  In  1740  she  ably  supported 
Dunn  in  the  legitimate  revival  of  the 
Merchant  of  Venice,  and  the  next  year 
appeared  in  Dublin  with  great  success. 
In  174y  she  appeared  in  Covent  Garden 
Theatre,  and  the  following  year  having 
some  difficulty  with  the  managers  she, 
Wiis  tendered  a  public  benefit,  under  the 
patronage  of  the  Prince  and  Princess  of 
Wales.  She  appeared  the  next  season 
in  Drury  Lane,  where  she  remained  for 
twenty-five  years  to  charm  and  delipht 
her  audiences.  She  undoubtedly  hud 
no  rival  either  on  the  English  or  Irish 
stage,  until  the  adveni  of  Mrs.  Slddons, 
whose  role  however,  was  of  a  different 
kind.  After  her  retirement  from  the 
sta^eshe  lived  inelegant  and  hospitable 
retu-ement,  surrounded  by  a  large  and 
distinguished  circle  of  friends.  She 
died  December  6,  1786. 

GLYNN,  JOHN,  an  Irish  divine 
and  historian,  was  a  member  of  the 
Franciscan  Order  in  Kilkenny.  He 
was  authi)r  of  Annals  from  tlie 
Christian  Era  to  1840,  probably  the 
time  of  his  death.  Also  Annals  of  the 
Kings  of  England,  from  Hengist  to 
Edward  III  also,  Wardens  of  his  Order 
in  England  and  Ireland.  These  works 
were  extant  in  the  time  of  Ware. 

COBBE,  FRANCES  POWER,  a  tal- 
ented  authoress  and  writer  of  masculine 
attainments,  was  born  in  Dublin  in 
1822.  She  early  developed  a  strong 
penchant  for  theological  and  other  ab- 
struse subjects,  and  became  a  great  ad- 
mirer of  the  philosophy  of  Theodore 


Parker,  editing  an  English^  edition 
of  his  wot-ks.  She  traveled  in  Italy 
and  the  East,  and  wrote  "Cities  of  the 
Past,"  and  "Italics"  (1864).  She  is 
also  noted  for  her  philanthrophic  ex- 
ertions, and  assisted  Miss  Carpenter  for 
some  time  in  the  Red-house  reformato- 
ry. She  also  gave  the  public  the  benefit  of 
her  experience  in  this  class  of  work, 
which  she  collected  from  her  contribu- 
tions to  the  literature  of  the  day,  and 
published  in  book  form  under  the  title 
of  "Studies,  New  and  Old,  of  Ethical 
and  Logical  Subjects,"  1866,  and 
"Hours  of  Work  and  Play."  Her 
works  mostly  relate  to  Religious  Sub- 
jects— like  "Broken  Lights,"  which 
contain  a  criticism  of  the  different  di- 
visions of  the  Episcopal  or  English 
church.  She  also  controverts  the  argu- 
ments of  Spencer  and  Huxley  and  Utili- 
tarinns  generally,  in  her  "Intuition 
Morals."  Her  latest  \jfork  is  "Darwin- 
ism in  Morals  and  other  Essays."  She 
now  resides  in  London  and  takes  an 
abiding  interest  in  all  philanthropic 
works. 

COCHRANE,  JAMES,  a  prominent 
and  able  public  man,  of  Nova  Scotia, 
was  a  native  of  Granard,Co.  Longford, 
Ireland,  where  he  was  born  in  1 802.  He 
emigrated  to  America  in  1825,  and  set- 
tled in  Halifax,  where  he  soon  acquired 
wealth  and  station  by  his  ability  and 
enterprise.  He  married  a  Miss  Walsh 
of  Wexford,  in  1829,  and  entered  into 
the  political  struggles  of  his  new  honio 
as  a  Reformer.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Assembly,  and  of  the  Executive 
Council,  and  afterwards  in  the  Legis- 
lative Council.  He  was  opposed  to 
confederation,  but  was  held  in  the  high- 
est esteem  by  all  parties  for  his  integ- 
rity.   He  died,  aged  about  70  years. 

COCHRAN.  THOS.,  a  distinguished 
Canadian  jurist,  was  born  of  Irish  par- 
ents, in  Halifax,  in  1777,  and  was  edu- 
cated there  and  in  Quebec.  In  1795  he 
went  to  England  and  entered  Lincoln's 
Inn,  for  admission  to  the  Bar,  to  winch 
he  was  called  in  1801,  He  pra(;ticcd 
for  a  while  on  the  Chester  Circuit,  and 
tiie  same  year  was  appointed  Chief 
Justice  of  Prince  Edward  Island ,  and 
still  later  one  of  the  Assistant  Judges  of 
Upper  Canada.  He  was  lost  on  Luke 
Ontario,  October  7,  1804,  while  on  his 
way  to  Newcastle  to  hold  court.  Ho 
was  equally  distinguished  for  ability 


O 


.'1  a  '>-i 


i 


COL 


IBISH  CELTS. 


and  honesty,  and  was  universally  be- 
loved. 

COCHRAN.  SIR.  THOMAS,  a  dis- 
tinguished Canadian  statesman,  and  first 
civil  Governor  of  Newfoundland,  which 
position  he  held  from  1826  to  1884,  and 
was  re-appointed  with  more  extensive 
powers.  He  displayed  great  industry 
and  ability  in  his  administration,  and 
great  improvements  sprang  up  under  his 
lostering  care. 

COLE.  GENERAL  GALBRAITH 
LOWRY,  a  difc^  anguished  and  gallant 
offlcer,  was  born  in  Ireland  in  1776. 
Entered  the  avmy  and  greatly  distin- 
guished himself  aurin^  the  Peninsula 
War,  for  which  he  received  the  repeated 
thanks  of  both  Houses  of  Parliament. 
He  rose  by  gallant  services  to  be  a  gen- 
eral officer  and  was  Governor  of  the 
Island  of  Mauritius,  and  held  other 
prominent  positions. 

COLGAN,  JOHN,  a  learned  Irish  di- 
vine and  antiquarian,  was  a  priest  of 
the  Oi-der  of  St.  Francis,  and  was  edu- 
cated on  the  Continent.  He  was  a  co- 
temporary  of  Ward  and  O'Clery,  the 
learned  antiquarians,  and  a  member  of 
the  same  order.  He  labored  principally 
on  the  Continent,  in  the  Monasteiy  of 
St.  Anthony  of  Paduu,  and  also  at 
Louvttin,  where  he  was  professor  of 
Theology.  On  the  death  of  Dr.  "Ward, 
Colgan  made  use  of  the  material  col- 
lected and  in  1645  produced  a  folio 
volume  at  Louvain,  containing  Lives 
of  the  Irish  Saints,  whose  feasts  fall  in 
January,  February  and  March.  It  is 
entiiled  "Acta  Sanctorum  Veteris  et 
Maioris  ScotiflB."  He  published  a  sec- 
ond volume  in  1647,  entitled  "Tuadis 
ThnnraaturgflB,"  containttig  lives  of  St. 
Patrick,  St.  Bridget  and  St.  Columb. 
He  alfjo  wrote  a  critical  treatise  on  the 
Lift!  and  Writin^js  of  Dr.  John  Scot — 
Duns  Scotus— his  celebrated  counlry- 
mnn,  called*  "The  Subtle  Doctor,"  a 
man  ot  universal  knowledge  and  un- 
rivalled penetration  and  powers  of 
analysis.  The  last  was  published  at 
Antwerp  in  1855.  He  also  left  many 
valuable  MSS.  in  his  monastery  at 
Louvain  in  referent  ;e  to  other  Irish 
missioners  and  doctors  who  flourished 
onthoC<    tinent.    He  died  about  1670. 

COLLES,  CHRISTOtxIER,  an  able 
and  original  American  engineer  and 


projector,  was  born  in  Ireland  in  1738, 
and  educated  under  the  care  of  Richard 
Pococke,  the  Oriental  traveler.  After 
the  death  of  Pococke,  young  Colles 
came  to  America,  and  in  1778  delivered 
lectures  in  New  York  on  inland  lock 
navigation,  and  was  the  designer  of  the 
first  steam  engine  ever  built  in  this 
country.  In  1774  he  submitted  pro- 
posals for  the  construction  of  a  reser- 
voir to  supply  New  York  City  with 
water.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the  Re- 
volutionary war,  he  offered  his  services 
to  Congress,  and  was  appointed  instruc- 
tor to  the  United  States  Artillery,  as  to 
the  theory  of  projectiles,  etc.,  in  which 
position  he  continued  until  Baron  Stu- 
ben  re-organized  that  branch  of  the 
service  in  1777.  In  November  1784  he 
presented  a  paper  to  the  New  York  Af- 
sembly  on  the  advantages  of  connect- 
ing the  Hudson  with  Lake  Ontario  by 
means  of  canals.  He  surveyed  the  ob- 
structions iu  the  Mohawk  River,  and 
published  the  results,  and  also  an  elab- 
orate pamphlet  on  Inland  Navigation. 
The  Revolutiou  having  prevented  the 
erection  of  the  projected  reservoir  in 
New  York,  he  offered  to  undertake  tbe 
supply  of  the  city  with  water  from  a 
distance,  by  means  of  pipes,  and  was 
the  first  to  suggest  such  a  course.  He 
explored  the  roads  of  the  State,  and 
published  the  result  with  suggestions. 
He  was  appointed  Superintendent  of 
the  Academy  of  Fine  Arts  in  New  York, 
and  was  honored  with  the  friendship  of 
the  most  eminent  men  of  the  day,  such 
as  Jefferson,  HamiltonfClinton,  etc.,  and 
received  ;;redit  for  being  the  oridnal 
suggestor  of  the  canal  system  of  New 
York.    He  died  m  1821. 

COLMAN,  ST.,  first  bishop  of 
Dromore,  equally  renowned  for  his 
learning  and  sanctity,  was  born  about 
616  in  Ulster,  and  belonged  to  the  sept 
or  clan  of  the  Arads.  He  was  also 
first  abbot  of  Muckmore,  and  was  some- 
times called  Moclmlmore  to  distinguish 
him  from  other  St.  Colmans,  of 
whom  there  are  more  than  200  in  Irish 
records.  He  died  in  610,  and  his  feast 
is  kept  on  the  7th  of  June.  ^ 

COLMAN,  ST.,  a  celebrated  Irish 
divine  and  missionary,  is  Patron  Saint 
of  Austria,  was  born  about  tae  middle 
of  the  tenth  ceutury,  and  acquired  a 
great  reputation  for  learning  and 
sanctity.    Ue  was  gohig  on  a  pilgrim- 


v^ 


COL 


misn  'JEvn. 


COL 


I'im* 


age  to  Jerosalem  while  Austria  was  at 
war  witli  some  of  ttie  Western  Provin- 
ces, and  bdng  suspected  as  a  spy  was 
executed  at  Stocklieran,  a  town  six 
miles  from  Vienna,  October  18,  1013, 
on  wliich  daj  his  feast  is  kept 

COLUMBA,  SAINT,  of  Tirdiglas, 
abbot  and  founder  of  a  celebrated  mon- 
astery of  tliat  name,  was  the  son  of  a 
princely  familyoj!  Leinster,  and  became 
disciple  of  St.Finian  of  Clonard.  After 
completing  his  studies  he  associated 
with  himself  three  other  holy  youths 
named  Coemharn,  Finian  and  Mocu- 
men,  whom  he  directed  in  lemming  and 
the  spirit  of  self  denial.  They  traveled 
about  for  some  years  studying  the  rules 
and  discipline  of  different  religious 
houses  and  doing  good.  They  all  be- 
came heads  of  commvmities  in  due 
course  of  time.  Our  Saint  settling  at 
Tirdiglas,  about  the  year  548,  and  died 
there  in  the  oder  of  Sanctity,  Decem- 
ber 18,  552.  This  institution  flourished 
and  became  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
schools  of  learning  in  Ireland. 

COLUMBKILL,  ST.,  sometimes 
called  Columba,  one  of  the  most  emin- 
ent of  the  Irish  saints  and  missionaries, 
the  apostle  of  Caledonia,  was  bom  at 
Garton,  in  Donegal,  December  7,  521. 
He  was  of  royal  descent,  being  of  the 
blood  of  Niall,  of  the  nine  hostages, 
Monarch  of  Ireland.  It  is  said  that  his 
mother,  before  the  birth  of  our  saint, 
had  a  vision  symbolic  of  his  future 
work  and  destiny.  An  angel  seemed 
to  give  her  a  vail  covered  with  most 
beautiful  flowers.  Immediately  the 
vail  seemed  to  be  carried  by  the  wind 
and  rolled  out,  covering  hill  and  dale 
and  mountain.  "This,  said  the  angel, 
represents  the  son  who  is  about  to  be 
born  to  you,  who  will  blossom  from 
heaven,  and  be  reckoned  among  the  pro- 
phets of  God,  leading  numberless  souls 
to  Him."  He  seems,  indeed,  to  have 
been  a  child  of  Heaven,  from  his  earli- 
est years,  according  to  his  biographer, 
Adamnan,  ninth  Abbot  of  lona,  (See 
"Montnlambert's  Monk,  of  the  West," 
and  Dr.  Reeves,  Protestant  rector  of 
Ballymcna,  translation  of  the  old  MSS. 
life,  of  the  Eighth  century)  who  testifies 
that  his  guardian  angel  was  personally 
visible  to  the  holy  child,  and  held  con- 
versations with  him.  The  priest  who 
baptized  him  was  his  first  instructor  In 
totters,  and  when  old  enough,  he  enter- 


i^d  one  of  the  great  monastery  schools 
wiiich  abound^  then  in  Ireland.  Under 
his  special  master,  St.  Finian,  found- 
er  of  the  great  school  of  Clonard,  he 
advanced  m  knowledge  and  in  virtue. 
While  here,  still  pursuing  his  eccled* 
astical  studies,  and  already  advanced  to 
the  holy  orders  of  Deacon,  the  follow- 
ing incident  is  said  to  have  occurred. 
An  old  Bard  lived  near  the  college,  and 
our  saint  who  was  a  passionate  admir- 
er of  poetry  as  well  as  highly  gifted  in 
that  art,  used  frequently  to  visit  him 
for  study,  and  to  perfect  himself  in  the 
noble  art.  On  one  occasion  while  thus 
engaged  outside  the  door  of  the  Bard's 
habitation,a  young  girl  ran  toward  them 
ciying  for  protection  from  a  robber, 
who  was  pi^Buing  her,  but  before  as- 
sistance could  reach  her  the  robber 
struck  her  vith  his  lance,  and  she  fell 
dead  at  the  feet  of  the  horrified  Bard. 
How  long,  exclaimed  he,  will  God 
leave  unpunished  this  crime  wT,  "':■  dis- 
honors us."  "For  this  momeui,  only, 
exclaims  Columbkill,  with  prophetic  in- 
dignation— for  while  the  soul  of  this 
innocent  victim  ascends  to  Heaven  will 
the  soul  of  this  wanton  muiderer  be 
judged  by  an  angry  God,"  and  the 
words  were  scarcely  uttered  when  the 
assassin  fell  dead.  The  dignity  of  our 
saints  birith,  together  with  the 'extraor- 
dinary gifts  wiui  which  he  was  endow- 
ed, both  by  nature  and  grace  soon 
made  his  name  famous  throughout  Ire- 
land, and  his  influence  proportionately 
great  in  accomplishing  good  works.  He 
early  founded  monasteries,  which  in 
those  days  were  schools  of  learning,  as 
well  as  houses  of  prayer  and  charity, 
tho  most  important  of  which,  were 
Derry  and  Dunow.  He  appears  to  have 
traveled  much  in  the  early  part  of  his 
career,  being  equally  celebrated  as 
Bard  and  Missionary,  while  he  had  a 

f)assion  for  the  collection  of  books  of 
earning,  traveling  far  and  wide  to  find 
them  and  make  copies.  This  passion 
frequently  got  him  into  trouble,  by 
the  refusal  of  those  who  possessed 
rare  books  to  let  him  see  or  copy  them, 
and  which  always  made  him  indignant 
at  their  selfishness,  and  at  last  compel- 
led him  so  to  speak — to  take  up  the 
f;reat  work  of  his  life.  Our  saint  desir- 
ng  a  copy  of  his  old  master's,  the  Ab- 
bot Finian,  Psalter,  which  was  secur- 
ed in  his  church,  he  secretly  visited  the 
church  in  the  night,  when  no  one  was 
there,  and  succeeded  in  making  a  copy. 


'  ■;!( 


■,■■•<* 


.%[ 


I  • '     I 


COL 


nUSH  CSUCH, 


COL 


Finian  learning  of  the — as  he  termed 
it — theft,  demanded  the  copy  which 
Columbkill  refused  to  give  up.  The 
matter  was  referred  to  the  Monarch, 
who  decided  against  our  saint.  He 
strongly  protested  against  the  unjust 
decision,  and  was  still  sore  from  the 
supposed  wrone,  when  an  outrage  oc- 
curred which  he  bitterly  denounced, 
and  threatened  swift  vengence  on  its 
author— the  Monarch.  A  young  Prince 
at  court,  son  of  the  King  of  Connaught, 
having  offended  the  Monarch,  sought 
refuge  with  Columbkill,  but  was  seiz- 
ed by  force  and  put  to  death  by  Dar- 
mid  the  Monarch.  "This  was  a  viola- 
tion of  the  laws  of  refuge,  and  the 
sacredness  of  asylum.  Columbkill 
highly  indignant  denounced  the  Mon- 
arch, and  threatening  swift  vengeance, 
said  to  him,  "as  you  have  humbled 
me  before  the  Lords  and  powerful  ones 
of  the  land,  so  will  the  just  God  hum- 
ble you  before  your  enemies  in  battle." 
The  Monarch  sought  to  detain  him  at 
Tara,  but  he  escaped  by  night  to  Tyr- 
connell,  and  his  denunciation  of  the 
Monarch  stirred  up  the  NortL  against 
him,  and  they  defeated  him  in  battle, 
as  our  saint  threatened.  It  was  at  this 
time  that  he  wrote  his  "Song  of  Trust" 
one  of  the  oldest  and  most  authentic  re- 
cords of  the  ancient  tongue.  The  Latin 
Psalter,  which  was  the  first  cause  of 
trouble,  was  afterwards  enshrined  in  a 
kind  of  portable  altar,  and  became  the 
great  race  relic  of  the  O'Donnell  clan, 
carried  by  them  for  a  thousand  years  in 
battle  and  still  preserved.  This  con- 
duct of  Columbkill  drew  upon  him 
much  cen8ure,and  bis  act  was  condemn- 
ed, and  he  himself  excommunicated  bv 
a  synod  at  Teilta  for  causing  the  shea- 
ding of  christian  blood.  He  was  con- 
demned before  he  arrived  at  the  Synod, 
and  of  course,  without  a  hearing.  He 
having  appeared  soon  after,  the  great 
Abbot  Brcndon  advanced  to  meet  him, 
and  gave  him  the  kiss  of  peace,  and  de- 
fended him  in  the  Synod.  When  ask- 
ed how  he  could  meet  an  ex-communi- 
cated man,  he  said,  could  you  sec  what 
I  do,  you  would  not  have  ex-communi- 
cated him.  A  pillar  of  fire  goes  before 
him,  and  angels  accompany  liim,  and  I 
dare  not  disdain  a  man  whom  God 
honors,  and  who  is  destined  for  great 
things. "  The  sentence  was  withdrawn, 
but  our  saint  was  troubled  on  account 
of  the  death  of  so  many  through  his 
acts.    He  sought  consolation  and  ad- 


vice for  some  time  in  vain,  but  at  len^ 
a  holy  hermit  named  Abban,  gave  him 
both,  but  as  a  penance  condemned  him 
to  perpetual  exile.  He  accepted  the 
penance  with  a  time  spirit  of  humility, 
and  bidding  adieu  to  all  his  relations 
and  friends,  he  s^led  for  Albania,  or 
the  Northern  part  of  Britain,  now  call- 
ed Scotland,  where  the  Picts  had  set- 
tled, and  which,  at  this  time,  wa>  also 
being  colonized  by  his  kinsmen  of  the 
NorSi,  who  afterwards  conquered  it, 
and  gave  it  the  name  of  Scotland.  The 
the  Irish  race  of  that  day  and  for  cen- 
turies afterwards,  being  called  Scots, 
from  the  race  of  Scoto-Milesians. 
The  Picts  who  were  by  far  the  most 
numerous,  were  still  heathen,  and  to 
their  conversion  our  baint  devoted  his 
life.  Twelve  of  his  disciples  accom- 
panied him  from  Ireland.  He  choose 
a  little  island  near  the  coast  for  his 
home,  which  was  called  after  him, 
Colmkill,  and  known  as  lona,  nere  he 
founded  his  first  monastery,  and  from 
this  little  island  began  the  great  work 
of  his  life,  the  conversion  of  the  Picts, 
and  of  those  of  nis  own  race  in  Albania, 
who  had  not  as  yet  received  the  faith. 
Into  this,  his  predestined  work,  he 
threw  all  his  energy  and  power.  Like 
his  Divine  Master,  to  win  ;  oiils  he  hum- 
bled himself  as  the  servant  of  all,  and 
by  constant  prayer,  humility  and  mor- 
tification he  armed  himself  with  power  to 
confound  the  devil  and  all  his  followers, 
and  win  the  doubting  to  heaven  by  fear 
if  not  by  love.  After  establishing  his  first 
monastery,  he  immediately  set  to  work 
to  spread  the  gospel  over  all  the  land, 
and  from  the  first  met  with  extraordi- 
nary success,  baptizing  thousands,  and 
bending  the  stiff  neck  of  the  warlike 
heathen  to  the  humble  yoke  of  the 
cross.  For  over  one-'hii'd  of  a  cen- 
tury did  he  traverse  those  wild  moun- 
tains of  North  Britain,  established 
civilization  as  well  as  Christianity, 
building  monasteries  and  churches  m 
every  valley,  filling  them  with  pious 
and  learned  men  who  dispersed  knowl- 
edge both  religious  and  secilar,  as  well 
as  charity  to  the  needy  ar.d  the  trav- 
elers. The  extent  of  his  works  in  this 
way  is  attested  by  the  remains  which 
still  exist  over  all  that  land.  Many 
traditions  exist  of  his  extraordinary 
acts  in  the  conversion  of  that  people 
and  the  wonderful  powers  of  miracles 
and  prophecy  with  which  he  was  en- 
dowed.   He   accomplished    the   con- 


pa 
bl, 


COL 


IBISH  CELTS. 


CON 


verpion  of  the  entire  Fictish  nation, 
and  destroyed  forever  the  authority  of 
the  Druids  in  tliat  portion  of  Britain. 
He  is  also  said  to  have  blessed  Aidan 
in  614  and  consecrated  liim  Einc 
of  the  Scoto-Milesians,  which  is  said 
to  have  been  the  first  consecration  of  a 
christian  King.  Amfdst  all  his  labors 
And  work,  however,  his  soul  ever 
yearned  for  his  native  land,  his  lost 
Erin  was  always  before  his  eyes.  "My 
sad  heart  ever  bleeds,"  he  excl&imed. 
"Thereis  a  gi'eyeye  which  ever  turns 
to  Erin,  which  never  in  this  life  shall 
it  see — nor  her  sons  nor  her  daughters. 
I  look  over  the  sea  and  great  tears  are 
in  my  eyes."  The  neatest  penace 
which  to  his  mind,  he  could  inflict  on 
the  most  guilty  sinner  amongst  the 
Scots,  was  that  they  should  never  re- 
turn to  their  native  land.  The  spirit  of 
prophecy  with  which  he  was  filled  ?,ow- 
■ever,  gave  him  knowledge  of  events 
happening  in  his  native  land  and  which 
he  would  speak  of  at  the  time  as  of 
something  present  to  him.  It  is  said 
that  when  absorbed  in  prayer,  his  peo- 
ple often  saw  a  halo  of  light  sun-ound 
Jiim.  On  one  occasion  of  this  kind  his 
face  which  seemed  lit  up  with  a  super- 
natural joy,  was  suddenly  clouded 
with  sorrow.  His  companions  begged 
liim  to  tell  them  what  made  the  change. 
He  said,  "I  have  long  prayed  that  my 
exile  might  end  with  the  thirtieth  year 
of  my  labors  and  sorrows,  and 'my 
prayers  seemed  to  have  been  heard,  for 
A  band  of  angels  were  coming  to  take 
my  longing  soul  to  ita  heavenly  coun- 
try, but  they  stopped  yonder,  for  the 
prayers  of  the  churches  which  I  have 
established,  asking  Qod  to  retain  me, 
here,  have  prevailed  and  liiy  exile  is 
•extended  four  years,  but  in  four  years 
these  holy  angels  will  come  back,  and  I 
shall  take  ray  flight  with  them  to  my 
Lord."  He  continued  his  labors  to  the 
la,'t  day,  and  consciotis  of  his  approach- 
ing end,  although  without  sickness,  he 
passed  around  the  little  island  and 
blessed  the  monks  at  their  labors  and 
the  island  itself,  which  tradition  says 
freed  it  from  all  venimous  reptiles. 
Having  done  this,  he  said  to  his  faith- 
ful attendant,  Dermid,  "This  very 
night  I  shall  enter  into  the  path  of  my 
Fathers.  Weep  not  but  console  thyself, 
it  is  my  Lord  Jesus  Chriat  who  deigns 
to  invite  me  to  rejoin  him  and  who  has 
revealed  to  me  that  my  summons  will 
<Come  to-night. "  He  continued  hi&  custo- 


maiy  duties,  transcribing  at  the  time  that 
Psalter  and  as  far  as  the  33rd  psalm  on 
which  he  was  engaged  when  he  stopped 
and  said,  "I  must  stop  here,  Baithen 
will  write  the  rest."  When  the  mid- 
night oell  rang  for  the  matins,  the 
almost  glorified  old  saint,  poet,  priest 
and  apostle,  went  joyfully  to  the  chapel 
to  tat-^  his  usual  place  before  the  altar, 
and  prostrated  himself  in  prayer  and 
thanksgiving  for  the  last  time,  for  when 
his  faithful  disciple  Dermid,  reached 
him,  he  was  dying.  He  was  soon  sur- 
rounded by  his  brethren,  who,  with 
tears,  beheld  their  dying  chief  and  mas- 
ter. Raising  himself  by  the  aid  of 
Dermid,  he  lifted  his  right  arm  in  ben- 
ediction, and  the  sanctified  spirit  im- 
mediately took  its  flight  to  the  arms  of 
the  master  he  had  served  so  well.  Our 
saint,  was   the   author  of    mimerous 

{)oem3  and  religious  hymns.  Monta- 
ambert  says,  "After  Oisin  (Ossian) 
Columbkill  opens  a  series  of  two  hun- 
dred Irish  poets,  whose  memories  and 
names  in  default  of  their  work  have  re- 
mained dear  to  Ireland,  and  Dr.  Reeves 
says,  three  Latin  Hymns  of  consider- 
able beauty,  are  attributed  to  him,  in 
the  ancient  Liber  Hymnorum"  and  in 
the  Irish  "Farewell  to  Aran,"  a  poem 
of  twenty-two  staiizas,  and  the  "Song 
of  Trust,"  of  seventeen  stanzas,  besides 
fifteen  other  poems  in  one  of  the  ancient 
O'Cleary  MSS.,  preserved  in  the  Bur- 

f^undian   Library,  at  Brussels,  and  a 
arger  collection  still  in  the  Bodlein 
Library,  Oxford.    The  so-called  pro- 

Ehecies  of  Columbkill  are  pronoimced 
y  the  best  authorities  to  be  a  forgery 
of  very  modem  date,  no  ancient  bio- 
grapher ever  refer  to  them.  His  re- 
mains were  removed  to  Ireland  some- 
time in  800,  on  accoimt  of  the  Danes 
plundering  the  island  and  destroying  its 
churches  and  monasteries.  Up  to  that 
time  it  was  the  burial  place  of  the 
Scoto-Milesian  Kings  of  Albania  or 
Caledonia. 

CONARE,  THE  GREAT,  a  cele- 
brated monarch  of  Ireland,  who  reign- 
ed during  the  days  of  our  Saviour,  in 
the  midst  of  peace  and  prosperity.  It 
was  in  some  respects  the  Augustin  Age 
of  Ireland.  His  only  war  was  against 
an  usurper,  Naud-Neacht,  prince  of 
Leinster,  who  had  killed  his  father  and 
for  six  months  held  the  throne.  He 
entirely  defeated  him  at  the  battle  of 
Cleach,  separated  Ossory  from  Lein- 


•'  ^ 


CON 


nUBH  CELTS. 


CON 


ster  and  annexed  it  to  i\Iunster.  He 
reigned  thirty  years,  and  was  buried  in 
the  desti'uclion  of  liis  palace  by  fire. 

CONARY,  surnamed  Boe-Aglach 
(the  fearlcs-i),  a  celebrated  Irish  Monarch 
who  reigned  about  B.  C.  450.  He  was 
noted  for  bravery,  justice  and  the  pa- 
ternal character  of  his  government. 

CONANT,  MRS.,  (Hannah  O'Brien 
Chaplin),  a  distinguished  American  fe- 
male writer,  of  Irish  extraction,  was  born 
in  Danvers,  Massachusetts,  in  1812,  and 
was  celebrated  for  her  great  attainments 
and  scholarly  tastes.  She  is  the  author 
and  translator  of  many  works  of  merit, 
among  them  a  "History  of  the  English 
Bible.  She  died  in  Brooklyn,  New 
York,  February  18, 1865. 

CONCANEN.  MATHEW,  a  talen- 
ted journalist  and  author,  was  born  in 
Ireland  towards  tho  end  of  the  seven- 
teenth century,  and  was  bred  to  the  bar. 
Ke,  however,  had  a  stronger  penchant 
for  literature,  *nd  removed  to  London 
in  company  with  a  Mr.  Sterling  to  carve 
out  fame  and  fortune.  It  is  said  that 
they  adopted  the  plan  of  writing  on 
opposite  sides  of  the  leading  questions 
of  the  day,  one  supporting  the  govern- 
ment policy  and  the  other  opposing, 
and  thus  secure  notice  and  employ- 
ment and  each  equally  share  the  joint 
results.  Be  this  as  it  ma^,  Concanen 
defended  the  existing  ministry  and  ex- 
hibited consideral  ability  and  boldness 
as  a  writer,  attracted  the  attention  of 
the  government,  and  was  recognized  as 
an  able  partizan,  and  was  a  welcomed 
contributor  to  leading  London  jour- 
nals. Among  the  others  whom  he  at- 
tacked ■m.-reBolingbroke  and  Pope,  and 
he  was  rewaitied  by  the  latter  with  a 
place  in  the  "Dunciad."  He  however 
gained  tLe  favor  of  the  Duke  of  New- 
castle, who  procured  for  him  the  posi- 
tion of  Attorney  General  of  Jamacia, 
which  position  he  filled  with  distin- 
guished ability  for  upwards  of  17  years, 
when  desirous  of  ending  his  days  in 
England,  he  resij^ned.  He  first  returned 
to  London  to  visit  his  old  friends,  but 
he  was  destined  to  go  no  farther.  He 
was  suddenly  attacked  with  a  quick 
consumption  and  died  in  a  few  weeks, 
on  January  22,  1749.  Pie  was  the 
author  of  several  poems  of  merit,  an'l 
a  play  entitled  "Wexford  Wells,"  and 


also  a  ballad  opera  in  conjunction  with 
his  countryman  Richard  iiroome. 

^  CONQAL,  a  celebrated  monarch  of 
Ireland,  A.  D.  945.  He  signalized  his 
advent  to  the  throne,  by  defeating  the 
Danes  in  a  desperate  battle  near  Dublin 
in  which  they  lost  4,000  killed.  He 
captured  the  city  and  took  immense 
booty.  The  Danes  being  largely  re- 
inforced and  eager  for  revenge,  took 
the  fields  the  next  year,  946.  He  de- 
feated them  again  near  Slane,  in  a  de- 
cisive victory,  in  which  great  numbers 
perished  both  by  the  sword  and  drown- 
ing. On  the  following  vear,  he  slew 
Blocar  their  chief,  and  about  two 
thousand  of  his  men.  Their  new  chief 
Godfrid  being  largeh'  reinforced,  en- 
tered the  territory  of  Slane  and  marked 
his  path  with  fire  and  sword,  but  Congal 
met  them  at  Muine,  where  he  slaughter- 
ed 1,000  with  one  of  their  chiefs, 
Imar.  He  was  killed  some  time  after- 
wards at  the  battle  of  Tiguiran  in 
Leinster  by  this  enemy  he  had  chas- 
tized so  often  and  severely.  It  was 
during  the  latter  part  of  his  reign  that 
Brien  Boru  ascended  the  throne  of 
Munster  as  successor  to  his  brother 
Mahou. 

CONGREVE.  WILLIAM,  oneof  the 
wittiest  of  dramatists,  was  the  son  of 
Dublin  parents,  who  resided  in  Eng- 
land when  our  subject  was  born  in  1670. 
They  returned  to  Dublin  where  our 
future  dramatist  and  poet  was  educated, 
graduating  at  Trinity  College  in  that 
city  and  studying  law  at  the  Middle 
Temple.  Like  so  many  other  Irish 
children  )f  genius,  the  dry  disquisitions 
of  the  law  had  but  few  attractions  for 
his  poetic  and  imaginative  soul,  and 
he  relinquished  it  for  literature.  In  his 
seventeenth  year  he  had  already  pro- 
duced the  comedy  of  "Incognita,  or 
Love  and  Beauty  Reconciled."  His 
comedy  of  the  "Old  Bachelor,"  was  put 
upon  the  stage  in  1693,  and  placed  him 
at  once  in  the  front  ranks  of  his  co- 
temporaries,  and  gave  him  fame  and 
affluence.  Lord  Halifax  became  his 
patron  and  friend  and  secured  him  lu- 
crative government  positions.  Between 
'94  and  '97  he  produced '  'Love  for  Love,  "^ 
"The  Double  Dealer"  and  the  "Mourn- 
ing Bride,  "all  of  which  were  eminently 
successful,  but  censurable  for  want  of 
delicacy.  In  1700  he  produce  his  "  Way 
of  the  World,"  which  failed  to  secure 


CON 


HUSH  CELTS. 


CON 


applause,  and  in  disgust  he  resolved  to 
-write  for  the  stage  no  more.  He  still 
continued  his  other  literary  works,  in 
prose  and  verse,  which,  however, 
added  nothing  to  his  fame.  The  latter 
years  of  his  life  were  clouded  by  mis- 
fortunes. Hebecame  totally  bhnd  and 
too  much  confinement  brought  on 
gout.  He  was  at  length  fatally  injured 
by  being  overturned  in  his  carriage, 
and  died  January  19,  1729. 

CONLAETH,  SAINT,  first  bishop 
of  Eildare,  The  establishment  by  St. 
Bridget  of  her  own  community  at  Kil- 
dare,  after  her  travels  through  Ireland, 
organizing  holy  women  into  religious 
commvmities,  soon  made  the  place  fa- 
mous, and  it  grew  rapidly,  especially  in 
religious  importance,  and  at  her  request 
it  was  placed  under  the  rule  of  a  Bishop. 
Conlaeth  or  Conlian,  a  priest  and  her- 
mit whose  virtues  were  widely  known, 
was  pointed  out  by  St.  Bridget,  as  a 
proper  person  for  the  dignity,  and  con- 
sequently, about  the  year  490  he  was 
consecrated,  there  being  a  large  assem- 
blage of  bishops  and  ecclesiastics  pres- 
ent on  tiie  occasion.  Conlaeth  laid  the 
foundation  of  his  Cathedral,  which  not 
being  completed  till  after  the  death  of 
Bridget,  was  dedicated  to  her  memory. 
He  governed  his  see  for  twenty-nine 
years,  and  was  buried  in  his  Cathedral 
near  the  high  altar.  His  bones  were 
placed  in  a  silver  case  about  the  year 
800.  Many  miraculous  cures  were  at- 
tributed to  the  saint  while  living,  and 
to  his  relics  when  dead.  He  died  about 
620.  This  see  is  one  of  the  few  ones 
in  Ireland,  and  in  fact  in  any  country, 
which  presents  an  unbroken  succession 
of  prelates  for  nearly  1400  years. 

CONN,  KEADCAHA,  a  warlike 
monarch  of  Ireland,  who  ascended  the 
throne  A.  D.  148,  was  the  son  of  Fei- 
lim,  and  of  Ughna,  daughter  of  the 
King  of  Denmark,  and  succeeded Cathire 
More.  He  was  the  victor  of  a  hundred 
battles.  Gratianus  Lucius  calls  him  in 
Latin,  "Constantius  Centiraacbus."  His 
reign  was  a  most  harassing  and  disas- 
trous one  to  the  unfortunate  people 
who  had  to  suffer  from  the  dire  effects 
of  war.  His  great  antagonist  was 
Modha,  the  valiant  and  warlike  King 
of  Munster.  whom  Conn  offended  by 
aiding  Angus,  a  Prince  of  that  province, 
of  the  family  of  the  Earnochs,  whom 
Duach,  one  of  Modha's  ancestors  had 


permitted  to  locate  in  their  country,  anA 
whose  leaders  or  princes,  after  a  while, 
seized  on  the  crown  of  Munster,  to  the' 
exclusion  of  the  true  line  of  the  race  of 
Heber.  Modha  determined  to  break 
thoir  power,  and  hence  the  assistance- 
furnished  to  Angus  their  leader,  by 
Conn  the  Monarch,  of  15,000  men. 
After  defeating  the  Earnochs  and  their 
allies,  Modha  turned  his  arms  against 
the  Monarch,  but  Conn  defeated  him, 
and  he  sought  refuge  and  assistance  in 
Spain.  There  he  formed  an  alliance- 
with  the  King  Heber  More  and  mar- 
ried his  daughter  Beara,  and  after  some 
time  he  returned  to  Ireland  with  his 
Spanish  allies,  and  re-commenced  his 
war  upon  Conn,  whom  he  defeated  in 
several  bloody  battles,  and  compelled  & 
settlement,  by  which  Conn  resigned  ta 
him  half  the  Island.  Modha,  however, 
found  fresh  cause  for  discontent,  and 
the  two  kings  met  with  their  armies  on 
the  plains  of  Moylen,  to  decide  as  ta 
the  sovereignty  of  the  whole  Island. 
Before  the  en^gement  began  the  King 
of  Munster,  Modha,  was  murdered  in 
his  bed  by  GoUe,  a  descendant  of  the 
Kin^  of  Connaught.  Conn  then  re- 
sumed without  opposition,  his  j^vern- 
ment  over  the  monarchy.  This  mon- 
arch at  length  fdl  by  the  hands  of  as- 
sassins, who,  disguis^  as  women,  sur- 
rounded and  slew  him  near  Tara. 

CONNESS,  JOHN,  an  Amerieaa 
statesman  and  politician,  was  bom  in> 
Ireland  in  1809.  and  came  to  this  coun- 
try with  his  parents  in  1822.  He  im- 
mediately sought  employment,  and  was 
variously  engaged  until  the  discovery 
of  gold  in  California,  when  he  was- 
among  the  first  to  start  for  the  new 
Eldorado.  He  there  became  connected 
with  both  mining  and  merchantile  in- 
terests, and  was  also  prominent  ioi 
politics,  being  a  member  of  the  legisla- 
ture from  1852  until  '61,  when  he  was 
the  candidate  of  the  Union  Democratic 
party  for  Governor,  secession  having 
divided  the  party  in  that  state.  In  1883- 
he  was  elected  United  States  Senator, 
and  served  with  ability  and  distinction 
to  the  end  of  his  term. 

CONNOR,  DAVID,  a  brave  and  gal- 
lant  American  naval  officer,  was  of 
Irish  descent,  and  born  in  Hornsburv, 
Penn.,  1790.  He  entered  the  navy  In 
1809,  with  the  rank  of  midshipman^ 
and  served  in  various  parts  of  the  worl<C 


m 


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-n 


CON 


IBISn  CELTS. 


CON 


In  1813,  was  acting  Lieutenant  on  the 
Hornet,  in  its  brilliant,  action  with  the 
Peacock,  in  which  the  latter  struck  her 
•colors  in  fifteen  minutes  in  a  sinking 
condition.  To  Lieutenant  Connor  was 
Allotted  the  task  of  removing  the  wound- 
ed and  dying  aftor  the  action,  and  al- 
though he  succeeded,  three  of  his  own 
men  went  down  with  the  sinking  ship. 
He  was  promoted  to  a  Lieutenancy  for 
gallant  conduct  in  this  action,  and  re- 
mnined  on  the  Hornet.  In  the  action 
with  the  Penguin  in  1815,  he  was  dan- 
gerously wounded,  and  was  voted  a 
sword  by  his  native  state  and  a  medal 
bv  Congress,  for  gallant  conduct.  In 
March  1825  he  was  made  commander, 
And  March  '35  a  captain.  On  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  war  with  Mexico  he  was 
in  command  of  the  West  India  squad- 
ron, and  he  established  an  efficient 
blockade  of  the  Gulf  ports,  and  No- 
vember 14,  captured  Tampico.  In  the 
spring  of  1847  he  directed  the  landing 
•of  the  forces  of  Gen.  Scott,  at  Vera 
Cruz,  but  bad  health  compelled  him  to 
return  home.  He  was  not  able  again 
to  take  active  service  at  sea,  and  his 
last  duty  was  in  Command  of  the 
Philadelphia  Navy  Yard.  He  died 
there  in  1856. 

CONNOLLY,    ARCHBISHOP,  an 

Able  and  distinguished  Catholic  prelate, 
diviiie  and  political  writer  of  Canada, 
was  bom  in  Cork  in  1814,  and  received 
bis  education  principally  in  Rome, 
where  he  joined  the  severe  order  of  the 
Capuchins.  Even  while  in  the  novi- 
tiate he  attracted  attention  by  the 
breadth  and  vigor  of  his  intellectual 
powers.  After  completing  his  studies, 
he  was  ordained  a  priest,  and  shortly 
afterwards  sent  to  Dublin,  where  he 
remained  four  years.  In  1842  he  ac- 
companied Archbishop  Walsh  to  Hali- 
fax, and  in  1845)was  appointed  adminis- 
trator, and  Vicar  General  of  the  Dio- 
<;e8e.  louring  the  years  that  the  terri- 
ble scourge  of  ship  fever  swept  like  a 
blast  of  death  along  the  Atlantic  coast, 
leaving  horror  and  desolation  in  its  path, 
•cur  young  taissioner  was  unceasing  in 
in  his  ministraiion  to  the  dying  as  well 
as  in  hia  efforts  to  prevent  the  spread  of 
'  the  malignant  and  destructive  scourge. 
In  1853  he  was  appointed  Bishop  of  St. 
Johns,  New  Brunswick,  and  before  his 
departure  was  presented  by  the  people 
of  Halifax  with  a  service  of  plate  as  a 
tribute  to  his  fearless  and  self-sacrific- 


ing efforts  in  their  behalf  during  the 
scourge.  In  his  reply  he  said,  '"The 
right  of  self-preservation  under  such 
circumstances  was  foresworn  in  the 
very  act  of  assuming  the  ministry  of 
that  first  High  Priest,  who  laid  down 
his  life  for  Lis  flock,  and  who  bv  ex- 
ample and  word  had  proclaimed  the 
universal  law,  that  every  good  shepherd 
must  do  the  same."  In  his  new  charge 
he  remained  seven  years,  and  by  his 
energy  and  zeal,  added  greatly  to  the 
institutions  of  religion  and  leaning  in 
that  province.  In  1859,  on  the  death 
of  Archbishop  Walsh,  Bishop  Connol- 
ly was  raised  to  the  arch-episcopal  see 
of  Halifax,  and  in  that  province  he 
made  a  record  which  leaves  his  name 
first  among  the  distinguished  citizens 
of  the  province,  and  an  inspiration  to 
his  brethren  of  the  faith.  Under  his 
care,  institutions  of  all  kind  sprang  up 
in  his  large  diocese;  religious,  charit- 
able and  scholastic,  and  buildings,  the 
pride  of  the  commonwealth  resulted 
from  his  taste  and  energy.  The  great 
cathedral  at  Halifax  too  arose,  a  lasting 
monument  to  the  ma^itude  and  grand- 
eur of  his  conceptions  being  second 
only  to  the  great  c^lkedral  at  New  York 
in  size  and  magnificence.  When  the 
confederation  of  the  provinces  was  sug- 
gested he  immediately  supported  it, 
both  by  word  and  writing,  and  ably 
seconded  Dr.  Tupper  in  placing  its  ad- 
vantages before  the  people  of  their  pro- 
vince, and  was  largely  instrumental  in 
bringing  about  the  desired  result.  He 
w»".  on  terms  of  intimacy  wiili  all  the 
leading  men  of  the  Province,  and  held 
by  them  in  the  highest  esteem.  His 
house  was  the  hospitable  rendevous  of 
the  wit  and  wisdom  of  the  provinces, 
and  he  himself  was  as  noted  for  his  in- 
exhaustible fund  of  wit  and  chfuming 
conversational  powers,  as  he  was  for 
broad  culture  and  great  ability.  He 
endeared  himself  to  all  classes  of  his 
fellow  citizens,  and  before  the  charms 
of  his  cosmopolitan  character  and  gen- 
erous nature,  bigotry  itself  forgot  its 
narrowness,  and  ^ve  to  him  its  tribute 
of  praise.  He  died  July  1876,  lament- 
ed not  only  by  his  own  people,  but  by 
all  classes.  One  of  the  ablest  Presby- 
terian ministers  in  Lower  Canada,  say- 
ing of  him,  in  a  public  letter.  "I  feel 
as  if  I  had  not  only  lost  a  friend,  but  as 
if  Canada  had  lost  a  patriot."  While 
unflinching  in  his  defense  of  Catholic 
principles,  lis  possessed  in  a  large  degree 


CON 


tniSH  CELTS 


CON 


it, 

ably 

ts  ad- 

pro- 

ital  in 

He 

lithe 

held 

His 

)US  of 
inces, 
ds  in- 
rming 
for 
He 
>f  his 
larms 
I  gen- 
ot  its 
ribute 
ment- 
utby 
•esby- 
.say- 
Ifeel 
lutas 
hile 
Itholio 
egree 


that  discriminating  charity  which  his 
faith  inculcated,  and  liv^  indeed  all 
things  to  all  men,  even  to  the  risking  of 
his  life. 

CONQUOVAR,  or  Connor,  Monarch 
of  Ireland,  A.  D.  819.  He  defeated 
the  Danes  in  o  general  engagement  on 
the  plains  of  Tailton  (Tara)  but  tney 
came  pouring  into  the  country  with 
large  reinforcements,  and  after  defeating 
the  King  of  Leinster,  and  laying  waste 
his  provmce  threatened  to  overrun  the 
whole  country.  Connor  finding  himself 
unable  to  stand  the  torrcnt,died,it  is  said, 
of  grief,  and  was  succeeded  by  Niall, 
son  of  Hugh  IV.,  A.  D.  838. 

CONROY,  RT.  REV.  GEORGE,  an 
able  and  learned  Irish  bishop,  was  bom 
in  Armagh,  1882,  and  received  his  early 
classical  education  at  home,  but  finish- 
ed his  studies  in  the  College  of  the  Pro- 
paganda, Rome,  where  he  took  a  Doc- 
tors degree.  On  returning  to  Ireland, 
he  was  appointed  a  Professor  in  the 
Catholic  College  of  All  Hallows,  where 
he  taught  divinity  for  some  years.  On 
the  appointment  of  Archbishop  Cullen 
to  the  Cardinalate,  Dr.  Conroy  was 
selected  as  his  Secretary,  and  held  that 
position  till  1871,  when  he  was  raised 
to  the  Episcopacy  as  Bishop  of  Ardagh. 
Some  difficulties  having  developed 
among  the*  Canadian  Heirarchy,  Rome 
commissioned  Bishof)  Conroy  with  the 
delicate  task  of  restoring  harmony,  and 
he  performed  the  difficult  mission  in  a 
manner  which  gave  eminent  satisfac- 
tion to  all,  and  wounded  the  dignity  of 
none.  He  then  traveled  through  the 
United  States,  under  instruction  to  re- 
port specially  to  Rome,  on  the  state  of 
flie  Church,  and  he  left  everywhere  be- 
hind him  the  strongest  impressions  of  his 
eminent  fitness  for  his  high  position. 
To  commanding  ability, he  added  simple 
but  impressive  dignity  of  manners, 
BO  worthy  of  a  bishop.  He  was  on  the 
eve  of  his  departure  for  home  when  he 
was  taken  sick,  and  died  at  St.  Johns, 
Newfoundland,  August  4,  1878. 

CONSTANTINE.  Bishop  of  Killa- 
lor  in  Uie  twelfth  century,  was  a  learn- 
ed and  saintly  doctor  of  the  church, 
and  was  called  to  the  third  general 
council  of  Latem,  A.  D.  1179,  which 
he  attended  with  Catholicus,  Arch- 
bishop of  Tuam,  and  was  not  less  famed 
for  his  great  and  good  qualities. 


CONYNGHAM,  DAVID  POWER, 
a  talented  American  journalist,  soldier 
and  author,  was  bom  at  Eillanaule,. 
County  Tipperary,  Ireland,  in  1830. 
His  father  was  an  extensive  farmer,  and 
President  of  a  Loan  Fund  Bank,  and 
our  subject  received  all  the  educational 
advantages  which  his  surroundings  in- 
sured him.  While  still  pursuing  his 
studies  he  engaged  in  the  unfortunate 
rebellion  of  '&  under  Smith  O'Brien. 
His  youth  saved  him  from  serious 
trouble,  and  in  1855  he  graduated  from 
the  Queen's  University,  Cork.  His 
national  aspiration,  however,  again  in- 
volved him  in  trouble,  and  he  found  it 
necessary  to  leave  Ireland  in  1863,  when 
he  arrived  in  the  United  States,  and 
soon  after  joined  Meagher's  Irish  Bri- 
gade, and  was  commissioned  as  a  cap- 
tain. He  also  acted  as  war  correspond- 
ent of  a  Dublin  paper.  For  gallant 
services  in  the  field  he  was  brevctted  a 
major.  He  also  served  under  Sherman 
in  Georgia,  was  wounded  at  the  battle 
of  Resaca,  and  was  congratulated  on 
the  field  by  Gen.  Schofield,  for  gallant 
services.  While  here  he  acted  as  war 
correspondent  of  the  New  York  Herald. 
After  the  war  he  devoted  himself  to 
journalism  and  other  literary  work,  but 
subsequently  joined  Santa  Anna  in  his 
l£  .t  attempt  for  power  in  Mexico.  He 
also  served  under  Gen.  Guieurrier,  in  a 
Cuban  effort  for  Independence.  He 
later  became  editor  of  the  "Irish  Peo- 
ple," New  York,  then  of  the  "State  Is- 
land Leader,"  and  afterwards  of  the 
'  'Democrat. "  At  the  time  of  his  death, 
April  Ist,  1883,  he  was  editor  of  the 
"New  York  Tablet."  Among  his  pub- 
lished works  are,  "Shermairs  March 
through  the  South,"  "History  of  the 
Irish  Brigade,  and  its  Campaigns," 
"Lives  of  the  Irish  Saints  and  Martyrs," 
besides  novels  and  miscellaneous  works. 
For  his  distinguished  services  to  litera- 
ture, the  University  of  Notre  Dame 
conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  L  L.  D. 

CONYNGHAM,  FRANCIS  N., 
Marquis  of,  a  distinguished  British 
soldier  and  statesman,  was  bom  in  Ire- 
land, June  11,  1797.  He  was  educated 
at  Eaton,  and  entered  the  army  as 
ensign  in  1821.  He  rose  steadily  by 
soldierly  qualities  through  all  the  grades, 
till  he  became  a  Lieut.  General  in  1866. 
He  was  also  under  Secretary  of  State 
from  1828  to  '26,  and  entered  Parlia- 
ment as  representative  of  Donegal,  in 


*\^ 


t 


.% 


CON 


XRIBH  CELTS. 


CON 


97 


1825;  and  wac>  one  of  the  Lords  of  the 
Treasury  under  Wellington,  from  1827 
to  '80.  In  1832  he  took  his  seat  in  the 
House  of  Lords.  He  became  a  Whis 
■about  this  time,  and  held  the  office  oi 
Postmaster-Oeneral  under  Alelbourne, 
.and  afterwards  Lord  Chamberlain,  of 
the  Household.  In  1848  he  was  ap- 
pointed Vice  Admiral  of  the  coast  of 
Ulster,  and  in  1869  Lord  Lieutenant  of 
Mcath.  He  was  noted  as  an  ardent 
sportsman,  and  his  stable  held  some  of 
the  finest  hunters  in  Ireland.  He  was 
•commodore  of  the  Irish  Yacht  Club, 
and  indeed  an  en'Jiusiast  in  every  com- 
petative  sport.    He  died  July  17, 1876, 

CONWAY,  GEN.  HENRY,  a  gal- 
lant officer  of  the  American  Pevolution, 
.^as  bom  in  Ireland,  and  came  to  Am- 
.erica  at  an  early  age.  The  troubles 
with  the  mother  country  saw  him  a 
'daring  advocate  of  the  Peoples  Rights, 
and  from  the  opening  to  the  close  of 
ihe  war,  he  never  shrank  from  duty  or 
Jhardship,  and  rose  gradually  by  native 
.merit  to  be  a  general  officer.  He  was 
;8tung  to  death  by  bees  in  East  Tennes- 
see, just  about  the  time  the  war  of  1812 
mas  proclaimed. 

CONWAY,  HENRY  SEYMOUR,  a 
'distinguished  military  commander  and 
Field  Marshal  in  the  British  army,  was 
the  second  son  of  Lord  Conway,  and 
was  born  in  County  Antrim,  Ireland, 
4ibout  1721.  He  entered  the  arm^  at  an 
•early  age,  and  rose  rapidly  by  tL  > 
hibition  of  masterly  ability.  H<i  was 
engaged  in  the  seven  years  war  in  con- 
junction with  the  Allies,  and  command- 
ed the  British  forces,  serving  under 
Prince  Ferdinand  of  Brunswick.  He 
became  a  member  of  the  Irish  Parlia- 
ment, and  afterwards  of  the  Engli^, 
And  for  two  years  was  a  Secretary  of 
State.  In  17^,  for  his  independence 
in  voting  a^inst  the  ministiy  on  the 
great  question  of  general  warrants,  he 
was  tyrftoitfaUy  dismissed  from  aU  his 
•civil  apdl^^tary  honors.  The  next  year 
however,  he  was  sworn  a  member  of 
the  Prii^  Council,  and  Secretary  of 
State  f(^  the  Northern  Department.  In 
1782  he  became  commander  in  chief  of 
the  British  armies,  and  that  year  made 
"the  motion  in  Parliament  which  termi- 
nated the  American  war  of  the  revolu- 
tion, and  finally  he  was  raised  to  the 
dignity  of  .Field  Marshal.  He  died 
in   1795.      He  was    the    author    of 


poems,  political  pamphlets,  and  a  com- 
edy called  "False  Appearances." 

CONWAY,  MARTIN  F.,  an  able 
American  politician  and  jurist,  is  of 
Irish  descent,  bom  in  Charleston,  SouUi 
Carolina,  in  1880,  and  there  received 
an  ordinary  education.  He  removed 
with  his  parents  to  Baltimore  in  18^, 
and  shortly  afterwards  entered  a  print- 
ing^ office,  which  is  always  a  valuable 
training  school  for  a  bright  and  studi- 
ous  boy.  He  soon  acquired  standing 
in  the  craft,  and  was  prominent  in  or- 
ganizing the  the  National  Typographi- 
cal Union.  He  subsequently  studied 
law  and  was  admitted  to  the  Bar,  and 
practiced  with  success.  In  IS^A  he 
went  to  Kansas,  then  seething  with  po- 
litical strife,  and  was  elected  to  the 
Council  of  the  first  Territorial  Legisla- 
ture. Under  the  Topeka  convention  he 
was  chosen  Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  and  in  1856  he  was  President  of 
the  Levenworth  Constitutional  Conven- 
tion. In  '59  he  represented  Kansas  in 
the  Thirty-seventh  Congress. 

CONWAY,  GEN.  ROBERT,  was 
the  son  of  Irish  settlers  in  South  Caro- 
lina, and  bred  to  arms  from  inftvn  cy. 
He  early  became  noted  for  strati'gism 
and  bravery  in  tlie  Indian  raids,  8nd  on 
the  breaking  out  of  the  'Revolutionary 
war,  was  an  active  organizer  of  the 
South  Carolina  troops,  and  was  appoint- 
ed a  General  of  the  State  troops.  He 
also  served  as  a  regular  officer  in  the 
Continental  service,  and  did  good  service 
until  the  end  of  the  war.  He  died  at 
Georgetown,  8.  C,  in  1823. 

CONWAY,  MARSHAL  COUNT 
THOMAS,  a  geneml  of  the  American 
Revolution,  and  a  Marshal  of  France, 
and  considered  by  many,  the  ablest  and 
most  skillful  soldier  in  America,  was 
born  in  Ireland,  February  27, 1733.  He 
received  his  education  in  France,  like  so 
many  of  his  countrymen  of  liberal 
means  in  those  dark  days.  He  entered 
the  French  army  and  rose  by  his  talents 
and  bravery  to  be  a  Colonel.  He  came 
to  the  United  States  at  the  request  of 
Silas  Dean,  and  was  at  once  appointed 
a  Brigadier  General.  He  participated 
in  the  battles  of  Brandywine  and  Ger- 
mantown,  and  was  made  Inspector- 
General,  with  the  rank  of  Major  Gen- 
eral, against  the  protest  of  Washington. 
This  created  some  feeling,  and  Con- 


97 


COO 


2IUBH  CXLT8. 


COO 


was 
He 
teso 
beral 
ered 
ents 
ame 
St  of 
nted 
)ated 
Ger- 
ctor- 
Qen- 
too. 
Con- 


way was  charged  with  intriguing  with 
members  of  Congress  to  nave  Gen. 
Gates  placed  in  the  chief  command. 
Tliis  becoming  public,  created  con^der- 
able  feeling  against  Conway,  and  he 
resigned.  The  result  of  this  antagon- 
isn  was  a  duel  between  Conway  and 
Gen.  Cadwallader,  in  which  the  former 
-nas  dangerously  wounded.  While 
iius  prostrate,  and  doubtful  of  recovery, 
he  wrote  to  Washington  a  friendly  let- 
tur  expressing  regret  at  the  troubles 
which  had  arisen  between  them,  and 
expressing  great  confidence  in  his  in- 
tegrity and  ability.  On  his  recovery 
he  returned  to  France,  and  again  enter- 
ed the  army,  rose  rapidly,  and  was 
made  a  Count,  and  appointed  Governor 
of  Pondicherry,  and  all  the  French 
settlements  in  India,  with  the  rank  of 
Field  Marshal.  On  the  breaking  out 
of  the  French  Revolution  he  was  forced 
to  fly,  and  found  refuge  in  British  In- 
dia.   He  died  about  1800. 

COOKE,  GEORGE  FREDERICK, 
one  of  the  most  acccmiplished  of  trage- 
dians, and  the  great  rival  of  Kemble, 
was  the  son  of  an  Irish  Captain  of 
Dragoons,  and  was  bom  at  Westmin- 
ster April  17,  1755.  He  received  an 
ordinal  education,  and  was  sent  when 
a  boy  to  learn  the  trade  of  a  printer. 
Becoming  acquainted  with  the  local 
gods  of  the  stage  he  conceived  a  strong 
passion  for  the  profession,  and  became 
a  skillful  declaimer  from  practice,  and 
great  natural  ability  before  he  ever 
ventured  on  the  stage.  At  length,  in 
1776  he  appeared  at  Brentford  as  Du- 
mont  in  "Jane  Shore."  In  1778  he  ap- 
peared in  the  Haymarket,  but  earned 
no  special  praise,  and  made  the  tour  of 
the  provinces  for  the  next  six  years  with 
ordinary  applause.  His  first  great  suc- 
cess was  at  Manchester,  in  1784,  when 
he  became  very  popular.  In  1794  he 
appeared  in  Dublm  and  Cork,  and  was 
received  with  great  enthusiasm.  He 
did  not  appear  m  Covent  Garden  until 
1800,  when  he  captured  the  critics  by 
his  masterly  rendition  of  Richard  HI, 
and  thence  forward  for  ten  years  he 
was  recognized  as  the  peer  and  rival  of 
John  Kemble,  and  appefu*ed  with  great 
applause  in  both  tragedy  and  comedy. 
In  1810  he  sailed  for  America,  and  on 
November  21,  that  year,  appeared  in 
the  Park  Theatre  as  Richard  III,  amidst 
storms  of  applause.  He  subsequently 
appeared  in  the  principal  American 


cities,  and  always  to  crowded  and  en> 
thusiastic  audiences,  but  as  often  annoy- 
ing them  by  his  capricious  conduct,  as 
captivating  them  bv  his  astonishing  act- 
ing. This  arose  Iram  an  unfortunate 
haoit  of  drink,  which  had  been  grow- 
ing on  him,  and  which  at  length  hasten- 
ed him  to  a  premature  grave,  as  it  has 
so  many  other  brilliant  intellects.  His 
most  popular  characters  were  Richard 
III,"  "Shylock,"  "lago,"  "Sir  Giles 
Overreach,'*  "Kitely"  and  "Pertinax 
Macsycophant. "  He  died  in  New  York, 
September  25, 1812,  and  was  buried  in 
St.  Paul's  church  yard,  where  Edmund 
Kean  erected  a  monument  to  his  mem- 
ory in  1821. 

COOKE.  WILLIAM,  a  poet  and  bio- 

Sapher,  was  bom  at  Cork,  Ireland, 
e  settled  in  England  about  1766,  and 
at  first,  intended  to  adopt  the  profession 
of  law,  but  soon  abandoned  this  inten- 
tion, and  entered  the  more  seductive 
field  of  literature.  He  purchased  an 
interest  in  two  newspapers  and  devoted 
himself  to  general  hterary  work.  He 
died  April,  1824.  Amon^  his  works 
are,  "The  Art  of  Living  in  London," 
a  poem,  "Conversation,  a  diadactic 
poem,"  "Biographies  of  Maclin  and 
Poote,"  "The  Elements  of  Dramatic 
Criticism,"  and  a  pamphlet  on  "Parlia- 
mentary Reform.'^ 

COOTE,  SIR  EYRE,  one  of  the 
most  able  and  successful  of  British 
soldiers  of  the  last  century,  was  bom  in 
Ireland,  in  1726.  He  entered  the  army 
early  and  distinguished  himself  against 
the  Scotch  rebels  in  1745.  In  1754  he 
went  to  the  east  and  quickly  attracted 
attention  by  his  skill  and  bravery, 
especially  at  the  siege  of  Pondicherry. 
In  1769  he  became  commander-in-chief 
of  the  company's  forces,  but  on  ac- 
count of  some  difficulty  with  the  civil 
power,  he  returned  to  England  in  1770. 
in  1'<S0  he  was  again  despatched  to 
India  with  his  former  rank,  Hyder  Ali 
being  at  that  time  in  the  midst  of  his 
career  of  devastation;  threatening  the 
whole  country  with  fire  and  sword. 
Coote's  arrival  was  quickly  followed  by 
a  change.  Organizing  but  a  handful  of 
discouraged  men,  he  infused  into  them 
his  own  confidence  and  daring,  and 
placing  himself  in  the  pathway  of  the 
destmctive  hoard,  he  soon  checked  its 
onward  course,  and  taught  the  barbar- 
ian t»  fear  th?  powen   and  skill  of  the 


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superior  race.  With  scarcely  one-tenth 
the  number,  he  defeated  his  antagonists 
In  several  desperate  encounters,  and 
established  English  power  and  author- 
ity throuehrut  the  Camatic.  He  died 
at  Madrai  in  1788. 

COPLEY,  JOHN  SINGLETON,  an 
eminent  American  arti«t,  was  bom  in 
Boston,  in  1787,  and  was  the  son  of 
Irish  parents,  Richard  Copley  and  Mary 
Singleton,  who  had  emigrated  from 
County  Clare,  Ireland,   the   previous 

?ear.  Shortly  after  arriving  in  America, 
is  father  went  to  the  West  Indies  for 
the  benefit  of  his  health,  where  he  died 
the  same  year,  1787.  John  early  devel- 
oped a  passion  for  art,  and  without  in- 
struction or  models,  or  any  assistance, 
either  in  drawing  or  coloring,  but  his 
native  genius,  industrv  and  taste,  he 

Sainted  a  picture  of  his  half-brother, 
[enry  Pelham — his  mother  having 
married  Peter  Pelham,  an  Engraver,  oi 
Boston,  after  the  death  of  his  father — 
which  he  sent  to  Benj,  West,  in  1760, 
to  be  entered  in  the  Royal  Academy, 
and  which  West  declared  was  a  marvel 
of  coloring,  as  well  as  artistic  in  design 
and  drawing.  It  was  called  "The  Boy 
and  the  Flying  Squirrel."  West  wrote 
to  Copley  a  highly  flattering  letter,  and 
advised  the  young  artist  to  come  to 
England,  and  invited  him  to  make  his 
house  his  home.  Copley  was  strongly 
tempted  to  do  so,  but  he  felt  it  his  duty 
to  remain  and  assist  his  mother,  who 
was  again  a  widow,  in  maintaining  and 
supporting  her  family.  In  1769  he 
married  Susannah  Famum  Clarke,  the 
daughter  of  a  rich  Boston  merchant, 
agent  for  the  East  India  Company,  and 
the  man  to  whom  was  consigned  the 
famous  cargo  of  Tea  emptied  into  Bos- 
ton Harbor  by  the  patriots  disguised  as 
Iniiliins,  on  account  of  the  obnoxious 
tax,  before  the  war.  Copley  now  fixed 
his  residence  in  Beacon  Hill,  then  a 
charming  suburban  spot,  which  includ- 
ed seven  acres  of  what  is  now  the  most 
densely  populated  part  of  Boston.  Here 
he  pursued  his  art,  and  painted  manv 
of  tliu  most  distinguished  people  of  his 
day,  his  brush  being  constantly  employ- 
ed. 1771  he  visited  New  York,  where 
he  painted  a  miniature  of  Washington. 
In  June  1774  his  long  cherished  desire 
to  see  art  as  develop^  in  Europe,  and 
especially  the  works  of  the  great  mas- 
ters, was  at  length  gratified,  and  he  em- 
barked for  Engmnd,  leaving  his  mother. 


wife  and  family  in  Iioston.  He  did  not 
remain  long  in  England,  but -a  sufficient 
time  to  become  acquainted  with  its  lead- 
ing artists,  and  its  works  of  art,  and 
then  passed  on  to  Italy.  Here  he  wa» 
charmed  beyond  measure  with  all  he 
saw,  his  artistic  eye  drank  in  with  ex- 
tacy  ten|thousand  beauties  in  nature  and 
art.  In  Rome  h3  remained  some  time,, 
and  secured  the  most  valuable  speci- 
mens of  art,  in  casts  of  plaster.  He  re- 
mained in  Parma  two  menths,  making 
a  copy  of  "St.  Jerome,"  for  Lord  Gros> 
venor,  and  studying  otiier  work  of  Art. 
This  copy  is  said  to  be  the  best  ever 
made.  In  June  1775  his  wife  and  fam- 
ily excepting  an  infant  left  with  his 
mother  m  Boston,  arrived  in  England. 
They  sailed  on  the  last  vessel  (The  'Min- 
erva' Capt.  Callahan)  which  left  Massa- 
chusetts Bay  as  a  British  colony.  A» 
the  storms  of  war  were  about  to  burst 
on  the  col''iiies,  the  devoted  wife  desir- 
ed to  be  with  her  husband,  and  as- 
she  knew  art  could  bave  no  home  there- 
during  the  struggle,  she  desired  that 
her  husband  should  remain  where  his 
geniuF,  might  be  developed.  Her  father 
too  having  gone  to  England,  he  remain 
ing  loyal  to  thp  crown  may  have  still 
further  induced  her»to  meet  her  hus- 
band there.  Copley,  however,  as  all 
his  letters  to  his  wife  and  mother  show,, 
was  a  strong  defender  of  Colonial 
Rights,  and  confidently  predicted  that 
the  issue,  however  it  might  at  first  ap- 
pear, would  eventually  result  in  the 
triumph  of  the  colonies.  Copley  ar- 
rived in  London,  from  the  continent, 
shortly  after  his  wife  and  family  landed,, 
and  n-om  thence  forward  that  became 
his  home.  He  now  commenced  a  bril- 
liant career,  both  as  a  painter  of  por> 
1  raits  and  historical  subjects,  and  took 
his  place  among  the  very  first  artists  of 
his  day.  Among  his  wor^>s  are,  "A 
boy  rescued  from  a  Shark  in  the  Har- 
bor of  Havana,"  a  most  thrilling  and 
life-like  effort, which  has  been  engraved 
in  Mezzotint,  bvVal.  Green,  "The  Red 
Cross  Knight,  from  Spencer's  Fairy 
Queen,  "A  Family  Picture,"  represent- 
ing his  own  family,  including  his  father- 
in-law,  Mr.  Clarke,  an  admiiable  work, 
and  said  by  the  best  judges  to  equal 
Van.  Dyke's  best.  "The ■Western  Fam- 
ily," "The  Three  Princesses,"  daughters 
of  George  III.  "The  Death  of  Lord 
Chatham,"  engraved  by  Bartolozzi,  and 
which  still  farther  increased  the  fam& 
of  the  artist  by  its  realistic  impressive* 


H-Hl' 


PLATE  6. 


Laurence  Sterne. 


Oliver  Goldsmith. 


coil 


nUSH  CELTS. 


COR 


E 


ness  and  power.  "The  Siege  of  Gibr- 
alter,"  painted  for  the  City  of  London, 
in  1790,  and  hanging  in  the  Council 
Chamber  of  Guild  Hall.  (In  1790  Coj)- 
ley  obtained  the  honors  of  an  academi- 
cian). ''Charles  1,  Demanding  the  Im- 
S cached  Members,"  "The  Death  of 
[aj.  Pierson,*  which  the  Duke  of  Wel- 
lington said  was  the  only  battle  pioce 
which  ever  satisfied  him,  or  faithfully 
depicted  the  scene.  "Abraham's  Sacri- 
fice," "Hagar  and  lehmael,"  "Saul  Re- 
proved by  Samuel,"  "The  Nativity," 
"The  Tribute"  Money,"  "Samuel  and 
Eli,"  "Monmouth  refusing  to  give  the 
names  of  his  accomplices  to  James  II," 
"The  'offer'  of  the  crown  to  Lady  Jane 
Gray,"  besides  innumerable  portraits 
both  in  England  and  America,  and 
Family  groupes  so  artistic  in  concep- 
tion as  to  make  them  far  more  than 
mere  portraiture.  Copley  had  hoped  to 
return  to  America  and  make  his  home 
and  end  his  days  on  Beacon  Hill,  but 
his  Boston  agent  having  alienated 
his  property,  Copley  was  unable  to 
again  secure  possession,  his  son  after- 
wards Lord  Lyndhurst,  coming  express- 
ly to  America  to  recover  his  father's 
rights  if  possible,  but  failed.  This  son 
became  a  great  lawyer  and  afterward 
Lord  Chancellor,  and  was  raised  to  the 
peerage.  This  gifted  artist  died  in 
London,  September  9,  1816,  aged  78 
years. 

CORCORAN,  GEN.  MICHAEL,  a 
noted  officer  of  the  early  part  of  the 
Great  American  Rebellion,  was  born  in 
Ireland,  September  21,  1827,  and  im- 
migrated to  the  United  States  in  1849. 
He  commanded  the  69th  New  York 
Volunteers  at  the  first  battle  of  Bull 
Run,  where  he  was  taken  prisoner.  He 
was  exchanged  after  about  one  year, 
and  immediately  raised  the  "Corcoran 
Legion,"  of  which  he  was  made  Brig. 
General.  He  was  killed  near  Fairfax 
Court  House,  by  being  thrown  from  his 
horse,  December  22,  1868. 

CORK  AND  ORRERY,  JOHN 
BOYLE,  Earl  of,  was  born  in  Ireland, 
in  1707,  and  received  tlie  rudiments  of 
his  education  from  the  poetFent(jn  and 
completed  it  at  Oxford.  For  a  while 
he  was  a  member  of  parliament  and  an 
opponent  of  Walpole,  but  literature 
having  more  charms  for  him  than  the 
forum,  he  retired  from  Parliament  and 
devoted  himself  entirely  to  hia  pci^.  He 


edited  the  plays  and  state  letters  of  his 
great-grandfather.  Memoirs  of  Earl 
of  Monmouth,  Remarks  on  the  Life 
and  "Writings  of  Swift,  Letters  from 
Italy,  and  translated  Pliny's  Letters, 
besides  papers  in  "The  World"  and 
"Connoissmr."    He  died  in  1762. 

CORMAC,  a  renowned  King  of 
Munster,  and  great  grandson  of  Niell 
the  Great,  noted  for  both  valor  and 
piety,  was  victor  in  17  battles.  His 
wife  Sabina,  was  revered  as  a  Saint. 

CORMAC,  MAC  CULINAN,  King 
of  Munster,  and  Bishop  of  Cashel,  was 
a  learned  and  munificent  prince.  He 
wrote  the  Psalter  of  Cashel  in  the 
Scolic  language,  and  was  celebrated 
for  every  quality  that  might  adorn  a 
prince  and  bishop.  His  death  took 
place  A.  D.,  908. 

CORMAC,  ULFADA,  a  disUnguish- 
ed  and  able  monarch  of  Ireland,  and 
one  of  the  first  of  its  Christian  Kings. 
He  was  a  brave  and  warlike  prince,  and 
the  victor  of  thirtj'^-six  battles.  In  his 
excursions  he  traversed  the  greater  part 
of  Britain  and  Albania  as  a  conqueror, 
and  returned  with  immense  booty.  He 
was  equally  famous  in  peace,  and  was 
a  great  patron  of  learning  and  learned 
men;  he  enlarged  the  schools  at  'Tara, 
instituted  schools  for  military  discipline, 
history  and  jurisprudence,  and  strictly 
enforced  the  registration  of  families. 
According  to  ancient  records,  lie  re- 
signed his  crown  after  becoming  a 
christian,  and  retiring  to  a  small  collage 
near  Tara  he  proposed  to  devote  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life  to  the  service  of  the 
true  God,  by  meditation  and  prayer. 
One  of  the  principal  druids  named 
Masilffam,  being  greatly  annoyed  at  so 
prominent  an  example  of  defection 
from  the  belief  of  their  ancestors,  re- 
proached him  for  his  unfaithfulness, 
and  by  persuasion  and  threats  sought 
to  make  him  return.  The  King,  how- 
ever, told  him  he  could  only  Avorship 
the  true  God  for  the  future,  and  not 
the  foolish  inventions  of  men.  Ho  did 
not  long  survive,  but  was  said  to  have 
been  poisoned  about  A.  D.  2C8.  The 
too  general  impression  that  St.  Patricik 
first  brought  Christianity  to  Ireland  is 
not  at  all  in  accordance  with  history. 
The  records  of  Rome  itself,  shows  this 
by  the  fact  that  others  before  Patrick 
had  been  sent  with  Apos^olio  powers  to 


'"m 


^  ^1 


t' 


'  1 


-■■^1 


i(.V'  -■^:- 


COS 


IBI8H  CELTS. 


COX 


convert  that  Island,  and  while  their 
missions  did  not  prove  successful,  there 
cannot  be  any  doubt  but  that  many 
scatteriog  converts  were  made,  as  in 
the  case  of  our  subject. 

CORNELIUS,  surnamed  Historicus, 
a  celebrated  historian  and  commenta- 
tor, was  bom  in  Ireland,  about  A.  D., 
1200.  Bale  and  Stanihurst  give  an 
abridgment  of  his  life.  He  was  a  man 
of  profound  knowledge  and  many  of 
the  old  historians  quote  from  him. 
Amon^t  his  works  is  one  entitled  "Mu- 
tai-um  Berum  Chronicon." 

COSTELLO,  DUDLEY,  a  talented 
British  author,  was  the  i  on  of  an  Irish 
ofScer,  and  was  bom  in  Ireland^  in 
1808.  Reentered  the  army  at  an  early 
age  and  served  on  various  foreign  sta- 
tions, and  devoted  his  spare  time  to 
literature,  art  and  languages.  He  re- 
cdgned  from  the  army  and  went  to 
^ris,  where  in  1880,  he  labored  with 
Cuevier  as  a  draughtsman  and  gener- 
al assistant.  In  1888  he  went  to  Lon- 
don and  became  a  popular  contributor 
to  many  journals  and  periodicals,  and 
especially  to  the  "Examiner,"  to  which 
he  was  attached  for  over  80  years, 
i^mong  his  works  of  fiction  are, 
"Screen,"  "The  Millionaire,"  "Faint 
Heart  never  won  Fair  Lady,  "afterward 
dramatized,  "Holiday  with  Hobgoblins' 
besides  "Italy  from  the  Alps  to  the 
Tiber." 

COSTELLO,  LOUISA  STEWART, 
a  talented  and  accomplished  writer  and 
artist,  was  a  sister  of  the  foregoing,  and 
was  born  in  Ireland,  in  1815.  She  was 
with  her  brother  on  the  continent,  and 
aftei-wards  in  Paris,  and  with  him 
studied  art  and  literature.  In  Paris 
she  was  known  by  her  excellent  por- 
traits in  miniature,  butsherelinquisned 
the  pencil  for  the  pen,  and  in  1885  she 
followed  her  brother  to  London.  Her 
first  book  published  that  year  was 
"Specimens  of  the  Early  Poetry  of 
France,"  dedicated  to  Tom  Moore. 
She  is  the  author  of  many  popular 
songs  and  ballads  of  which  the  "Queen 
of  my  Soul,"  is  the  most  charming,  and 
she  largely  contributed  to  the  passing 
literature  of  the  day.  Her  principal 
works  of  fiction  are  "The  Queen 
Mother,"  a  historical  romance  of 
Catherine  De  Medici  and  'Clara 
Fane"  and  among  her  greatest  works, 


"A  Pilgrimage  to  Auvergne,"  "Beam 
of  the  Pyrenees,"  "Memoirs  of  Emi- 
nent English  Women,"  "The  Rose 
Oarden  of  Persia,"  translations  from 
the  most  gifted  Persian  poets  with 
biographical  sketches,  "Memoirs  of 
Mary  of  Burgandy,"  "Anne  of  Brit- 
tany," "The  layof  the  Stork,"  "Jacques 
Coeur,  the  French  Argonaut,"  &c.  She 
died  at  Boulogne,  April  24,  1870. 

COSTIGAN,  JOHN,  an  able  and 
distinguished  Canadian  Statesman,  was 
born  in  1836,  at  Quebec,  whither  his 
father  with  his  family  had  emigrated 
from  Kilkenny,  Ireland,  in  1880.  In 
1840  the  family  removed  to  New 
Brunswick,  where  our  subject  received 
his  education,  graduating  from  Victo- 
ria College.  He  began  his  political  ca- 
reer in  1860  and  was  elected  to  the 
Provincial  Asstmbly.  He  opposed  the 
Confederation  scheme,  but  when  it  was 
carried,  he  entered  heartily  into  all 
measures  which  could  insure  it  success. 
He  is  looked  upon  as  the  leader  of  the 
Catholic  element  of  that  province,  but 
is  equally  popular  with  all  classes  of 
his  fellow  citizens.  He  still  represents 
that  Province  in  the  Dominion  Parlia- 
ment, and  is  looked  upon  as  one  of  the 
leading  men  of  Canada.  He  is  a  cousin 
of  the  late  Thomas  Francis  Meagher. 

COSWAY,  RICHARD,  one  of  the 
original  members  of  the  Royal  Acade- 
n^  of  Art,  was  born  in  Ireland,  about 
iiSO.  In  miniature  painting,  which 
he  made  a  specialty  of,  he  was  without 
a  rival.  Some  of  his  larger  and  more 
pretentious  wo-ks  in  oil  are  not  without 
great  merit.  His  wife  was  alsc  an 
artist  of  no  mean  power.  He  died  in 
1821,  at  the  great  age  of  01  years. 

COUGHLIN,  LAWRENCE,  a  cele- 
brated Methodist  Divine,  of  Nova 
Scotia,  who  for  many  years  was  leader 
of  that  body  in  the  province,  was 
born  in  Ireland,  in  1700,  an^^  f^^ed  in 
1884. 


SAMUEL    SULLIVAN,    a 
American    lawydr,   wit  and 
politician,   is  of  Jrish  descent,  born  at 


COX, 

talented 


2ane8ville,  Ohio,  1824.  Ho  graduated 
at  Brown  University  in  1840,  studied 
law  « '  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and 
soon  bdcaiue  a  power  in  local  politics, 
and  ^or  a  while  edited  a  political  paper. 
In  i868  he  traveled  in  Europe,  una  in 


t 


i/.^.. 


cow 


IBISH  CELTS. 


Cbe 


1866  was  appointed  Secretary  of  Lega- 
tion at  Peru.  In  1866  he  was  elected 
to  Congress  from  Ohio,  and  served  ei^ht 
consecutive  years,  where  he  distinguish- 
ed  himself  by  his  wit  and  ability  as  a 
debater.  During  the  civil  war  he  was 
the  most  able  opponent  of  the  policy  of 
the  administration  in  the  House.  In 
1866  he  removed  to  New  York  City, 
and  was  elected  to  Congress  from  that 
city  in  1868  and  re-elected  in  1871,  but 
was  defeated  in  '82,  as  candidate  at 
large.  Among  his  works  are  "The 
Buckeys  Abroad,"  "Ei^  Years  in 
Congress,"  "Search  for  Winter  Sun- 
beams '  Notes  of  Travel,  Italv, 
Corsica,  Algeria  and  Spain  (1870).  Mr. 
Cox  is  noted  as  an  able  and  skillful 
debater,  full  of  wit,  point,  elo(]^uence 
and  repartee,  and  had  no  supenor  on 
either  side  of  the  House  during  his 
terms  of  service  in  Congress. 

COYNE,  JOSEPH  STYRLING,  a 
talented  and  witty  "British"  Dramatist 
and  writer,  was  bom  at  Birr,  Ireland, 
in  1806.  He  received  a  classical  edu- 
cation, and  was  admitted  to  the  Irish 
Bar,  but  like  so  many  other  talented 
Irishmen,  his  passion  for  the  drama  and 
literature  drew  him  away  from  the  dry 
investigation  of  sheep  skin  covers,  and 
he  devoted  himself  to  literature  and  art. 
His  first  effort,  a  farce,  "The  Phrenol 
ogist,"  was  produced  in  1885  in  Dublin, 
in  1837  he  went  to  London,  where  he 
successfully  brought  out,  "The  Queer 
Subject,"  "Everybody's  Friend,"  "No- 
thhig  Ventured,  "Nothing  Won,"  "Pre- 
senteid  at  Court,"  "The  Woman  in 
Red,"  "How  to  Settle  Accounts  with 
your  Laundrees,"  all  of  which  were 
witty  and  popular,  and  some  of  which 
were  translated  and  produced  on  the 
French  and  German  stage  with  ap- 
plause. Coyne  was  one  of  the  original 
projectors  and  proprietors  of  "Punch,'' 
to  which  he  was  a  constant  contri- 
butor, and  also  contributed  largely 
to  the  current  literature  of  the  day. 
For  many  years  he  was  secretary  of  the 
Dramatic  Author's  Society.  Among 
his  other  works  is  "The  Scenery  and 
Antiquities  of  Ireland."  He  died  in 
London,  July  18,  1868. 

COWLEY,  HENRY  WELLESLEY 
BARON,  a  British  Btatesman,  was  a 
•on  of  Lord  MorDington,the  Irlshpatriot 
«nd  younger  brother  of  the  Earl  of 
Wellesley,  and  of  the  Duke  of  Welling- 


ton. He  was  bom  in  Ireland,  January 
20,  1778.  He  early  entered  the  diplo- 
matic services  of  the  government,  and 
soon  rose  to  offices  of  trust  and  distinc- 
tion. He  was  raised  to  a  British  peerage 
in  1828  for  distinguished  services,  and 
was  for  many  years  Minister  plenipo- 
tentiary to  Vienna.  He  left  a  son  more 
eminent  sti!l  as  a  diplomat,  viz.,  Henry 
Richard,  first  Earl  of  Cowley,  born  in 
1804,  and  who  has  long  held  the  high- 
est diplomatic  positions  in  the  gift  of 
the  British  Government;  and  has  for 
many  years  been  Embassador  to  Paris, 
and  represented  Great  Britain  at  the 
great  congress  of  1858. 

CRAWFORD,  HON.  GEORGE,  a 

p'-cminent  Canadian  legislator,  was  the 
son  of  Patrick  Crawford,  who  emigra- 
ted from  County  Cavan,  and  settled  in 
Canada  West  at  an  early  day.  He  be- 
came connected  with  many  of  the  pub- 
lic improvements  of  Canada,  and  soon 
acquired  wealth  and  influence,  by  his 
energy  and  ability.  He  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Canadian  Legislature, 
and  was  |distinguished  for  his  business 
capacity  and  efficiency.  The  family  is 
a  very  prominent  one  in  Canada. 

CRAWFORD,  THOMAS,  the  dis- 
tinguished American  sculptor,  is  of 
Irish  extraction,  bom  in  s^ew  York, 
March  23, 1814.  After  his  artistic  taste 
was  developed,  he  went  to  Rome,  and 
studied  under  Thorwaldsen,  and  soon 
acquired  a  reputation.  He  executed 
the  equestrian  statue  of  Washington, 
for  the  State  of  Virginia,  now  in  Rich- 
mond. Among  his  works  are  a  colos- 
sal statue  of  America,  on  the  dome  of 
the  Capitol  at  Washington.  "Orpheus" 
and  many  other  works  of  great  merit. 
He  died  in  London,  October  10, 1857. 

CREAGH,  RICHARD,  a  learned 
Irish  divine  scholar  and  confessor,  was 
educated  at  Louvain,  and  was  consecm- 
ted  in  Rome  Archbishop  of  Armagh. 
He  was  the  author  of  "Treatise  on  the 
Irish  Language,"  "Ecclesiastical  His- 
tory," a  controversal  work,  "Chronicle 
of  Ireland,  and  Lives  of  Irish  Saints," 
etc.,  etc.  He  was  at  length  nireHted 
under  the  pemecution  of  Elizabelh,  and 
imprisoned  in  the  Tower.  He  was  of- 
fered his  liberty,  and  a  substantial  re- 
ward if  he  would  consecrate  some  of 
the  reformed  bishops,  but  he  firmly  re- 


I 


11  iM 


^m 


CRO 


nUSH  CELTS 


CRO 


fused,  and  at  length  died  in  the  Tower, 
from  neglect  and  suffering,  A.  D.  1685. 

CREELMAN,  SAMUEL,  a  promin- 
ent and  able  citizen  of  Nova  Scotia,  is 
a  scion  of  an  Irish  family  of  that  name, 
who  settled  in  Nova  Scotia  at  an  early 
day.  He  has  held  many  important 
positions  in  that  province;  Finardal 
Secretary,  Member  of  the  Executive 
Council  from  1851  to  '56,  Chief  Gold 
Commissioner.  A  member  of  the  As- 
sembly and  of  the  Legislative  Council, 
and  other  impoitant  positions.  He  is  a 
Liberal  in  politics. 

CREICHTON.  JOHN,  a  brave  and 
dashing  soldier  of  fortune,  was  born  in 
Donegal  in  1748.  He  entered  the  Horse 
Quards  in  the  time  of  Charles  U,  and 
served  with  distinction  a^inst  the  Cov- 
enanters of  Scotland.  When  William 
III  succeeded  in  ousting  James  II 
from  the  throne  Creichton  attempt- 
ed to  raise  tha  Scotch  '  against  the 
new  King,  but  was  arrested  and 
imprisoned  in  Edinburgh.  After 
some  years  ho  was  released  and  return- 
ed to  Ireland,  where  his  "Memories" 
revised  by  Swift,  were  published  in 
1781,  and  contain  many  curious  v. vents 
relative  to  the  reigns  of  Charles  II,  and 
James  II,  with  graphic  sketches  of 
public  characters  who  participated  in 
the  trouble  of  those  times,  and  out  of 
which  Walter  Scott  secured  material  for 
"Old  Morality."  Creichton  died  in 
1738. 

CREIGHTON,  GEN.  DAVID,  a 
gallant  soldier,  was  born  in  the  County 
of  l^'crmanngh,  Ireland,  and  espoused 
the  cause  of  King  William,  became  cel- 
ebrated for  his  gallant  defence  of  ais 
castle  against  a  large  body  of  King 
Janies'  troops.  He  rose  to  be  a  Major- 
General  in  the  army,  and  also  was, a 
member  of  the  Irish  Parliament. 

CROGHAN,  COL.  GEORGE,  a  gal- 
lant American  soldier,  was  of  Iriah  de- 
scent, born  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  Novem- 
ber 15, 1701.  He  CTaduated  at  William 
and  Mary  College,  Va.  On  the  call  for 
Volunteers  to  oppose  the,  designs  of 
Tecum»eh  and  his  allies,  he  joined  the 
army,  and  was  present  at  the  battle  of 
Tippecanoe,  where  he  distinguished 
himself.  In  1813  he  was  made  a  cap- 
tain, and  the  following  year  a  Maior, 
and  appointed  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  Har- 


rison. He  greatly  distinguished  him- 
self ic  the  defense  of  Fort  Meigs,  and 
on  August  1st  and  2nd  he  covered  him- 
self with  glory,  by  his  gallant  defence 
of  Fort  Stephenson,  near  Lower  San- 
dusky, Ohio,  where,  with  but  180  effec- 
tive men  in  a  stockade  fort  he  refused 
to  surrender  to  Gen.  Proctor,  who,  with 
6,200  men,  about  one-half  British  regu- 
lars, and  the  balance  ferocious  Indians, 
stormed  for  several  days  the  little  fortress 
and  its  gallant  band  of  heroes  without 
success.  The  gallant  defenders  killed 
more  than  their  entire  number,  of  the 
British  regulars,  who  lay  dead  in  the 
ditch,  and  on  the  line  of  advance  to  the 
fort,  lyssides  a  considerable  number  of 
Indians  and  proportionate  numbers  of 
wounded,  and  so  completely  demoraliz- 
ed this  host  that  anticipated  an  easy 
capture,  that  they  abandoned  a  large 
quantity  of  baggage.  Our  young  hero 
for  this  was  made  Lietit.  Colonel,  al- 
though but  twenty-one  years  of  age, 
and  Congress  many  years  afterwards 
voted  him  a  gold  medal.  He  was  in- 
trusted with  other  important  services 
in  this  war,  and  he  continued  in  the 
army  after  it  close.  He  was  made  In- 
spector General  with  rank  of  Colonel 
in  1825,  and  served  under  Gen.  Taylor 
in  Mexico,  in  1846-7.  He  died  at  New 
Orleans,  January  8, 1840. 

CRINTHAM,  a  warlike  Irish  Mon- 
arch, wno  repeatedl  invaded  Britain, 
from  which  he  brought  immense  booty. 
He  died  from  effects  of  a  fall  from  his 
horse,  A.  D.  66,  after  a  reign  of  16 
years. 

CROCKER,  JOHN  WILSON,  an 
abi'^  British  statesman,  author  and  polit- 
ical wiiter,  was  bom  in  Galway,  Ire- 
land, December  20,  1780,  and  received 
his  education  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
when  he  received  his  degriee  of  B.  A., 
and  was  called  to  the  IrisL  Bar  ir  1802. 
He,  however,  "»vas  a  devotee  to  litera- 
ture, to  which  he  devoted  all  his  leisure 
time  from  the  first,  and  in  1804  publish- 
ed anonymously,  "Familiar  Epistles  on 
the  Irish  Stage,"  and  in  1805  "An  In- 
tercepted Letter  from  Canton."  In 
1807  he  producisd  an  able  and  elaborate 
pamphlet  on  the  "Past  and  Present  of 
Ireland,"  in  which  he  advo(!ated  Cath- 
olic Emancipation,  and  the  same  year 
was  returned  to  parliament  for  Down- 

Satrick.    When,    in    1800   charge  of 
[aladministration  of  army  affairs  was 


ORO 


IRISH  CELTS. 


CRO 


16 


an 

Ut- 

Te- 

ved 


brought  against  the  Du..:»  of  York, 
through  Ihe  connivance  of  an  offended 
mistress,  Crocker  so  ably  'efeuded  him 
that  he  secured  his  lasUii<^  friendship, 
and  the  appointment  of  Secretary  of  the 
Admiralty,  which  position  he  held  for 
over  twenty  years.  He  sat  in  the  House 
of  Commons  for  eight  successive  parlia- 
ments, or  until  18B2;  sometimes  repre- 
senting an  English  and  sometimes  an 
Irish  Constituency.  He  strongly  ad- 
vocated Catholic  Emancipation,  hut 
was  so  bitterly  opposed  to  the  Reform 
Bill,  that  he  declared  that  be  would 
never  sit  in  a  reformed  parliament,  he 
looking  upon  it  as  a  blow  at  the  founda- 
tions of  the  country.  He  kept  his  word 
and  ever  af  terwara  devoted  himself  en- 
tirely to  literature.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  (Quarterly  Review,  and 
so  able  and  caustic  were  his  criticisms 
that  he  usually  got  credit  for  all  the 
sharp  and  scathing  reviews  that  appear- 
ed in  that  able  periodical  for  many 
years.  Besides  his  labors  on  the  Re- 
view and  political  pamphlets  and  speech- 
es, he  is  the  author  of  "Talarera,"  a 
poem,  "Songs  of  Trafalgar,"  and  a 
number  of  lyrics.amongthem  "Lines  on 
the  death  of  Ciinaing"  "Military  Events 
of  the  French  Revolution  of  1830," 
"Letters  on  the  Naval  War  with  A- 
merica,"  "Stories  from  the  History  of 
England  for  Children,"  which  Scott  ac- 
knowledged to  be  his  model  for  "Tales 
of  a  Grandfather."  He  annotated  with 
copious  notes,  "Boswell's  life  of  John- 
son," which  was  severely  reviewed  by 
Macauley,  for  which  he  had  ample 
revenge  in  his  effective  criticism  upon 
the  volumes  of  "Macauley's  History  of 
England."  He  also  had  a  bitter  feud 
wim  Disraeli,  whose  political  preten- 
tions he  assailed.  He  also  had  a  con- 
troversy with  Lord  John  Russell,  in  re- 
gard '^  "Memories  and  Correspondence 
of  Moore."  He  was  undoubtedly  one 
of  the  most  able  and  learned  critics  of 
his  day,  but  like  all  political  critics.  In- 
clined to  be  too  partial  with  friends, 
and  too  unsparing  and  severe  to  enemies. 
Crocker  died  in  London,  August  10, 

less. 

CROCKER,  THOMAS  CF.OFTON, 
a  talented  and  patriotic  Irish  author, 
was  born  in  Cork,  January  16,  17f8. 
He  received  a  good  common  school 
education,  and  when  about  fifteen,  was 
articled  to  a  merchant.  He  had  a  pas- 
sion for  the  exercise  of  walking,  and 


acquired  the  habit  of  making  long  ram- 
bles on  foot,  whenever  business  or 
leisure  gave  him  the  opportunity.  On 
these  occcasions  he  stopped  wherever 
nightfall  found  him,  the  proverbial 
hospitality  of  the  Irish  peasantry  al- 
ways securing  the  traveler  a  hearty 
welcome  and  the  best  their  wealth  or 
poverty  afforded.  Crocker's  admirable 
social  qualities,  extensive  information 
and  inexhaustable  fund  of  anecdotes, 
stories  and  legends,  would  have  made 
him.a  welcome  guest  in  any  circlo.  It 
was  during  these  excursions  in  the 
south  of  Ireland  that  he  collected  from 
the  best  traditions  of  the  people,  the 
material  which  he  so  graphically 
fashioned  in  his  "Researches  in  the 
South  of  Ireland,"  and  "Fairy  Le;^cnds 
and  Traditions  of  the  South oi  Ireland." 
For  over  thirty  years  he  held  a  position 
in  the  Admiralty,  retiring  with  a  pen- 
sion. In  1836  he  published  "The 
Legend  of  the  Lakes,"  and  "Rhymes 
of  a  Pantomine,"  and  "My  Village." 
In  1838  he  published  Memoirs  of  Jo- 
f  eph  Holt,  General  of  the  Irish  Rebels 
in  1798;  and  in  1839  he  edited  "The 
Popular  Songs  of  Ireland."  He  died 
in  London,  August  '81,  1854. 

CROCKETT,  DAVID,  a  noted 
American  backwoodsman,  and  member 
of  Congress  from  Tennessee,  was  born 
at  Limestone,  Tenness  %  August  17, 
1786.  His  father  was  en  Irish  emi- 
grant, who  had  opened  a  ^:avern  on  the 
road  from  Abington  to  Euoxviile,  and 
where  our  subject  grew  up  from  his 
seventh  to  his  ninth  yttar.  He  was 
sent  about  this  time  to  e  school  opened 
in  the  neighborhood,  but  on  the  fourth 
day  he  quarrelled  with  the  school- 
master and  then  playel  truant  in  the 
woods  for  a  '3W  days  «nd  when  found 
out  and  being  threatened  with  a  flog- 
ging, both  from  his  father  and  master, 
he  ran  away  from  h  itne,  and  roamed 
about  with  drivers  and  mail  carriers 
'till  his  eighteenth  year,  when  he  re- 
turned home  and  amended  school  for 
two  months,  which  was  the  extent  of 
his  educational  advantages.  After 
leaving  school  he  g  ot  married  and  set- 
tled in  the  wildest  portion  of  the  State, 
where  he  distinj^uished  himself  as  a 
hunter.  The  wa  •  of  1812  found  him  a 
volunteer  and  he  served  under  Jackson 
against  the  soutl  ern  Indians,  and  par- 
tl^ipati>d  in  the  f,lories  of  New  Orleans. 
After  Uxe  war  h'  <  returned  to  Tennessee 


A 


'  i      ft 


'     / 


CEO 


ntiaH  CELTS. 


CTJL 


and  settled  at  Shoal  Creek.  The  com- 
munity was  a  rough  one,  and  it  be- 
coming necessary  to  estAblish  a  le^^ 
tribunal,  Crockett  was  elected  a  magis- 
trate. He  was  soon  afterwards  a  candi- 
date for  the  Legislature  and  made  his 
speeches  with  his  rifle,  that  is,  became 
fiopular  by  his  skill  and  success  at 
shooting-matches,  and  his  ability  to 
tell  a  good  yam.  He  was  twice  elected 
to  the  Legislatme,  hi^  only  other  busi- 
ness being  bear  hunting.  In  1827  he 
had  the  ambition  to  represent  his  con- 
stituency in  Congress,  and  thither  he 
was  sent,  and  was  re-elected  for  two 
morn  terms,  but  havine  opposed  Gen- 
eral Jackson,  he  found  nis  influence  too 
much  even  for  his  riflle,  and  he  sought 
a  new  field  of  glory  in  Texas,  which  at 
this  time  was  fighting  for  independence. 
Here  he  distinguished  himself  by  his 
daring  and  skill  in  irregular  fighting, 
and  was  en^ged  in  many  warm  en- 
counters. His  last  exploit  was  in  de- 
fending a  little  fort  in  San  Antonio  de 
Bexar,  called  Fort  Alamo,  against 
great  odds,  and  which  after  a  long 
siege,  surrendered,  there  being  only  six 
survivors.  They  were  ""ll  shot  as 
rebels,  by  the  order  of  Santa  Aima. 
His  autobiography  was  published  at 
Philadelphia,  in  1884. 

CROLT,  REV.  GEORGE,  D.  D.,  a 

talented  and  eloquent  Irish  protestant 
divine,  poet  and  writer,  was  bom  in 
Dublin,  August,  1780,  and  was  educat- 
ed at  Trinity  College  in  that  city.  After 
graduating  he  took  orders  in  the  Epis- 
copal church,  and  soon  became  noted 
for  his  eloquence  as  a  preacher,  and  his 
classical  and  polished  style  as  a  writer. 
In  1886  he  was  invited  to  London  and 
presented  with  the  rectorship  of  St. 
Stephens,  Walbrook.  His  first  elaborate 
poem  was  "Paris  in  1815,"  which  is 
descriptive  of  the  works  of  art  collected 
in  the  Louvre  from  all  the  giiUeries  in 
Europe  by  Napoleon.  This  was  fol- 
lowed by  an  Arabian  tale,  "The  Angel 
of  the  World,"  and  stories  and  lyrics. 
In  x324  he  produced  his  Comedy  of 
"Pride  shall  have  a  Fall,"  which  was 
put  upon  the  boards  at  Covent  Garden 
with  great  applause.  In  1827  appeared 
"Salethiel,"  founded  on  the  tale  of  the 
"Wandering  Jew,"  followed  by  "Tales 
of  Mt.  St.  Bernard,"  and  "Marston." 
He  also  edited  the  works  of  Pope  and 
Jeremy  Taylor,  and  contributed  to  gen- 
eral literature,  "PoUtical  life  of  Burke/' 


"Historical  Sketches,  Speeches,  Char- 
acters," &c.,  and  many  of  a  prof essional 
kind,  such  as  "New  Interpretation  of 
the  Apocalypse,"  "The  True  idea  of 
Baptism,"  ''Scenes  from  Scriptures," 
"The  Proposed  Admission  of  Jews  to 
Parliament,"  &c.  He  was  an  doquent 
speaker,  a  chaste  and  classical  writer, 
and  an  eamest  worker,  but  was  not  de- 
void  of  bigotry.  He  died  in  London, 
November  24, 1860. 

CROLT,  MRS.  JENNY  CTJNNINa- 
HAM  ("Jenny  June"),  a  talented  and 
sprightly  American  female,  writ'  and 
editor,  is  of  Irish  descent,  bom  '  1840. 
She  still  contributes  larcely  to  the  cur- 
rent literature  of  the  diay,  and  is  de- 
servedly popular. 

CRONYN,  DR.,  a  prominent  Can- 
adian divine,  and  first  Episcopal  Bi^op 
of  Huron,  Ontario,  was  bom  in  Kilken- 
ny, and  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  emigrated  to  Canada  and  was 
stationed  in  London  for  some  years. 
On  the  division  of  the  diocese  of  On- 
tario, he  was  chosen  bishop  of  the  new 
diocese  of  Huron,  which  he  governed 
till  his  deatii  in  1871.  He  was  held  in 
high  esteem  for  his  talents  and  elo- 
quence. 

CULLEN,  CARDINAL  PAUL,  a 
leamed  and  eminent  Irish  prelate,  was 
hem  in  the  County  of  Kildare,  April 
27, 1808.  After  receiving  his  prelimin- 
ary education  at  home  he  entered  the 
CoUe^  of  the  Propaganda,Rome, where 
he  distinguished  himself  at  an  early 
age,  received  his  degree  and  graduated 
a  doctor  of  Divinity.  He  was  raised  to 
the  priesthood,  and  made  professor  of 
Hebrew  in  that  celebrated  institution. 
He  afterwards  became  rector  of  the 
Irish  College  in  Ronie,  and  when  Pius 
IX  was  complied  to  escape  from  the 
violence  of  the  Revolutionaiy  mob,  as 
all  the  rectors  of  Colleges  in  Itome,  who 
were  not  foreigners,  had  to  leave  the 
city.  Dr.  Cullen  was  left  In  charge, 
temporally,  of  their  interests.  He  ex- 
hibited great  tact  and  energy  in  dealing 
with  the  Revolutionary  rulers  of  Rome, 
and  saved  both  the  Propaganda  and  the 
Roman  College  from  plunder,  and  mth- 
less  destmction  at  a  critical  moment,  by 
placing  them  nnder  the  protection  of 
the  American  flag,'  through  the  consider- 
ate kindness  of  Lewis  Cass,  Jr.,  then 
Charge  de  Affairs  at  Rome,  and  with 


'm 


CDL 


misn  CELTS. 


CUN 


a  blush  mupt  it  be  said,  that  for  thid  act, 
both  in  the  interest  of  humanity  as  well 
as  civilisation  itself,  Mr.  Cass  was  de- 
nounced  by  American  bigots..  The 
death  of  Archbishop  CroUy,  primate 
of  Ireland  occurring  about  this  time. 
Dr.  CuUen  was  chosen  by  Pius  IX  him- 
self,  ovet  the  candidates  sent  from  Ire- 
land, and  named  as  successor  to  the 
see  of  Armagh.  He  was  consecrated  in 
Rome,  February  24,  1850,  and  he  went 
to  Ireland  w^.th  the  additional  title  of 
delegate  apostolic.  Archbishop  Cullen 
immediately  set  to  work  to  organize 
effectively,  Catholic  education,  and 
make  it  complete  and  thoroi'  <.  by  the 
establishment  of  an  Univr  so  that 

the  dangers  to  those  C  oiics  who 
sought  a  higher  education  in>  the  state 
institutions,  which  was  completely  un- 
der the  control,  and  in  the  mterests  of 
the  religion  by  law  established,  might 
be  avoided,  and  a  place  provided  for 
the  Catholic  youth  of  Ireland,  where 
they  might  be  strengthened  rather  than 
wesikened  in  the  glorious  old  faith  of 
their  ancestors,  which  the  enemies  of 
Ii-eland  has  so  long  and  so  vainl;^  tried 
to  degrade  and  destroy.  For  this  pur- 
pose he  called  a  synod  at  Thurles,  and 
effectual  measures  were  there  taken  to 
insure  an  Irish  Catholic  University. 
Measures  were  also  taken  to  secure  a 
proper  system  of  primary  and  secondry 
education,  as  steps  to  tt:i  University. 
In  1852  Archbishop  Munuy  of  Dublin, 
dying,  Dr.  Cullen  was  transferred  to 
that  see,  which,  although  secondary  to 
the  see  pf  Armagh  (the  latter  being  the 
see  of  St.  Patrick,  takes  precedence  over 
all  Ireland)  is  in  many  ways  a  more  im- 
portant one,  as  the  great  Catholic  insti- 
tutions of  Ireland  are  in  Dublin,  and 
immediately  under  its  jurisdiction.  To 
make  amends  for  this,  and  secure  Dr. 
Cullen  the  headship  of  the  Irish  prelacy, 
the  Pope  conflrmea  for  life  his  position 
of  Delegate  Apostolic,  which  carries 
with  it  precedence,  regardless  of  tbe 
position  of  the  holder.  The  special  ob- 
ject of  the  change  was  therefore  to  en- 
able Dr.  Cullen  to  carry  out  personally 
the  plan,  and  establish  a  Catholic  Uni- 
versity in  Dublin,  which  was  deemed 
preeminently  the  place  for  it.  To  this 
purpose  he  bent  all  his  energies,  pur- 
chased a  proper  site  and  secured  the 
erection  oi  a  building  worthy  of  tne 
purpose.  In  1854  the  University  was 
opened  under  the  Rectorship  of  the 
great  Dr.  Newman,  in  temporary  quar- 


ters, and  in  1862  the  comer-stone  of  the 
New  University  building  was  laid  at 
Drumcandra,  an  outskirt  of  Dublin, 
Archbishop  Hughes  of  New  York 
preaching  on  the  occasion.  In  June, 
1866,  Dr.  Cullen  was  created  a  Cardi- 
nal, being  the  first  resident  Irish  prelate 
ever  elevated  to  that  position.  In  Octo- 
ber 1881,  the  Hierarchy  of  Ireland  met 
in  National  Council  under  his  presid- 
ency, and  among  other  acts,  paired  re- 
solutions condemning  mixed  education, 
and  secret  societies,  which  was  especially 
aimed  at  the  Fenian  organization.  Car- 
dinal Cullen  was  not  very  popular  w^tii 
the  National  party,  they  considering 
that  he  attempted  to  push  tha  condem- 
nation of  secret  societies  farther  than 
reason  or  religion  or  the  doctors  of  the 
church  indicated,  or  perhaps  rather  that 
he  attempted  to  include  within  the  pro- 
hibition, patriotic  societies,  which, 
under  a  just  and  fair  test,  were  not  open 
to  censure.  That  at  times  he  acted  as  a 
man  favorable  to  English  domination, 
can  scarcely  be  doubted,  or  at  least  he 
looked  with  doubt  and  distrust  on  the 

Kssible  results  of  Irish  independence, 
the  Council  of  the  Vatican,  he  took 
a  prominent  part,  and  was  a  strong  ad- 
vocate of  papal  Infallibility.  It  is  said 
that  he  was  the  onlv  Cardinal  present,  , 
educated  in  the  college  of  the  P^pa- 
ganda,  out  of  numerous  prelates  who 
called  it  their  Alma  Mater.  Dr.  Culien 
also  assisted  at  the  conclave  that  elected 
Leo  XIU.  As  a  scholar  he  was  pro- 
found and  thorough,as  a  preacher,  able, 
logical  and  earnest,  as  a  divine,  full  of 
zeal  and  practical  piety.  He  died  Oct. 
24,  1878.  at  Dublin,  m  the  76th  year  of 
his  rcgd 

CULLEN,  WILLIAM,  a  prominent 

{lolitician  and  journalist,  of  Northern 
Ilinois,  was  bom  in  Ulster,  Ireland, 
March  4, 1826.  He  came  to  the  United 
States  with  his  parents  when  a  boy,  and 
settled  in  PillMburgh,  Pennsylvania, 
where  he  received  an  ordinary  educa- 
tion. Removed  to  Illinois  in  1846,  and 
became  prominent  in  local  politics,  and 
was  sheriff  of  La  Salle  county.  He  is 
chief  editor  of  the  "Ottawa  Republican" 
and  highly  esteemed  by  his  fellow  cit- 
izens for  ability  and  worth.  He  was 
elected  to  the  47th  Congress  by  a  large 
majority. 

CUNNINGHAM,  JOHN,  a  poet  and 
dramatic  writer  of  merit,  was  born  in 


i.    i 


Ifii- 


CUR 


HtlSR  CKLT8. 


CUR 


Dublin  1785.  He  early  acquired 
a  passion  for  the  stage  and  dramatic 
composition,  and  at  the  a^e  of  seventeen 

£ro<hiced  a  farce  called  "Love  in  a 
[ist,"  which  was  well  received.  He 
tried  the  stage  as  a  profession,  but  seems 
never  to  have  risen  to  any  great  emi- 
nence, appearing  only  in  the  Provinces. 
With  his  pen,  however,  he  was  more 
successful,  and  received  considerable 
praise  and  distinction  by  the  sweetness 
and  beauty  of  his  poetic  productions, 
which  were  published  in  several  small 
volumes.  They  have  been  admitted 
entire  into  the  collection  of  the  British 
Poets.    He  died  in  1778. 

CUNNINGHAM,    TIMOTHY,    an 

able  British  lawyer  and  law  writer, 
was  born  in  Ireland,  about  1780,  and 
was  called  to  the  English  bar  and 
at  length  established  a  lucrative  prac- 
tice. Among  his  publications,  which 
were  authority  in  his  day,  were  "A 
Treaty  on  the  Law  of  Titles,"— 1747, 
4th  edition  in  1777 ;  "Law  of  Bills  of 
Exchange,  Promissory  Notes,  &c.," 
—1761,  6th  edition,  1778  ;  "  The  Mer- 
chant's, Lawyer  or  the  Law  of  Trade 
in  General  "—1772,  8d  edition,  1778; 
"Practical  Justice  of  the  Peace,"  1762; 
"New  and  Complete  Law  Dictionary," 
1764-1788;  "Maxims  and  Rules  in 
Pleading  in  Actions,  Real,  Personal  and 
Mixed,  1764-1788;  "Introduction  to 
the  Knowledge  of  the  Laws  and  Con- 
stitutions of  England ;"  besides  numer- 
ous important  law  works  and  reports. 
He  died  in  1789,  leaving  a  bequest  to 
the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  Dublin,  of 
£1,000,  to  be  laid  out  for  the  Improve- 
ment of  natural  knowledge,  besides  his 
valuable  law  and  scientific  library.  He 
was  one  of  the  ablest  and  most  volum- 
inous law  writers  of  his  day. 

CURRAN.  JOHN  PHILPOT,  one 

of  the  greatest  of  forensic  orators,  and 
most  distinguished  and  fearless  ot  pa- 
triots, was  born  in  Newmarket,  County 
Cork,  Ireland,  July  24,  1750.  His 
father  was  a  petty  judge  of  no  especial 
note,  but  his  mother  was  a  woman  of 
deep  feeling,  full  of  the  traditions  and 
the  genius  of  her  unfortunate  country, 
characteristics  which  her  son  not  onlv 
inherited  from  her,  but  which  were  cul- 
tivated in  him  by  her  fervid  words,  her 
burning  enthusiasm,  and  her  exalted 
hopes.  He  was  early  sent  to  school  to 
keep  him  out  of  mischief,  for  what  be- 


came unrivalled  wit  in  the  man,  was 
gushing  in  uncontrollable  pranks  and 
trickery  in  the  boy.  He  had  as  com- 
panions in  this  little  village  school.  Bar- 
ry Yelverton,  afterwards  Lord  Aven- 
more  and  Lord  Chief  Baron  of  Ireland, 
and  Robert  Day,  afterwards  a  judge 
and  M.  P.,  botli  of  whom  were  also 
children  of  the  struggling  poor.  About 
this  time  be  attracted  the  attention  of 
Rev.  Mr.  Boyse.  by  his  exhibitions  of 
wit,  and  quickness  of  apprehension, 
who  invited  him  to  visit  in  his  rectory, 
and  there  taught  him  ^mmar,  and  the 
rudiments  of  the  classics.  His  irresist- 
ible propensity  for  fun,  and  natural 
ability, were  exhibited  about  this  time  in 
a  manner  that  almost  cost  him  a  broken 
head.  There  was  a  Punch  and  Judy 
show  in  town,  probably  during  a  fair, 
and  it  may  be  easily  conceived  that  our 
young  trickster  took  it  all  in  with  en* 
thusiasm  and  delight.  It  happened  that 
the  operator  became  ill,  and  the  show 
consequently  closed.  Our  young  mad- 
cap immediately  tendered  his  services 
as  operator,  and  demonstrating  his  abil- 
ity, was  accordingly  put  in  charge.  Ho 
went  on,  for  a  while,  with  the  regular 
order  of  courtship  and  quarrels  between 
Punch  and  Judy,  but  he  soon  com- 
menced to  improvise  new  matter,  and 
Judy  was  compelled  by  her  husband  to 
let  out  all  the  local  gossipings,  which 
proved  to  be  full  of  point,  ridicule  aaJ 
fun,  and  all  of  which  was  highly  ap- 
preciated by  the  audience.  The  hidden 
prompter  had  the  boldness,  at  last,  to 
quiz  the  priest,  when  the  show-box, 
operator  and  all,  was  tumbled  into  the 
gutter.  It  is  probable  that  he  gave  the 
performance  in  Irish,  as  many  of  the 
people,  at  that  time,  spoke  no  other  lan- 
guage, and  our  young  comedian  was 
equally  familiar  with  both  languages. 
Mr.  Boyse's  protege,  although  full  of 
mischief,  was  an  apt  scholar,  and  the 
old  gentleman  soon  found  he  could  ad- 
vance him  no  further,  and  so  he  advis- 
ed that  he  be  sent  to  the  "Middleton 
Preparatory  School,"  and  he  generously 
charged  himself  with  part  of  the  ex- 
penses' :  perhaps  more  especially  asCur- 
ran's  mother  designed  him  for  the  min* 
istry.  His  teacher,  Cary,  was  a  man 
well  versed  in  Greek  and  Latin,  and 
Cur  ran  soon  imbibed  there  a  taste  for  the 
classic  authors,  which  never  left  him. 
It  seems  even  to  have  been  a  solace  to 
him  in  after  years,  when  sick  with  the 
uncertainties,  misfortunes  and  hollow- 


CUR 


HUSH  CXLT8. 


COR 


Hess  of  public  life,  for  Phillips  says  he 
fiaw  him  in  his  later  years,  absorbed  in 
itbe  Mneid,  while  crossing  the  channel 
in  a  packet,  when  almost  every  one  else 
was  deadly  sick.  He  was  suflSciently 
advanced  on  leaving  Middleton  for 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  to  obtain  a 
'Sizarship  there.  This  was  in  his  seven- 
teenth year,  and  in  1770  he  obtained  a 
scholarship.  In  college  he  was  said  to 
be  the  wittiest  and  dreamiest,  the  most 
classical  and  ambitious,  of  all  his  cotem- 
poraries.  His  clerical  aspirations  did 
not  survive  the  ordeal  of  college  inspir- 
ations, and  bis  ambition  changed  to  a 
profession  more  consonant  with  his 
•character,  tastes  and  ambition.  On  com- 

Sleting  his  education,  he  went  to  Lon- 
on,  entered  the  Middle  Temple  and 
spent  the  iisual  time  there ;  mornings 
often  in  hard  study,  the  afternoons  in 
Court ;  and  all  the  time  studying,  read- 
ing, and  absorbing  the  great  book  of 
human  nature  in  its  countless  phases 
■everywhere  spread  out  before  him  in 
the  great  city.  Too  social  to  be  a 
-drudge  or  a  persiitent  student,  yet  such 
was  the  character  and  grasp  of  his 
comprehensive  mind,  that  he  complete- 
ly mastered  the  great  princi|jl?s  of  con- 
stitutional law  and  equity  jurisprudence 
And  laid  that  foundation  of  legal  lore 
which,  all  through  life,*  stood  him  in 
good  need,  in  the  face  of  his  contempt 
and  neglect  of  precedents  and  the 
decisions  of  constituted  authorities. 
What  he  must  have  overcome  to  have 
attained  such  irresistible  power  and 
magnetism,  as  a  si)eaker,  is  evident 
from  the  fact  that  his  first  nick-name 
was  "stuttering  Jack  Curran,"  and  his 
manner  was  equally  open  to  ridicule. 
His  first  attempt  in  a  public  debating 
society,  was  amount  "The  Devils  of 
Temple  Bar."  and  it  amounted  to  say- 
ing "Mr.  Chairman,"  when  he  com- 
pletely broke  down  and  sought  his 
•chair  in  mortification  and  fright.  He, 
however,  felt  the  divine  spark  within 
and  persevered.  He  became  more  used 
to  the  scene  of  debate,  and  more  bbld 
in  passing  remarks,  half  aloud,  on  the 
arguments  of  the  speakers,  when  a 
stupid  block-head,  who  had  more  brass 
'than  brains,  sought  to  crush  him  by 
calling  him  "  Orator  Mum."  CuiTan. 
at  the  time,  was  after  "dining  well" 
with  two  boon  companions,  Apjohn  and 
Duhig,  and  rising,  filled  with  contempt 
and  wrath  at  bis  adversary,  he  opened 
upon  him  such  an  avalanche  of  sarcasm 


and  ridicule  as  to  astonish  all  his  asso- 
ciates,  demoralize  his  victim,  and  sur- 
prise himself.  Thence  forward  he  mver 
was  at  a  loss  for  words  to  express  his 
thoughts,  nor  of  confidence  t'^  .<;'ye 
them  utterance  in  the  face  of  friciids  or 
foes,  in  his  club  debates,  Curran 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1774.  Arm- 
ed with  wit.  logic  and  law,  highly  cul- 
tivated  in  classic  lore,  and  trained  in  the 
art  of  oratory,  Curran  came  to  Dublin 
to  seek  fame  and  fortune  in  the  pre- 
cincts of  the  "Four  Courts,"  and  to 
test  his  intellectual  strength  with  a  best 
of  as  brilliant  young  giants  as  Ireland 
ever  produced.  His  first  suit  was  in  a 
chancery  mattcr,and  so  overcr  me  was  ho 
by  nervousness,  that  on  being  nqu  steJ 
to  speak  louder,  on  appearingin  support 
of  some  trivial  motion,  he  became  c  n- 
fused  and  had  to  sit  down,  leaving  his 
associate  to  finish  it.  His  modesty  and 
sensitiveness  did  not  tend  to  accelerate 
his  acquiring  business,  but  altbongh 
slow  at  first  in  gaining  recognition  with 
the  public,  he  soon  impressed  his  asso- 
ciates witli  the  marvelous  and  varied 
powers  of  his  mind.  At  last  a  public 
outrage  occurred  which  filled  him  with 
intense  indignation  and  at  once  m  de 
known  the  character  and  the  caliber  of 
the  man.  This  was  a  wanton  and  outra- 
geous assault  upon  an  aged  priest,  )>v  a 
ruflSan  called  Lord  Doneraile.  Tais 
brutal  coward;  whose  power  and  author- 
ity made  him  almost  absolute  over  the 
poor  in  his  section  of  country,  called  to 
sue  the  priest  in  regard  to  a  base  men- 
ial of  his,  who  was  under  religioas 
censure  for  some  public  scandaC  nnd 
who  was  consequently  shunned  by  his 
associates.  When  this  lordly  wretch 
saw  the  poor  old  priest,  he  ordered  him 
to  remove  the  censure.  The  aged  and 
venerable  priest  told  him  it  was  not  in 
his  power  to  do  so ;  that  the  Bishop  of 
the  diocese  alone  could  remove  the  cen- 
sure; when  this  inhuman  minion  of  pow- 
er struck  the  aged  minister  of  God  ever 
the  head  with  hik  whip,  and  drove  him 
stunned  and  bleeding  into  his  liumUle 
abode  1  Yet  such  wms  the  savage  bigo- 
try of  the  times,  and  the  weakne  s  of 
the  laws  to  punish  a  powerful  brute, 
together  with  the  fear  to  ofCeud  and 
awaken  the  enmity  of  such  a  man, 
that  no  lawyer  would  dare  to  call  down 
on  the  felon  the  poor  justice  wl  ich  the 
laws  meted  out,  or  were  supposed  to, 
for  such  acts.  Curran,  however,  prov- 
ed an  exception.  He  came  forward  and 


ti- 


^  m' 


i  1" 


'.  -KM 


CUR 


XBISH  CBLm 


CUR 


offved  his  seryices  to  plead  the  canse  of 
the  weak  and  oppressed  and  he  did  l\ 
in  a  manner  that  showed  how  little  he 
cared  for  the  bloated  aristocrat.    He 

grasped  the  sacreilgious  wretch  in 
is  iron  grip  and  poured  upon  him  a 
scathing  torrent  of  righteous  indigna- 
tion, pulling  him  down  from  his  sup- 
posed elevation,  exposing  his  brutal  and 
degraded  character,  and  trampling  him 
in  the  mire,  as  a  very  brute  and  a  dis- 

grace  to  humanity.  He  succeeded  in 
aving  him  fined  for  the  outrage,  and 
also  in  earning  the  malignant  enmity  of 
this  powerful  orute  and  his  friends,  one 
of  whom,  an  officer  named  St.  Ledger, 
who  was  present  at  the  outrage,  and  also 
a  witness.at  the  trial,  challenged  Curran 
to  fight  a  duel  for  the  scathing  he  re- 
ceived at  the  hands  of  the  advocate. 
Curran  accepted,  and  noticing  his  ad- 
versary's pistol  wide  of  the  mark,  before 
the  word  "fire"  was  given,  gave  the 
order  himself,  which  so  startled  his 
nervous  antagonist  that  he  fired  without 
effect.  Curran  declined  returning  the 
the  fire,  and  St.  Ledger  dying  shortly 
afterwards,  the  elat^  peasantry  said 
"that  he  died  from  the  report  of  his 
own  pistol."  The  aged  and  venerable 
victim.  Father  Neale,  whom  he  had  so 
gallantly  and  generously  defended,  also 
died  soon  after,  but  before  he  died  he 
sent  for  his  heroic  defender,  and  being 
raised  from  his  couch,  he  placed  his 
consecrated  hands  on  the  head  of  the 
young  advocate,  and  with  a  heart  filled 
with  gratitude,  gave  him  all  he  had, 
the  dying  blessing  of  a  faithful  minister 
of  Qod's  church.  His  patriotism,  manly 
independence,  and  burning  love  of  jus- 
tice, involved  him  almost  contmually  in 
altercations  with  the  bench,  even  from 
the  very  commencement  of  his  career. 
The  firat  time,  notably,  was  with  a 
Judge  named  Robinson.  In  combatting 
some  legal  principle  laid  down,  he  ob- 
served "that  he  had  in  vain  consulted 
his  books  in  search  of  such  theory," 
'When  the  Judge  sneeringly  remarked, 
that  '  'he  presumed  his  library  was  rather 
contracted,"      The    young    advocate 

Eromptly  replied  "that  it  was  true  that 
is  library  was  not  large,  but  hu  felt 
sure,  at  least,  that  the  aiithors  were 
standard;  that  he  had  striven  rather  to 
imbibe  his  law  principles  by  the  reading 
of  a  few  sound  books,  than  by  the  pro- 
duction of  worthless  ones — the  Judge 
wan  an  author — and  that  if  he  had  the 
misfortune  to  be  poor,  that,  at  least,  he 


was  honest."  The  Judge  interrupted 
him  and  said,  "Sir,  you  are  forgetting 
the  respect  due  to  the  dignity  of  the 
Court. '^  •  •  Dignity  I "  repeated  Curran. 
"on  that  point  I  shall  cite  you  a  case 
from  a  book  of  some  authority.  (Rod* 
eric  Random.)  'A  Scotchman,  just  ar- 
rived in  London,  thinking  himself  in- 
suited  by  some  remark. sought  to  punish 
the  offender,  and  handed  bis  coat  to  a 
bystander  to  hold,  pending  the  work. 
He.  however,  lost  tne  battle,  and.  gath- 
ering himself  up  he  sought  his  coat,  but 
its  keeper  had  decamped — that,  too. 
was  lost.'  So,  my  lord,  when  a  judge 
lays  aside  his  dignity  and  wantonly  en- 
ters into  a  personal  contest,  it  is  vain, 
when  he  finas  himself  worsted  in  the 
encounter,  that  he  seeks  to  resume  it, 
and  shelter  himself  behind  an  authority 
which  be  has  abandoned."  The  Judge 
threatened  to  commie  him.  when  the 
Advocate  replied,  "that  it  would  be 
the  best  thing  he  had  committed  during 
the  term. "  Curran 's  fame  as  a  fearless, 
patriotic  and  eloquent  advocate  soon 
spread  wide  and  far,  and  from  this  time 
forward  he  never  wanted  for  employ- 
ment. In  1783  Curran  entered  the  Iriaa 
Parliament.,  just  then  commencing  its 
short  career  of  independence.  He  had 
not  been  an  idle  spectator  of  the  gallant 
efforts  of  Giiittan  and  his  senatorial 
compatriots,  and  of  the  "volunteers" 
in  securing  the  freedom  of  Irish  legisla- 
tion, but  had  mingled  in  the  clubs  and 
with  the  people,  and  his  eloquent  tongue 
was  never  silent  in  advocating  the 
rights  of  that  country  to  which  hia 
whole  soul  was  so  ardently  attached. 
His  talents  were  undoubtedly  as  well 
fitted  to  shine  in  Parliament  as  at  the 
bar,  but  while  his  part  and  influence 
were  undoubtedly  great,  the  peculiartty 
of  his  position  prevented  him  from  ac- 
quiring that  brilliant  reputation  in  that 
field,  which  he  did  at  the  bar.  The 
reason  was  that  he  was  during  the  time 
in  constant  practice  in  his  profession, 
and  as  many  of  his  able  and  eloquent 
compeera  were  occupied  only  with  par- 
liamentry  duties,  they  had  more  time  to- 

grepare  for  the  advocacy  of  measures, 
ut,  nevertheless,  it  was  usually  left  to 
the  masterly  ability  of  Curran  to  grap- 
ple with,  and  answer  the  arguments  of 
the  minions  of  the  Castle.  He  undoubt- 
edly must  have  given  expression  to 
many  brilliant  bursts  of  eloquence,  but 
his  own  carelessness  to  preserve,  together 
with  the  fact  that  his  efforts  wen  wu* 


CUR 


ZBISH  OSLTB 


CUB 


:i? 


ally  at  the  latter  end  of  a  debate,  or 
towards  morniug,  when  the  reporters 
were  tired  out  or  gone,  that  we  have 
but  very  few  scraps  of  bis  parliamentary 
eloquence.  He  supporfod  with  match- 
less wit  and  eloquence  ail  the  patriotic 
measures  which  were  brought  forward 
to  secure  the  independence  and  purity 
of  lite  Irish  Parliament,  and  especially 
on  the  question  of  equal  rights  to  his 
Cat'iolic  fellow  citizeus,  in  which,  with 
his  broad  and  honest  statesmanship,  be 
saw  the  peace  and  security  of  the  na- 
tion. For  his  manly  and  incorruptible 
stand,  he  secured  the  enmity  of  the  gov- 
ernment and  its  corrupt  minions,  espec- 
ially Lord  Clare,  with  whom,  in  Parlia- 
ment and  on  the  bench,  when  he  (Clare) 
became,  by  his  servility  and  venality. 
Lord  Chancellor,  Curran  had  many  bit- 
ter and  sarcastic  altercations.  It  was  on 
him  he  retorted  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, (1785),  "I  am  not  a  man  whose 
respect  in  person  and  character  depends 
on  the  imf  u-tance  of  his  office.  I  am 
not  a  young  man  who  thrusts  himself 
into  tlie  foreground  of  a  picture,  which 
ought  to  be  occupied  by  a  better  figure. 
I  am  not  one  who  replies  with  invectives 
when  sinking  under  the  weight  af  ar- 
gument. I  am  not  a  man  who  denies 
the  necessity  of  parliamentry  reform 
at  the  time  he  proves  its  expeaiency  by 
reviling  his  own  constituents,  the  parish 
clerk,  the  sexton  and  the  grave  diggert 
And  if  there  is  any  man  who  can  apply 
what  I  am  not  to  himself,  I  leave  him 
to  think  of  it  in  the  committee,  and  to 
contemplate  upon  it  when  home."  Clare 
by  his  enmity,  however,  ruined  CuiTan's 
practice  in  the  High  Court  of  Chancery, 
where,  as  Chancellor,  he  was  all  power- 
ful, but  not  without  feeling  the  wither- 
ing sarc:;3m  of  the  advocate.  It  was  in 
the  Court  of  the  King's  Bench,  how- 
ever, that  Curran  shone  forth — a  great 
luminary — perhaps,  as  an  advocate,  un- 
equaled  in  any  age  or  nation.  He  had 
all  the  elements  of  a  great  advocate  in 
the  highest  degree: — wit  inexhaustible, 
pathos  the  most  touching,  sarcasm  the 
most  withering,  with  a  heart  overflow- 
ing with  an  ardent  devotion  to  liberty 
and  justice,  and  an  universal  .sympathy 
for  the  wrongs  of  his  fellow  men,  with 
a  boldness  and  a  total  absence  of  ft-ar 
in  the  face  of  danger,  and  a  fiery  defi- 
ance to  the  threats  of  the  minions  of 
power,  backed  by  an  eloquence  intense 
and  logical,  an  exuberance  of  fancy  the 
most  chanitng,  apt  and  poetical  that 


ever  awayed  or  led  captive  the  minds  of 
men.  The  first  great  political  trial  ia 
which  be  was  engaged,  was  that  of 
Archibald  Hamilton  Rowan,  the  pub- 
lisher, who  was  prosecuted  for  seditiotis 
libel,  for  publishing  a  patriotic  addresa 
to  the  •'  Volunteers."  Mr.  Rowan  was- 
secretary  of  the  Society  of  United  Irish- 
men, 1794.  This  was  not  the  same  so- 
ciety that  Wolf.  Tone  and  Emmet  be- 
longed to,  but  one  which  sought  con- 
stitutional reform  through  the  channels 
of  legislation  and  agitation,  which  free- 
men had  a  light  to  use;  but  the  govern- 
ment had  but  to  construct  treason  out 
of  the  most  loyal  acts,  and  it  had  a  sub- 
servient Bench  of  Judges,  who  were 
not  the  dispensers  of  law,  but  only  the 
creatures  of  its  will,  to  interpret  laws 
apparently  intended  for  the  protection 
of  the  subject,  into  shackles  of  slavery, 
and,  as  if  this  were  not  enough,  the 
armed  minions  of  power,  hired  to 
butcher,  surrounded  the  "Temple  of 
Justice!"  so-called,  to  intimidate  the 
little  manhood  which  might  be  left  ia 
the  hearts  of  the  packed  jury,  as  in 
this  case,  and  which  is  referred  to  by 
Curran  in  his  opening,  as  follows: 
"  When  I  behold  the  extraordinary 
safeguard  of  armed  soldiers  re- 
sorted to,  without  doubt,  for  the 
preservation  of  peace  and  order — 
when  I  catch,  as  I  cannot  but  do,  the 
throb  of  public  anxiety  that  beats 
from  one  end  to  the  other  uf  this  ball- 
when  I  reflect  on  what  may  be  the  fate 
of  a  man  of  the  most  beloved  personal 
character  and  of  an  honored  family,  I 
can  say,  that  I  never  rose  in  a  court  of 
justice  with  a  more  oppressing  sense  of 
my  re^sponsibilit}',  than  on  this  occa- 
sion." When  he  came  to  the  analysis 
of  that  part  of  the  "treasonable"  publi- 
cation which  advocated  "universal  em- 
ancipation" he  said,  "Do  you  think 
that  a  victory  obtained  by  justice  over 
bigotry  should  have  a  stigma  cast  upon 
it  by  an  unanimous  sentence  upon  the 
men  bold  and  honest  enough  to  propose 
the  measure  ? — the  redeeniing  of  relig- 
ion from  the  abuses  of  the  church — the 
reclaiming  of  three  million  of  men  from 
bondaue,  and  giving  libi  rty  to  all  those 
who  have  a  right  to  demand  it  ? — Giv- 
ing, I  say,  in  the  "  treasohable"  words 
of  the  address,  "Universal  Emanci- 
pation." I  speak  in  the  spirit  of  the 
British  law,  which  makes  liberty  com- 
mensurate with,  and  inseparable  from, 
British  soil ;  which  proclaims  even  to 


v.. 


t- 


I 


.:»*(. 


CUR 


IBIKB  CKLTSi 


CUR 


the  stranger  and  sojourner,  the  moment 
he  sets  his  foot  upon  British  soil,  that 
the  ground  upon  which  he  treads  is 
holy,  and  consecrated  by  the  genius  of 
universal  emancipation.  No  matter 
what  complexion  iac(  ipatible  with 
freedom,  an  Indian  or  an  African  sun 
may  have  burned  upon  him;  no  matter 
in  what  disastrous  battle  his  liberty 
may  have  been  cloven  down ;  no  mat- 
ter with  what  solemnity  he  may  have 
been  devoted  upon  the  altar  of  slavery; 
the  fli-st  moment  he  touches  the  sacrud 
soil  of  Britain,  the  altar  and  the  God 
«ink  together  in  the  dust;  his  soul  walks 
abroad  in  her  own  majesty' his  body 
swells  beyond  the  measure  of  his  chains 
that  burst  from  around  him  ;  and  he 
standi  redeemed,  regenerated  and  dis- 
«nthn)l!ed  by  the  irresistible  genius  of 
Universal  Emancipation  I"  After 
showing  further  on  how  the  liberty  of 
the  Irish  subject  was  confined  and 
straitened  on  every  side  by  oppression, 
■unjust  and  tyraniilcal  legi8lation,he  pays 
this  glowing  tribute  to  the  last  bulwark 
Against  tyranny,  "  the  liberty  of  the 
press."  "  What  then  remains  ? — The 
liberty  of  the  press  alone  ! — that  sacred 
pallaaium  which  no  influence,  no  pow- 
•er,  no  minister,  no  government,  which 
nothing  but  the  depravity,  or  folly,  or 
•corruption  of  a  jury  can  ever  destroy. 
An  what  calamities  are  ^e  not  saved 
from,  by  having  the  press  left  open  to 
us?  If  you  doubt  the  horrid  con- 
«equence  of  suppressing  the  expression 
of  even  individual  discontent,  look  at 
these  enslaved  countries,  where  the  pro- 
tection of  despotism  is  supposed  to  be 
secured  by  such  restraints.  Tven  the 
person  of  the  despot  there  is  never  in 
safety.  Neither  the  fears  of  the  despot 
nor  the  machinations  of  the  slave  have 
any  slumber ;  the  one  anticipating  the 
moment  of  peril,  the  other  watching 
the  opportunity  of  aggression.  The 
fatal  crisis  is  equally  a  surprise  upon 
hoth;  the  decisive  instant  is  precipitated 
without  warning,  by  folly  on  the  one 
«ide,  and  by  frenzy  on  the  other ;  and 
there  is  no  notice  of  the  brooding  cat- 
astrophy  until  the  traitor  or  the  tyrant 
strikes.  But  if  one  desires  a  nearer  and 
more  pointed  example,  you  have  it  in 
the  history  of  your  own  revolution; 
when  the  monarch  found  a  servile  acqui- 
escence in  the  minister  of  his  folly — 
when  the  liberty  of  the  pro8s  was  trod- 
den under  foot — when  venul  sheriffs  re- 
ttirned  packed  Juries,  to  carry  into  effect 


those  fatal  conspiracies  of  the  few 
against  the  many — ^when  the  devoted 
benches  of  public  justice  were  filled  by 
some  of  those  foundlings  of  fortune,  who 
overwhelmed  in  the  torrent  of  corrupt 
tion  at  an  early  period,  lay  at  the  bottom 
like  drowned  bodies,  while  soundness 
or  sanity  remained  in  them,  but  at  length 
becoming  buoyant  by  putrification,  they 
rose  as  they  rotted,  and  floated  to  the 
surface  of  the  polluted  stream,  where 
they  were  drifted  along,  the  objects  of 
terror  and  contageon  and  abommation. 
In  that  awful  moment  of  a  nation's 
travail— of  the  last  gasp  of  tyranny  and 
the  first  of  freedom,  now  pregnant  is 
the  example  ?  The  press  extinguished, 
the  people  enslaved,  and  the  pnnce  un- 
done. As  the  advocate  of  society,  there- 
fore, of  peace,  of  domestic  liberty,  and 
the  lasting  union  of  the  two  countries, 
I  conjure  you  to  g  ^rd  the  liberty  of 
the  press ;  that  grand  detector  of  pub- 
lic imposture — ^uard  it — because  when 
it  sinks.  th<  c  smkswith  it,  in  one  com- 
mon grave,  the  liberty  of  the  subject 
and  the  security  of  the  Crown."  If  to 
such  exalted  ideas  and  thrilling  senten- 
ces, we  unite  the  person  of  the  great 
orator,  fired  with  indignation  and  burn- 
ing with  zeal  for  outraged  liberty  and 
justice,  hurling  defiance  at  those  who 
sought  to  debase  and  shackle  the  free- 
dom loving  spirit  of  his  country,  and 
in  the  presence  of  the  armed  and  threat- 
ening minions  of  tyranny,  with  a  face 
beautified  and  almost  transfigured  by 
the  intensity  of  the  grand  passion  in 
which  he  was  lr,A,  or  rather  which  he 
personified  with  a  power  and 
vividuess  almost  beyond  conception, 
we    can    form    some    idea    of     the 

?;randeur  of  this  matchless  orator.  Un- 
ortunately,  Curran  was  careless  of 
fame,  and  took  no  trouble  to  correct 
the  very  imperfect  reports  of  his  eflorts. 
The  verbal  clothing  o?  all  his  orations 
was  entirely  extemporary;  he  never 
committed  to  memory,  or  wrote  down 
anything  but  brief  notes.  He  finished 
this  greitt  forensic  effort  with  the  follow- 
ing beautiful  language:  "  I  will  not  re- 
linquish the  confidence  that  this  day 
will  end  the  period  of  his  sufferings ; 
and  however  mercilessly  he  has  been 
pursued  in  the  past,  that  your  verdict 
will  send  him  home  to  the  arms  of  hit 
family  and  the  desires  of  his  country. 
But  if  (whiwh  Heaven  forbid)  It  hath 
been  unfortunately  determined  that,  be- 
cause he  has  not  bent  to  power  and  va.' 


CUR 


IBISH  CKLT8. 


COB 


thority,  because  he  would  not  bow  down 
before  the  Golden  Calf  and  worship  it, 
he  is  to  be  bound  and  east  into  the  fur- 
nace ;  I  trust  to  God,  that  there  is  a  re- 
deeming spirit  in  the  constitution,  which, 
will  he  seen  to  walk  with  the  sufferer 
through  the  flames,  and  to  preserve  him 
unhurt  by  the  conflanution."  He  re- 
signed his  seat  in  the  Irish  Parliament 
in  1797,  on  the  failure  to  carr^  Catholic 
Emancipation  and  the  extension  of  the 
elective  franchise.  Until  such  a  consti- 
tution could  be  secured,  he  felt  sure 
that  his  beloved  country  would  be  torn 
to  pieces  by  factions  and  her  liberty 
wrecked;  while  in  the  face  of  revolution, 
goaded  on  by  a  corrupt  and  brutal  gov- 
ernment, he  could  take  no  part,  bilt 
simply  stand  idle,  filled  with  grief.  The 
last  words  of  his  last  effort  in  this  noble 
cause  are  worth  reading,  and  exhibit 
his  broad  statesmanship,  as  well  as  his 
great  liberty-loving  heart.  "  As  to  the 
svstem  of  peace  now  proposed  (Hon. 
W m.  B.  Ponsonby's  bill,)  you  must  take 
it  on  its  principles;  the^  are  simply  two 
— the  abol{tion  of  religious  disabilities, 
and  the  representation  of  the  people. 
I  am  confident  the  effects  would  be 
everything  to  be  wished ;  the  present 
alarmine  discontent  will  vanish,  the 
good  will  be  separated  from  the  ill  in- 
tentioued ;  the  friends  of  mixed  gov- 
ernment in  Ireland  are  many — everv 
sensible  man  must  see  that  it  gives  all 
the  enjovments  of  rational  liberty,  if 
the  people  have  their  due  place  in  the 
state.  This  system  would  make 
us  invincible  against  a  foreien  or  do- 
mestic enemy ;  it  would  mafie  the  em- 
pire strong  at  this  important  crisis ;  it 
would  restore  to  us  liberty,  industry 
and  ijeace,  which  I  am  satisfied  can 
never  by  any  other  means  be  restored." 
On  the  trial  of  Finnerty,  for  a  libel  on 
the  government,  'rbich  consisted  of  his 
publishing  a  correct  account  of  the  trial 
and  execution  of  the  unfortunate  Orr|; 
Curran,  althouia:h  cfdled  into  the  case  as 
it  was  proceeding  to  trial,  acd  conse- 
quently without  preparation,  made  a 
magnificent  effort.  On  referring  to  the 
case  of  Orr,  he  said:  "  Let  me  suppose 
that  you  hud,  at  least,  seen  him  brought 
to  trial;  that  you  had  seen  the  vile  and 

ftorjured  luformer  deposing  against  his 
ife,  that  you  had  seen  the  drunken 
worn  out,  and  terrified  jury,  give  in  a 
verdict  of  death;  that  you  bad  seen  the 
same  Jury,  when  their  returning  sobriety 
had  brought  back  their  reason,  prostrate 


themselves  before  the  humanity  of  th* 
bench,  and  pray  that  the  mercy  of  th^ 
Crown  might  save  their  characters  from 
the  reproach  of  an  involuntary  crime; 
their  consciences  from  the  torture  of 
eternal    self-condemnation,    and  their 
souls  from  the  indelible  stain  of  inno- 
cent blood."    After  referring  to  repeat* 
ed  respites,  he  ends  the  reference  "Often< 
did  the  weary  dove  return  to  the  window 
of  his  little  ark;  but  the  olive  leaf  was 
to  him  no  sign  l^hat  the  waters  had  sub- 
sided.    No  seraph  Mercy  unbars  hls^ 
dungeon  and  leads  him  foith  to  light 
and  life;  but  the  minister  of  death  hur- 
ries him  to  the  scene  of  suffering  and 
shame,  where,  unmoved  by  the  hostile 
array  of  artillery  and  armed  men  col- 
lected together,  to  secure,  or  to  insult, 
or  to  disturb  him,  he  dies  with  a  solemn 
declaration  of  his  innocense,  and  utters, 
his  last  breath  in  a  prayer  for  the  liberty 
of  his  country."    After  charging  the- 
govemment  with  fostering  and  breeding 
the   petileniial   informer,  as  he  says, 
"digging  them  up  from  the  catacombs  of 
living  death,  where  the  wretch  that  It 
buried  a  man,  lies  till  his  heart  has  had. 
time  to  fester  and  dissolve,  and  then  is 
unearthed  as  a  wUneM]"  be  goes  on  to- 
describe  him:  "  Have  you  not  seen  him 
after  his  resurrectiou  from  the  tomb, 
make  his  appearance  upon  your  table 
(the  witness,  in  those  davs,  sat  on  a 
table)  the  living  image  of  lire  and  death, 
and  the  supreme  armter  of  both  ?  Have 
you  not  marked,  when  he  entered,  how 
the  strong  wave  of  the  multitude  retired 
at  his  approach  ?    Have  you  not  seen 
how  th(*  human  heart  bowed  to  the- 
awful  supremacy  of  his  power,  in  the 
undissembled   homage  of    deferential 
horror  7  How  his  glance,  like  the  light- 
ning of  heaven,  seemed  to  rive  the  body 
of  the  accused,  and  mark  it  for  the 
grave,  while  his  voice  warned  the  de- 
voted wretch  of  woe  and  dealh— a  death< 
which  no  innocence  can  escape,  no  art 
elude,  no  force  resist,  no  antidote  pro- 
vent  ?    There  was  an  antidote— a  jur- 
or's oath  I  but  even  that  adamantine 
chain  that  bound  the  integrity  of  man 
to  the  throne  of  eternal  jucitico,  is  solved 
and  molten  in  the  breath  thai  issues  from 
the  mouth  of  the  in/ormer  t  Conscience 
swings  from  her  mooringsl  the  appalled 
and  iiffrighted  juror  speaks  what  his 
soul  abhors,  and  consults  his  own  safety 
in  the  s\u-rendet'  of  the  victim."    Some 
of  his  most  eloquent  efforts  in  behalf  of 
state  prisoners  were  suppressed  by  the- 


V 


■    .  ';■-[■■■*,' 
.     .illji 

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Ul 


V-  fl 


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H 


CUR 


niBH  CKt/n, 


OUR 


H^overnment,  and  indeed,  his  own  safety 
was  more  than  once  imperilled.  At 
length,  the  bloody  era,  in  which  so  many 

fnllant  and  chivalrous  lives  went  out  in 
lood,  was  ended,  and  almost  utter  pros- 
tration followed.  Curran  now  attached 
himself  to  the  party  (Whigs)  from  which 
he  expected  the  fairest  treatment  for  his 

f>rostrate  country,  and  when  they  came 
nto  power,  after  the  death  of  Pi  t,  1806, 
I'.e  was  made  Master  of  the  Rolls.  His 
friends  were  anxious  to  see  him  appear 
in  the  Imperial  Parliament,  where,  they 
felt  sure,  an  exhibition  of  his  ma^c 
power  as  an  orator,  would  insure  him 
the  reputation  he  deserved;  but  grief  at 
the  prostration  of  his  country,  together 
with  domestic  misfortunes,  which  pois- 
>oned  and  destroyed  the  happiness  of  his 
home,  and  the  great  labors  and  anxieties 
which  he  so  generously  burdened  him- 
self with,  in  striving  to  serve  the  gal- 
lant and  brilliant  young  patriots,  who 
were  so  often  fore-doomed  and  condemn- 
<ed  to  death,  in  violation  of  law,  human- 
ity and  justice,  in  those  dark  days  of  the 
Rebellon  and  Union,  undermined  his 
•constitution  and  left  him  but  little  am- 
bition to  seek  simply  personal  exaulta- 
tion.  In  1814  he  felt  compelled,  on  ac 
count  of  continued  ill  health,  to  resign 
Jiis place.  "The  Catholic  Board,"  at 
the  time,  presented  him  an  address,  ex- 
pressive of  their  high  appreciation  of  his 
ability,  patriotism,  integrity  and  disin- 
terestedness, especially  in  behalf  of 
•equal  rights  and  Cathouc  Emancipation. 
In  answer  he  said:  "  To  our  unhappy 
•country  Iga7t  what  I  bad.  I  might  have 
•often  sold  her — I  could  not  redeem  her. 
I  gave  her  the  best  sympathies  of  my 
heart,  sometimes  in  tears,  sometimes  in 
Indignation,  sometimes  in  hope,  but  of- 
tener  in  despondence,  I  am  more  than 
repaid;  for  what  reward  can  be  more 

{n'ecioun  that  the  confidence  and  affect- 
on  of  those  for  whom  we  could  not 
think  any  service  too  great  ?"  "In  view 
of  those  awful  scenes  that  are  daily 
marking  the  interposition  of  Providence 
in  punishment  or  retribution;  that  teach 
'rulers  to  reflect  and  nations  to  nope, 
I  cannot  yield  to  the  infidelity  of  aea- 
pair,  nor  bring  myself  to  suppose  that 
we  arn  destined  to  bo  an  exception  to 
the  uniformity  of  Divine  justice,  and  that 
in  Ireland  alone,  the  ways  of  God  shall 
not.  in  His  good  time,  be  vindicated  to 
pxMX,  but  that  we  are  to  spend  our  valor 
and  our  blood  in  assisting  to  break  the 
•ohains  of  every  other  nation,  and  in  riv- 


iting  OUT  own."  He  did  not  long  snr* 
vive;  grief  at  the  continued  misfortunes 
of  his  beloved  .country,  evidently  has- 
tened his  death.  He  was  admonished 
by  several  slight  strokes  of  apoplexy, 
and  was  at  length  stricken  down  as  he 
was  preparing  to  visit  the  South  of 
France  for  his  health,  October  14,  1817. 
From  his  great  co-temporaries,  rather 
than  from  the  imperfect  remains  of  his 
efforts,  must  we  judge  Curran.  The 
history  of  the  world  does  not  present  us 
in  any  age  or  nation,  laree  or  small,  the 
array  of  magnificent  forensic  talent 
which  graced  and  dignified  the  bar  of 
Ireland  at  that  day.  Plunket,  Bushe, 
Burgh,  thetEmmets,  the  l^onsonbys, 
Saurin.  Avonmore,  and  a  host  of  others 
to  whom,  when  known  abroad,  in  Eng- 
land and  America,  the  highest  places 
are  awarded;  yet,  all  alike  conceded  to 
Curran  the  highest  nich— the  advocate 
par  exceUene«,  peerless  and  unrivalled. 
Byron  said  of  him,  as  a  conversational- 
ist, '  •  I  have  heard  Curran  give  expres- 
sion to  more  true  original  wit  in  an  hour 
than  I  ever  read,"  and  Home  Tooke, 
who  passed  an  evening  where  both  Cur- 
ran and  Sheridan  were  present,  said, 
"  Sheridan's  wit  is  like  steel  highly  pol- 
ished and  snarpened  for  display  and 
use,  but  Curran's  is  a  mine  of  virgin 
cold,  incessantly  crumbling  away  from 
its  own  richness."  And  the  celebrated 
Madame  de  Stael,  says  that  Currran 
impressed  her  more  than  any  other 
by  his  intellectual  powers.  He  was  con- 
spicuoiM  for  the  possession  of  that  no- 
blest trait  of  true  greatness,  unobtrusive 
simplicity  of  manner,  which  asserted  no 
superioritv,  but  bowed  to  no  bogus  gods 
and  was  far  above  servility  or  patronage. 
In  person  he  was  thort,  slight,  and  un- 
graceful in  form,  with  a  face  homely  in 
repose,  but  when  his  large  dark  eyes 
were  lighted  up  in  controversy  or  con- 
versation, the  beholder  forgot  the  imper- 
fections of  the  figure,  In  a  face  illumi- 
nated by  a  soul  wnich  at  once  impressed 
him  with  its  power  aod  charmed  him  by 
the  beauty  and  variety  of  its  gifts.  As 
might  be  supposed,  Curran  was  a  poet 
as  weP.  I '  an  orator,  and  although  he 

Save  the  art  no  special  attention,  ho  gave 
irth  to  some  beautiful,  as  well  as  some 
witty  strains.  But  more  than  orator,  or 
advocate,  or  wit,  or  poet,  was  ho,  the 
patriot  of  mankind,  with  a  broad  and 
generous  humanity. which  scourged  big- 
otry, injustice  ana  partiality,  and  chain* 
pt.oned  "  Universal  Emancipation." 


n^.i- 


cus 


IBISH  CELTS. 


CTJS 


CTJRTIN,  GOV.  ANDREW  G.,  a 
distinguished  American  statesman  and 
legislator  of  Pennsylvania,  was  the  son 
ofRoland  Curtin,  who  emigrated  from 
Ireland  to  Pennsylvania,  in  1793,  and 
became  one  of  the  early  developers  of 
the  iron  interests  in  that  state.  Andrew 
was  born  April  32, 1817.  He  received 
a  thorough  education,  and  studied  law 
in  Dickinson  College.  In  1844  he  com- 
menced his  political  career,  by  stump- 
ingthe  state  for  Henry  Clay.  In  1854 
he  became  Secretary  of  State,  and  in 
1860,  Governor  of  his  native  State.  He 
displayed  gi'eat  energy  and  promptitude 
in  organizing  the  state  troops  during 
the  Civil  War,  and  succeeded  himself 
as  Governor  in  1863.  In  1869  he  was 
appointed  Minister  to  St.  Petersburg. 

CU8ACK,  CHRISTOPHER,  a 
learned  and  patriotic  Irish  divine,  was 
a  native  of  Meath.  When  the  perse- 
cutions of  England  in  Ireland  rendered 
it  difficult  to  acquire  a  religious  educa- 
tion, he  sold  his  patrimony,  and  with 
the  contribution  of  his  friends,  he 
founded  the  College  of  Douay  in 
Flanders,  (A.  D.,  1596),  for  the  educa- 
tion of  Irish  priests.  He  also  assisted 
in  founding  similar  houses  at  Lille, 
Antwerp,  Tournay  and  St.  Omar,  and 
was  president  general  of  all. 

OUSACK.  MARY,  (Sister  Mary 
Frances  Clare),  a  talented  and  patriotic 
Irish  reigieuse.  historiai;  and  writer, 
was  born  In  Dublin,  in  1832.  She  re- 
ceived the  usual  training  of  an  English 
boarding-school,  and  as  she  said  her- 
self, "graduated  with  the  usual  accom- 
plishments, without  one  particle  of 
solid  instruction."  She  however,  pos- 
sessed a  sound  ludgment,  as  well  as 
native  ability,  ana  on  leaving  school, 
commenced  to  educate  herself  by  solid 
reading.  Her  parents  belonged  to  the 
Church  of  England  Episcopal)  and  our 
subject  took  a  deep  interest  in  the  re- 
ligious movements  of  the  day.  The 
new  sisterhoods  which  sprung  up  in 
the  High  Church  or  Ritualistic  branch 
of  this  Dody  attracted  the  sympathies  of 
Miss  Ousack,  and  feeling  a  veaming 
for  a  higher  and  holier  vocation  than 
the  ordinary  duties  of  life,  she  joined 
them.  Five  years  of  devotion  to  the 
duties  required,  and  of  study  as  to  the 
spiritual  wants  and  relations  of  this 
state,  convinced  her  that  the  proper 
helps  were  not  to  be  found  In  the  f aSith 


she  prof  essed,  to  carry  out  properly  the 
noble  objects  to  whim  she  desired  to 
dedicate  her  life,  and  these  considera- 
tions led  her  to  examine  the  Old  Church, 
and  her  religious  orders,  which  they 
were  but  barely  attempting  to  copy. 
The  result  was  that  she  became  a 
Catholic,  returned  to  her  native  land, 
and  in  1861,  joined  the  Order  of  Poor 
Clares,  at  Kenmare,  taking  the  name  of 
"Sister  Mary  Frances  Clare."  This 
house  had  just  been  founded  by  Mary 
O'Hagan,  sister  of  Lord  O'Hagan,  and 
into  it  these  good  ladies  put  all  their 
wealth,  to  be  used  for  the  cause  of  re- 
ligion, education  and  charity.  In  her 
cloister  she  soon  commenced  her  re- 
markable literary  labors,  and  rapidly 
produced  many  works,  historical,  bio- 
graphical, religious  and  imaginative. 
Among  them,  "The  Illustrated  History 
of  Ireland,"  "The  Life  of  St.  Patrick,*' 
"The  Life  of  Daniel  O'Connell,"  "The 
History  of  the  Irish  Nation,  Social, 
Ecclesiastical,  Biographical,  Industrial, 
and  Antiquarain."  Her  works  number 
about  fiity  volumes,  many  of  them 
large,  and  produced  in  an  incredible 
short  space  of  time.  John  Mitchel, 
himself,  author  of  a  history  of  Ireland, 
pays  her's  a  tribute  of  admiration,  and 
Denis  Florence  McCarthvsays  of  it: 

"Thou  hast  done  well,  thou  gentle 
nun. 
Thou  in  thy  narrow  cell  hast;  done 

Work,  that  the  manliest  heart  might 
shun — 
The  histoiT  of  our  land. 

'Twas  love  that  winged  that  pen  of 
thine, 
'Twas  truth  that  sanctified  each 
line; 

'Twas  an  ambition  so  divine. 
That  nothing  could  withstand." 
This  highly  gifted  and  patriotic  lady 
still  continues  her  labors,  adding  eacii 
year  valuable  historical  matter  to  the 
solid  literature  of  the  day. 

OUSAOK,  SIR  THOMAS,  an  able 
legislator  and  writer,  of  Norman-Irish 
extraction,  was  a  native  of  coimty 
Mcath,  Ireland.  He  held  important 
positions  in  Ireland,  under  Edward  the 
Vl,  and  Mary,  and  was  the  author  of 
political  works  on  the  state  of  the 
rountry  and  its  causes.  He  succoss- 
fullv  held  the  offices  of  Master  of  the 
Rolls,  Keeper  of  the  Seals,  Chancellor 
and  Lord  Justice.  He  died  eaily  tioi. 
1  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  and  before  » 


f 


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f  .1 


DAL 


miSH  CSLTS. 


DAN 


6  ■"■U'iiilil 


It 


Still  more  barbarous  jjolicy  was  inaug- 
erated  for  the  subjection  of  Ireland. 

CUTCHEON,  SULLIVAN  M.,  a 
prominent  lawyer  of  Micliigan,  is  of 
New  Hampshire  Irish  descent,  and 
born  in  that  state  October  4, 1838.  His 
father  was  a  Baptist  minister,  and  our 
subject  was  educated  at  Darmouth  Col- 
lege where  he  graduated  in  1857.  About 
this  time  he  accepted  the  principalship 
of  the  Ypsilanti  High  School,  which  he 
held  until  1858,  when  he  accepted  the 
Superintendency  of  the  Schools  of 
Springfield,  111.,  and  during  his  spare 
hours  pursued  the  study  of  law.  In 
1861  he  returned  to  Ypsilanti  and  was 
admitted  to  the  Bar.  Here  he  soon  ac- 
quired a  lucrctive  practice,  and  was 
elected  by  his  fellow-citizens  to  various 
positions  of  honor  and  trust.  He  was 
speaker  of  the  Michigan  House  in 
1863-4,  and  President  of  the  Constitu- 
tional Convention  in  1873.  In  1877  he 
was  appointed  United  States  District 
Attorney  for  the  East.  District  of  Michi- 
gan, and  then  formed  a  law  partner- 
ship with  Judge  Beakes.  He  is  prom- 
inent in  the  political  circles  of  the  Re- 
publican Party  and  stands  high  in  all 
his  relations  with  his  fellow-citizens, 
political  and  civil. 

DALY,  AUGUSTIN,  a  distinguished 
and  successful  dramatist  and  theatrical 
manager,  of  Irish  descent,  was  bom  in 
North  Carolina,  in  1888;  came  to  New 
York,  and  in  1859  commenced  his  liter- 
ary career,  and  in  1863  produced  his 
first  successful  drama,  "Leah  the  For- 
saken," which  was  a  brilliant  success. 
He  had  a  previous  introduction  to  the 
stage  in  a  farce,  the  "Bachelor's  Ward- 
robe," which  had  received  the  wannest 
Emise  from  the  celebrated  hu..iori8t, 
lurton,  and  since  then  Mr.  Daly 
has  given  to  the  stage  a  great  number  of 
pinys,  both  original  and  adaptations, 
with  eminent  success,  and  in  almost  all 
walks  of  the  drama,  and  is  probably 
only  excelled  by  Boucicault,  among 
all  the  living  dramatists,  in  the  number 
and  popularity  of  his  productions. 

DALY,  CHARLES  P.,  LL.  D.,  a 
distinguished  American  lawyer,  and 
writer,  and  Chief  Justice  of  the  Court 
of  Common  Pleas,  City  of  New  York, 
is  of  Irish  parentage,  born  in  the  City 
of  New  York  in  1816,  and  was  admit- 


ted to  the  Bar  in  1889.  He  is  one  of 
the  Law  lecturers  at  Columbia  College, 
N.  Y.,  and  President  of  the  American 
Geographical  and  Statistical  Society, 
and  a  scholar  of  varied  and  extensive- 
leamfng.  He  is  the  author  of  valuable 
articles  in  the  "New  American  Cyclo- 
pedia." "A  History  of  the  courts  of 
New  York,"  "Memoirs  of  Chancellor 
Kent,"  and  many  scientific  and  legal 
papers. 

DAMER  ANNE  SEYMOUR  CON- 
WAY, only  child  of  Field  Marshal  Con- 
way, of  the  British  service,  was  bora 
in  1748,  and  was  highly  accomplished 
in  both  literature  and  art.  She  traveled 
in  Italy,  and  took  lessons  in  sculpture- 
from  celebrated  masters,  among  them 
Cheracie,  and  Bacon.  She  l,1so  posses- 
sed fine  dramatic  talent,  which  she  cul- 
tivated alone  for  private  circles.  She 
produced  numerous  works  of  art  of 
great  merit,  among  them  a  bust  of 
Nelson,  now  in  Guild  Hall,  besides  some- 
colossial  heads  of  great  strength.  She 
died  May  28,  1808. 

DANBY,  FRANCIS,  an  eminent 
"British"  artist,  was  bom  in  Wexford^ 
Ireland,  November  16,  1798,  and  early 
gave  evidence  of  his  artistic  talent. 
After  practicing  for  some  time  at  home, 
and  studying  in  the  school  of  the  So- 
ciety of  Arts,  Dublin,  he  exhibited  hi» 
first  works  of  merit,  in  the  Dublin  Ex- 
hibition. He  at  length  went  to  England 
where  he  acquired  fame  by  his  original- 
ity and  genius.  Among  his  earlier  works 
are  "Christ  Walking  on  the  Sea,"  the- 
embarkation  of  "Cleopatra  to  meet 
Antony,"  "The  Opening  of  the  Seventh. 
Seal,"  and  later  works,  "Ship on  Fire." 
"Departure  of  Ulysses  from  Ithica," 
and  "Marius  among  the  Ruins  of  Car- 
thage." His  pictures  are  among  the 
most  prized  of  those  produced  in  Eng- 
land. Two  of  his  sons  seem  to  inherit 
the  talents  of  their  father,  and  stand 
high  among  cotemporary  artists.  Dan- 
by  died  February  17, 1881,  in  England, 

DANCER,  JOHN,  a  poet,  historian, 
and  dramatic  writer,  was  born  in  WaU^r- 
ford,  Ireland,  about  1650.  He  wrote  a 
complete  History  of  the  Times,  a  chron- 
icle of  the  Kingdom  of  Portugal.  A 
romance.  The  English  Lovers,  besides 
a  number  of  plays.  He  died  about 
1700,  in  the  prime  of  life. 


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J^^p- 


'^■•V.fV 


DAB 


TRTWH  OBI.', 


DAB 


DARBT,  WILLIAM,  one  of  the 
ablest  cf  the  rly  American  seograph- 
en,  was  a  Surveyor  by  proKssidn,  of 
Irish  descent,  and  bom  in  Pennsylvania. 
He  was  author  of  statistical  and  geo- 
graphical treatises.    He  died  in  1654. 

DARCY,  COUNT  PATRIOK,  one 
of  the  ablest  and  most  orieinal  mathe- 
maticians of  his  day,  as  well  as  a  brave 
4md  distinguished  officer,  was  bom  in 
Galway,  Ireland,  in  1727,  and  was  sent 
by  his  parents,  who  were  Catholics,  to 
Irance  to  be  educated.  He  studied 
mathematics  under  Clairault,  and  at  17 
years  of  age  he  gave  a  new  solution  of 
the  problem  of  the  cause  of  equal 
pressure  in  a  resisting  medium.  This 
was  followed  by  the  solution  of  the 
principle,  why  a  budy  sliding  bv  its 
own  weight  along  a  movable  plane, 
at  the  same  time  causes,  by  its 
pressure,  a  horizontal   motion  of  thn 

Elane,  and  this  in  a  manner  peculiar  to 
imself,  and  entirely  original.  He  early 
entered  the  French  army,  and  distin- 
guished himself  on  various  occasions, 
and  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  English 
in  1744.  His  military  duties  however, 
did  not  prevent  him  from  pursuing  his 
scientific  investigations,  and  we  find 
two  valuable  memoirs  contributed  to 
the  academy,  one  a  general  principle  of 
mechanics,  "The  Freservation  of  the 
Rotary  Motion,"  by  a  method  simple, 
ori^iial,  and  ingenious.  In  1760  he 
vroduced  an  essay  on  artillery  contain- 
ing various  experiments  on  the  effect 
of  different  charges  of  powder.  In 
1765  be  published  his  memoir  on  the 
"Duration  of  the  Sensation  of  Light," 
the  most  insenioiiB  of  his  works,  and 
an  admirame  exponent  of  the  inductive 
^  system  of  investigation.  He  also  wrote 
on  hydraulic  machines,  and  it  may  be 
said  of  him  that  whatever  subject  his 

genius  grappled  with,  he  left  behihd 
im  valuable  advances  on  the  subject. 
He  was  an  ardent  lover  of  liberty  and 
independence,  and  had  a  mind  as  gen- 
erous, as  it  was  broad,  gifted  and  culti- 
vated. He  died  of  cholera  morbus  in 
1779. 

DARCY.  SIR  WILLIAM,  an  able 
and  leamea  -legislator  and  writer,  was  a 
native  o'  Plattin  County  Louth,  Ireland, 
and  rose  by  his  talents  to  important 
positions.  He  was  the  author  of  "The 
Fall  of  Ireland  and  the  cause  wiiich 
Produced  it."   He  died  in  1640. 


OARGAN,  EDWARD  S.,  an  emi. 
neat  Irish  American  jurist,  was  bom 
in  Montgomenr  County,  North  Carolina, 
April  15,  1805.  His  father  was  a  Bap- 
tiiit  minister,  who  emigrated  from  Ira- 
la  nd  at  an  early  day.  His  father  dyine 
when  Edward  was  quite  young,  he  left 
him  little  else  than  lessons  -^f  advice 
for  his  guidance.  He,  however,  by  his 
industry,  perseverance  and  talents,  suc- 
ceeding in  educating  himself,  and  ac- 
quired a  more  than  average  collegeate 
knowledge  of  Greek,  Latin,  and  Eng- 
lish. He  was  engaged  on  a  farm  unUl 
he  was  twenty-three,  when  he  entered 
the  law  office  of  Joseph  Picket  at 
WadesboTO,  in  his  native  State.  In 
a8SI9  he  went  to  Alabama  and  taught 
Mchool  for  a  few  months.  He  then  be- 
came a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  and  '-  the 
neantime  continued  his  study  of  the 
.aw,  and  acquiring  some  practice.  In 
1888  he  removed  to  Montgomery,  the 
capital,  where  he  opened  an  office  and 
30on  acquired  a  good  practice  and  stand- 
ng  in  the  prof  ession.  In  1841  he  was 
sleeted  to  the  bench  of  the  Circuit 
Court  of  the  Mobile  District,  and  re- 
moved to  that  city,  in  1844  he  was 
elected  a  State  Senator,  and  in  '45  was 
elected  to  Congress,  and  made  an  able 
speech  on  the  Oregon  boundary  ques- 
tion. In  1847  he  was  elected  by  the 
Legislature  to  the  bench  of  Supreme 
Court  of  the  State,  and  in  1849  became 
Chief  Justice,  which  he  held  till  1863, 
when  he  resigned  and  resumed  the  prac- 
tice of  the  law.  In  1861  he  was  a 
member  of  the  convention  which  passed 
the  ordhiance  of  Secession,  and  was 
Qlected  to  the  first  Confederate  Congress, 
but  declined  a  re-election  and  resumed 
the  practice  of  the  law.  He  died  No- 
vember 22, 1879. 

DARGAN,  WILLIAM,  an  enterpris- 
ing contracting  engineer,  was  born  in 
County  Carlow,  Ireland,  about  1800. 
He  was  contractor  for  the  first  railroad 
'jver  built  in  Ireland — from  Dublin  to 
Kingston.and  was  afterwards  interested 
in  aU  the  great  transit  undertakings  in> 
that  country — Railways,  canals,  tunnels, 
;)tc.  He  was  a  large  owner  of  railway 
.  md  steamboat  stock,  besides  largely  in- 
'..erested  in  flax  growing  and  other  farm- 
ing work.  He  planned  the  great  In- 
(lustral  Exhibition  of  Dublin,  in  1868, 
md  it  was  mamly  carried  through  by 
Lis  energy  and  means.  It  was  opened 
ly  the  Lord  Lieutenant  and  visited  by 


v,| 


■'a 


''x\_ 


DAT 


IBIBH  CELTS 


DAY 


the  Queen  and  Prince  Albert..  At  this 
time  he  declined  the  honor  of  Knight- 
hood offered  by  the  Queen.  He  was  a 
practical  patriot.and  was  highly  esteem- 
ed and  popular.    He  died  in  1867. 

DARLEY,  GEORGE,  a  learned 
"British"  author,  poet,  critic  and 
mathematician,  was  born  in  Dublin,  in 
lt85,  and  graduated  with  distinction 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  1811.  He 
became  a  contrihutor  to  various  peri- 
odicals and  journals,  and  became  noted 
for  the  variety  and  extent  of  his  learn- 
ing. In  1825  he  went  to  London,  and 
became  attached  to  the  "Literary  Ga- 
zette" and  also  the  "Athenmm."  His 
criticism  on  poetry  and  the  fine  arts 
made  him  noted  on  account  of  their 
fairness  and  discrimination.  Among 
Ws  work  are  "The  Labors  of  Idleness," 
"Siberia,"  miscellaneous  works,  phi- 
losophical and  poetic,  besides  mathe- 
matical and  dramatic  works.  He  was 
certainly  one  of  the  ablest  and  most 
scholarly  men  of  his  day.  He  died  in 
London,  in  1849. 

DARRAGH,  CORNELIUS,  an  able 
Irish- American  politician,  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, was  bom  in  that  State,  of  Insh 
parentsabout  1805,  and  raised  himself 
oy  native  ability  to  a  prominent  place 
among  his  fellow  citizens,  holding  va- 
rious positions  of  trust  and  honor,  and 
representing  his  state  in  Congress  from 
1848  to  '47. 

DATHT,  a  great  Monarch  of  Ire- 
land, was  a  nephew  of  Niall  the  Great, 
whom  he  succeeded,  and  was  the  last 
of  the  Pagan  Monarchs  of  Ireland.  At 
the  time  of  his  accession  he  was  king 
of  Connaught.  During  Dathy's  reign 
the  Roman  Empire  was  assailed  on  all 
sides.  Gratiac  had  himself  proclaimed 
in  Britain  and  Gaul  as  Emperor,  but 
bein§  shortly  afterwards  killed,  Con- 
Btantine  assumed  the  imperial  power  in 
the  west,  and  finding  it  necessanr  to 
concentrate  all  his  forces,  he  drew  from 
Britain  all  the  Roman  troops.  Dathy 
now  invaled  Britain,  and  aided  by  the 
Picts  and  Scoto  Milesians  of  Albania, 
he  devastated  the  whole  countjr,  and 
crossing  over  into  Gaul  he  carried  his 
arms  to  the  foot  of  the  Alps  after  de- 
feating all  who  opposed  him.  He  was 
there*  Killed  bv  lightning  and  his  bod^ 
brought  back  by  his  victorious  soldiers, 
and  Duried  at  Cruachen,  where  the 


kings  of  Cnnnaught  were  interred.  Of 
tlie»e  invasions,  Guildas,  an  ancient 
British  author  writes,  "Britain  being 
stripped  of  her  forces,  and  the  people 
being  without  a  proper  leader,  and  un- 
skilled in  the  practices  of  war,  was  now 
trampled  upon  by  two  nations,  the  Scots 
from  the  west,  and  the  Picts  from  the 
north,  and  this  state  of  things  has  con- 
tinued  for  many  years,  and  Usher  after 
Gildas  observes:  "The  second  devasta- 
tion which  Gildas  remarks  to  have  hap- 
pened in  Britain  about  430,  Sabellicas 
thus  describes,  Altius  being  forced  to 
recall  his  troops  from  Britain  to  oppose 
the  Burgundi,  the  Scots  and  people  of 
Albania  sweep  the  country  with  fire 
and  sword,"  and  Bede  thus  refers  to 
them,  "When  these  enemies  discovered 
that  the  Romans  had  withdrawn,  they, 
aided  with  their  fleet,  invaded  the  coun- 
try, and  mowed  down  and  trampled 
upon  everything  in  their  devastating 
march.  The  Britons  dispatched  em- 
bassadors to  Rome,  supplicating  aid 
with  tears  and  lamentations,  asking  not 
to  let  their  imhappy  country  be  entirely 
blotted  out,  which  had  so  long  borne 
the  name  of  a  Roman  province."  fiede's 
His.  Bl.  Cia. 

DAVIDSON,  JOHN,  a  brave  and 
indefatigable  explorer  and  traveler,  was 
the  son  of  a  Dublin  merchant,  and  bom 
in  that  city  in  1814.  He  early  devel- 
oped a  passion  for  traveling  and  a  love 
oc  danger  and  excitement.  Before  he 
was  twenty  he  had  traveled  extensively 
throuhout  Europe  and  the  East,  be- 
sides widely  in  North  and  South 
America.  He  was  killed  in  an  attempt 
to  reach  Timbuctoo,  in  1836,  before  he 
had  reached  the  twenty-second  year  of 
his  age. 

DAVIDSON,  GEN.  WILLIAM,  a 

f gallant  and  fearless  patriot  of  the  Revo- 
ution,  was  of  Irish  parentage,  born  in 
Lancaster,  Pennsylvania,  in  1746. 
When  he  was  about  four  years  old,  the 
family  removed  to  Rowan  county,  North 
Carolina.  Our  hero  was  educated  at 
the  Queen's  Museum,  afterwards 
"Liberty  Hall,"  in  Mecklenburg  Co. 
It  was  this  vicinity  which  first  sounded 
a  united  and  formal  note  of  defiance 
against  British  tyranny,  in  the  docu- 
ment known  as  the  "Mecklenburg  Dec- 
laration of  Independence,"  ana  it  is 
note  worthy  that  it  was  mainly  Irish 
and  their  descendant  who  thus  com- 


^^ 


DAV 


XBI8H  CELTS. 


DAW 


a 
levo- 
rn  in 
1746. 
the 
forth 
Id  at 
Varda 
Co. 
Inded 
lance 
iocu- 
I  Dec- 
it  is 
Irish 
(com- 


^^ 


mitted  themselves.  Even  the  women, 
•with  the  same  spirit  as  "Molly  Pitcher," 
formed  aso^omn  leugiie  against  laggards 
and  dastards,  and  urged  forward  their 
husbands,  brothers  and  lovers,  to  go 
and  defend  their  liberties  with  their 
lives.  It  was  this  heroic  Irish  spirit 
which  animated  even  the  women  with 
more  than  Roman  spirit,  that  gave 
strength  and  backbone  to  the  Revolu- 
tion, and  sustained  it  in  its  darkest 
trials.  Davidson  was  among  the  first 
t:)  organize  when  men  could  strike,  and 
was  made  a  Major.  He  fought  at 
Monmouth,  Brandy  wine,  Germantown, 
and  attracted  the  attention  of  "V.'ash- 
Ington,  and  was  soon  in  command  of 
his  regiment.  At  Calson'o  Mills  he  was 
sho*;  through  the  body,  but  recovered, 
and  was  made  a  Brig.  General.  He 
was  ind^fa^gable  in  organizing,  and 
arousing  the  people  to  recewed  exer- 
tions, especially  in  the  dark'^^st  hour  of 
the  great  struggle.  After  Morgan  had 
d^eated  Carleton,  who  had  been  sent 
by  Lord  Comwallisto  capture  him, and 
who  in  turn  was  compelled  to  make  a 
quick  retreat  to  escape  from  the  over- 
whelming forces  of  Curnwallis  him- 
self, who  was  making  forced  marches 
to  overtake  him;  our  subject  was  con- 
spicuous by  his  exertions  to  retard  the 
advance  of  the  British.and  was  gallantly 
defending  the  fords  of  the  Catawba.  Un- 
der the  cover  of  a  dense  fog  the  enemy 
determined  to  cross  at  Cowan's  ford, 
which  was  a  kind  of  a  forked  ford; 
the  General  in  person  keeping  guard  at 
one,  and  a  younger  brother,  Lieut. 
Thomas,  having  command  at  the 
other.  The  enemy  took  this  latter  and 
were  almost  across  before  being  dis- 
covered. The  General  hastened  to  the 
defense.  The  enemy  were  already 
strongly  formed  when  he  arrived,  but 
he  attacked  them,  and  fell  mortally 
wounded,  and  expired  almost  instantly, 
February  1,  1781,  a  hoUcaust  to  his 
country  and  freedom. 

DAVIS.  THOMAS,  a  talented  and 

Patriotic  Irish  poet  and  journalist,  was 
om  at  Mallow,  Cork,  in  1814,  was 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
and  Immediately  after  leaving  college 
dashed  into  literature  and  politics,  and 
connected  himself  with  the  patriotic 

{)ress  of  his  native  land.  On  the  estab- 
ishment  of  the  "Nation"  newspaper 
he  became  one  of  its  principal  writers. 
Its  staff  was  composedof  the  most  brilli- 


ant array  of  youthful  talent  that  per- 
haps ever  labored  on  a  single  news- 
paper, including  such  men  as  Thomas 
Darcy  McGee,  John  Mitchell,  Devin 
Reilly,  Thomas  Davis,  Meagher,  etc., 
all  fired  with  enthusiasm  and  hope,  in 
the  struggle  in  which  they  were  eii^a^- 
ed.  It  was  while  thus  employeu  Hi. 
stirring  the  heart  of  Ireland  that  Davis 
first  tned  his  hand  at  National  ballads, 
knowing  how  potent  patriotic  songs  are 
to  stir  the  masses  of  a  nation.  Altijou'rh 
he  seems  not  to  have  known  his  natui-.il 
gifts  for  such  a  task,  his  efforts  soon 
developed  the  wondrous  powers  with 
which  he  was  endowed,  he  thence  for- 
ward gave  voice  to  patriotic  songs,  in 
the  columns  of  the  "Nation,"  which 
are  not  excelled  by  kindred  productions 
from  any  pen  in  any  age  c.  .lation,  and 
which  made  the  name  of  Thoniai 
Lv'vis  a  household  word  throughout 
Ireland.  Davis  did  not  live  to  see  the 
misfortunes  which  befell  his  beloved 
country  and  friends  in  '48,  He  died  in 
in  the  si)ring  time  of  life,  still  full  of 
the  poetic  fire,  being  only  30  years  of 
age.  His  death  occuraed  in  Dublin, 
September  6,  1845. 

DAVIS,  THOMAS,  an  able  politician 
of  Rhode  Island,  was  bor^  in  Ireland 
about  1808,  came  to  America  with 
his  parents  at  an  early  day,  and  settled 
in  Rhode  Island,  where  he  finished  his 
education  and  soon  acquired  promin- 
ence by  his  ability.  He  was  elected  to 
Congress  in  1852,  and  served  with  honor 
to  himself  and  his  state. 

DAWSON,  ARTHUR,  an  .minent 
Irish  lawyer,  wit  and  conversationalist, 
was  born  in  Dublin  about  1706,  educa- 
ted at  Trinity  College,  and  called  to  the 
Bar  in  1723.  He  soon  rose  to  eminence 
and  acquired  a  lar^e  and  I'lcrative prac- 
tice. He  was  appointed  baron  of  the  Ex- 
chequer in  1741,  and  wds  one  of  the 
Judges  \^ho  tried  the  celebrated  case  in 
ejectment  of  Annesley  vs  The  Earl  of 
Anglesey.  He  was  also  for  many  years 
a  member  of  the  Irish  Parliament.  A 
wiiter  who  knew  him  well  tells  us  that, 
"The  baron  was  of  grave,  reserved  and 

Eenetrating  aspect,  though  extretnely 
andsome,  and  had  an  unbounded  flow 
of  wit  and  humor,8aid  more  good  thin^ 
in  half  an  hour  than  half  the  comic 
writers  have  introduced  into  their  plays, 
and  while  his  hearer  sat 
"Laughing  holding  both  his  sides," 


.'1 


rl. 


•1  <k\ 


DEO 


miSH  CELTS. 


DEE 


I  If' 


at  his  irresistible  conceits,  he  remained 
himself  as  composed  as  if  on  the  bench. 
Bis  character,  too,  was  so  simple  and 
natural,  that  without  losing  either  his 
dignity  or  propriety  he  would  join  in 
tho  sports  and  couvenr^tions  of  his  boys 
and  their  companions.  He  also  courted 
the  muses  and  wrote  a  famous  drinking 
song  on  Squire  Jones  of  Money  Glas, 
intended  as  a  surprise  to  the  celebrated 
Carolan  the  harpist  and  poet  with 
whom  hewaq  enioyingan  evening,  and 
who  was  deputed  to  compose  a  song  in 
lienor  of  their  host,  Squire  Jones.  He 
was  one  of  natures  true  noblemen, 
whose  commanding  abilities  were  equal 
to  any  station,  but  whose  rare  simplici- 
ty seerr  ed  to  bring  greatness  down  to 
the  ordinary  level.  He  died  in  Dublin 
in  1775. 

DAWSON,  WM.  J.,  an  able  Irish- 
American  patriot  of  the  Revolution, 
distinguished  himself  by  his  devotion 
and  ability  in  the  cause  of  freedom  in 
North  Carolina,  and  was  a  representa- 
tive from  that  State  to  the  third  Con- 
gress. 

DEASY,  RICHARD,    LL.    D.,    a 

prominent  and  able  British  statesman 
and  jurist,  was  bom  in  Ireland  in  1812, 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dub- 
lin, and  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1835. 
He  became  Queens  Counsel  in  1849,  and 
Sergeant  at  law  in  1858.  The  following 
year  he  was  made  Solicitor  General  for 
Ireland,  Attorney  General  in  1860,  and 
Baron  of  the  Exchequer  in  '61.  He 
represented  the  County  of  Cork  in 
Parliament,  and  although  a  Catholic, 
was  not  noted  for  his  patriotism. 

DECLAN,  SAINT,  a  contemporary 
of  St.  Patrick,  and  Bishop  of  Ardmore. 
He  was  a  son  of  Ere,  a  chief  of  Water- 
ford.  It  is  said  that  his  future  holiness 
was  i^redicted  by  Coleman,  a  holy  mis- 
sionary, who  happened  to  be  preaching 
ill  the  neighborhood  at  the  time  of  his 
birth,  and  who  had  converted  his  par- 
ents, and  also  baptized  the  child. 
His  education  was  committed  to  the 
care  of  a  Christian  priest  called  Deinma, 
under  whom  he  made  great  progress  in 
sanctity  and  learning.  It  is  said  by 
Usher  that  he  went  to  Rome  and  was 
ordained  there.  On  his  return  he  con- 
verted his  house  and  place  into  a  church 
and  school.  Es  met  St.  Patrick  at  the 
Synod,  or  meeting  in  Cashel,  and  was 


recognized  by  him  as  the  chief  bishop 
of  the  Disies.  He  was  greatly  attached 
to  Saints  Ibar  and  AllDe,  two  of  the 
early  missionaries.  His  school  became 
celebrated  and  attracted  students,  not 
only  from  all  parts  of  Ireland,  but  also 
from  the  continent. '  Like  all  his  saintly 
contemporaries  he  was  remarkable  for 
his  piety  and  zeal.  The  ruins  of  those 
monuments  of  zeal  and  learning  are  still 
visible,  and  near  by  one  of  those  cele- 
brated round  tower-),  which  are  supposed 
to  have  been  belfries  to  cathedral  church- 
es. It  was  surmounted  by  a  cross,  which 
was  shot  away  by  the  Cromwellian 
pagans.  In  the  churches  are  carvings 
m  bass-reliefs  of  scriptural  subjects. 
St.  Declan  died  about   626. 

DEE,  JOHN,  a  mathematician  and 
man  of  learning,  but  of  an  erratic 
character,  was  born  in  London,  of 
Irish  parentage,  in  1627;  studied  at 
Cambridge  and  afterward  at  Louvain, 
where  he  took  the  degree  of  LL.D.  He 
pretended  belief  and  skill  in  astrology 
and  alchemy,  and  was  patronized  by 
^ueen  Elizabeth  in  this  capacity,  in 
aid  of  her  schemes,  as  well  as  employed 
personally  as  a  political  agent.  He  had 
a  companion,  na'  .  Kelly,  in  con- 
junction with  whom  he  professed  to 
evoke  spirits.  He  was  feared  and  per- 
secuted by  the  people  as  a  sorcerer,  and 
consequently  went  to  the  continent 
where  he  remained  'till  1583,  when  he 
again  returned  at  the  wish  of  his  royal 
patron,  and  was  again  employed  by 
her.  He  wrote  several  mathematical 
works.    He  died  in  1608. 

DEE,  MICHAEL,  a  prominent  jour- 
nalist of  Michigan,  was  bom  in  Ireland 
about  1843,  and  came  at  an  early  age, 
with  his  parents,  to  the  United  States, 
who  settled  in  Detroit,  Michigan.  He 
received  the  ordinary  English  education 
in  the  schools  of  the  Christian  Brothers 
in  that  city,  and  at  the  age  of  four- 
teen entered  a  printing  office,  that  col- 
lege of  so  many  eminent  men.  After 
learning  his  business,  he,  in  ci/mpany 
whh  a  fellow  compositor  and  old  school 
companion,  started  a  Catholic  news- 
paper. "The  Western  Catholic,"  which 
was  edited  by  Dee.  After  a  few  years 
they  transferred  it  to  Chicago,  ana  met 
with  fair  success,  but  made  no  great 
strike.  While  in  Chicago,  Dee,  who 
felt  a  stronger  penchant  for  seculurthan 
religious  journalism,  sold  out,  and  after 


DEL 


miSH  CBXT8. 


DEB 


:!!;. 


some  little  expeiience  on  the  great 
Chicago  dailies,  he  came  to  Detroit  and 
cecured  employment  on  the  "Daily 
Union,"  then  under  the  management  of 
Col.  Atkinson.  There  he  developed 
Chicago  journalistic  methods,  and  was 
as  well,  making  it  lively  for  the  paper 
as  helping  to  make  it  a  lively  paper. 
The  Detroit  "Evening  News"  was  start- 
ed about  this  time,  and  Dee  became  its 
local  editor,  and  gradually  became  its 
inspiration  and  substantially  directed 
its  journalistic  policy,  writing  most  of 
its  aggressive  articles,  and  pushed  it 
quickly  into  notoriety.  The  policy  has 
scarcely  ever  left  the  paper  free  from 
libel  suits,  some  of  which  have  become 
famous,  but  the  success  of  the  paper 
has  been  a  marvel.  Dee  has  developed 
fine  journalistic  powers,  and  is  a 
ready  writer  on  all  live  subjects,  dis- 
playing tact  if  not  power.  Ha  is  a 
pronounced '  'Free  Trader,"  and  a  ready 
and  plausible  expounder  of  its  princi- 
ples. He  is  recognized  as  one  of  the 
leading  journalists  of  Michigan. 

DELANT,  MART,  wife  of  Dr. 
Patrick,  and  daughter  of  Lord  Lans- 
down — an  ancient  Norman-Irish  fami- 
ly. She  was  a  lady  of  rare  talent  and 
accomplishments,  and  an  intimate 
friend  of  the  celebrated  Madam  D'Aub- 
ly,  and  was  bom  about  1710.  Mrs.  De- 
lainy  was  a  great  friend  and  intimate 
of  Queen  Charlotte,  and  was  honored 
by  the  King  and  Queen,  socially,  in  the 
most  inark«i  manner.  Besides  being 
a  lady  of  great  dignity  and  refinement 
of  manners,  she  excelled  as  an  episto- 
lary writer,  and  was  highly  cultivated, 
possessing  also  exquisite  taste,  and  a  re- 
markable facility  in  the  forming  of 
artificial  flowers  from  colored  papers, 
which  was  rare  in  that  day.  She  formed 
a  Flora  of  this  kind  of  nearly  a  thou- 
sand subjects,  which  was  greatly  admir- 
ed for  its  truthfulness  to  nature.  Her 
character  was  loveable  in  the  highest 
degree,  totally  unselfish  and  devoid  of 
ambition,  ana  eminently  practical.  She 
died  at  an  advanced  age,  in  1788,  sin* 
cerely  mourned. 

DELANT,  DR.  PATRICK,  a  divine 
of  the  Church  of  England,  was  born  in 
Ireland  in  1686,  and  died  at  Bath  in 
1768.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  r  id  was  chancellor  of 
Christ  church,  and  a  prebend  of  St. 
Patricks  cathedral,  and  afterwards  dean 


of  Down.    He  was  a  man  of  letters, 

and  an  intimate  friend  of  Swift.  Among 
his  works  are  a  "Life  of  David,"  "Reve- 
latiuns  Examined  with  candor,"  "Re- 
ma'-Ivs  on  Orrery's  Life,"  "Life  of 
Swift,"  &c. 

DELLET,  JAMES,  a  talented  Ameri- 
can lawyer  an(i  politician,  was  born  in 
Ireland,  1788,  emigrated  to  the 
United  States  with  his  parents  and  set- 
tled in  South  Carolina.  He  completed 
his  education  in  the  University,  of  South 
Carolina,  and  was  among  its  first  gradu- 
ates, and  was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1813. 
He  removed  to  Alabama  in  1818,  where 
he  became  Judge  of  the  circuit,  and 
twice  represented  his  adopted  state  ia 
Congress.  He  died  at  Claiboume,  Dec. 
24,1848. 

DENHAM,  SIR  JOHN,  a  poet  and 
dramatic  writer  of  merit,  was  the  son 
of  the  chief  Baron  of  the  Irish  Ex- 
chequer, bom  in  Dublin,  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  and  studied  law  at 
Lincoln's  Inn.  In  1641  he  published  a 
tragedy  called  "Sophy,"  and  in  '43 
'  'The  Coopers  Hill. "  In  the  Civil  War 
he  espoused  the  cause  of  Charles  I  and 
lost  his  estate  in  consequence.  After 
the  restoration  he  was  knighted  and 
made  surveyor  of  the  Royal  Buildings. 
He  died  in  1688.  His  poems  are  fre- 
quently elegant,  spirited,  and  possess 
much  felicity  of  expression. 

DERMOD,  Monarch  of  Ireland,  A.D. 
544.  According  to  Gratianus  Lucius 
he  was  every  inch  a  king,  of  command- 
presence,  skillful  and  brave  in  combat 
and  wise  in  legislation. 

DERMODT,  THOMAS,  a  poet  and 
most  precocious  scholar,  was  the  son  of 
a  schoolmaster,  and  was  bom  at  Ennis, 
In  the  South  of  Ireland,  1775.  He 
made  such  early  progress  in  learning 
that  he  assisted  his  father  in  teaching 
Qreek  and  Latin,  when  only  eight  years 
of  age.  His  extraordinary  precocious- 
ness  proved  his  ruin  for  it,  early  led 
him  into  habits  of  dissipation.  He  was 
patronized  by  the  most  distinguished 
personages  of  his  neighborhood,  an^ 
even  received  a  commission  in  ilie  army, 
but  nothing  could  wean  him  from  the 
accursed  habit,  and  he  died  in  1802,  in 
Sydenham,  Kent.  His  poems  mostly 
written  nnder  the  pressure  of  neces- 
sity, exhibit   great  powers  of    fancy 


DBS 


IRIEH  CBS/n, 


DES 


•nd  elegance  of  ezpresdoa,  but  are 
oiarred  by  carelessness. 

DERRICK.  SAM'L..  a  well  known 
literary  man  in  his  day,  was  bom  in 
Ireland  in  1724.  He  received  but  an 
ordinary  education,  and  was  a  clertt  in 
a  store  in  Dublin  till  1761,  when  he  set 
out  for  London  to  seek  fame  in  a  liter- 
ary career.  He  first  tried  the  stage  with- 
out success,  and  then  devoted  himself 
to  literature.  He  succeded  Beau  Nash 
as  Master  of  Ceremonies  at  Bath  and 
Tunbridge,  and  like  him  was  of  lavish 
habits.  He  was  the  author  of  '  'Cylla." 
He  died  in  1760. 

DESIBOD,  ST.,  was  bom  in  Ireland, 
of  noble  parents,  about  A.  D.,  620.  He 
was  educated  under  the  most  famous 
mtisters,  and  soon  became  celebrated 
for  his  great  talents  and  profound 
learning.  He  became  a  pnest,  and 
shortly  after  was  made  bishop  of 
Dublin.  After  governing  this  church 
for  ten  years,  he  resigned,  and  with 
several  holy  companions,  he  went  to 
the  continent,  and  preached  the  gospel 
in  different  parts  of  Germany.  He  at 
length  settled  on  a  lofty  mountain  for 
retirement  and  prayer,  which  was 
called  after  him  Mont.  Desibod,  now 
Disingberg;  and  was  joined  by  several 
monks  and  a  monastery  was  founded. 
Here  he  lived  a  mortified  life  for 
thuty-seven  years,  dying  at  an  advanced 
age,  on  the  8th  of  July,  on  which  day 
h&  feast  is  kept.  His  life  was  written 
by  Hildigardls,  a  nun  of  Disinberg, 
and  pubmhed  by  Surius. 

DESMOND,  GARRET,  Uarl  of,  a 
gallant  and  patriotic  Irish  nobleman, 
was  a  brother  of  Sir  John,  and  engaged 
with  him  in  most  of  his  efforts  against 
the  enemies  of  his  countnr  and  religion. 
Weakened  at  length  by  the  .'oss  of  his 
gallant  relative,  and  the  perfidy  or 
craveuness  of  so  many,  who  kihould 
have  sustained  to  the  last  their  rights, 
he  became  a  fugitive  in  his  own'joun- 
try,  and  was  hi  kist  killed  in  the  woods 
of  Kerry,  A.  D.,  1588. 

DESMOND.  SIR  JOHN,  a  valiant 
Irish  patriot  and  successful  soldier,  was 
a  brother  to  Garret,  Earl  of  Desmond, 
and  with  him  was  sent  to  the  tower  by 
Elizabeth,  because  they  would  not  ac- 
knowledge her  spiritual  supremacy. 
They  were,  however,  released  to  secure 


peace  with  James  Fitzmaurice,  their 
cousin,  who  successively  defeated  all 
the  royal  troops  sent  against  him,  and 
made  it  warm  for  the  English  in 
Munster.  Outraged  by  the  perfidy  of 
Elizabeth,  who  had  designed  lo  capture 
and  behead  the  three  brothers  when  the 
conditions  of  peace  were  to  be  signed  in 
Dublin,  they  escaped  her  coils  and  took 
up  arms  again.  After  the  death  of 
James  Fitzmaurice,  Sir  John  took  com- 
mand and  defeated  the  deputy  Drury 
near  the  forest  of  Blackwood,  Limerick, 
with  heavy  loss.  The  enemy  being  re- 
inforced, advanced  again  under  Gen. 
Malby,  and  after  a  desperate  battle  near 
the  Abbey  of  Nenay,  Desmond  again 
routed  them,  capturing  all  their  can- 
nons and  baggage.  He  shortly  after- 
wards defeats  the  garrison  of  Kilmal- 
lock,  and  again  met  the  enemy  at  Gort 
Na-Pissi,  when  ten  battal  ions  of  Eng- 
lish troops  were  cut  to  pieces.  He 
afterwards  captured  the  fortitied  town 
of  Youghal,  and  defeated  a  body  of 
troops  sent  to  its  relief,  Desmond  being 
encamped  on  the  Blackwater,  with  his 
brother  the  Earl,  and  some  misunder- 
standing having  arisen  between  David 
Barry  and  Fitzgerald  of  Imokilly,  then 
confederates  who  were  encamped  on  the 
other  side,  Desmond  went  over  to  re- 
concile them,  and  not  suspecting  the 
enemy  to  be  near,  was  captured  in  a 
woods  through  which  he  had  to  pass, 
by  a  concealed  party,  but  only  after 
a  desperate  resistance,  and  not  till  mor- 
tally wounded.  Thus  died  one  of  the 
bravest  of  Irelands  defenders  in  the 
bloody  days  of  Elizabeth,  A.  D.  1581. 

DESPARD,  EDW.  MARCUS,  an 
Irish  soldier  of  fortune,  was  born  in 
the  Queen's  County,  Ireland,  about 
1755.  and  after  perfecting  his  educa- 
tion, entered  the  British  army  and 
served  with  distinction  on  various  oc- 
casions. He  attained  the  rank  of  Lieut. 
Colonel,  and  became  Supt.  of  the  Eng- 
lish colony  in  Honduras,  but  on  ac- 
count of  complaints  made  against  him. 
and  having  no  friends  in  high  places, 
he  was  recalled  in  1790.  He  could 
never  procure  an  investigation  into  his 
administration,  or  any  satisfaction, 
which  so  provoked  him  that  he  was  ar- 
rested foi  scaitious  threats,  but  was 
liberated  without  trial,  a:  id  more  em- 
bittered than  ever.  In  conjunction 
with  some  privates  of  the  guards  and 
others,  he  is  said  to  have  1 3rmed  a  plan 


11 


DbV 


IBISH  CBvn, 


Dia 


,,,■1 


to  seize  the  Tower  and  the  Bank  and  as- 
flassinate  the  King  on  his  way  to  open 
parliament,  for  which,  he  with  nine 
others,  was  tried  'by  special  commis- 
sion, and  beheaded  February  21,  1803. 

DeVERE  hunt,  sir  AUBREY, 
a  man  of  talent  and  a  poet,  was  bom  in 
County  Limerick,  Ireland,  August  20, 
1787.    He  was  the  author  of  numerous 

Soetical  works,  among  which  was  the 
rama  of  "Maiy  Tudor."  Hayes  says 
of  him,  "that  he  was  distinguished  for 
his  high  poetic  genius,  and  depicted  the 
tragic  passions  with  great  power  and 
naturalness,  and  that  his  productions 
are  characterized  by  grace  and  feeling." 

DeVERE,  AUBREY,  son  of  the  fore- 
going, and  one  of  the  most  gifted  poets 
of  19th  Qentury,  was  bom  at  Curragh 
Chase,  Limerick,  Ireland..  January  10, 
1814.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Dublin.  His  first  published  effort 
was  "The  Waldenses  or  the  Fall  of 
Rosa,"  a  lyrical  tale  which  appeared  in 
1842.  The  next  year  he  gave  to  the 
world  "The  Search  after  Prosperine," 
"Recollections  of  Greece  and  other 
poems."  Like  most  poets,  being  a  true 
patriot  and  lover  of  his  countiy,  he 
gave  much  attention  to  her  wants  and 
her  history,  and  in  1848  he  published 
"English  Misr\ile  and  Irish  Misdeeds." 
After  traveling  on  the  continent  he 
published  "Picturesque  sketches  of 
Greece  and  Turkey,"  and  in  1856  "Po- 
ems, Miscellaneous  and  Sacred."  In 
1857,  "May  Carols,"  and  in  1861,  "The 
Sisters."  "Inisfail,"  and  other  poems, 
and  in  '61,  "The  Infant  Burial."  De- 
Vere  was  strongly  opposed  to  the  exist- 
ance  of  that  crying  wrong  the  church 
establishment  in  Ireland,  and  was  one  of 
the  most  energetic  and  persistent  of  its 
opponents,  and  exposers  of  its  gross  in- 

Justices  to  the  people,  until  it  was  at 
ength  abolished.  On  the  establishment 
of  uie  Catholic  University,  1854,  Au- 
brey DeVere  was  appointed  honorary 
professor  of  Political  and  Social  Science. 
After  his  efforts  towards  the  disestab- 
lishmer  t  of  the  church  by  law  created 
in  Ireland,  were  crowned  with  success, 
he  retired  from  politics  and  gave  him- 
self to  the  more  genial  inspirations  of 
his  muse,  and  in  1869  published  "Irish 
Odes,"  and  other  poems,  in  '72,  "The 
Legends  of  St.  Patrick,  in  '74,  "Alex- 
ander the  Great,"  a  dramatic  poem,  and 
in  '76,  "St.  Thomas  of  Canterbury,"  a 


dramatic  poem  of  great  merit,  and  in 
1878  a  kind  of  miscellany  of  Religious 
and  Philosophical  subjects,  under  the 
title  of  "Proteus  and  Amadeus,"  and 
later  still  a  volume  of  poems,  "Irish 
Legends."  Aubrey  DeVere  is  without 
doubt  one  of  the  ablest  and  most  cul- 
txu-ed  of  our  modem  poets,  and  one  of 
whom  Ireland  may  well  feel  proud. 

DEVINE,  THOMAS,  a  talented  top- 
ographer and  engineer  of  Canada,  was 
bom  in  Westmeath,  Ireland,  and  studied 
his  profession  in  that  country.  He  was 
employed  for  '  jme  years  on  the  ord  - 
nance  survey  of  Ireland,  and  after  its 
compl'  :tion  came  to  Canada.  His  work 
there  in  the  Crown  Lands  Department 
of  the  government,  har  received  the 
highest  praise,  and  earned  for  him  a 
reputation  in  Europe  and  America.  He 
is  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Geographical 
Societies  of  London,  of  Berlin,  and  of 
the  American  Society.  He  is  now  head 
of  the  Govemmeut  Surveyors  of 
Canada. 

DERBY,  Counless  of  (See  Eliza 
FaiTcn). 

DIGBY,  K.  HENRY,  an  author  and 
man  of  extensive  and  varied  learning, 
was  the  son  of  Rev.  Wm.  Digby, 
protestant  Dean  of  Clonfert,  Txeland, 
and  was  born  in  th**  year  1800.  After 
receiving  his  prelimii; /TV  education  at 
home,  he  was  sent  to  i  rinitv  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  degree 
in  1823.  There  he  formed  the  acquain- 
tance of  Ambrose  Phillips,  and  they  pur- 
sued very  earnestly  together  the  re- 
ligious qjiestions,  which  at  that  time, 
agitated  the  university,  and  with  his 
friend  Phillips,  he  afterwards  became  a 
catholic.  In  the  mean  time,  he  pub- 
lished his  first  work,  "Broadstone  of 
Honor,"  which  received  the  praises  of 
JuUus  Hare,  and  Wordsworth.  It  treats 
of  chivalry  and  the  knights  of  old. 
His  next  work  was  "'The  Ages  of 
Faith,"  published  in  li  volumes,  which 
were  republished  in  this  country  by 
3ishop  Purcell.  He  published  many 
other  works,  both  in  prose  and  verse 
among  which  are  "Evenings  on  the 
Thames,"  2  volumes;  "The  Chapel  of 
St.  John,"  written  in  memory  of  his 
wife,  whose  maiden  name  was  Dillon; 
and  other  treaties  of  merit.  Mr.  Digby 
was  also  an  artist  of  some  merit,  and 
painted  a  great  niunber  of  altar  pieces 


^,' 


>  ^ 


.rj' 


•  .ft 


DTL 


IBISH  CELTS 


DIL 


tOT  churches  unable  to  bear  the  ex- 
pense.   He  (lied  May  22, 18dO. 

DILLON,  COUNT  ARTHUR,  sec- 
ond son  of  the  first  Count  Dillon,  was 
bom  in  Sligo,  Ireland,  about  1(165,  and 
was  an  officer  under  his  father  in  de- 
fending his  country's  rights,  and  also 
in  sustaining  the  embeclle  James  II. 
He  was  also  one  of  those  who  went  to 
i'rance  before  the  treaty  of  Limerick, 
with  Lieut.  Gen.  Justin  McCarthy,  who 
commanded  what  was  called  Mont- 
cashel's  Brigade.  He  succeeded  his 
father  in  command  of  Dillon's  Regi- 
ment, and  greatly  distinguished  him- 
self under  Marshal  Catenat,  in  Savoy, 
especially  at  the  battle  of  Marseilles, 
1698,  and  that  of  Cremona,  1702, 
which  victory  was  won  in  great  part 
by  the  valor  of  Dillon's  and  Burke's 
regiments.  IIq  also  held  civil  offices  of 
distinction;  was  Governor  of  Toulon, 
and  held  the  rank  of  Lieut.  General  in 
the  French  armies.  He  died  at  St. 
Germain-en- (Laye,  1734,  leaving  behind 
him  worthy  sons,  who  continued  to  add 
lustre  to  the  name. 

DHiLON,  GEN.  ARTHUR,  son  of 
Henry  Viscount  Dillon,  and  a  direct 
descendant  of  Coimt  Theobald,  was 
bom  in  Ireland  in  1748,  was  educated 
in  France,  and  entered  the  army  and 
rose  gradually  by  soldierly  conduct 
and  skill  to  the  ranK  of  General.  He 
was  not  carried  away  by  the  wild 
theories  of  the  Revolution,  and  conse- 
quently soon  became  its  victim,  dying 
by  the  guillotine,  April  18,  1794.  He 
was  the  father  of  the  celebrated 
Madame  Bertram. 

DILLON,  ARCHBISHOP  AR- 
THUR RICHARD,  a  distinguished 
,  French  divine  and  scholar,  was  the  son 
of  Count  Arthur,  and  brother  of  Coxmts 
James  and  Edward;  was  educated  at 
the  Irish  College- in  Paris,  where  he 
was  distinguished  for  ability.  He 
chose  the  better  part,  and  continued 
his  studies  preparatory  to  entering  the 
religious  state,  was  ordained  priest  and 
became  noted,  for  his  ability,  eloquence 
and  learning.  He  was  raised  to  the 
episcopacv,  lllHng  first  the  Archepisco- 
pal  See  of  Toulouse,  ho  was  afterwards 
transferred  to  that  .  of  Narbonne 
which  is  cloihed  wiih  the  Primacy  of 
the  Gauls.  He  was  als  a  commander  of 
the  "Order  of  the  Holy  Ghost,"  and 


President  of  the  State  of  Languedoc 
He  was  held  in  the  highest  esteem 
throughout  France,  for  his  piety  and 
learning,  and  left  behind  him  many 
works  of  a  religious  nature. 

DILLON,  GEN.  ARTHUR  RICH- 
ARD, a  distinguished  officer  in  the 
Britidi  service,  was  a  son  of  Sir  John 
Dillon  M.  P. ;  born  about  1780,  and  en- 
tered the  army  at  an  early  age.  He 
rose  by  merit  and  marked  ability,  serv- 
ing on  the  Continent  and  in  the  East, 
and  reached  the  rank  of  Lieut.  General. 

^DILLON,  COUNT  EDWARD,  a 
gallant  French  soldier,  was  a  younger 
brother  of  Count  James,  and  his  suc- 
cessor in  the  command  of  their  gallant 
regiment,  equally  renowned  for  bravery 
and  skill.  He  participated  in  the  latter 
glories  of  the  Irish  brigades  in  France, 
serving  in  the  Netherlands  asrainst  the 
Allies,  and  securing  additional  fame 
for  his  name  and  regiment  after  Fon- 
tenoy,  where  his  gallant  brother  fell. 
He  greatly  distinguished  himself  at 
Roucoux  and  Lafeldt,  in  which  last 
battle  he  fell,  like  his  brother,  in  the 
moment  of  victory. 

DILLON,  COUNT  JAMES,  a  tal- 
Cfltcd  French  soldier  and  a  knight  )f 
Malta,  was  the  son  of  Count  Arthur 
Dillon,  and  was  born  in  France.  He 
entered  the  army  early  and  served  in 
the  Irish  Brigade  under  his  father. 
His  last  campaign  was  under  Marshal 
Saxe,  in  the  Netherlands,  where  he  dis- 
tinpiished  himself  at  Menin,  Ypres 
ana  Fumes,  and  was  now  Colonel  of 
the  famous  Dillon  Regiment.  He  com- 
manded for  the  last  time  at  Fontenoy 
where  he  fell  as  he  led  his  gallant  col- 
umn in  their  irresistible  charge,  which 
snatched  victory  frobi  their  Baxon  foes, 
and  secured  the  ascendency  of  France, 
May,  1745. 

DILLON,  PETER,  a  noted  naviga- 
tor, was  born  in  Ireland,  1755,  and  re- 
ceived a  fair  education.  He  early  em- 
braced a  seafaring  life  and  gained  a 
reputation  for  skilland  daring,  and  was 
gvadually  advanced  to  respoDsible  po- 
sitions. When  Lieutenant  of  an  East 
Indiaman,  he  had  a  narrow  escape  from 
furnishing  a  feast  to  tlie  Fegee 
Islanders.  In  1826  he  met  three  of  his 
former  shipmates  on  an  island  in  the 
South  Seu  where  they  had  been  for 


DIL 


nuEH  cEi/ra. 


DON 


thirteen  years.  One  of  the  men  had 
some  information  in  resard  to  a  vessel 
lost  on  one  of  the  Yanikow  Islands  and 
had  some  articles  from  the  'wreck. 
Dillon  suspected  they  belonged  to  the 
expedition  of  La  Perouseand  returning 
to  PondicheiTy,  was  put  in  command 
of  a  vessel  of  search,  which  reached  the 
Vanikow  groupe  of  Islands  in  July, 
1827,  and  on  one  of  them,  Whannon, 
secured  positive  traces  of  the  unfortu- 
nate expedition  of  La  Perouse  and  its 
fate.  Dillon  reached  France  on  his  re 
turn  In  February  1829,  and  received 
from  Charles  IX,  a  gift  of  10,000 
francs,  and  a  pension  of  4,000  for  his 
flervices.  Dillon  wrote  a  narrative  of 
it  under  the  title  of  "Voyage  Aux  iles 
de  la  Mer  du  Sud,  1827  et  8,  et  relation 
de  la  de'converte  du  sort  de  La  Per- 
ouse."   Dillon  died  in  1847. 

DILLON,  COUNT  ROBERT,  Earl 
of  Ros  common,  and  Marshal  of 
France,  a  diotinguished  and  gallant 
soldier,  was  bom  in  Ireland,  about  1700. 
He  was  educated  pi  incipally  in  France, 
and  entered  the  French  army  at  an 
earlv  age,  where  his  relatives  had  al- 
ready so  distinguished  themselves;  he 
rose  rapidly  by  skill  and  daring,  first 
serving  as  an  officer  in  one  of  the  Irish 
regiments.  .He  fought  against  the 
Allies  in  the  Netherlands  anoGermany, 
and  participated  in  manj  of  the  great 
battles  of  that  period,  nsing  at  length 
to  the  dignity  of  Marshal  of  France. 
He  died  unmarried,  in  1770. 

DILLON,  THEOBALD  COUNT,  a 
distinguished  Irish  patriot  and  soldier, 
was  bom  in  Ireland,  about  1640,  and 
was  distinguished  in  defense  of  his  re- 
ligion and  country.  He  supported  the 
worthless  "Shamue  Ahocha" — James 
II — when  he  came  to  Ireland  to  seek 
support  for  his  throne,  and  some  time 
before  the  treaty  of  Limerick,  he  went 
to  France  with  his  regiment — part  of 
Mountcashel's  Brigade,  who  were  ex- 
changed for  French  troops  in  1600.  He 
participated  in  many  brilliant  engage- 
ments, and  so  conspicious  was  the 
valor  and  iiiuccesd  of  those  Irish  troops, 
that  the  pay  of  both  officers  and  men, 
was  advanced  beyond  their  grade. 
Dillon  was  declared  an  outlaw  and  his 
property  in  Ireland  confiscated,  but  in 
the  lana  of  his  exile  he  won  distin- 
guished honors,  and  became  a  general 
officer.    He  was  succeeded  in  the  com- 


mand of  his  regiment 
thur. 


by  his  son  Ar* 


DODWELL,  HENRY,  a  learned 
critic  and  theologian,  was  born  in  Dub- 
lin in  1641,  and  educated  at  Trinity 
College,  was  choeea  Camden  professor 
of  History  at  Oxford  in  1688,  but  being 
a  non-jutor  he  lost  his  place  by  the  Re- 
volution. Dodwell  was  an  able  and 
prolific  writer,  but  addicted  to  para- 
doxical and  oddly  ascetic  practices  for  a 
sectarian,  usujilly  going  without  food 
for  three  days  out  of  the  week.  His 
most  curious  theological  theory  was, 
that  the  soul  was  naturally  mortal,  but 
immortalized  actually  by  the  pleasure 
of  God.    He  died  m  1711. 

DOH.'iiRTY,  HON.  JUDGE,  an  able 
Canadian  lawyer,  was  born  in  County 
Derry  in  1880,  and  emigrated  to  Canada 
with  his  father.  Ho  was  educated  at 
St.  Hyaclnthe  and  in  Yermont,  where 
he  graduated.  He  adopted  the  profes- 
sion of  Law.  and  entered  the  Lower 
Canadian  Bar,  where  he  soon  acquired 
distinction  and  lucrative  practice  in 
Montreal.  He  was  at  length  offered  a 
place  on  the  bench,  which  he  accepted, 
and  has  filled  in  a  distinguished  man- 
ner. 

DOOLf,  JOHN  M„  a  distinguished 
Irish  American  Ipwyer  and  wit,  l)orn  in 
1772.  He  rose  to  distinction  at  the  bar 
in  Georgia,  and  became  a  Judge.  He 
is  however,  more  celebrated  for  his 
matchless  wit.  His  sayings  and  repar- 
tees form  the  raciest  bar  anecdotes 
throughout  the  South  for  the  last  half 
century,  and  are  likely  to  be  handed 
down  to  many  generations.  He  died 
in  1827,  much  lamented  by  his  fellow- 
citizens. 

DOMHNALL,  HI,  Monarch  of  Ire- 
land, A.  D.  748,  had  *>  long  and  peace- 
ful reign.  The  Picts,  however,  under 
their  King  Cahasach,  made  an  incur- 
sion Into  Leinster,  but  were  totally  de- 
feated by  the  troops  of  that  province, 
and  their  king  slain. 

DONOVAN.  EDWARD,  a  cele- 
brated naturalist  and  ethnologist,  wan 
born  in  Ireland  about  1760,  and  from 
his  earliest  years  exhibited  a  passion  foi 
the  investigation  of  natural  subjects. 
His  first  publication  was  a  "Natural 
History  of  British  Insects,"  In  16  vols. 


I  rt 


r(  * 


\  t  < 


DOR 


IBI8H  GKI/TB. 


DOW 


I' 


London,  1703,  "Natural  History  of 
Birds,"  10  vols.,  1794,  "Fishes."  6  vols., 
1803,  "Shells,"  6  vols.,  1803,  "Quad- 
Tupeds,"  8  vols.,  1820,  and  besides  an 
"ijpitome  of  the  Insects  of  China," 
1788,  "Insects  of  India,"  1800,  &c.  He 
also  wrote  a  book  of  instruction  and 
"Taxidermists  Manual,"  besides  many 
other  works.  He  was  a  careful  and 
scientific  investigator,  and  an  indefati- 
gable worker,  and  his  books  are  high 
autljortyon  these  respective  subjects. 
He  died  February  1, 1837. 

DONOVAN,  MICHAEL,  M.  R.  I. 
A.,  a  distinguished  scientist  and  chem- 
ist of  Great  Britain,  was  bom  in  Ireland 
about  1790.  As  early  as  1813  he  ob- 
tained a  prize  from  the  Royal  Irish 
Academy  for  the  Lest  essay  on  "Galvan- 
ism, its  Relations  to  Chemistry  and  as 
an  Experimental  Agent."  His  discov- 
eries in  electricity  and  galvanism  at  this 
early  day,  were  acknowledged  by  Sir 
Humphry  Davy  to  be  a  valuable  advance 
in  t^e  knowledge  of  those  subjects  at 
the  time.  Scientific  papers  on  a  great 
variety  of  subject  are  to  be  found  in 
the  MSS  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
London,  from  his  pen.  As  late  as  1875, 
this  aged  but  able  and  indefatigable 
worker  produced  a  valuable  paper  on 
the  comparable  self-acting  Hygrometer. 
Besides  innumerable  papers  he  pub- 
lished a  number  of  scientific  works, 
among  which  are  a  "Treatise  on 
Chemistry,  Domestic  Economy,"  &c., 
besides  lieing  the  inventor  and  intro- 
ducer of  many  pharmaceutical  prepar- 
ations, the  most  important  being  "Ar- 
senical Solutions,"  "Syrup  Cinchona," 
&c.  He  died  in  1816,  with  a  mind 
active  and  vigorous  to  the  last. 

DORAN,  JOHN,  Ph.  D.,  a  cele- 
brated writer  of  fiction  and  miscellan- 
eous author,  was  bom  at  Drogheda, 
Ireland,  in  1807.  He  afterwards  re- 
sided with  his  parents  in  France  and 
Germany,  where  they  lived  for  some 
years,  and  was  educated  principally  by 
his  father,  but  took  his  degree  of  Ph.D., 
at  the  University  of  Marburg.  He 
early  developed  wonderful  literary  and 
dramatic  powers,  and  in  his  fifteenth 
year  produced  the  Melodrama  of  the 
'•Wandering  Jew. "  He  settled  in  Lon- 
don and  became  editor  of  various  peri- 
odicals. At  the  age  of  20  years  he  be- 
came editor  of  the  Literary  Clironicle, 
and  afterward  chiefly  confined  his  la- 


bors to  the  periodical  press,  to  whiclk 
he  was  a  popular  and  valuable  contrib- 
utor, and  eaited  "Notes  and  Queries." 
He  died  January  36,  1878.  Among  his 
works  are  "Ta.le  Traits  and  Something 
on  Them,"  "Habits  and  Men,"  "Lives 
of  the  Queens  of  the  House  of  Han- 
over," "Knights  and  their  Days," 
"Saints  and  Sinners,"  "New  Pictures 
and  old  Panels,"  "History  of  Court 
Fools,"  "Lost  Journals  of  Horace  Wal- 
pole,"  and  many  others. 

DORINGTON,  WILLIAM,  a  gal- 
lant Irish  patriot,  and  a  distinguished 
officer  in  the  service  of  France,  in  the 
days  of  Louis  XIV;  was  born  about 
1660,  and  early  took  p;irt  in  defending 
civil  and  religious  liberty  at  home. 
Like  so  many  gallant  Irish  patriots,  he 
was  induced  to  aid  the  deceitful  and 
cowardly  James  II,  and  still  fought  for 
him  after  he  shamefully  ran  away. 
When  the  treaty  of  Limerick,  1691, 
which  guaranteed  much  to  Irish  Catho- 
lics, but  produced  nothing  but  bad  faith! 
— was  signed,  our  subject  elected  to  go 
to  France,  where  he  became  Colonel  of 
the  Ein^s  Regiment  of  guards  in  the 
Irish  Brigade,  and  greatly  distinguish- 
ed himself,  winning  rank  and  dis- 
tinction. His  regiment  and  commands 
participated  in  many  of  the  grand  ac- 
hievements, which  made  the  reign  of 
Louis  XIV,  so  famous,  and  always  con- 
tributing materially  to  the  success  of 
the  French  arms. 

DOWNES,  JOHN,  a  galland  and 
able  American  Naval  officer,  was  of 
Irish  descent,  born  in,  Canton,  Mass., 
in  1786,  and  entered  on  a  seafaring  life 
at  an  early  age.  In  1803  he  became  a 
midshipman,  and  was  on  the  frigate 
New  York,  during  the  war  with  Tripoli. 
In  May  1803,  he  distinguished  himself 
in  conunand  of  a  boat  attack  }n  some 
Tiipolitan  Feluccas,  and  in  March  1801 
he  became  a  Lieutenant.  In  the  war  of 
1813  he  served  on  the  frigate  Essex, 
Capt.  Porter,  in  the  Pacific.  In  1818 
ho  was  made  master  commandant,  and 
commanded  the  brig  Epervler  in  De- 
catur's squadron,  employed  against 
Algiers,  and  assisted  in  the  capture  of 
the  frigate  "Mashouda"  and  the  Estido 
of  twenty-two  guns.  He  afterwards 
served  on  the  Gurrier,  and  in  1817  was 
made  Captain,  and  commanded  the 
frigate  Macedonian  in  the  Pacific  from 
1810  to  '21.    In  1828-9  he  commanded 


H- 


DOT 


IRISH  CEXJtB, 


DOT 


the  Java,  and  in  18884,  was  in  com- 
mand of  tlie  Pacific  Squadron,  and 
summarily  punished  tlie  Sumatrians 
for'an  outrage  on  an  American  vessel. 
From  '37  to  ^42,  and  from  '50  to  52  he 
-was  in  charge  of  the  Boston  Navy 
Tard. 

■  DOWNES,  WILLIAM,  a  distinguish- 
ed Irish  jurist,  born  in  County  Kildare, 
Ireland,  1740,  was  called  to  the  bar  in 
1766,  elevated  to  the  bench  in  1793  and 
made  Lord  Chief  Justice  of  the  Kings 
bench  in  1808,  which  seat  he  held  about 
twenty  years.    He  died  March  1826. 

DOWNIE,  COMMODORE,  a  brave 
and  able  British  naval  officer,  was  bom 
in  County  Ross,  Ireland,  and  entered 
tlie  English  navy  at  an  early  age,  as  a 
midshipman.  He  served  on  board  the 
frigate  Circe,  at  the  battle  of  Camper- 
down,  a.  id  afterwards  in  the  West  In- 
dies, where  he  was  promoted  for  good 
conduct.  He  next  served  with  Captain 
Boyle  on  the  Sea  Horse,  86  guns  and 
saw  considerable  service  in  various 
ports  of  the  world.  In  1812  he  was 
made  Commodore  of  the  fleets  on  Can- 
adian waters,  and  commanded  on  Lake 
Cliamiilain  in  1814,  when  he  was  killed 
while  gallantly  fighting  his  brother  Celt, 
the  American  commodore  McDonough 
— for  the  possession  of  those  waters. 
He  was  a  daring  and  gallant  officer. 

DOYLE,  DR.  JAMES.  Bishop  of 
Eildare  and  Leiglilin.  This  illustrious 
Irish  prelate  and  patriot  was  born  in 
New  Robs, County  Wexford,  Ireland,  in 
1786,  He  gave  promise  from  his  earli- 
est years  of  the  great  powers  which 
characterized  the  mature  development 
of  his  mighty  intellect,  the  proper  direc- 
tion of  which  was  carefully  and  anxious- 
ly guarded  by  pious  parents.  He  received 
as  good  a  preliminary  education  as  his 
country,  then  about  emerging  from  the 
gloom  of  a  more  than  Egyptian  bond- 
age, could  afford  to  the  proscribed  Catho- 
lic. Under  the  penal  laws  just  passing 
away,  it  was  felony  to  educate  for  the 
priesthood  in  Ireland,  and  as  a  conse- 
quence, difficult,  if  not  impossible  to 
acQuire  the  necessary  education  at  home, 
ana  although  at  this  time  the  Catholic 
College  of  Maynooth  was  established, 
more  for  state  policy  than  an  expres- 
sion of  good  will  towards  Catholics, 
and  for  this  reason  looked  upon  with 
audi  distrust  and  suspicion  by  many 


patriot  Catholics  that  they  would  not 
trust  the  priestly  training  of  their  chosen 
children  to  its  untried  influence. 
Among  such  were  the  parents  of  James 
Doyle,  who  accordingly  sent  him  to  the 
Catholic  College  of  Coimbra,  in  Port- 
ugal. The  young  Irish  boy  soon  dis- 
tinguished himself,  and  completed  his 
course  in  a  brilliant  manner,  and  in  less 
than  the  usual  time.  He  then  entered  the- 
novitiate  of  the'Augustinian  Order. 
This  period  of  hs  life  he  tells  us  was  a 
most  critical  one,  and  pregnant  with 
greater  dangers  than  his  good  parents 
sought  to  avoid  at  home.  Europe  at  this 
time  was  possessed  with  the  plausable 
but  peniicious  spirit  of  the  revolution 
which  pretending  to  champion  human 
rights  and  human  liberty  must  have 
had  a  most  alluring  attraction  for  a. 
generous  and  patriotic  yoiing  Irish  heart. 
On  this  subiect  he  says  in  one  of  his 
letters  on  the  state  ot  Ireland.  "I  had 
scarcely  finished  my  classical  studies; 
and  had  entered  college  when  I  found 
myself  surrounded  by  the  admirers  of 
D  Alembert,  Rousseau  and  Voltaire. 
At  that  time  the  ardor  of  youth,  the 
genius  of  the  place,  the  spu-it  of  tlie- 
time  as  well  as  the  example  of  my  com- 
panions prompted  me  to  inquire  into- 
all  things  and  to  deliberate  whether  I 
should  take  my  stand  among  tlie  infi- 
dels or  remain  attached  to  Christianity. 
I  recollect  with  fear  and  trembling  the 
danger  to  which  I  exposed  the  gifts  of 
faith  and  christian  morality  which  I 
had  received  from  a  bounteous  God, 
and  I  have  not  ceased  to  give  thanks  to- 
the  Father  of  mercies  who  did  not  de- 
liver me  over  to  the  pride  and  presump- 
tion of  my  own  heart.  But  even  then, 
when  all  things  which  could  have  in- 
fluenced a  youthful  mind  combined  to> 
induce  me  to  shake  off  the  yoke  of  re- 
ligion, her  innate  dignity,  her  grandeur 
and  solemnity,  as  well  as  her  sweet  in- 
fluence on  the  heart,  filled  mo  with  awe 
and  veneration.  I  found  her  presiding 
in  every  place  glorified  by  her  victories 
and  respected  or  feared  by  her  enemies. 
I  looked  into  antiquity  and  found  her 
worshipped  not  only  by  Moses,  but  by 
Numa  and  Plato,  although  in  darkness 
and  error.  The  ancient  philosophers 
and  law  givers  too  paid  their  homage  to< 
her  as  the  best  emotion  of  one  invisi- 
ble supreme  and  omnipotent  Qod.  I 
concluded  that  religion  sprung  from  the 
author  of  our  being,  and  that  it  conduct- 
ed man  to  his  last  end.    I  examined  alk 


it  - , 


ui 


t 


/    V 


^'1 

1'! 
Ik 


DOT 


IBISH  CELTS. 


DOT 


■systems  of  religion,  and  I  did  not  hesi- 
tate to  continue  attached  to  the  religion 
of  our  Redeemer  as  alone  worthy  of 
'Qod,  and  being  christian,  I  could  not 
fail  to  be  but  a  Catholic,  and  I  have  y,  -^n 
exclaimed  with  Augustin.  "Oh  beauty, 
ever  ancient  and  ever  new,  too  late  have 
I  known  thee,  too  late  have  I  loved 
thee."  Dr.  Doyle  remained  in  Portu- 
gal until  after  the  retreat  of  the  Fi-ench 
m  1812,  he  having  served  in  the  Por- 
tugese army  as  a  volunteer,  until  the 
invader  was  driven  from  the  soil.  He 
returned  to  Ireland  in  his  twenty  sixth 
year,  and  shortly  afterwards  was  ap- 
pointed Professor  of  classics  in  Carlow 
College.  He  successfully  filled  all  the 
higher  chairs  in  that  institution  with 

freat  success,  exhibiting  a  profound 
nowledge  of  profane  as  well  as  of 
■sacred  science.  His  ideas  and  system 
•o.  education  were  eminently  practical, 
and  its  fruits  were  quickly  visible  in 
the  character  and  training  of  the  men 
whom  he  graduated.  On  this  subject 
he  says  in  one  of  his  letters:  "Next  to 
the  blessing  of  redemption,  and  the 
graces  consequent  upon  it,  there  is  no 
Jift  bestowed  by  Qod  equal  to  a  good 
•education;  other  advantages  are  en- 
Joyed  by  the  body,  this  belongs  e»tirely 
to  the  spirit.    Whatever  is  great,  or 

rod,  or  glorious  in  the  works  of  men, 
the  fruit  of  educated  minds.  Wars 
without  ferocity,  conquest  without 
slavery,  commerce,  all  the  arts  of  in- 
dustry and  peace,  all  the  refinements  of 
life,  all  the  social  and  domestic  virtues, 
all  the  refinements  and  delicacies  of 
mutual  Intercourse,  in  a  word,  what- 
ever is  estimable  among  men  owes  its 
origin,  inci-ease  and  perfection  to  the 
exercise  of  those  faculties,  whose  im- 
provement is  the  object  of  education. 
Keligion  herself  loses  half  her  beauty 
and  influence  when  not  attended  or  as- 
sisted by  education;  and  her  power, 
splendor  and  majesty  are  never  so  ex 
alted  as  when  cultivated  genius  and  re- 
fined taste  become  her  heralds  or  her 
handmaids.  Many  have  become  fools 
for  Christ,  and  by  tlieir  simplicity  and 

Siety,  exalted  the  glory  of  the  cross, 
utFaul,  not  John,  was  the  Apostle  of 
the  nations,  and  doctors  more  even 
than  prophets,  have  been  sent  to  declare 
the  truths  of  religion  before  kings  and 
princes,  and  the  nations  of  the  earth. 
Xlducation  draws  forth  tlie  mind,  im- 
proves its  faculties,  increases  its  re- 
;SCOurces,  and  by  exercise,  strengthens 


and  augments  its  powers;  I  consider  it 
therefore  as  of  inestimable  value,  but 
like  gold,  which  is  the  instrument  of 
human  happiness,  it  is,  and  always  must 
be  unequally  distributed  among  men. 
Some  will  always  be  unable  or  un- 
willing to  acquire  it,  others  will  expend 
it  prodigally  or  pervert  it  to  the  worse 
ends,  whilst  the  bulk  of  mankind  will 
always  be  more  or  less  excluded  from 
its  possession."  His  virtues  and  abili- 
ties were  so  marked  that  on  the  death 
of  Dr.  Corcoran,  Bishop  of  Kildare  and 
Leighlin  in  1819,  he  was  the  unani- 
mous choice  of  the  clergy  of  that  dio- 
cese as  successor,  although  he  had  not 
reached  his  thirty-third  year.  The 
happy  choice  was  endorsed  by  the  suf- 
f regan  Bishops,  and  confiimed  by  the 
Sovereign  Pontiff,  and  in  November  of 
the  same  year,  he  was  consecrated.  The 
splendid  administrative  talent  of  the 
new  bishop  was  not  long  in  manifesting 
itself.  Nothing  that  could  advance  his 
clergy,  elevate  religion,  or  benefit  his 
people,  seemed  to  escape  him.  To  his 
clergy  he  was  kind  and  considerate, 
but  strict  as  to  the  performance  of  their 
priestly  duties,  and  the  exhibition  of 
priestly  virtues,  but  he  required  nothing 
that  he  did  not  furnish  an  example  for. 
He  infused  or  compelled  method  into 
every  department  of  his  administration, 
and  made  himself  familiar  with  the 
position,  wants  and  means  of  the  low- 
liest members  of  his  flock.  He  was  in- 
defatigable both  by  word  and  act,  in 
{)romoting  every  good  work,  and  made 
t  obligatory  on  every  parish  priest  to 
establish  and  promote  by  every  possible 
means,  schools  for  the  poor.  And  to 
this  end  encouraged  the  establishment 
of  convents  and  monasteries,  knowing 
them  to  be  the  best  and  most  consid- 
erate educators  of  the  poor.  Wnilo 
striving  with  all  his  energy  to  promote 
everything  that  could  elevate  his  peo- 
ple and  add  to  the  dignity  of  religious 
worship,  yet  he  was  more  especially  the 
father  of  the  poor,  he  believed  with 
other  saintly  sons  of  the  church  that 
"There  was  no  reason  the  senseless 
temples  of  God  should  abound  in 
riches  while  men,  the  living  temples  of 
the  Holy  Ghost  were  ready  to  starve."  A 
bishop  in  Ireland  in  those  days  had 
often  to  bn  more  than  a  bishop,  he 
required  to  be  a  statesman,  not  to  pro- 
mote any  wordly  ambition,  but  to  teach 
his  people  their  rights  as  well  as  their 
duties,  and  put  Uiem  on  their  guard 


DOT 


IBIBR  OBLTS 


DOT 


against  supporiing  delusive  laws  and 
dangerous  tbeories.  No  man  was  more 
admirably  adapted  than  Dr.  Doyle  to 
perform  this  impoiiant  function.  Of 
vast  and  profound  knowledge  and  great 
familiarity  with  all  theories  of  govern- 
ment, with  gi'eat  expeiience,  a  cosmo- 
Eolitnn  in  spirit,  and  in  the  breadth  of 
is  views,  and  a  patriot  of  mankind 
blessed  with  a  clear  and  logical  mind, 
he  was  a  safe  adviser  of  a  people,  aliens 
in  their  own  coimtry,  and  a  keen  and 
searching  analyzer  of  the  designs,  snares 
and  hypocracy  of  their  enemies,  who 
would  misrepresent  and  degrade  them 
in  the  eyes  of  the  world.  In  1821  Mr. 
Plunket  introduced  in  Parliament  his 
celebrated  bill  to  remove  ','atholic  dis- 
abilities with  its  appendages  of  boards 
veto,  &c.,  and  which  no  doubt  some 
toady  "Kawtholics"  advised  him  would 
be  acceptable.  Dr.  Doyle  immediately 
denounced  it  both  by  speech  and  letter, 
and  being  called  before  a  committee  of 
the  Commons  to  be  questioned  in  re- 
gard to  it,  said  that  even  if  the  Pope 
agreed  to  vest  a  power  of  veto  in  the 
appointment  of  Irish  bishops  in  the 
King  of  England,  he  Catholics  of 
Ireland  would  never  consent,  and  rather 
than  submit,  he,  and  he  hoped  every 
Catholic  bishop  in  Ireland  would  re- 
sign. He  also  oi)posed  the  provision 
for  feeing,  or  bribing  as  he  called  it,  the 
Bishops,  Dy  a  State  provision.  In  1828 
Dr.  Doyle  addressed  his  celebrated  letter 
"Vindication  of  the  religious  and  civil 

Srinciples  of  the  Irish  Catholic,"  to 
[arquis  Wellesley,  Lord  Lieutenant  of 
Ireland.  The  following  will  give  some 
idet  of  the  styii  of  this,  "The  unequal 
state  of  the  laws  had  created  among  us 
many  interests,  whilst  it  destroyed 
others;  it  raised  one  class  to  a  degree  of 
eminence  seldom  attained  to,  even  in  a 
conquered  country,  whilst  it  depressed 
another  far  below  ihe  condition  of  free 
subjects,  it  reduced  them  to  a  certain 
degree  of  slavery.  The  privileged 
class  were  few  in  number— they  ac- 
quired immense  possessions,  and  am- 
assed enormous  wealth — they  labored 
unceasingly  tc  secure  both  the  protec- 
tion and  aid  afForded  them  by  England, 
often  purchased  at  too  dear  a  price,  and 
in  order  to  be  more  independent  of  the 
mother  country,  they  employed  all  the 
resources  furnished  by  her,  as  well  as 
by  their  own  skill  and  power  as  by 
those  of  others.to  reduce  the  nation  with 
Vl>lck  they  sUuggled,  to  a  stale  of  utter 


darkness,  and  the  most  abject  want."' 
'  'If  the  population  of  a  district  in  which, 
until  a  few  years,  the  laws  made  it  fel- 
ony to  educate  them,  were  ignorant, 
this  was  imputed  to  their  faitn.    If  a 
ferocious  or  vindictive  spirit  appeared 
among  rude  clans  who  had  been  en- 
slaved by  the  laws  of  centuries,  thia 
was  said  to  be  the  fruit  of  their  creed, 
and  if  men  writhing  under  wrong  and 
oppression,  struggleu  a^inst  the  chains 
which  bound  them,  their  violent  efforts 
for  relief,  were  construed  into  acts  dic- 
tated  by   their   religious    profession. 
Look  to  the  North,  said  the  calumin- 
ators  where  the  people  are  protestant, 
and  see  them  employed  in  industry  and 
works  of  peace;  but  turn  to  the  south,, 
and  view  the  scraes  of  blood  and  dev- 
astation,   but  do  not   investigate  the- 
cause — no,  it  is  so  obvious — the  popula- 
tion is  Catholic.  They  feared  the  legis- 
lature would  have  time  to  reflect  tii&t 
the  North  was  inhabited  by  a  race  of 
freemen,  who  enjoyed  all  the  blessings 
of  the  constitution,  whilst  the  South 
was    the  refuge  of  slaves,  who  had 
never  tasted  the  sweets  of  liberty — who 
had    until  lately,  groan  %i  beneatJi  a 
bondage    more    cruel    than    that    of 
Pharaoh."  *  *  *  The  writer  of  this  let- 
ter, may  be  considered  as  expressing  the 
opinion  and  feelings  of  every  well  edu- 
cated Catholic  in  the   empire;  he  has- 
teen  from  his  infan  cy  and  is  still  con- 
nected  with  Protestants    by   ties   of 
friendship,  of  affection,  of  good  offices, 
of  blood;  he  has  been  attached  to  them 
with  all  the  sincerity  which  could  flit 
an  Irish  heart.    In  his  intercourse  with 
men,  he  has  never  distingxiished  them 
by  their .  '^eds  i  in  the  discharge  of  his 
ministry  ud  has  never  preached  a  ser- 
mon upon  controversy  still  less  has  he 
at  any  time  used  arguments  or  influence 
in  private,  to  maKe  converts  to  his 
creed,  and  though  from  time  to  time  he 
has  received  many  individuals  to  the 
profession  of  his  own  faith,  he  has 
■ought  their  conversion  only  by  ex- 
pounding the  truths  of  the  gospel  in 
public,  and  endeavoring  aj  far  as  God 
enabled  him,  to  exhibit  ft  in  his  conduct. 
Why  those  who  think  and  act  thus 
should  be  arraigned  for  intolerance,  it 
is  diflicult  to  understand."    Dr.  Doyle, 
while  indefatigable  in  tlie  performanco 
of  his  multifarious  duties,  was  also  as- 
siduous in  exposing  the  caluminators  of 
his  religion,  and  although  as  a  chrisUaa 
bishop  he  found  his  mst  duty  in  de- 


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XRI8H  CELTS. 


DOY 


fending  it  from  its  enemies,  he  did  not 
forget  that  he  was  also  a  citizen,  whose 
^uty  it  was  to  improve  his  country 
and  to  better  the  condition  of  its  peo- 
ple, especially  those  who  from  poverty 
or  any  other  cause,    were  the  less  able 
to   defend    themselves.     He  therefore 
not  only  joined  the  Catholic  Association, 
and  subscribed  to  the  Catholic  rent,  but 
he  advised  every  man  to  do  the  same. 
In  1825,  at'  the  request  of  a  friend  in 
England,  he  wrote  his  twelve  celebrated 
letters  on  the  state  of  Ireland,  imder 
the  initials  J.  E.  L.    These  letters  alone 
would  place  their  author  among  the 
able  men  of  that  or  any  age.    They  can 
be  read  at  all  times,  in  all  countries, 
with  profit,  for  they  are  as  broad  as 
humanity  itself,  and  grasp  the  whole 
<;[uestion  of  ^vernment,  and  the  re- 
ligious and  civil  rights  of  the  people. 
This  year  also  he  was  summoned  before 
«  committee  of  the  English  Parliament 
to  giye  evidence  on  the  religious  and 
political  difBculties  in  Ireland.     The 
evidence  and  arguments  of  Dr.  Dovle 
had  a  powerful  effect  in   disabusing 
many  honest  minds  from  preconceived 
and  deeply  rooted  prejudices  in  regard 
to  Catholics  and  Ireland,  and  some  of 
the  most  bitter  opponents  became  warm 
supporters   of  Catholic    rights.    The 
London  Evening  Post  of  June  17, 1884, 
thus  comments:  "And  yet  upon  read- 
ing these  examinations  one  is  not  more 
struck  with  the  extensive  knowledge 
«nd  power  of  argument  which  they  dis- 
play,  than  wim   the   propriety,  the 
pointedness  and  felicity  of  thdr  diction. " 
O'Connell,  who  in  hu  desire  for  Cath- 
olic emancipatjpn,  was  willing  to  ac- 
cept "the  wings,"  as  they  were  called, 
and  gave  it  to  be  understood  that  the 
Catholic's  Bishops  of  Ireland  had  sanc- 
tion it,  was  immediately  corrected  by 
Dr.  Doyle,  who  denounced  the  scheme. 
These  "wings,"  as  they  were  called, 
were  the  pensioning  of  the  clergy,  and 
the  disfrancliisement  of  the  40  shilling 
freeholders.    Dr.  Doyle  said  that  while 
he  did  not  wish  to  stand  in  the  way  of 
any  measure  of  relief  for  the  Catholics 
of  Ireland,  yet  "if  the  prelates  approved 
of  a  provision   emanating  from  the 
Treasury  ,if  the  ministers  of  Christ  were 
to  be  paid  by  the  minister  of  State  for 
dispensing  the  mysteries  of  God,  in  that 
case  I   would   not  create   dissention 
among  them,  but  that  sooner  than  my 
hand  should  be  soiled  by  it,  I  would  lay 
4own  my  office  at  Uie  feet  of  him  who 


conferred  it,  for  if  my  hand  were  to  he 
etaiaed   with    government    money,  it 
should  never  grasp  a  crozier,  or  a  mitre 
ever  afterwards,  be  fitted  to  my  brow." 
He  was  equally  opposed   to  the  dis- 
franchising the  40  shilling  freeholders 
as  cutting  off  the  great  arm  of  protec- 
tion from  a  majority  of  the  people,  and 
he  was  right  in  both  positions.    He  at 
this  time  also  denounced  and  exposed 
to  deserved  infamy,  the  so-called  Bible 
Societies  of  Ireland,  and  especially  the 
infamous  workings  of  the  Eildare  street 
society,  showing  that  they  caused  more 
wickedness  and  trouble  in  Ireland  than 
the  Orange  and  Ribbon  Societies  to- 
gether,   tn  this  he  was  sustained  by 
some  of  the  most  influential  Protestants, 
including  the  Duke  of  Leinster,  Lord 
Cloncurr^  and  others.    In  1826  he  pub- 
lished his   famous  essay  on  Catholic 
Claims,  in  letters  addressed  to  the  Earl 
of  Liverpool.    This  able  exposition  of 
the  position  of  Catholics  in  relation  to 
their  secular  and  spiritual  rulers,  covers 
the  entire  question,  and  is  a  complete 
and  unanswerable  justification  of  Luth- 
olic  loyalty.    In  answer  to  the  persist- 
ent charge  that  the  spiritual  authority 
of  the  rope  interferred  with  or  over- 
rode the  secular  authority  of  prince 
or  government,  he  gives  m  thet^e  let- 
ters   the    oath    taken    bv   the    Irish 
clergy  and  by  the  French,   viz:— "I, 
A.  B.,  do  take   Almighty  God,    and 
his  son,  Jesus  Christ,  my  Redeemer 
to  witness— and  I  do  swear,  that  I  do 
renounce,  reject  and  abjure  the  opinion 
(if  any  such  there  be)  that  Princes  ex- 
communicated by  the  Pope  and  council 
or  by  any  authority  of  the  See  of  Rome, 
or  any  authority  whatsoever,  may  be 
deposed  and  murdered  by  their  subjecta 
or  oy  any  person  whateoever — and  I  do 
declare  that  I  do  not  believe  that  the 
Pope  of  Rome  or  any  other  foreign 
prince,    prelate,    state    or    potentate, 
hath,     or     ought     to     have      any 
temporal    or  civil    jurisdiction,  pow- 
er or  superiority  or  preeminence  di- 
rectly or  indirectly ,'witbin  this  realm." 
About  this  time,  1827,  he  paid  his  at- 
tentions to  the  celebrated  Dr.  Magee, 
the  Protestant  Archbishop  of  Dublin, 
who  attempted  to  champion  the  Kil- 
dare  Street  Society,  and  completely  ex- 

Eosed  the  weakness  and  wickedness  of 
is  position,  with  crushing  as  well  as 
cutting  lotdo.  In  1881-2  he  published 
letters  advocating  the  establishing  a 
legal  provision  for  the  poor,  and  pomt> 


Ing 

fun< 

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con^ 

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time 

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it  is 

laws 

calk 


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DOT 


ISISH  CELTS. 


DOT 


Ing  out  that  there  was  certain  public 
funds,  a  portion  of  which  the  law  origi- 
nally destined  for  the  support  of  the 
poor,  but  which  was  illegally  preverted 
to  other  uses.  This  brought  a  storm  of 
abuse  from  interested  parties  who 
maligned  his  motives.  He  had  also 
some  discussion  on  the  policy  of  such 
laws, with  O'Connell.whom  he  partially 
convinced  of  error,  but  who  afterwards 
relapsed.  He  also  addressed  at  this 
time  a  letter  to  the  Earl  of  Anglesca,  on 
the  tithes  question,  and  in  it  proves  that 
it  is  not  only  no  crime  to  evade  unjust 
laws,  but  an  actual  duty.  He  was  also 
called  to  give  evidence  before  a  Parfia- 
menl  committee  on  the  subject,  to  whom 
he  summed  up  by  saying:  "May  their 
hatred  to  tithes  be  as  lasting,  as  their 
love  of  justice."  His  incessant  labors 
In  preaching,  in  the  confessional,  in 
visiting  hia  diocese,  in  writing  for  the 
defence  of  religion  and  the  poor,  etc., 
at  last  broke  down  his  constitution. 
He  was  implored  to  take  a  rest,  to  go 
to  the  continent,  but  he  answered  like 
the  true  apostle  that  he  was,  "Why  did 
I  take  the  office  if  not  to  lay  down  my 
life  for  my  flock?  Was  I  not  sent  to 
preach  to  the  poor,  to  seek  the  sheep 
that  were  lost?  Wo,  is  to  me  if  I  preach 
not  the  gospel."  His  strength  gradu- 
ally failing  him,  he  asked  the  Holy 
Father  to  allow  him  an  assistant,  with 
the  right  of  succession  and  Dr.  Nolan 
■was  appointed.  A  few  weeks  after, 
this  great  bishop  and  doctor  breathed 
his  last,  June  15,  1884,  surrounded  by 
his  clergy,  whom  he  edified  equally  by 
his  death  as  he  had  by  his  life.  He  was 
flUll  in  the  prime  of  life,  being  only  in 
the  forty-eighth  year  of  his  age.  As  a 
writer  of  pure,  magnificent,  classic 
English,  clear,  forcible  and  eloquent, 
he  never  had  a  superior.  Intellectually 
he  was  one  of  those  master  minds, 
whose  grasp  of  thought  seems  unbound- 
ed, ana^who  would  shine  as  a  sun  in 
any  walk  of  life,  but  more  than  all,  ho 
"Wis  a  true  Christian  philosopher,  whose 
sole  ambition  was  to  love  God  and  do 
his  holy  wiU. 

DOTLE,  GEN.  SIR  JOHN,  a  dis- 
tinguished British  soldier,  and  an  Irish 
patriot  of  '82,  was  a  native  of  County 
Carlow.  born  in  1756,  entered  the  army 
early  In  life,  .and  saw  considerable 
Bwvice  In  the  different  colonies,  and 
rose  to  be  major;  resided  for  a  time  in 
Dublin,  became  a  member  of  the  Irish 


Parliament,  of  the  patriotic  Knights  of 
Bt.  Patrick  in  Dubhn;  strongly  opposed 
the  Union,  in  the  Irish  Parliament,  and 
remained  faithful.  He  afterwards  serv- 
ed on  the  continent  with  distinction; 
was  created  a  Baron  of  the  Isle  of 
Guernsey,  in  1805,  and  rose  to  the  rank 
ol'  Lieutenant  General  by  well  earned 
laurels,  won  by  masterly  ability.  In 
1834  he  was  a  full  General,  Governor  of 
Charlemont,  and  died  at  an  advanced 
age  at  his  residence  in  London. 

DOYLE,  JOHN,  an  eminent  British 
political  caracaturist,  was  born  in  Ire- 
land about  1780,  and  received  a  fair 
education,  which,  added  to  wit  and 
artistic  talent,  led  him  into  the  profes- 
sion of  journalism.  Like  countless 
ho.sts  of  literary  Irishmen,  for  the  last 
three  hundred  yeara,  he  sought  London 
for  remunerative  employment,  and  his 
pen  and  pencil  soon  found  active  work 
in  the  arena  of  politics.  He  was  soon  re- 
cognized as  the  ablest  and  most  pointed 
caracaturist  of  his  day.  His  work  was 
natural,  irresistibly  humorous,  aE.d 
while  extravagant,  was  free  from  those 
abortions  with  which  some  of  our 
"gi'ea.t"  caracaturists  abound,  and 
which  is,  in  truth,  without  wit  or 
art.    Doyle  died  in  London. 

DOYLE,  RICHARD,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceeding,  a  talented  "British"  artist,  and 
one  of  the  greatest  of  caracaturists,  was 
born  in  London  in  1826.  He  received 
a  liberal  education,  and  developing 
kindred  talents  to  his  father,  he  had  the 
exceptional  advantage  of  his  instruc- 
tion and  experience  in  ilie  rare  art  of 
naturally  delineating  the  ridiculous, 
and  humorous  in  nature.  Doyle  w.^s 
eng&ged  on  "Punch"  almost  from  its 
commencement,  in  fact  its  projectors 
and  contributors  were  mainly  Irish 
from  the  first,  such  as  Coyne  and  oth< 
ere.  His  caracatures  contributed  hirgely 
to  give  character  and  inflnence  to  that 
paper,  which  soon  became  a  power  in 
politics.  Doyle's  political  designs  were 
singularly  free  from  all  personalities. 
He  was  an  artist  in  the  true  sense,  and 
to  his  mind,  8,rt,  like  eloquence,  should 
be  devoted  to  illustrate  piinciples,  to 
extol  virtue  aud  condemn  vice.  His 
humorous  illustrations  of  London  life 
are  full  of  the  ridiculous  in  every  day 
life,  and  the  lessons  they  gave  white 
pungent,  holding  the  mirror  up  truth- 
fully that  the  victims  could  recognize 


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themselves,  yet  so  full  of  good-natured 
and  irresistible  humor,  that  no  sting 
was  left,  but  neither  was  the  lesson  for- 
gotten. The  series  entitled  "Manners 
and  Customs  of  Ye  Englyshe,"  although 
called  caracatures  on  account  of  the 
ridiculous,  absurd  and  laughter  provok- 
ing situations,  are  in  fact  but  true  and 
natural  sketches  of  every  day  life,  seen 
by  an  eye  appreciative  of  the  ridiculous 
aud  grasped  by  \.he  skillful  hand  of  the 
hi  lorous  '''  "st.  The  continental  tour 
ot  .  .'.  isr  X  jwn,  Jones  and  Robinson, 
illi<  :  uiv:^  b-  its  most  absxurd  and  laugh- 
able i<::rt>x,  t  ubles  and.  mistakes  of 
Euroj.  t  ui'dta.    In  1850  he  with- 

drew froai  all  c>.  ^ction  with  Punch, 
having  become  disgusted  with  the  un- 
principled truculency  of  the  managers 
in  pandering  to  the  insane  bigotry  of 
the  English  people  in  regard  to  the  re- 
establiahment  of  the  Catholic  Hierarchy, 
and  the  insulting  abortions  which  it 
printed  to  further  bigotry  and  make 
their  sacred  office  the  subject  of  con- 
tempt. From  that  time  he  constantly 
employed  his  great  talent  in  illustrating 
works  of  all  kinds,  including  "The 
Newcombs  of  Thackery,"  "Fairy  Tales 
from  all  Nations,"  Leigh  Hunt^  "Jar 
of  Honey,"  Ruskin's  "King  of  the 
Golden  River,"  and  other  works  too 
numerous  to  mention. 

DOYLE,  MAJ.  GEN.  WELBORE 
ELLIS,  a  distinguished  officer  in  <the 
British  service,  was  a  younger  brother 
of  Sir  John  and  Colonel  of  the  53rd 
Regiment,  born  in  Ireland  in  1758,  and 
entered  the  British  service  about  the 
same  time  as  Sir  John,  and  was  equally 
distinguished  for  valor  and  ability.  He 
rose  rapidly,  and  was  entrusted  with 
many  posts  of  responsibilUy  was  a  Ma- 
jor-General  before  tie  was  forty  years 
of  age,  and  at  the  >.imt  <>i  his  death  was 
Commander  in  nhiei  and  Governor  of 
the  Island  ut  Ceyluo,  1797. 

DRUMMOND.  JUDGE  L.  T.,  a  dis- 
tinguished i  lunmlian  jurist,  was  born  in 
Ireland,  early  the  present  century,  and 
emigrated  to  Canada,  adopted  the  pro- 
fession of  law,  and  entered  politics  as 
an  advocate  for  responsible  government. 
He  soon  earned  great  distinction,  both 
at  the  bar  and  in  the  halls  of  legislation. 
He  was  at  length  tendered  a  ludgeship 
of  the  Supreme  Court,  which  he  accept- 
ed,  aud  thence  forward  applied  his 


commanding  talents  to  the  duties  of  hia 
high  position. 

DUANE,  JAMES  an  able  Iiish  Am- 
erican lawyer  and  patriot,  was  foremost 
among  these  oppostd  to  British  tyranny 
in  New  York,  and  was  sent  to  the  Con- 
tinental Congress  of  1774,  remain- 
ed almost  continuously  until  '84,  and 
was  a  signer  of  the  articles  of  Confeder- 
ation. He  w(U3  Judge  of  the  District 
Court  of  New  York,  in  1789,  and  held 
other  positions  of  trust  and  honor» 
among  them,  first  Mayor  of  New  York 
City  after  the  evacuation  of  the  Britisli. 
He  died  in  1797. 

DUANE,  WILLIAM,  an  able  Am- 
erican politicanand  journalist,  was  born 
in  New  York,  of  Irish  parents,  in  1760. 
He  was  taken  to  Ireland  by  his  mother 
when  about  11  years  old,  and  received 
there  a  classical  educatior*.  He,  how- 
ever, having  married  at  thd  age  of  nine- 
teen against  her  will,  she  would  give 
him  no  assistance,  and  he  took  employ- 
ment in  a  printing  office,  where  he 
learned  the  business.  In  1784  he  went 
to  India  and  engaged  in  printing  and 
newspaper  business,  and  amassed  a 
large  fortune,  and  became  editor  and 
proprietor  of  a  journal  called  the 
"World."  Having-  taken  sides  against 
the  local  government  in  some  trouble 
with  its  troops,  he  was  seized  and  sent 
to  England,  and  his  property  confiscat- 
ed. He  in  vain  petitioned  parliament 
and  the  East  India  Company  for  redress. 
He  became  editor  of  the  "General  Ad- 
vertiser," siding  with  the  policy  of 
Home  Tooke  towards  the  East  India 
Company.  In  1795  he  came  to  America 
and  soon  after  became  editor  of  the 
"Aurora"  of  Philadelphia,  making  it 
an  influential  organ  of  the  Democratic 
party.  He  served  with  distinction  dur- 
ing the  war  of  1812,  in  the  North  and 
East.  In  1822,  Duane  traveled  through 
the  Republics  of  Soutu  America,  and 
on  his  return  published  an  account  of 
his  travels.  He  was  appointed  proto- 
notary  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Penn- 
sylvania, for  the  Eastern  District,  which 
Elace  he  held  till  his  death.  Among 
is  works  are  "A  Military  Dictionary" 
1810,  and  a  "Hand-book  for  Riflemen,"  ' 
1818.  He  died  in  Philadelphia,  No- 
vember 24,  1885. 

DUANE,  WILLIAM  J.,  a  distin- 
guished Irish  American  lawyer  and 


I'i  ,:•*  i 


\iry  \ 


»   fi 


■''«*,>« 


I 
ill 


h 


DUP 


IBIP:i  CELTS. 


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Btatesman,  was  bom  at  Clonmel,  Ire- 
liuad,  in  1780.  He  came  to  Ametica 
and  was  educated  in  Philadelphia, 
where  he  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in 
1808;  soon  acquired  distinction  in 
his  profession,  and  was  honored  by  his 
fellow-citizens  with  many  positions  of 
trust.  He  was  appointed  by  President 
Jackson,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  in 
1883,  but  was  removed  for  refiising  to 
«bey  the  President  in  regard  to  the 
keeping  of  the  United  States  funds.  He 
was  the  author  of  a  work  entitled  "The 
Laws  of  Nature  investigated  in  a  popu- 
lar manner."  He  died  at  Philadelphia 
in  1834 

DUBTACH,  MACLUGHEIR,  acele- 
brated  Irish  poet  or  bard  of  the  time  of 
St.  Patrick,  whom  Ware  styles  "Poeta 
egregius  Hibernicus."  He  was  con- 
verted by  St.  Patrick  to  Christianity, 
and  afterwards  devoted  his  talents  to 
Hie  praises  of  God  and  his  saints. 

DUFFERESr,  MARQUIS  of,  an  able 
and  distinguished  Bntish  statesman 
and  diplomat,  is  the  head  of  the  Irish 
House  of  DuSerin  and  Claneboyne  of 
Ballyleidy,  in  the  County  of  Down, 
Ireland,  his  mother  being  one  of  the 
accomplished  Sheridan  Sisters,  cele- 
brated for  their  beauty.  Our  subject 
was  partially  educated  at  home,  and 
succeeded  to  his  father's  titles  as  Baron 
of  Duflerin  and  Claneboyue,  before  he 
was  of  age.  His  first  goremment  em- 
ployment was  under  Lord  John  Russel's 
administration  as  lord  in  waiting  on 
the  Queen.  He  traveled  on  the  con- 
tinent and  made  a  voyage  to  Iceland, 
of  which  he  published  an  account  as 
"Letters  from  High  Latitudes."  In 
1860  he  was  commissioned  by  Lord 
Palmerston  to  make  inquiries  in  regard 
to  the  massacre  of  the  Christians  in  the 
East,  and  for  the  thorough  manner  In 
which  he  did  his  work  was  made  a 
E.  C.  B.  He  was  made  a  knight  of  St. 
Patrick  in  1863,  and  a  privy  counsellor; 
and  in  1871  he  was  made  an  Earl  of 
tlie  United  Kingdoms.  In  1872  he  was 
made  Govenor  General  of  Canada,  and 
his  administrations  of  the  provinces 
were  eminently  successful  and  popular, 
and  the  scheme  of  the  'Dominion'  was 
developed  and  successfully  accomplish- 
ed unapr  his  guidance.  Howard  Uni- 
versity conferred  on  him  the  degree  of 
LJj.  D.  He  was  recalled  to  Europe 
and  sent  as  embassador  to  St.  Peters- 


burg, and  at  the  breaking  out  of  the  re- 
cent troubles  in  Egypt,  under  Araby 
Pacha,  he  was  sent  to  Constaotinopfe 
as  the  British  representative  at  the  con- 
ference of  the  great  powers,  and  there 
disi)layed  his  usual  skill,  foresight  and, 
genius,  and  has  been  rewarded  for  his 
great  services  by  being  made  a  Marquis. 
Thus  this  last  great  success  of  British 
diplomacy  and  aggression  is  due,  like 
so  much  of  the  past,  to  Irish  brains  and 
Irish  valor — in  the  council  an'  in  the 
field — Dufferin  and  Wolseley.  When 
shall  the  genius  of  her  children,  like 
those  of  other  lands,  redound  to  the 
glory  and  prosperity  of  their  own  land? 
"How  long,  oh  Lordl  how  long."  Duf- 
ferin  is  undoubtedly  one  of  the  most 
accomplished  diplomatists  of  the  age, 
and  being  yet  but  in  the  prime  of  life, 
it  is  probable  that  if  he  lives,  a  few 
years  will  see  him  reach  the  acme  of 
the  British  statesmen's  hopes— Uie  pre- 
miership. 

DUFFY,  SIR  CHARLES  GAVIN, 
a  noted   Irish  patriot,  statesman  and 

gumalist,  was  bom  in  Ulster,  in  1816. 
e  received  a  classical  education,  and 
entered  the  arena  of  journalism  at  an 
early  age.  He  was  at  first  connected 
with  a  Belfast  paper,  and  while  editing 
it  he  pursued  the  study  of  Law,  ana 
was  called  to  the  Irish  Bar.  In  1842  in 
company  with  a  number  of  other  young 
talented  and  enthusiastic  patriots  he 
established  the  "Nation"  newspaper  in 
Dublin,  and  it  first  strongly  advocated 
the  course  and  policy  of  O'Connell,  in 
his  efforts  at  "Repeal,"  and  in  1844  he 
was  imprisoned  with  O'Connell  and 
others  of  the  Repeal  leaders.  O'Con- 
nell's  passive  policy  at  length  became 
too  slow  to  satisfy  the  ardor  and  fiery 
patriotism  of  the  young  leaders  of  the 
"Nation,"  and  not  being  able  to  shape 
the  policy  of  the  Repeal  movement  to 
meet  their  aggressive  ideas  they  broke 
loose  and  established  what  they  termed 
the  "Young  Ireland  Party".  'The  result 
of  this  was  the  "Rebellion"  of '48  which 
resulted  so  disastrously  to  the  patriots. 
Duffy,  among  others  was  arrested  for 
sedition  but  was  acquitted,  In  the 
meantime  the  brilliant  young  editorial 
staff  of  the  "Nation"  was  scattered, 
some  by  flight  to  America,  some  by 
packed  juries  to  the  penal  coi  ties  of 
Australia,  and  the  patriotic  voice  of  the 
"Nation"  was  silent.  After  Duffy's 
liberation  he  revived  the  "Nation"  and 


■i    ,'-.' 


'■  ^  ;r.  in 


if 


DUI 


nUBH  0KLT8. 


DUN 


advocated  various  social  reforms  and 
other  beneficial  measures  for  Ireland, 
and  was  elected  to  Parliament  from 
New  Ross.  In  1856  he  emigrated  to 
Australia,  where  his  talents  soon  raised 
him  to  conspicuous  positions.  He  be- 
came a  member  of  the  T.e^slature,  then 
one  of  the  Ministry,  and  in  1871  head 
of  the  government  or  Prime  Minister  of 
that  great  colony.  In  1873  he  was 
knighted  by  the  Queen  for  valuable 

Eublic  service  in  his  new  home.  He 
as  since  returned  to  Irelaud  and  raised 
his  voice  in  favor  of  Home  Rule  and 
Tcnnnnt  Right,  and  1=  holds  his  county, 
while  relieved  from  some  grevious 
burthens,  and  more  prosperous  than  he 
knew  her  in  other  days,  yet,  still  strug- 
gling for  the  same  rights  which  inspir^ 
Eis  voice  and  pen  ii  the  days  of  his 
youth.  Duffy,,  however,  seems  to  have 
erown  somewhat  cold  with  age,  and 
Has  become  like  all  good  men  who  ac- 
cept the  honors  of  the 
fully  conservative. 


stranger — care- 


DULANEY,  DANIEL,  a  disting- 
uished American  jurist  and  patriot, 
antecedent  to  the  Revolution,  was  the 
son  of  Irish  parents,  bom  in  Maryland, 
received  a  good  education,  studied  law, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  Bar.  He 
quickly  won  practice  by  the  display  of 
more  than  ordinary  ability,  and  at  the 
time  of  his  death,  1775,  was  at  the  head 
of  his  profession  in  Maryland.  He 
entered  zealously  into  the  dispute  be- 
tween the  colonies  and  England,  and 
took  strong  grounds  in  favor  of  the  na- 
tural rights  of  the  people.  He  pub- 
lished papers  oti  the  questions  in  dis- 
pute, which  were  marked  by  ability 
aud  learning,  and  attracted  much  at- 
tention. He  died  as  the  storm  was 
about  to  burst  upon  his  country  and 
friends,  a  storm  which,  before  it  passed, 
stilled  many  gallant  hearts,  and  called 
for  many  heroic  sacrifices.  He  was 
buried  at  Annapolis,  where  he  resided. 

DUIGENAN,  PATRICK,  a  naiive 
of  Ireland,  bom  in  1705,  of  humble 
parent^,  and  acquired  his  education  as 
a  sizer  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
where  he  obtained  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
He  possessed  great  industry,  which, 
with  fair  talents,  ensured  him  consider- 
able success  at  the  bar,  he  having 
adopted  the  law.  He  was  a  member 
of  both  the  Irish  and  after  the  union  of 
the  English  parliament,  and  was  dis> 


tinguished  more  for  his  bij^otry  and 
virulent  opposition  to  Catholic  emanci- 
pation than  for  anything  else.  He  was 
the  author  of  some  political  pamphlets, 
besides  Lachrymse  AcademicsB.  He 
died  April,  1816. 

DUNLOP,  M.,  the  first  American 
journalist  who  edited  and  published  a 
daily  paper — the  "Pennsylvania  Pack- 
et," and  who  also  printed  the  Declar- 
ation of  Independence,  was  a  native  of 
Ireland,  having  emigrated  to  Pennsyl- 
vania to  escape  from  the  troubles  which 
surrounded  the  independent  thinker 
and  writer  at  home.  It  was  an  Irish- 
man also.  Col.  John  Nixon  'who  first 
read  the  Declaration  to  the  people.  In 
fact,  the  fighting  element  m  Pennsyl- 
vania in  the  days  of  the  Revolution, 
may  be  said  to  have  been  exclusively 
Irish,  the  celebrated  Peimsylvanian 
line  being  Irish  almost  to  a  man.  In 
1729  the  Irish  emigrants  who  landed 
in  Philadelphia,  which  was  then  the 
principle  port  of  entry,  was  ten  to  one 
of  all  others  and  this  proportion  varied 
but  little  from  the  commencement  to 
the  end  of  that  century.  It  is  easy  to 
understand  that  such  a  stock  in  the 
midst  of  the  grand  free  forests  of  Am- 
erica would  quickly  and  willingly 
spum  the  hand  of  the  oppressor  which 
had  cmshed  his  energies  in  another 
land,  but  which  he  here  determined 
never  would  in  this,  and  so  the  Jack- 
sons  and  Butlers  and  O'Briens  and 
Sullivans  and  Starksand  Jaspers  and 
Thompsons  and  Johnsons  and  the 
thousand  other  Irish  nam6s  conspicu- 
ously to  the  front  from  the  commence- 
ment to  the  end  of  the  great  struggle, 
were  but  the  natural  results  of  British 
tyranny  in  Ireland  and  America. 

DUNBAR,  GEORGE,  a  distinguish- 
ed Canadian  lawyer  and  advocate,  who 
stands  among  the  first  of  the  Lower 
Canadian  Bar,  is  a  native  of  Iceland. 
After  completing  his  education  he 
adopted  the  profession  of  the  law,  and 
after  his  admission  soon  acc|uired  a 
leading  practice  by  the  exhibition  of  all 
the  essential  qualities  which  go  to  make 
a  great  lawyer.  He  has  been  retained 
for  the  last  twenty  years  in  the  most 
important  causes  m  that  province. 

DUNN,  THADDEUS,  an  Irish  phy- 
sician and  author.  He  practiced  his 
profession  at  Locomo,  Switzerland,  and 


DUN 


nUBH  CBLTS. 


DUN 


was  an  exile  on  account  of  religion.  He 
was  the  author  of  a  work  on  Medicine,  of 
a  chronological  treatise  on  the  sojourns 
of  the  Israelites  in  Egypt,  printed  in 
Switzerland  about  the  middle  of  the 
BiKteenth  century,  which  was  about  the 
time  he  flourished. 

DUNN,  HON.  THOMAS,  an  able 
legislator  and  jurist  of  Lower  Canada, 
was  a  native  of  Ireland,  and  came  to 
Cacada  at  an  early  age,  where  he  was 
educated  and  was  called  to  the  Bar, 
and  soon  became  noted  for  ability.  He 
afterwards  was  a  member  of  the  Pro- 
vincial Legislature,  and  still  latei*  of  the 
Executive  Council,  and  as  senior  mem- 
ber, in  1805  became  Administrator  of 
the  Government  of  the  Province,  and 
also  agiun  in  1811,  in  which  capacity 
he  displayed  great  administrative  pow- 
ers by  preparing  the  county  for  the 
threatened  war.  He  also  took  an  en- 
lightened stand  in  regard  to  the  status 
of  the  Catholic  bishop  of  Quebec,  and 
supported  him  in  his  rights  and  pri\  i- 
t>ge8  against  the  bigots  headed  by 
Byland,  Sewell  and  Monk,  who  en- 
deavored to  declare  the  ordinance  of 
1701  void,  as  conflictingwith  the  penal 
statutes  of  Elizabeth.  He  was  a  judge 
of  the  court  of  the  Kings  Bench  and  a 
Lower  Canadian  seigneur. 

DUNS,  JOHN,  one  of  the  greatest 
minds  of  any  age,  and  usually  Known 
as  Duns  Scotus,  was  imdoubtedly  bom  in 
Ireland,  that  island  being  better  known 
on  the  continent  for  hundreds  of  years 
as  Scotia,  Both  England  and  Scotland 
however,  lay  clain:  to  his  birth.  It  is 
most  probable  too,  that  he  received  his 
education  in  Ireland,  which  also  is 
disputed,  because  for  hundreds  of  years 
her  schools  were  the  best  protected  and 
encouraged  of  any  in  Europe.  The 
fact  that  Ireland  or  Scotia  was  in  great 
part  less  subject  to  the  depredations  of 
the  Northern  vandals,  the  Danes  hav- 
ing been  confined  mainly  to  the  vicinity 
of  Dublin,  allowed  her  schools  to  de- 
velope,  and  in  fact,  we  find  her  children 
as  misfclonaries  and  scholars  spread  all 
over  Europe  from  the  year  500  down 
to  the  time  of  John  Duns  of  Scotia,  our 
subject.  Even  from  the  da^s  of  Bt. 
Patrick  we  find  the  Irish  missionaries 
building  or  establishing  monasteries  in 
Britain,  which  were  almost  invariably 
but  schools  of  learning,  and  at  the  time 
of  Alfred,  the  celebrated  "Erigena/'or 


John  of  Scotia  was  made  professor  of 
mathemyifics  and  astronomy  at  the 
founding  of  Oxford,  and  that  this  same 
celebrateid  scholar  at  one  time  was  head 
of  the  University  of  Paris.  Our  sub- 
ject, who  was  a  Franciscan  was  also  a 
professor  f '  Oxford,  and  on  the  conti- 
nent was  renowned  for  his  great  learn- 
ing and  wonderful  powers  of  reasoning, 
so  that  hewasstvled  "Doctor  Subtilcs." 
In  1807  he  was  lecturing  in  Paris  wfth 
immense  success,  thounands  of  students 
flocking  to  hear  and  study  under  him. 
In  1808  he  was  sent  by  the  general  of 
his  order  to  Cologne  to  lay  the  founda- 
tion of  a  new  school  or  University  there. 
He  was  received  by  the  citizens  with 
the  greatest  honors,  having  been  met 
b^  them  on  ul'  way,  and  placed  in  a 
triumphal  car,  ^  tu  drawn  into  that 
ancient  city  like  a  conqueror.  He  was 
noted  as  bieing  a  powerful  defender  of 
the  dogma  of  the  immaculate  concep- 
tion of  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary,Mother 
of  God,  which  he  expounded  with  in- 
vincible force  and  reasoning.  Duns 
excelled  in  all  branches  of  learning, 
both  the  civil  and  common  law,  phil- 
osophy, mathematics  and  theologv.  His 
mind  was  eminently  fitted  for  the  dis- 
cussion of  obstruse  subjects,  acute,  sub- 
tle and  penetrating  to  tbe  last  degree. 
He  undoubtedly  wasted  too  much  time 
on  useless  metaphysical  distinction, 
which  was  however,  rather  the  fault  of 
the  age  than  the  Doctor.  Hypothesis 
supplanted  investigation  and  the  ques- 
tion was  not  What  is?  but  rather  What 
is  possible?  Duns  in  some  ways  was 
the  great  rival  of  St.  Thomas  Aquinas, 
and  perhaps  his  equal  in  intellectual 
power  and  learning,  but  he  has  left  no 
such  impression  on  the  ages.  The  dif- 
ference of  the  men  was  that  St.  Thomas 
learned  the  wisdom  of  humility  and 
labored  not  for  fame,  but  only  that 
truth  might  prevail  to  the  glory  of  God 
alone.  Duns  undoubtedly  was  affected 
by  the  praise  and  plaudits  of  the  world. 
Like  bis  great  rival,  he  was  an  indefa- 
tigable worker,  for,  although  dying  at 
the  early  age  oi  fa.  fy-three,  he  left  be- 
hind hin>  a  large  collection  of  MSS. 
He  died  of  apoplexy,  N';v  ember  1809, 
at  Cologr  6.  Luke  Wadd:  n^  Ws  country- 
man and  a  member  of  .hi  same  order 
(Franriaciins)  edited  bio '  'O^ra  Specula- 
turn"  which  he  published  at  Lyons,  in 
1689  in  twelve  folio  volumes.  In  regard 
to  his  nationality,  we  have  the  fact  that 
all  the  contineutol  writers  who  were  his 


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h- 


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■  -   ■  'J  11 


DYM 


IBISH  CELTSi 


ECO 


contemporaries  when  they  mention  his 
country,  invariably  refer  to  Ireland. 
The  modem  Scotch  authors  have  a 
habit  of  claiming  all  those  learned  men 
known  on  the  continent  from  A.  D. 
600  to  1800  as  Scots,  as  their  country- 
men, when  the  fact  is  beyond  dispute, 
as  all  cotemporary  history  shows,  that 
Scotland  was  not  known  as  such  to 
Europeans  till  the  twelfth  century, 
while  it  is  just  as  certain  that  the  in- 
habitants of  Ireland  were  known  as 
Scots.  It  is  however  true,  that  at  that 
time,  there  was  but  little  difference  be- 
tween the  inhabitants  of  the  two  coun- 
tries, as  the  governing  race  in  Scotland 
were  but  the  Scoto-Milesians  colonists 
from  Ulster,  the  clans  of  the  O'NeiU'B, 
O'Donnell's  and  their  kindred,  who  had. 
settled  in  North  Britain  and  "Albania," 
or  "Caledonia,"  and  after  conquering 
the  earlier  inhabitants  (Picts)  in  the 
tenth  century,  aided  b^  their  brethren 
in  Ireland,  (see  the  testimony  of  Bede, 
Gildas  and  other  early  British  authors) 
gave  the  name  of  their  race  to  the  whole 
country.  The  modern  Scotch  there- 
fore only  differ  from  the  Irish  by  being 
diluted  by  a  mixture  with  an  inferior 
race — the  Picts. 

DYMPHNA,  SAINT,  a  holy  virgin 
and  martyr,  was  a  daughter  of  Onel, 
pagan  king  of  an  extensive  territory, 
comprising  Louth  and  Monaghan,  and 
was  a  maiden  of  wondrous  beauty. 
Her  father  was  an  obstinate  pagan,  but 
the  daughter  and  mother  embraced 
Christianity.  The  mother  dying,  and 
the  father  conceiving  an  unnatural  pas- 
sion for  his  daughter,  desired  to  make 
her  his  wife,  there  being  nothing  in 
the  Dniidical  religion  opposed  to  it,  as 
instanced,  also  in  Persia  in  its  proudest 
djiys.  The  Christian  maiden  was  hor- 
ritfeil  at  the  proposal  and  informed  her 
spiiitual  director  of  her  danger.  He 
told  lier  to  explain  to  her  father  that  it 
was  contrary  to  the  Christian  religion, 
anil  besides  was  wicked  and  unnatural, 
but  her  trouble  was  vain.  He  appoint- 
ed the  days  for  the  ceremonies.  Her 
director,  a  venerable  and  holy  priest, 
knew  that  her  only  safety  was  in  flight, 
and  made  arrangements  for  conveying 
her  and  some  of  her  intimate  compan- 
ions over  to  the  continent.  The  old 
priest  accompanied  them,  and  they  set- 
tled near  a  small  town  called  Oheel, 
cow  Brabant.  She  and  her  companions 
led  holy  and  religious  lives,  and  con- 


verted by  their  good  works  and  ezam< 

§le,  many  from  paganism.  The  old 
ing  at  length  found  their  retreat. 
Her  faithful  old  protector,  although  in 
feeble  health  and  worn  out  with  labor, 
denounced  the  infamy  of  his  intentions, 
and  was  slain  by  the  enraged  pagan, 
who  looked  upon  him  as  the  cause  of 
his  daughters  disobedience.  The  young 
girl  was  horrified  at  the  savage  butchery 
and  denounced  the  wickedness  of  her 
father  with  an  heroic  courage,  and  told 
him  that  she  detested  his  gods  and  their 
vile  works,  and  would  never  return  with 
him.  In  his  blind  fury  he  ordered  her 
beheaded,  but  none  of  his  soldiers 
would  execute  the  order,  and  in  his 
fury  he  did  it  himself.  The  bodies  of 
the  two  martyrs  were  i)iously  preserved. 
Dymphna's  in  a  collegiate  church  called 
in  honor  of  her  at  Gheel,  and  her  fes- 
tival is  kept  on  the  15th  of  May.  Her 
death  occurred  about  the  year  600. 

EAGAN,  B(ETIUS,  a  heroic  bishop 
of  Ross,  was  born  in  the  County  Cork, 
in  the  latter  part  of  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury, finished  his  studies  on  the  conti- 
nent, at  Louvain,  where  he  joined  the 
Franciscan  Order,  he  was  the  friend 
and  co-laborer  of  Colgan,  Fleming  and 
others  of  the  famous  scholars  and  patri- 
ots of  that  day.  He  returned  to  Ire- 
land about  1680,  and  was  tireless  in  ad- 
ministerins:  to  the  spiritual  wants  of  his 
people.  He  was  appointed  Bishop  of 
Ross  in  1648,  although  stroncly  opposed 
by  Ormond,  Muskerry  and  their  par- 
tizans,  who  strove  to  withhold  his  tem- 

{)oralities  from  him.  He  was  forced  to 
eave  his  see  when  the  Cromwellians 
ravaged  the  country  with  fire  and  sword 
and  was  captured  by  Broghill  who 
was  besieging  a  town  near  Clonmcl, 
in  1650.  He  offered  the  heroic  prelate 
his  liberty  if  he  would  advise  the  gari- 
son  to  surrender,  and  he  was  brought 
out  in  front  of  the  walls.  The  fearless 
old  man  told  them  instead  to  to  bold 
out  for  their  king  and  country  to  the 
last,  reminding  them  of  the  savage 
violation  of  faith,  and  of  every  sacred 
obligation  which  had  characterized 
these  ferocious  fanatics  at  Drogheda 
and  elsewhere.  Broghill  learning  what 
his  advice  was,  in  his  rage  ordered  him 
to  be  dragged  to  pieces,  November, 
1660. 

ECCLES,  CAPT.,  a  gallant  soldier 
and  politician,  was  born  in  Wicklow,. 


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1786,  and  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  where  he  gradiiatea  B.  A.  in 
1802.  He  immediately  entered  the 
Army  and  served  with  distinction 
tbroughout  the  Peninsular  War,  and 
was  promoted  for  gallant  conduct  at 
Oorunna,  where  he  was  twice  wounded. 
His  arm  was  afterwards  shattered,  and 
after  the  downfall  of  Napoleon  ne  re- 
tired. During  the  great  reform  move- 
ment in  England  he  took  an  active  part 
as  a  liberal,  and  was  sent  to  Canada  by 
the  Earl  Gray's  government  in  connec- 
tion with  land  for  emigrants.  He  op- 
posed the  scheme  of  Admiral  Vanset- 
tart  and  Capi.  J)xor>,  B.  N.,  and  de- 
nounced the  idea  of  allowing  the  public 
lands  of  Canada  to  be  controlled  by  any 
priva<::e  corporations.  He  decided  to 
settle  with  his  family  in  Upper  Canada, 
and  did  so  in  1886.  He  took  an  active 
part  in  suppressing  the  Canadian  Re- 
bellion of  1887-8,  commanding  a  re- 
giment on  the  Nia^ra  frontier,  and 
doing  valuable  seyvice  by  his  military 
skill,  daring,  and  foresight.  He  also 
took  an  active  part  in  all  matters  of 
public  interest  in  Canada  until  his 
death,  which  occurred  in  1858,  in  his 
82  year. 

ECCLES,  HENRY,  one  of  the  most 
brilliant  of  Canadian  advocates,  was  a 
son  of  the  foregoing,  and  came  with 
his  father  to  Canada  m  '85,  was  admit- 
ted to  the  Upper  Canadian  Bar  and  ac- 
quired an  enviable  distinction  as  a 
powerful  and  eloquent  advocate.  He 
was  made  a  Q.  C.  He  died  in  the 
prime  of  life  and  entry  of  a  moat  brilli- 
ant career. 

EDERSKEAL,  King  of  Munster, 
and  Monarch  of  Ireland,  reigned  at  the 
birth  of  our  Savior,  according  to  the 
book  of  Lecan.  He  was  succeeded  by 
his  son,  Conare  the  Great. 

EDGEWORTH,  ABBE,  a  pious  and 
faeoric  divine,  was  born  in  Ireland  about 
1780,  and  received  his  education  in 
France,  where  he  was  ordained  to  the 
priesthood.  He  was  in  Paris  at  the  out- 
break of  the  Revolution,  in  the  dis- 
charge of  his  priestly  duticH,  und  among 
his  penitents  was  the  l^incess  Eliza- 
beth, sister  of  the  king.  When  all 
others  had  fled  or  were  cowed  by  the 
savage  brutality  of  the  sans-oulottes  of 
the  Revolution,  he  remained  to  minister 
to  the  doomed  king,  and  give  him  the 


last  consolations  of  religion  in  the  face 
of  almost  certain  death.  He  accom- 
panied Louis  on  to  the  very  scaffold, 
with  every  prospect  of  being  seized  by 
the  bloody  and  ferocious  mob,  whom 
the  sight  of  a  priest  of  God  seemed  to 
madden  with  rage.  As  the  doomed 
k'ng  was  about  mounting  the  scaffold 
the  Abbe  Ed^worth  is  said  to  have 
encouraged  him  with  tiiose  memorable 
words  "Fils  de  Saint  Louis  montez 
au  ciel,"  (Son  of  St.  Louis,  ascend  to 
heaven).  He  was  assisted  by  a  brother 
priest  and  Irishman,  the  Abbe  Kean,  y, 
who  was  also  present  at  the  exocuti'n, 
but  in  a  less  formal  manner.  The  ALbe 
Edgenorth  had  to  hurry  away,  disguis- 
ed by  the  cloak  of  the  coachman  of 
Malisherbes,  the  celebrated  advocate 
who  defended  Louis,  and  to  escape  his 
pursuers,  had  to  pass  through  a  little 
shop  in  the  Rue  du  Bac.  After  the 
death  of  the  king  he  still  remained  in 
Paris,  in  hourly  danger  of  death,  en- 
couraging and  consoling  the  faithful 
and  breaking  to  them  the  bread  of  life. 
He  found  means  also  to  console  his  ad- 
mirable penitent,  the  Princess  Eliza- 
beth during  her  long  imprisonment,  and 
up  to  the  time  of  her  execution.  Some 
time  after  this  he  went  to  Germany  and 
attached  himself  to  the  little  army  of 
French  refugees,  who  fought  under  the 
exiled  Princes.  He  died  about  1807 
at  Mittau,  Courlaud,  of  malignant  fever, 
caught  while  attending  wounded  French 
soldiers. 

EDGEWORTH,'  MARI^.,   one  of 

the  most  talented  and  popular  of  female 
writers,  was  the  daughter  of  Richard 
Lovell  Edgeworth,  an  Irish  patriot  and 
author,  and  was  bom  on  New  Years 
Day,  1767,  in  Berkshire,  England, 
where  her  father  for  a  time  resided. 
Her  father  having  succeeded  to  the 
family  estates  at  Edgeworthstown, 
County  Longford,  Ireland,  they  took 
up  their  permanent  residence  there  in 
1782.  Onr  subject  was  educated  prin- 
cipally by  her  father,  who,  among  other 
things,  gave  great  attention  to  methods 
of  education.  She  loined  with  her 
father  in  the  production  of  a  series  of 
essays  entitled,  "Practical  Educat'.on," 
and  also  a  series  of  story  books  f  ^^r  the 
young,  with  the  same  useful  object.  In 
the  meantime  she  was  engaged  in  her 
more  pretentious  works,  commencing 
in  1801  with  "Castle  Rnckrent,"  which 
was  followed  by  " Belinda,"  "Leonora," 


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"The  Modern  Griselda,"  "Popular 
Tales,"  the  "Tales  of  Fashionable  Life," 
and  "Patronage."  "Harrington"  and 
"Ormond"  appeared  in  1817,  and  in 
18'W  "Helen/'  Our  venerable  author- 
eb.  closed  her  labors  as  she  began  them, 
with  a  story  for  children  called  "Or- 
landino."  Her  works  are  noted  for 
their  chasteness,  beauty  and  simplicity 
of  language,  truthfulness  to  nature, 
originality,  and  the  charming  and  re- 
freshing mterest  wilh  which  she  invests 
them.  The  can  be  read  with  both 
pleasure  and  profit  by  young  and  old, 
and  are  models.  It  would  have  been 
well  for  society  had  her  sister  authors 
morj  generally  imitated  her  as  regards 
delicacy  and  prop.'iety.  This  admirable 
woman  died  full  of  years  and  honors 
in  May,  1849,  at  Edgeworthstown,  Ire- 
land, the  seat  of  the  family. 

EDGEWORTH,  RICHARD  LOV- 
ELL,  an  Irish  patriot,  an  elegant  wri- 
ter and  an  ingenious  mechanic,  was 
born  in  1744,  at  Edgeworth  town.  Coun- 
ty Longford,  Ireland,  was  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  at  Oxford. 
Being  of  a  mechanical  turn  of  mind  he 
spent  much  time  in  experiments,  and 
in  1767  invented  a  telegraph.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Irish  Parliament,  and 
with  the  other  Irish  patriots  opposed 
the  Union.  He  gave  great  attention  to 
education,  and  the  most  practical  modes 
of  diffusing  it.  In  conjunction  with 
his  talented  daughter,  he  wrote  a  series 
of  essays  on  "Practical  Education"  and 
also  published  a  scries  of  stories  for  the 
young  with  the  same  view.  He  wrote 
a  work  on  Kouds  and  Carriages,  and 
was  the  inventor  of  many  ingenious 
devices.  He  wrote  his  own  memoirs, 
which  were  finished  by  his  daughter. 
He  was  a  man  of  varied  talent,  great 
practical  knowledge  and  philanthropic 
aims.  He  died  at  Edgeworthtown  in 
June  1817. 

EDGEWORTH,    8HEYD,  son    of 

the  foregoing,  and  brother  to  Maria, 
was  boru  in  Ireland  and  was  an  author 
of  fine  attniuments.  He  was  the  author 
of  several  popular  works  of  fiction,  be- 
sides a  life  of  the  Abbe  Edgeworth,  the 
heroic  confeusor  of  the  unfortunote 
Louis  XVI,  and  who  was  a  relative  of 
the  family.  Mrs.  Edgeworth,  the 
mother  of  this  admirable  Irish  family, 
was  rot  its  least  talented  member.  Hue 
took  her  share  in  the  literary  work  pro- 


duced as  well  as  the  more  onerous  du> 
ties  of  training  and  educating  her  chil- 
dren. She  was  the  author  of  the '  'Good 
Wife,"  a  work  highly  esteemed.  Of 
this  admirable  family  the  Halls  say  in 
their  "Travels  in  Ireland,"  "Whatever 
be  the  result  of  the  system  of  education 
which  the  Edgeworth  family  have 
recommended,  I  must  say  I  never  saw 
such  marks  of  filial  regard,  parental 
affection,  and  domestic  happiness,  as  at 
this  house.  To  reside  at  it  is  to  see  al- 
most realized  such  scenes  of  happiness 
as  nowhere  exists,  but  are  sometimes 
presented  in  the  descriptions  of  enchant- 
ed castles. 

EDWARDS,  BRYAN,  was  bom  In 
England,  of  Irish  parents,  in  1743.  His 
father  dying  before  he  completed  his 
education,  he  went  to  live  with  an  uncle 
in  Jamaica,  and  there  completed  his 
classical  studies.  ^Having  become  weal- 
thy by  the  inheritance  of  two  fortunes, 
he  returned  to  England  and  was  elected 
to  Parliament,  and  took  an  active  part 
in  measures  looking  towards  the  aboli- 
tion of  the  slave  trade.  He  wrote  a 
history  of  the  British  colonies  in  the 
West  Indies,  and  a  history  of  San  Do- 
mingo, and  is  the  authorof  some  poems 
of  merit.    He  died  in  18C0. 

EITHNE,  Mother  of  St.  Columba  or 
Columbkill.  She  was  the  aunt  of  St. 
Couan  and  sister  of  St.  Feargue  or  Virg- 
nous.  It  is  said  that  before  the  birth  of 
her  saintly  son,  she  made  him  the  sub- 
ject of  constant  prayer,  and  that  one 
night  she  had  a  dreum  or  vision  of  an 
angel  coming  to  her,  and  bringing  a 
most  beautiful  garment  of  varied  hue. 
This  the  angel  afterwards  took  away, 
and  as  he  sped  through  the  air  the  gar- 
ment kept  unfolding  and  exteniling 
over  mountain  and  plain  until  it  was 
lost  to  sight  in  the  distance.  She 
thought  that  she  grieved  at  the  loss  when 
the  angel  returned  and  comforted  her 
with  the  asrurance  that  the  garment 
was  a  symbol  of  the  influence  her  child 
would  exercise  over  Ireland  and  Alba- 
nia, (Scotland),  bringing  multitudes  of 
souls  into  the  fold  of  Christ. 

ELIPH,  ST.,  an  Irish  missionary  and 
martyr,  was,  according  to  his  acts  writ- 
ten by  Rupert  Abbot  of  Duitz,  near 
Cologne,  the  son  of  the  King  of  Scotia 
(Ireland),  and  having  resigned  all  his 
possessions  and  ambitions  to  serve  God, 


ELL 


IRISH  CELTS. 


ELL 


he  came  to  Toul  with  a  number  of  dis- 
ciples, when  they  were  cast  into  prison 
as  spies,  but  were  delivered  in  a  mirac- 
ulous manner,  when  our  saint  preached 
with  great  zeal  and  fruit  everywhere 
the  word  of  God.  In  a  short  time  .he 
baptized  over  400  persons,  which  com- 
ing to  the  knowledge  of  Julian  the 
apostate  he  ordered  him  beheaded, 
which  happened  on  the  6th  of  October 
on  the  banks  of  the  river  Vere,  near 
Toul,  toward  the  end  of  the  4th  century. 
He  was  buried  on  a  mountain  called 
after  lum,  Mount  St.  Elph,  and  was 
afterwards  transferred  by  Bruno,  Arch- 
bishop Ox  Cologne  and  deposited  in  the 
church  of  St.  Martin  Major,  which 
formerly  belonged  to  the  nation  of  the 
Scots.  Rupert  also  mentions  as  a 
brother  Euchar  who  was  a  bishop,  and 
was  also  martyred  with  their  sisters, 
Meuna,  Libaria  and  Susana. 

ELLIOT,  CHAS.,  D.  D.,  a  promi- 
nent American  Methodist  divine,  was 
born  in  Donegal,  Ireland,  May  16, 1793. 
He  studied  for  the  Methodist  ministry, 
and  in  1815  came  to  the  United  States, 
and  proceeding  to  Ohio  he  joined  the 
conference  in  that  Stale.  He  was  con- 
nected with  the  Indian  Mission  at  Lower 
Sandusky  for  some  years,  and  presiding 
elder  of  the  Ohio  district  subsequently, 
and  was  afterwards  professor  of  Lan- 

fuages  at  Madison  College,  Uniontown, 
'a.,  where  he  remained  four  years.  In 
1883  he  was  presiding  elder  of  the 
Pittsburgh  district,  and  became  editor 
of  the  Pittsburgh  Conference  Journal, 
and  subsequently  of  the  Western  Chris- 
tian Advocate  at  Cincinnati.  He  was 
afterwards,  from  1847  to  '60,  President 
of  the  Iowa  Wcsleyan  University,  and 
professor  of  Biblical  Literature,  and 
from  thence  he  went  to  St,  Louis  as 
editor  of  the  Central  Christian  Advo- 
cate, and  in  its  columns  strongly  sup- 
ported the  cause  of  the  Union.  lie  was 
again  connected  with  the  Iowa  Uni- 
versity, wilhdriiwing  in  1866.  He  died 
at  Mount  Pleasant,  Iowa,  January  6, 
1869.  He  wrote  a  number  of  works, 
mostly  in  relation  to  Methodism, 
and  not  altogether  devoid  of  bigotry. 
By  his  co-rellgious  he  was  always  held 
in  high  esteem,  and  was  a  man  oi  learn  - 
ing  and  talent. 

ELLIOTT,  REV.  "WALTER,  an 
able  and  eloquent  Catholic  divine,  of 
the  order  of  "Paulists,"  was  born  in 


Detroit,  Michigan,  of  Irish  parents, 
Jan'^  1848,  received  his  early  enucation 
in  hu  native  city,  and  entered  the  Uni- 
versity of  Notre  Dame,  Indiana.  De- 
siring to  see  Western  life,  however,  he 
did  not  remain  to  complete  his  course, 
but  with  some  of  his  classmates  he 
sought  the  gold  fields  of  the  West.  The 
reality  not  proving  as  glittering  as  the 
picture,  they  returned  after  a  limited 
experience,  and  our  subject  settled  in 
Cincinnati,  where  he  commenced  the 
study  of  law  under  Warner  M.  Bate- 
man.  He  was  prepared  for  admis- 
sion, awaiting  only  the  legal  age  to 
apply,  when  the  war  of  the  great  Re- 
bellion broke  out.  He  immediately  en- 
listed in  the  Fif  thOhio  regiment  and  took 
the  field,  serving  without  intermission  to 
the  end  of  the  war  in  the  South  West,  and 
although  repeatedly  offered  a  commis- 
sion oh  account  of  capacity  and  fine 
soldierly  qualities  he  always  refused, 
serving  from  first  to  last  as  a  sergeant, 
and  not  only  noted  for  his  bravery  but 
also  for  his  dexterity  in  the  use  of  arms. 
He  was  wounded  and  taken  prisoner. 
Out  of  this  Irish  family  two  other  bro- 
thers served  in  the  defence  of  the  Union. 
Col.  Robert  T.,  who  fell  in  the  last  ad- 
vance on  Richmond,  while  gallantly 
leading  his  regiment  against  the  enemy, 
and  Capt.  William  R.,  of  the  cavalry, 
in  the  pursuit  aftc.  the  desperate  battle 
of  Gettysburg.  After  the  close  of  the 
war  our  young  soldier  returned  home 
to  Detroit,  and  immediately  gave  at- 
tention to  his  neglected  profession.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  Bar,  formed  a  law 
partnership  with  Otto  Kirchner,  after- 
wards Attorney-General  of  the  State 
and  commenced  the  active  practice  of 
his  profession.  He  was  pushing  his 
way  steadily  towards  the  front,  when 
he  was  destined  to  make  a  new  depar- 
ture. Father  Hecker,  one  of  tlie  foun 
ders  of  the  religious  association  or 
"Order  of  St.  Paul  the  Apostle."  a  So- 
ciety of  priests,  peculiar  to  the  United 
States,  and  whose  particular  work  ii 
giving  "Missions,"  was  in  Detroit,  en- 
gaged in  his  missionary  labors,  and 
while  there  explained  to  some  young 
men  the  grandeur,  the  hopes  and  the 
consolation  of  the  work  to  which  their 
lives  were  devoted,  which  so  moved  the 
chivalrous  soul  of  our  soldier  advocate 
that  he  declared  his  intention  to  make 
it  too  his  life  work.  He  immediately 
ioincd  the  novitiate  of  the  "Paulists* 
In  Now   York,  and   commenced  Ma 


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ecclesiastical  studies.  He  soon  proved 
himself  eminently  fitted  for  the  work, 
into  which  he  threw  himself  with  all 
the  ardor  of  a  true  soldier  of  Jesus 
Christ,  although  young  he  soon  had 
charge  of  a  band  of  missionaries  and  he 
is  known  and  famed  from  the  Atlantic 
to  the  Pacific  for  his  zeal,  success  and 
eloquence.  Father  Elliott,  as  he  ap- 
pears on  his  platform  pulpit,  presents  a 
commanding  figure,  which  is  sustained 
by  a  fine  voice,  appropriate  and  impres- 
sive action,  and  earnest  and  eloquent 
diction.  He  is  still  gaining  in  effective- 
ness and  strength,  being  yet  but  in  the 
prime  of  life,  and  the  full  vigor  of  his 
mental  and  physical  manhood. 

ELMORE,  (more  properly  Aylmer.) 
Alfred,  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
artists  of  our  day,  was  the  son  of  an 
Irish  surgeon,  and  was  born  in  County 
Cork,  Ireland,  June  18, 1815.  He  early 
displayed  artistic  talent  of  a  high  order. 
His  father  removing  to  London  when 
our  subject  was  about  twelve,  he  be- 
g&n  his  active  career,  by  drawing  from 
antique  models  in  the  British  Museum. 
He  became  an  indefatigable  worker, 
and  his  works  were  both  original  and 
of  striking  merit.  Many  of  his  pic- 
tures were  exhibited  at  the  Royal 
Academy  and  at  the  "World  Expositions 
of  London,  Paris,  aud  Philadelphia. 
Among  his  works  ai  >  the  "D  atli  of 
Thomas  A.  Beclict."  whic'u  n«i.  piir- 
chased  by  the  great  O'Crincil  (or  f5,- 
000,  and  prest'.itod  to  tic  W  ;  .and 
Row  Chapel,  Dublin,  c  "orucilixion" 
also  in  the  same  church.  "The  Inven- 
tion of  the  Stocking  Loom,"  "The 
Death  bed  of  Robert  King  of  Naples," 
* 'Hotspur  and  the  Fop,"  "Griselda," 
*'A  subject  from  Pepy's  Dairy,"  "Maria 
Antoinetta  in  the  Temple,  "Within 
the  Convent  Walls."  "Ishmael,"  "Louis 
XIII  and  XIV,"  "Across  the  Fields," 
"The  Virginians,"  "Ophelia,"  "Mary 
Queea  of  Scots  and  Darnley  at  Jea- 
hurgh,"  "Pompoei,"  "John  Alder  and 
Priscilla/'  "An  Eastern  Bath,"  "On 
the  Brink  of  the  Abyss,"  "Leucretia 
Borgia,"  "Leonore,"  and  many  others. 
He  died  January  7th,  1881.  According 
to  a  distinguislied  art  critic  his  method 
of  handling  r  id  coloring  was  refined  and 
Indicate  aj\il  liia  drawing  full  of  grace, 
SAtural  and  artistic. 

EMBURY,  PHILIP,  noted  as  the 
founder  of  American  Methodism,  was 


bom  at  Ballygarane,  Ireland,  in  1728. 
He  was  a  carpenter  by  trade,  but  had 
the  Irish  gift  of  ready  speech.  He  be- 
came a  member  of  the  new  departure 
from  the  Established  church*  which 
being  more  democratic  had  more  attrac- 
tions for  the  poor,  and  he  soon  was  re* 
cognized  as  the  local  leader  or  preacher 
at  Court-Mattress.  In  1760  he  emigrat- 
ed to  America  and  settled  in  New  York 
City.  He  organized  a  society  in  his 
own  house  where  he  held  forth,  and  as 
it  increased,  they  removed  to  an  old 
rigging  loft,  and  finally  when  they  felt 
able  enough,  he  started  the  construction 
of  the  "Old  John  Street  Church," 
which  he  as  boss  <'fnpenter  labored  on 
till  completion,  and  October  30, 1 768,  he 
preached  the  opening  sermon.  He  after- 
wards settled  in  Salem,  New  York, 
where  he  also  labored  for  Methodism 
and  where  he  died  in  1775. 

EMMET,  JOHK  !A.TTON,  a  talent- 
ed  American  phy-,i.  inn  and  scientist 
was  born  in  Dublin  April  8th,  1797  and 
was  son  of  Thomas  Addis  Emmet.  He 
came  with  his  parents  to  the  United 
States  and  vftm  partially  educated  in 
West  Point  :m(f  resided  one  year  ia 
Italy.  On  hi^  r  -Uirn  tv:>  the  United 
States  >^  v'udivv  iodicino.  After  com- 
pleting hi(j  couvsc  he  went  South  for 
the  benefit  of  his  health,  which  was 
much  impaired,  and  in  1823  settled  la 
Charleston,  S.  C;  here  he  began  prac- 
tice. In  1824  he  was  elected  Professor 
of  Chemistry  aud  Natural  History  in 
the  University  of  Virginia,  and  during 
several  years  was  a  contributor  to  Sill- 
man's  Journal.  He  died  in  New  York 
August  13,  1842. 

EMMET,  ROBERT,  one  of  the  most 
eminent  of  Irish  patriots  and  orators, 
was  the  son  of  a  physician,  and  born  at 
Cork  in  1780.  While  still  a  boy  he 
took  an  active  part  in  discussing  the 
condition  of  affairs  in  Ireland,  became 
associated  with  the  United  Irishmen, 
and  wan  an  ardent  advocate  for  the  ab- 
solute ii\dependcnce  of  his  country  and 
the  establishment  of  an  Irish  Republic. 
When  tliese  attempts  failed  in  '98,  Rob- 
ert Emmet  escaped  to  France,  where  he 
remained  till  the  winter  of  1803.  It 
was  about  this  time  that  his  brotlier 
Thomas,  who  had  been  imprisoned  for 
his  connection  with  the  Society  was  re- 
leased and  came  to  France.  In  the 
MMinter  of  this  year  Robert  again  return- 


EMM 


IRI8K  CELTS. 


EMM 


lob- 
cbe 

It 
ther 
I  for 

ra- 
the 
uru- 


ed  to  Ireland,  and  commenced  to  or-  - 
ganize  once  again.  In  July  1803  a 
.rising  took  place  in  Dubhn,  but  it 
proved  an  undisciplined  mob,  who 
utterly  disregarded  order  or  authority 
of  leaders,  and  would  bring  ruin  on 
friend  and  foe  alike.  Emmet  utterly  un- 
able to  cope  with  the  discord,  or  to 
^iape  it  to  any  good  end,  abandoned  in 
disgust  the  rabble  route,  which  might 
htive' possessed  themselves  of  Dublin,  if 
coolness,  order  and  respect  of  others 
Tights  had  ruled  them,  for  the  govern- 
men!  troops  seemed  to  hesitate  for  some 
time  as  to  how  they  should  act,  Emmet 
•escaped  to  the  Wicklow  Mountains  and 
remained  for  a  short  time  concealed, 
but  he  unfortunately  again  returned  to 
Dublin,  was  apprehended,  tried  and 
convicted  of  treason.  He  was  executed 
on  the  20th  of  September,  1808.  He 
met  his  fate  with  the  couiage  of  a 
christian  and  a  hero,  and  his  memor- 
able speech  before  the  debased  and 
heartless  so  called  ministers  of  Justice, 
who,  shamefully  tried  to  brow-beat  the 
jouDg  but  indomitable  patriot  and  to 
cover  him  with  the  stigma  of  criminal- 
ity, \7ill  thrill  the  hearts  of  patriots  in 
«ges  I'o  come,  by  the  inspiration  of  its 
maaly  and  magnificent  eloquence,  when 
the  ciaven  tools  of  the  bloated  govern- 
ment who  transgressed  both  the  Taws  of 
humanity  and  decency  in  the  trial  of 
this  foredoomed  young  patriot,  will  be 
forgotten,  or  remembered  only  by  their 
infamy.  His  closing  words,  after  re- 
peate<i  interruptions,  was  in  this  beau- 
tiful language,  "Let  no  man  write  my 
epitaph,  tor  as  no  one  who  knows  my 
motivi^i  dares  now  to  vindicate  them, 
let  not  ignorance  or  prejudice  asperse 
■them.  Let  them  and  me  remain  in  ob- 
scurity and  peace,  and  my  tomb  re- 
main uninscribed,  until  other  men  in 
other  times  can  do  justice  to  my  charac- 
ter, when  my  county  shall  have  taken 
Jher  stand  among  the  nations  of  the 
earth;  then,  and  not  till  then,  let  my 
epitaph  lie  written." 

EMMET,  TEMPLE,  eldest  of  the 
celebrated  Emmet  brothers,  and  per- 
haps the  most  talented  of  this  extraordi- 
nary family,  was  born  in  Dublin,  and 
educated  in  Trinity  College  in  that  city. 
He  was  enrly  distinguished  for  the  bril- 
liancy of  his  genius  and  commanding 
ability.  He  studied  law  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  IrisI-  Bar,  and  it  was  said 
of  him  at  the  time,  of  his  admission, 


that  he  was  probably  more  profoun^y 
read  in  law  than  any  judge  of  the  courts 
in  which  he  was  admitted.  He  was  not 
only  gifted  with  a  clear  and  compre* 
hensive  mind,  but  also  with  a  wonder* 
ful  memory,  which  was  the  astonish* 
ment  of  his  associates,  who  were  also 
highly  gifted.  He  seemed  to  have  re- 
tained eveiythinp:  of  value  he  read, 
and  he  was  c  dited  with  havine 
read  almost  ev'  ything.  His  mina 
was  highly  poetical,  and  filled  with 
the  most  brilliant  imagery,  so  much 
so  that  his  early  speeches  in  Col- 
lege were  delivered  in  a  kind  of  blank 
verse.  But  the  reputation  he  was  fast 
making  at  the  Bar,  was  rather  toe  the 
soundness  of  his  law,  and  the  prof oucd- 
ity  of  his  reasoning,  and  he  was  surely 
pushing  to  the  head  of  his  profef^sion 
when  he  died  in  1788,  like  Robert,  in 
the  morning  of  life. 


♦  1; 


EMMET.  THOMAS  ADDIS,  one  of 
the  most  able  of  lawyers  and  advocates; 
was  bom  in  Cork  in  17ft4.  He  gradu- 
ated at  Trinity  College  Dublin,  and 
studied  medicine  in  tb  ■  Univeraily  ef 
Glasgow,  where  hj  gradutiteu.  Th« 
death  of  his  elder  brother,  wLo  ■ft'*]«  a 
member  of  the  bar,  [however,  cuauged 
his  intention,  and  he  ccnmenced  the 
study  of  law,  and  efter  t«o  ye;  i-s  f<  •  the 
Temple  and  the  courtrj  of  ~^  estrr^nmar 
he  returned  to  Dublin,  a'.;  wa"?  (  Irnit- 
ted  to  the  Bar  in  llii.  la  souii  rose 
to  distinction  and  acqi '.cd  an  extensive 
and  lucrative  practice.  Ir  1798  he  was 
arrested  and  committed  tr.-  prison  on  ac- 
cou?  if  his  well-known  patroij  •.  prin- 
cip'  and  supposed  connec  "  u  with 
th(  lited  Irishmen,  and  remained  in 
cu  viy  of  government  till  1803  About 
%h\H  time  he  desired  to  come  io  America, 
ai  I  communicated  with  Rufus  King, 
then  American  minister  at  London,  but 
^ireived  an  insulting  rebuff  from  that 

uaaent  patriot!  He  then  removed 
with  his  family  to  BrusseLi,  and  after- 
wards to  Paris,'  and  from  thence  by  the 
advice  and  urgency  of  Iilsh  Ameiicau 
friends  he  sailed  for  the  United  States 
in  1804.  The  arbitrary  acts  of  the 
Government,  which,  through  the  instru- 
mentality of  a  packed  jury,  put  to 
death  his  brother,had  materially  impair- 
ed ''is  fortune,  and  after  anlving  in 
Ai  .rica  with  his  large  family,  he  de- 
libernted  for  some  time  as  to  which  of 
his  professions  it  would  be  most  pru- 
dent to  adopt.    Happily  he  determined 


ENG 


IBI8H  CELTS. 


ENG 


in  favor  of  the  Law  and  at  once  com- 
menced a  most  brilliant  career,  soon 
rivalling  in  reputation  and  extent  of 
practice  the  ablest  of  American  lawyers. 
He  was  thus  spoken  of  by  a  cotempor- 
ary  at  this  time,  himself  an  able  West- 
ern lawyer.  "Thomas  Addis  Emmet 
is  the  great  luminary  whose  light  pene 
trates  our  Western  mountains,  anrl  we 
hail  his  exertions  with  a  kind  of  local 
pride."  In  1813  he  was  appointed  At- 
torney-General of  the  State  of  New 
York.  His  death  took  place  suddenly 
in  18.37.  As  a  lawyer,  or  advocate  in 
days  when  the  American  Bar  had  some 
of  its  most  illustrious  lights,  he  had  no 
superior. 

ENDA,  SAINT,  of  Arran,  was  des 
cended  of  the  princely  house  of  Orgiel, 
and  was  brother-in-law  to  King  AengU9. 
He  was  in  his  youth  a  disciple  of  St. 
ratrick  and  also  received  instructions 
from  at.  Ailbe  of  Emly.  Pe  also  trav- 
eled to  Rome  and  is  said  to  have  been 
ordained  there.  King  Aengus  at  the 
request  of  St.  Ailbe,  gave  him  the  Isle 
of  Arran  on  which  to  found  a  religious 
house,  sometime  after  his  return  in  480, 
nnd  he  immediately  set  to  work  with 
other  pious  associates  and  established  a 
monastery  and  school  which  even  in 
his  life  time  became  a  celebrated  seat  of 
learning.  The  Isle  became  dotted  with 
retreats  of  piety  and  learning,  and  stu- 
dents caiT\e  t'roia  all  parts  of  Ireland, 
Brit  ii  A  and  the  continent  to  drink  at  its 

Eure  founts.  This  saint  was  held  in 
igh  esteem  and  was  eminent  for  learn- 
ing as  well  as  virtue.  The  great  St. 
Brendan  of  Clonfert  visited  him  before 
sturting  on  his  voyage  to  the  Northern 
Islands  and  New  World,  a  little  after 
which  time  our  saint  died  about  540, 

ENGLAND,  RT.  IlEV.  JOHN,  one 
of  the  most  able  and  illustrioufi  of  the 
Catholic  Lishops  who  ever  adorne4  the 
Church  in  America,  was  born  at  Cork, 
Ireland,  September  23,  1786.  He  re- 
ceived his  early  education  in  a  Protes- 
tant school,  Catholic  schools  in  that 
day  being  not  fully  reheved  from  the 
oppression  of  the  Penal  laws.  After 
leaving  sclwol  he  at  first  delermined  to 
adopt  the  profession  of  the  !aw,  nnd 
with  that  view  spent  two  years  hi  the 
ofticdof  an  eminent  barrister.  Provi- 
dence had,  however,  better  and  greater 
designs  in  his  regard,  and  he  felt  called 
upon  to  devote liiraself  to  a  r»  'igious 


vocation.  His  pious  iiarents  seconded 
his  desires,  and  he  entered  Carlow  Col* 
lege  and  began  his  theological  studies. 
Here  he  soon  displayed  thoae  command^ 
ing  talents  which  afterward  made  him 
M  eminent  in  his  future  home.  So  re-^. 
markable  were  his  talents  that  his  bishop. 
Dr.  Moylan,  called  him  home  before  he 
was  twenty-two,  and  appointed  him 
President  of  the  Diocesian  Seminary  of 
Cork,  and  shortly  afterv«-ard  he  was 
ordained  by  dispensation,  October,  1808, 
he  wanting  several  years  of  the  cano- 
nical age.  His  was  a  day  of  struggle 
in  Ireland,  for  both  the  Catholic  and 
the  patriot,  and  the  young  priest,  full 
of  genius  and  inspiration,  and  the  manly 
independencj  of  his  race  soon  became 
marked,  as  he  was  a  fearless  leader  of 
the  people,  and  consequently  persecuted 
and  hated  by  the  mino'is  of  power. 
He  became  editor  and  proprietor  of  the 
Cork  Chronicle,  and  it  blazed  and  scin- 
tillated with  the  ardent  patriotism, 
cutting  logic,  and  eloquent  appeals  of 
its  fearless  editor.  The  bigots  and 
tyrants,  whom  he  arraigned,  smarting 
under  the  lash,  Tised  every  engine  which 
a  government  constructed,for  supplan- 
tion  and  oppression  placed  in  their 
hands,  to  crush  their  undaunted  de- 
nouncer, and  he  was  one  time  fined 
£500  for  his  timerty.  As  might  be 
supposed,  he  was  a  strong  advocate  of 
Catholic  emancipation,  and  an  intimate 
friend  of  the  great  lay  leader,  Daniel 
O'Connell.  In  18/7  Dr.  England  was 
appointed  parish  priest  of  Bandon,  a 
place  of  unrivalled  bigotry,  and  famous 
for  its  inscription  of  welcome  to  "Turk, 
Heathen  or  Jew,"  but  of  warning  to  the' 
papist  to  keep  without  its  gates.  Father 
England,  who  knew  no  fear,  entered 
on  his  appointed  mission.  Strange  as 
it  may  appear,  the  savage  inscription 
was  no  idle  one,  for  the  heroic  priest 
had  narrow  escape  from  death,  from  ani 
enemy  more  wanton  and  savage  than 
the  untutored  Indian.  In  July,  1820, 
he  received  notice  from  Rome  or  hispp- 
pvMntmcnt  to  the  Sen  of  Cha/leston, 
South  Carolina.  His  name  had  pre- 
viously been  mentioned  for  an  Irish  See 
but  he  declared  that  he  never  would 
wear  a  mitre  in  a  See  subject  to  the 
liritish  flag.  He  W)'s  consecrated  in 
the  city  of  Cork,  September  21,  1820. 
The  uaual  oath  of  allegiance  |admini«- 
terod  at  consecration  to  bishops,  who 
were  British  subject',  bo^ng  proposed 
to  him  by  the  consecrating  bishop,  he 


ENG 


IRISH  CELTS. 


ENG 


declined  to  take  it,  ttie  consecrator  hes- 
itating at  first  to  proc  ed  Dr.  England 
said  he  would  seek  consecration  else- 
where, as  he  was  determined  t«  take  no 
oath  of  that  kind,  but  the  one  required 
by  the  laws  of  his  future  home,  the 
United  States,  to  make  him  a  citizen  of 
that  country.  He  was  at  this  time  in 
the  thirtjr-fourth  year  of  his  age  and 
the  twelfth  of  his  sacred  ministry.  He 
immediately  made  preparations  for  his 
departure,  and  after  a  long  and  tedious 
voyage  he  arrived  in  Charleston  Decem- 
ber w,  1820,  and  the  next  day,  Sunday, 
the  last  of  the  year,  he  celebrated  his 
first  Mass  in  America,  took  possession 
of  his  diocese  and  preached  his  first 
sermon.  Rev.  Benedict  Fenwick,  S.  J. 
afterwards  bishop  of  Boston,  was  in 
charge  of  the  Charleston  mission,  and 
became  Bishop  England's  Vicar  Gen- 
eral. The  prospects  before  the  new 
bishop  were  not  very  encouraging;  three 
large  states,  North  Carolina,  South  Cur- 
olina  and  Georgia,  or  rather  one  great 
■wilderness  stretching  over  them,  was 
the  extent  of  his  See.  Over  all  this 
ground  was  thinly  scattered  the  flock 
which  he  was  sent  to  direct  and  govern. 
Many  of  them  had  not  seen  a  priest  for 
years,  and  their  cliildren  were  brought 
up  without  any  religious  instruction, 
except  in  rare  cases,  and  they  them- 
selves had  almost  lost  the  faith,  and  this 
was  not  helped  bj  the  ignorance  and 
bigotry  of  their  neighbors.  But  God  in 
his  mercy  had  sent  a  man  equal  to  the 
emergency,  the  difficulties  only  inflamed 
his  zeal.  He  found  only  two  churches 
and  two  priests  in  his  vast  diocese.  He 
immediately  set  to  work;  he  organized 
his  scattered  flocks,  or  rather  it  might 
be  said,  he  discovered,  he  found  them, 
for  indeed  they  were  astray,  "but  the 
good  shepherd  knoweth  his  sheep  and 
tliey  heareth  his  voice,"  and  so  it  was 
here  in  truth,  he  brought  them  together, 
he  instructed,  enlightened,  encouraged 
them.  He  suggested  and  promoted  the 
establishment  of  permanent  places  of 
worship,  where  they  should  meet  on 
Sundays  and  holy  days  of  obligation, 
and  join  together  in  prayer  and  the 
recitation  of  holy  oflices  and  pious  read- 
ing, until  sucli  time  as  a  church  could 
be  built  and  a  priest  given  them.  To 
do  this  he  traveled  thousands  of  miles 
on  foot  and  on  horseback,  in  All  kinds 
of  weather,  and  over  roads  almost  im- 
passable, with  an  unlliigiug  spirit  full 
of  cheerfulness  and  hope  In  the  midst 


of  poverty,  and  often  want,  so  much  s#> 
that  at  times  his  b  ar  feet  were  blistered 
by  the  burning  flagstones  in  the  streets 
of  Charleston,  the  soles  of  his  shoes  be- 
ing worn  off  and  no  others  to  replace 
them.  After  making  this  first  visita' 
tion  of  his  diocese,  with  almost  incred- 
ible labor  and  hardships,  organizing  his- 
scattered  people  and  putting  them  in 
the  way  of  instruction  and  the  practice  of 
their  religion,  he  returned  to  Charleston 
and  immediately  commenced  a  course 
of  lectures  on  the  piincipal  truths  of  re- 
ligion. This  course  attracted  great  at- 
tention from  all  classes  and  was  crowd- 
ed with  non-catholics.  Seeing  the  want 
of  a  proper  book  of  instruction  for  his 
people,  he  immediately  set  to  work  and 
produced  a  catechism  to  meet  the  want, 
and  also  organized  a  book  society  for 
the  production  of  such  literature  as 
would  be  most  beneficial  for  his  people. 
Bishop  England  soon  gained  the  respect 
and  admiration  of  all  classes.  He  was 
a  man  of  commanding  presence,  great 
dignity  of  character,  added  to  this  he 
was  a  scholar  of  varied  parts,  profound 
and  logical,  and  more  still,  he  possessed 
that  Irish  gift  of  irresistible  fei"vid  elo- 
quence which  especially  claims  the  ad- 
miration and  wins  the  Southern  heart. 
He  was  often  invited  by  the  ministers 
of  other  congregations  to  preach  or 
lecture  in  their  churches,  which  he 
usually  accepted  under  proper  condi- 
tions. His  fame  as  a  preacher  of  un- 
equalled power  and  eloquence,  was 
recognized  from  his  first  appearance 
among  them,  by  all  classes  of  Chris- 
tians in  his  vast  diocese,  and  was  soon 
heralded  abroad  over  tne  whole  country. 
So  strong  was  this  desire  to  hear  liint 
preach  that  he  was  contiiuially  stopped 
m  his  visitations  through  his  diocese,, 
and  requested  to  preach  in  a  public 
hall,  court  house,  or  some  church  of  his 
separated  brethren.  This  model  bishop 
was  sleepless  and  indefatigable  in  every 
thing  that  could  promote  the  well-be- 
in^  of  his  people,  and  tlie  good  of  re- 
ligion. When  he  came  to  Cliarleston 
there  was  no  classical  school  or  college 
where  a  young  man  miglit  receive  a 

t)roper  education  to  tit  iiim  for  the 
earned  profession.  He  determined  to 
supply  the  want,  as  well  for  I  is  own 
necessities  in  preparing  studenlj»  foi*  the 
pi-iesthood,  as  to  m<iet  the  general  want. 
To  do  this  lie  trained  up  his  clerical 
students  as  professors,  while  they  pursu- 
ed at  the  same  thuir  ecclesiastical  siudieg. 


■iL 


.,u  iMi 


ENG 


IRISH  GBLTB. 


ENO 


He  also,  !n  conjunction  with  his  Book 
Society,  establislied  the  Catholic  Mis- 
•cellany  in  1822,   and   was  truly  the 
founder  of  real  Catholic  journalism  in 
■the  United  States.    This  in  his  hands 
became  a  popular  and  powerful  aid  in 
•deceminating  Catholic  principles  and  in 
'defending  Catholic  interests  and  truths. 
His'  powerful  and  trenchant  pen  for 
twenty  years  filled  its  columns  with 
wisdom,  logic,  and  eloquence,  making 
it  feared  and  respected  by  the  bigot, 
:»dmired  and  sought  after  by  the  se^er 
of  the  good  and  the  lover  of  justice, 
liberty  and  truth.    His  gr^At  popular- 
ity, unexampled  energy  and  success  in 
i)romoting  the  cause  of  his  religion,  at 
ength  raised  a  storm  of  bigotry  against 
him,  and  for  a  while  press  and  pulpit 
learned  with  tirades  abuse  and  slander 
^against  popery,  its  objects  and  dangers. 
But  although  this  may  have  prejudiced 
the  ignorant  and  spurred  on  the  bigot, 
it  fell  harmless  at  the  feet  of  this  great 
Bishop.     The  majesty  simplicity  and 
truthfulness  of  character,  his  patriotism 
■and  unrivalled  eloquence,  the  generos- 
ity and  matchless  unselfishness  of  his 
•every  day  life,  had  justly  earned  hosts 
of  admiring  friends  among  the  most  in- 
telligent and  cultivated  of  his  dissent- 
ing brethren.    He  had  first  won  their 
admiration  by  his  eloquence  and  learn- 
ing, their  respect  by  the  dignity  and 
nobility  of  his  character,  their  love  by 
his  unselfish  life  and  heroic  devotion  to 
duty.    They  had  seen  him  in  the  midst, 
•of   that  ten-ible   scourge,  the  yellow 
fever,  where  victims  were  often  aband- 
oned by  their  nearest  friends,  ceaseless 
and  tireless  in  helping  and  consoling 
them  by  day  and  by  night,  snatching 
an  uncertain  rest  to  recuperate  exhaust- 
ed nature,  and  risking  his  own  life  each 
and  every  moment  of  his  labors  tiuring 
■the  existence  of  the  scourge — ever  the 
priest,  the  consoler  and  the  friend.    In 
this  fit  of  fronzy  referred  to,  the  bigots 
threatened  to  bum  the  Catholic  Con- 
vent of  Charle&con  by  the  hands  of  a 
lawless  mob.      Happily  they  had   to 
deal  with  n  man  who  was  fearless  of 
'death,  either  in  the  face  of  pe.*iilence  or 
the  dagger  of  the  assassin — of  a  patriot 
who  utterly  despised  a  mob.    He  gath- 
ered around  the  threatened  building  a 
handful  of  gallant  men  with  rifles  in 
their  hands,  each  of  which  he  inspected, 
to  be  sure  that  they  were  fit  for  prompt 
use,  and  let  the  raoble  know  that  they 
•were  men  who,  while  they  loved  and 


obeyed  the  the  laws  of  their  country, 
knew  their  rishts  and  were  determined 
to  maintain  mem,  and  that  any  mob, 
on  any  pretext,  would  interfere  with 
them  at  the  peril  of  life.    The  bigots, 
as  such  usually  are,  were  cowards,  and 
concluded  that  discretion  was  the  bet* 
ter  part  of  valor.    On  invitation,  the 
Bishop  once  preached  before  Congress 
in  the  Hall  of  the  House  of  Represent- 
tives,  and  impressed  his  distinguished 
audience  by  the  greatness  of  his  ability. 
He  also  established  in  Charleston  an 
anti-dueling  association  of  which  Qen. 
Pinckney  was  the  first  President,  and 
delivered  before  them  an  eloquent  and 
masterly  address  on  the  wickedness  of 
this  evil  practice.    His  good  works  were 
not  confined  te  his  own  diocese,  but 
were  asked  for  and   freely  ^ven  in 
other  sections  of  the  country.    In  1841 
he  went  to  Europe  in  the  interests  of 
his  diocese,  and  returning  in  the  spring 
of  the  following  year  on  board  a  vessd 
in  which  malignant  dysentery  broke 
out  .especially  among  the  steerage  pas- 
sengers.   This  good  shepherd  labored 
incessantly  in  attendance  upon  the  vic- 
tims, acting  as  priest,  physician  and 
nurse.    When  they  arrivea  in  Phila-  < 
delphia  he  was  completely  worn  out 
with  labor  and  want  of  rest,  and  the 
seeds  of  the  fatal  disease  had  fastened 
themselves  on  his  weakened   system; 
yet  he  thought  not  of  himself,  took  no 
rest,  but  continued  to  labor  and  preach 
on  his  way  home,  preaching  five  times 
during  the  four  days  he  remained  in 
Baltimore.     He  arrived  at  home  still 
more  weakened,  yet  he  sought  no  rest, 
but  would  give  an   audience  to  the 
humblest  who  came  to  see  him.    His 
death  was  worthy  of  his  life  and  labors. 
He  called  his  clergy  around  him  and 
asked  pardon  for  any  seeming  harsh- 
ness and  want  of  kindness  which  he 
might  have  been  guilty  of  in  his  govern- 
ment of  them,  expressed  his  great  love 
for  all  his  people,  and  his  regret  that  he 
could  not  have  known  them  all  more 
intimately.      He    expressed   his   great 
solicitude  for  his   infant   institutions 
which  were  the  fruit  of  charity,  and 
therefore  be  bulwarks  of  faith,  and  re- 
commended them  especially  to  the  zeal 
and  care  of  clergy  and  people.     He 
died  on  the  11th  of  April,  1842,  in  the 
very  prime  of  life  and  vigor  of  his  in- 
tellectual powers,  and  with  him  passed 
away  a  mind  second  to  none,  which 
ever  adorned  the  Catholic  history  of 


EOO 


IBISH  CELTS. 


ERI 


labors, 
im  and 
harsh- 
lich  he 
govem- 
eat love 
that  he 
ai  more 
great 
itutions 
ity,  and 
and  re- 
the  zeal 
le.     He 
,  in  the 
his  in- 
1  passed 
,  which 
itory  of 


America.  His  polemical  efforts  have 
been  likened  "to  a  straight  bar  of  pol- 
ished steel,  connecting  his  conclusions 
with  his  premises,  the  light  of  Heaven 
blazing  and  flashing  aromid  it." 

ENGLAND,  LIEUT.  GEN.  RICH- 
ARD, a  distinguished  British  soldier, 
was  born  at  Liflord,  County  Clare,  Ire- 
land, about  1740,  entered  the  army  at 
an  early  age,  and  served  with  distinc- 
tion in  various  places,  and  rose  to  a 
Colonelcy.  He  came  with  his  regiment 
to  America  in  1775,  and  served  through- 
out the  war.  He  commanded  the 
Western  portion  of  the  British  Cana- 
dian provinces,  and  was  stationed  for 
some  years  at  Detroit,  now  the  beauti- 
ful metropolis  of  Michigan,  and  was 
very  popular  among  the  settlers  on  ac- 
count of  his  kindness  and  consideration. 
He  returned  to  Ireland  where  he  died. 

ENGLAND,  SIR  RICHARD,  an 
able  and  accomplished  British  [soldier, 
was  the  son  of  the  foregoing,  and  was 
bom  at  Detroit,  Michi^n,  in  1798.  He 
entered  the  army  in  his  fifteenth  year, 
,  and  in  1809  saw  active  service  at  the 
seige  of  Flushing,  was  a  staff  o£9cer  in 
Sicily  the  next  year,  and  served  with 
distinction  throughout  the  Napoleonic 
wars;  where  he  was  promoted  to  the 
command  of  the  75th  Regiment.  He 
held  command  in  Caffraria  in  1882-8, 
and  distinguished  himself  in  the  war  of 
1885-6  in  that  country,  and  also  in  the 
Affghan  war  at  the  relief  of  Candahar, 
where  he  commanded  the  Bombay  col- 
unm,  and  was  knighted  for  gallant  ser- 
vices. In  the  Crimea  he  commanded 
a  division,  and  was  present  at  Alma, 
Inkennann.and  all  the  operations  before 
Sebastapol,  and  x-^as  made  a  Lieutenant 
General  in  1856  for  gallant  services  in 
this  war.  He  was  also  created  a  grand 
officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honor,  and 
was  also  invested  by  the  Sultan  with  an 
honor  of  the  flirst  class. 

ENNA,  II,  a  wise  and  able  monarch 
of  Ireland,  who  reigned  about  B.  C. 
600.  It  is  said  that  in  his  reign  money 
was  first  coined  in  Ireland  at  a  place 
called  Airgiodros. . 

EOCHA,  II,  a  warlike  monarch  'of 
Ireland,  who  reigned  B.  C.  560.  He 
often  invaded  Britain,  and  gave  the  in- 
habitants a  salutary  fear  of  his  prowess 
and  power.    Gildas  compiainingly  re- 


fers to  his  invasions,  as  he  does  to  those- 
of  Aongus,  Crimthan,  Niall  the  Great 
and  Dathy. 

EOCHA,  IX,  sumamed  "Felioch"or 
the  melancholy,  was  mpnarch  of  Ireland. 
He  it  was  who  erected  the  provinces  of 
Ireland  into  8emi-indeper,dent  king- 
doms (a  state  in  which  it  was  said  they 
existed  in  a  prior  age),  on  condition  of 
the  princes  paying  a  stipulated  annual 
tribute,  which  policy  was  in  all  proba- 
bility the  great  cause  of  all  the  future 
misfortunes  of  Ireland;  the  retrospec- 
tive shadows  of  which  were  enough  tO' 
make  its  authors  "melancholy"  indeed. 

EOCHA,  XII,  Monarch  of  Ireland, 
was  the  son  of  Muierdach,  King  of 
Connaught  and  Monarch  of  Ireland, 
whom  he  succeeded.  He  had  four  sons 
by  Mung-Fionn  of  the  line  of  OilioU 
Olum,  viz:  Brian,  Fiachra,  Fergus  and 
Oilioll.  He  had  a  fifth  son  by  Carthan- 
Cas-Dubh,  a  princess  of  Britain,  who 
became  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
monarchs  of  Ireland,  viz:  Niall  the 
Great.    Eocha  died  A.  D.  860. 

EOCHA,  Riada  or  Reuda,  according 
to  Bede,  was  son  of  Conarell,  Monarch 
of  Ireland.  He  established  the  first  of 
the  Scoto-Milesians  colonies  in  Albania 
(Scotland)  about  A.  D.  212,  and  gave 
the  command  of  it  to  Kinta,  his  son. 
The  venerable  Bede  thus  relates  it:  "In 
the  course  of  time  Britain,  after  the 
Britons  and  Picts,  admitted  a  third 
nation,  the  Scots  among  the  Picts,  who 
imder  the  guidance  of  Reuda,  left  Ire- 
land, and  claimed,  from  either  friend- 
^ip  07  by  the  sword,  a  sel,t]iement 
among  them,  which  they  thus  fur  hold. 
From  that  leader,  they  retain  to  this  day 
the  name  of  Dalreudini.  "Bede's  Ch. 
Hist.  B.  1.  C.  1.  Reuda  returned  t& 
Ireland  and  there  died. 

ERIGENA,  JOHN  SCOTUS.  aleam- 
ed  scholar  of  the  ninth  century.  After 
completing  the  course  of  studies  in  the 
most  celebrated  schools  of  Ireland,  or 
Scotia,  as  it  was  then  called,  he  traveled 
in  the  East  and  pursued  his  studies  in 
the  cradles  of  learning.  On  his  return 
he  lived  for  some  years  at  the  Court  of 
Charles  the  Bald  of  France  ind  was 
heud  of  the  University  of  P  iris.  He 
afterwards  came  to  England  nt  the  so- 
licitation of  Alfred  andassistei^  in  form- 
ing the  University  of  Oxford,  was  it» 


'1^-KI 


i;ijt„.i«j 


ESM 


IBTSH  CELTS. 


EUS 


Professor  of  Mathematics  and  Astron- 
omy. He  afterwards  established  a 
School  at  Malsonbury  Abbey  where  his 
scholars  are  said  to  have  murdered  him, 
but  the  most  probable  account  is  that 
he  again  went  to  France  and  died  there 
at  an  advanced  age.  His  treatise  on 
the  nature  of  things  was  published  by 
Gale  in  1681. 

EVANS,  LIEUT.  GENi  SIR  De- 
XiACY,  a  distinguished  and  gallant  of- 
ficer in  the  service  of  Great  Britain, 
was  born  at  Moig  Ireland  in  1787.  He 
entered  the  army  at  an  early  a^e  and 
served  for  three  years  in  India,  and 
subsequently  in  Spain  and  Portugal, 
where  he  greatly  distinguished  himself 
in  the  campaign  from  1812  to  '14.  He 
was  then  sent  to  America,  and  served 
under  Ross  around  Baltimore  and  Wash- 
ington, and  was  at  the  battle  Bladens- 
burg,  and  was  with  PackenhamatNew 
Orleans  when  the  flower  of  the  British 
army  was  defeated  by  half  their  num- 
bers, under  Jackson.  Here  Evans  was 
wounded  and  sent  home.  He  recover- 
ed in  time  to  participate  in  the  battles  of 
Quarter  Bras  and  Waterloo,  where  he 
commanded  a  regiment  and  greatly  dis- 
tinguished himself,  and  was  made  Col- 
onel of  the  21st  foot.  In  1828  he  pub- 
lished a  pamphlet  on  the  designs  of 
Russia  in  the  East,  and  in  1830  took 
his  seat  in  Parliament  for  Rye,  and 
from  '33  to  '41  he  sat  for  Westminster. 
In  1835  he  commanded  the  auxiliary 
forces  in  aid  of  the  Queen  of  Spain 
against  Don  Carlos,  and  for  gallant  ser- 
vices was  made  E^night  Commander  of 
Bath,  and  also  adorned  with  Spanish 
titles.  In  1886  he  was  made  Major 
General,  and  again  sat  in  Parliament 
for  Westminster.  On  the  breaking  out 
•of  the  war  with  Russia  (Crimean)  he 
was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
2nd  Division,|and  made  Lieut.  General. 
He  greatly  distinguished  himself  at 
Sebastapol,  gallantly  driving  back  a 
heavy  sortie  of  the  enemy  made  against 
his  lines,  and  received  the  .thanks  of 
Parliament,  the  Grand  Cross  of  the  Bath 
and  was  made  a  grand  officer  of  the 
Legion  of  Honor.  He  died  in  London, 
Jjmuary  9,  1870. 

ESMOND,  SIR  JOHN  M.  P.,  was 
bom  in  Wexford,  Ireland,  in  1820,  was 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
and  was  called  to  the  Irish  Bar  in  1850. 
He  represented  Waterford  as  a  Liberal 


from  1852  for  many  years.  In  1866  he 
was  a  Junior  Lord  of  the  Treasury. 
He  succeeded  his  uncle  as  Baronet  of 
Ballynostra  in  1868.  He  died  Decem- 
ber 10, 1876. 

EUSDEN,  LAWRENCE,  poet  laur- 
eat,  of  England,  was  the  son  of  Dr. 
Eusden,  an  Irish  clergyman,  who  set- 
tled in  England  and  became  rector  oi 
Spotsworth  in  Yorkshire.  He  early  de- 
veloped poetic  talent,  and  was  first 
patronized  by  Lord  Halifax,  and  after- 
wards by  the  Duke  of  Newcastle.  In 
1718  he  was  made  poet  laureat,  and  was 
satirised  by  Pope  in  his  Dunciad  for 
no  special  reason.  He  left  behind  him 
an  annotated  translation  of  the  works  of 
Tasso,  and  a  life  of  the  great  Italian 
poet.  Some  of  his  best  poems  may  be 
seen  in  "Nichol's  Select  Collections" 
He  died  in  1730. 

EUSTACE,  JAMES,  Vicount  Bal- 
tinglas,  an  Irish  patriot  and  soldier  in 
the  days  of  Elizabeth.  He  took  up 
arms  in  defence  of  his  country  and  re- 
ligious freedom,  and  in  conjunction 
with  Fiach  MacHugh,  he  defeated  Lord 
Gray,  the  deputy  at  Gleandaloch,  after 
a  desperate  fight,  in  which  the  English 
lost  about  a  thousand  men  and  were  com- 
pletely routed.  After  varying  fortune, 
this  nobleman  at  length  withdrew  to 
Spain,  where  he  died  about  A.  D.  1686. 

EUSTACE,  MAURICE,  a  youth  of 
noble  birth  and  brilliant  parts,  honored 
as  a  confessor  and  mar^,  was  the  son 
of  Sir  John  Eustace  of  Dublin,  born 
about  1570,  and  was  educated  at  Bruges, 
and  had  commenced  his  novitiate  with 
the  Jesuits  intending  to  enter  that  or- 
der, when  at  the  request  of  his  family 
he  came  home  on  a  visit,  before  taking 
his  first  vow.  He  was  not  long  in  the 
loved  home  of  his  youth  when  he  was 
seized  by  the  emissaries  of  Elizabeth,  on 
the  charge  of  correspondence  with  the 
Catholic  confederate  Chieftains.  The 
young  man  calmly  defied  them  to  pro- 
duce any  proof,  and  said  that  his  mis- 
sion was  rather  one  of  love  and  peace; 
that  he  was  only  at  home  to  make  his 

Earents  and  family  a  visit  before  he 
ound  himself  by  vow  to  the  priestly 
order  of  Jesuits.  The  Judge  then  said 
to  him,  out  of  your  own  testimony^  I 
condemn  you,  for  if  you  are  a  Jesuit, 
it  is  prima  facia  evidence  of  your  guilt, 
and  he  was  condemned  to  be  hung  and 


PAI 


HUSH  CELTS 


FAR 


in 


e  was 
th,  on 
I  the 
The 
pro- 
mis- 


quartered.  which  sentence  was  carried 
«ut  July  9,  1588. 

EWING,  REV.  FINIS,  an  able  Pres- 
byterian divine,  and  an  associate  of  Mc- 
vready  in  advocating  the  peculiar 
branch  of  Presbyterianism  known  as  the 
Cumberland  Presbyterian  Church.  He 
was  born  in  Ireland  in  1773,  and  like 
his  associate  was  famous  for  his  orator- 
ical power.  He  came  to  the  United 
States  at  an  early  day,  tind  was  held  in 
the  his^hest  esteem  for  his  zeal  and  abil- 
ity,   lie  died  in  1841. 

^WING,  JOHN,  a  talented  Ameri- 
*;an  politician,  was  born  while  his  par- 
ents were  on  their  way  to  the  United 
States  from  Ireland,  about  1800  and  re- 
ceived an  ordinary  education  in  Balti- 
more, where  he  first  gave  his  attention 
te  mercantile  affairs.  He  afterwards 
settled  in  Indiana,  where  he  was  hon- 
ored by  his  fellow  citizens  with  positions 
of  trust  and  honor;  and  became  a  writer 
of  considerable  taste  and  culture.  He 
twice  represented  his  fellow  citizens  in 
Congress,  with  credit  and  ability.  He 
died  suddenly  at  Yincennes,  Indiana, 
in  1857. 

EWING,  JOHN,  D.  D„  a  celebrated 
Presbyterian  divine,  was  born  in  Ire- 
land in  1733,  and  came  when  an  infant 
with  his  parents  to  the  Irish  settlements 
in  Pennsyl/a  nia.  He  was  a  promin- 
ent pastor  in  Philadelphia  in  1759,  and 
a  strong  advocate  of  the  Peoples  Rights. 
He  became  provost  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvama  in  1779,  and  died  in  1802. 

EWING,  THOMAS,  LL.  D.,  an  able 
and  learned  American  statesman,  was 
of  Irish  descent,  born  in  Virginia  in 
1789.  He  twice  represented  Ohio  in 
the  United  States  Senate,  was  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury  under  Tyler  in  1841, 
Secretary  of  the  Interior  under  Taylor 
in  1849.  He  was  a  man  of  solid  ability, 
extensive  knowledge  and  great  dignity 
of  character,  and  was  among  the  ablest 
American  statesmen  of  his  day.  He 
has  left  behind  him  sons  of  equal  ability 
and  distinction.    He  died  in  1871. 

PAIR,  JAMES  G.,  a  prominent  pol- 
itician and  mining  engineer  of  Nevada, 
and  one  of  the  celebrated  firm  known 
as  the  "Bonanza  Kings"  which  includ- 
ed Mackey,  Pair,  Plood  and  O'Brien, 
all  Irishmen,  who  were  the  owners  of 


the  richest  mines  ever  developed,  whose 
yield  it  is  said  exceeded  the  enormous 
amount  of  $200,000,000.  Fair  was 
bom  near  Belfast,  Ireland,  Decern* 
her  8,  1831,  and  emigrated  with  his 
parents  to  the  United  States  in  1843, 
settling  in  Illinois.  He  received  a 
thorough  practical  education,  giving 
special  attention  to  scientific  studies. 
On  the  breaking  out  of  the '  'Gold  Fever" 
in  1849,  Fair  started  for  the  front  and 
remained  in  California  until  1860,  ex- 
periencing the  usual  vicissitudes  of  min- 
ing life.  The  Nevada  "finds"  attract- 
his  attention,  he  removed  there,  and 
soon  became  extensively  engagefl  in 
mining,  and  the  constructing  of  all  the 
various  engineering  work  necessary  to 
successfully  work  on  a  large  scale  min- 
ing operations;  such  as  huge  quartz 
mills,  the  utilbing  of  water  power,  etc. 
In  1867  he  entered  into  the  famous 
partnership  with  Mackey,  O'Brien  and 
Flood,  who,  combining  their  great  re- 
sources, secured  the  ownership  of  the 
Bonanzas  and  other  valuable  mines, 
which,  under  the  direct  supervision  of 
Mackey  and  Fair,  yielded  such  amaz- 
ing results.  The  firm  did  not  confine 
themselves  to  mining,  but  became  ex- 
tensively engaged  in  banking,  manufac- 
turing and  real  estate,  and  exerted  a 
powerful  influence  in  all  the  affairs  of 
the  "Pacific  Slope."  Fair  was  elected 
United  States  Senator,  as  a  Democrat, 
and  took  his  seat  March  4,  1881.  Like 
his  partner,  Mackey,  he  is  a  man  of 
sound,  practical  common  sense  and 
great  experience  in  all  the  affairs  of 
life. 

FARELLT,  JOHN  W.,  a  talented 
Pennsylvania  politician  and  jurist,  was 
born  in  that  slate  of  Irish  parents,  about 
1800,  received  a  fair  education,  studied 
law,  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  of  his  na- 
tive state,  and  soon  made  his  mark. 
He  was  entrusted  with  positions  of 
honor  and  trust,  and  in  1847  he  was 
sent  to  Congress  from  his  district. 

PARELLY,  PATRICK,  a  distin- 
guished lawyer  and  politician  of  Penn- 
sylvania, was  born  in  Ireland  in  1760, 
and  received  a  classical  education. 
After  emigrating  to  America  he  adopt- 
ed the  profession  of  Law,  and  soon  won 
honor  and  practice.  He  represented 
His  fellow  citizens  in  the  United  States 
Congress  for  several  terms,  and  died 


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Sciences 
Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  STMIT 

WIUTM,N.Y.  14SM 

(7U)I72-4S03 


PAB 


nusn  CELTa 


PAR 


while  in  the  active   discharge  of  his 
duties  as  such,  January  13,  1826. 

PARLEY,  JAMES  LOUIS,  a  pop- 
ular joumaliatic  correspondent  and 
author,  was  bom  in  Dublin,  September 
9, 1828.  He  was  brought  up  to  busi- 
ness and  after  considerable  traveling, 
found  hiniself  in  the  East,  and  while 
in  Turkey,  1860,  became  accountant- 
general  01  the  State  Bank  of  Turkey, 
and  while  there  became  correspondent 
of  the  London  Daily  News.  In  1870 
he  became  Turkish  Consul  at  Bristol, 
England.  He  is  the  author  of  "Two 
Years  vi  Syria,"  "The  Druses  and  the 
Maronites,'^'  "The  Recources  of  Tur- 
key," "Banking  in  Turkey,"  and 
"Turkey." 

PARLEY,  HARRIET,  a  talented 
American  female  journalist  and  writer, 
of  Irish  extraction,  bom  in  New  Hamp- 
shire. She  became  editor  of  the  "Of* 
f  ering,"  a  pa))er  sustained  by  the  factory 
girls  at  Lowell,  Mass.  And  among  her 
other  works  are  "Shells  from  the 
Strand  of  the  Sea  of  Qenius,"  1847, 
and  "Mind  among  the  Spindles,"  Lon- 
don, 1840. 

PARMER,  CAPTAIN,  a  brave  and 
intreprid  officer  of  the  British  narv, 
was  born  at  Youghal  County,  Cork, 
about  1760,  and  after  completing  his 
education  entered  the  navy,  where  he 
soon  won  distinction  es  a  brave  and 
skillful  officer.  His  last  memorable  ac- 
tion exhibits  the  character  of  the  man. 
While  criUsing  ofF  Ushant  with  his  ship 
the  Quebec,  he  came  up  with  a  French 
frigate  of  greatly  superior  force  and  im- 
mediately engaged  her.  The  contest 
was  a  desperate  one,  and  victory  almost 
within  his  grasp,  when  his  ship  acci- 
dently  took  fire.  He  had  now  two 
enemies  instead  of  one,  but  with  en- 
tripidity  unrivalled,  he  continued  the 
deH})crute  contest  until  the  fire  reaching 
his  mn.i;a/Jno  his  vessel  was  blown  to 
pic'cuH  with  himself  and  most  of  his 
crew,  1779. 

FARQUHAR,  OEOROE,  a  dramat- 
ist, was  born  in  1678  at  Londonderry, 
Ireland.  He  entered  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  but  did  not  complete  his  stud^s. 
Ho  went  from  thence  on  the  Dublin 
stage,  which  he  soon  quitted  in  conse- 
quence of  having  dangerotnly  wounded 


a  brother  actor  with  a  sword,  having 
used  it  instead  of  a  foil.  From  Dublin- 
he  went  to  London,  being  in  his  eigh- 
teenth  year.  His  fine  manly  apear- 
ance  and  talents  caused  him  tooe  much> 
noticed,  and  secured  for  him  the  friend- 
ship of  the  Earl  of  Orrery,  who  secured 
him  a  Lieutenants  Commission.  At  the 
persuasion  of  his  friend  Wilkes,  Par- 
quhar  tried  his  hand  at  the  drama,  and 

f)roduced  in  1690  his  comedy  of  "Love- 
n  a  Battle."  The  success  which  it  ob- 
tained induced  him  to  continue,  and 
between  1698  and  1707  he  produced 
the  "Constant  Couple.  Sir  Harry  Wild- 
lair,"  "The  Inconstant,"  "The  Twin 
Rivals,"  "The  Stage  Coach,"  "The- 
Recruiting  Officer,"  and  the  "Beaux's 
Stratagem,"  some  of  which  still  have 
the  boards.  He  also  published  a  vol- 
ume of  Miscellanies.  He  died  in  1707. 
His  drama  possesses  much  wit  and 
sprightliness,  tinctured,  however,  with 
the  besetting  sin  of  most  of  the  early^ 
British  dramatists. 


PARREN,  ELIZA,  Countess  of  Der- 
by, a  talented  and  popular  actress,  and 
celebrated  for  her  great  beauty  and 
charming  manners,  was  the  daugnter  of 
a  Cc  mty  Cork  Surgeon,  who  also  had 
a  passion  for  the  stage  and  appeared  on 
the  English  board*;.  He  was  a  man  of 
talent  and  jgeneral  knowledge,  butso' 
changeable  in  his  pursuits  that  when  he 
died  he  left  his  family  in  strai  itened 
circumstances.  Eliza,  who  had  liistron- 
ic  talent,  whicL  her  father  took  pride 
in  cultivating,  and  exhibiting  in  social 
circles,  a  custom  at  that  time  very  popu- 
lar in  Ireland  among  the  most  cultiva- 
ted society,  determined  to  put  it  to  use 
in  supporting  herself  and  family.  She 
accoridingly  appeared  in  Liverpool, 
where  the  family  resided  when  her 
father  died,  in  1778;  and  immediately 
became  very  popular,  as  much  perhaps, 
from  her  grace  and  beauty  as  from  any 
extra  ability.  In  1877  she  appeared  in 
Jiondon  successively  in  the  Hay  market, 
Covent  Garden  and  Drury  Lane,  and 
every  where  with  great  applause.  •  The 
most  illustroun  men  of  tlie  time  paid 
homage  to  her  surpassing  beauty, 
charming  manners,  and  stainless  char- 
acter, if  not  to  her  great  talents.  In 
May  1797,  she  was  married  to  the  Earl 
of  Derby,  and  left  one  daughter,  who 
became  Countess  of  Wilton.  She  died 
AprU  82, 1829. 


> 


> 


PLATg  9. 


I*      Robert  Gmmet. 
'*     John  Mitchel. 


"■"■  ^  '~~         [»P       Napper  Tandy. 
Thos.  F.  Meagher.  W      T.  D.  McGee. 


.> 


TEA 


nUSB  CELTS. 


FEL 


FATJCIT,  HELEN,  a  celebrated  Eng- 
lish actress,  of  Irish  parentage,  was 
born  in  1816,  made  her  debut  in  Lon- 
don, at  Covent  Garoen  in  JanuaiylSSS, 
as  Julia  in  the  Hunchback,  with  great 
success,  takine  the  leading  position  as 
a  member  of  Macreadv's  company.  She 
was  the  first  and  perhaps  ^eatest  im- 
personator of  the  heroines  in  Bulwer's 
Lady  of  Lyons  and  Richelieu.  In 
1861  she  married  Thomas  Martin,  but 
'continued  to  appear  at  intervals. 

FEARDADACH,  the  Just  and  Feid- 
lin  the  Legislator  were  distinguished 
among  the  early  Monarchs  of  Ireland, 
B.  C.  600,  for  their  learning  and  dis* 
tinguished  qualities,  and  their  patron- 
age of  leammg,  and  learned  men. 

FEARGALL,  grandson  of  Hugh  IV, 
monarch  of  Ireland,  A.  D.  711.  Dur- 
ing his  and  the  preceeding  reign  the 
Bntons  and  Baxons  made  descents  on 
Ireland  for  plunder.  This  Monarch 
chastised  them  as  did  also  the  princes 
of  Ulster,  in  a  bloody  and  decisive  bat- 
tle at  Cloch,  in  Ulster.  He  was  defeat- 
ed and  killed  in  a  battle  with  Morrough 
MacBroin,  King  of  Leinster,  together 
with  160  lords  and  nearly  7000  men, 
owing  to  a  sudden  panic  among  his 
txoops. 

FEARGHAL  (FARRELL),  ST.  an 
eminent  philosopher  and  divine  of  the 
eighth  centurv,  was  bom  in  Ireland 
and  educated  in  all  the  learning  of  her 
schools.  He  then  passed  over  to  the 
continent,  whither  so  many  of  his 
learned  coimtrymen  had  preo  eded  him, 
reviving  learning  amid  the  wreck  of 
the  empire,  tanung  and  civilizing  the 
Northern  barbarian  by  the  inculcation  of 
the  divine  truths  of  the  Christian  reli- 
gion, and  spreading  the  light  of  science 
and  philosophy.  Our  saint  visited  Pepin, 
with  whom  he  remained  two  years, 
teaching  science  and  philosophy,  and 
then  passed  over  to  Bavaria,  where  he 
took  ecclesiastical  vows  and  was  or- 
dained priest.  He  continued  to  pub- 
lically  teach  the  sciences  and  was  ac- 
cusea  before  Pope  Zachary  with  teach- 
ing heritical  doctrines.  He  was  per- 
haps the  first,  at  least  of  the  moderns, 
who  taught  the  sphericity  of  tlie  eui  lU, 
the  existence  of  antii)odes,  and  in  fact 
the  solar  system  substantially  as  it  is 
held  now.  Pope  Zachary,  instead  of 
condemning  him,  acquitted  him  of  any 


violation  of  fait^,  and  was  convinced 
of  the  soundness  of  his  scientific  theories 
as  well  as  his  sincere  and  uneifected 
piety  and  learning,  and  made  him  bish- 
op of  Salzburg.  Our  saint  was  won- 
derfully proficient  in  all  the  learning  of 
the  day,  and  familiar  with  all  the  con- 
tinental languages,  as  well  as  master  of 
the  ancient  classics,  besides  bein^  one 
of  the  most  profound  and  original 
mathematicians  of  any  age.  His  mis- 
sionary labors  were  not  less  admirable. 
He  died  in  784  amid  the  lamenta- 
tions of  a  people  to  whom  he  had  been 
an  apostle.  He  was  canonized  by  Pope 
Gregory  IX  in  1228.  He  was  known 
in  his  early  life  as  "Virgil  the  Wander- 
er," and  at  his  death  as  the  "Apostle  of 
Carinthia." 

FEARGUS  in,  and  Domnhall  mon- 
archs of  Ireland  A.  D.  565.  They  were 
skillful  and  brave  princes  of  Ulster,  and 
having  defeated  the  monarch  Dermod, 
they  succeeded  to  the  throne  on  hig 
death  as  joint  monarchs,. 

FEILIN,  siirnamed  "ROCHTMAR" 
a  monarch  of  Ireland  who  ascended  the 
throne  A.  D.  180.  He  defeated  and 
killed  Mel,  king  of  Ulster,  who  had 
usurped  the  monarchy  1[)y  wresting  the 
throne  from  the  father  of  Feilin  (Tutlial) 
four  years  before.  Feilin  established 
the  law  of  "Talion,"  which  fixed  a 
money  penalty  for  every  crime  called 
"Ernie. '  A  similar  law  is  found  in  the 
Bible,  book  of  Kings.  He  reigned  nine 
years. 

FELITHEM,  cFeltham  OWEN,  an 
Irish  scholar,  wit  and  philosopher, 
bom  about  1600,  and  whe  resided  for 
many  years  with  Murrogh  O'Brien 
of  the  Royal  family  of  Thomond. 
Feltham  wrote  "Resolves,  Divine,  Po- 
litical and  Moral,"  which  went  through 
ten  editions  before  his  death,  and  which 
has  received  the  highest  praise  for  its 
wit,  depth  and  subtlety  of  thought,  play- 
ful fancy,  and  sincere  piety.  He  wrote 
both  prose  and  verse.  He  died  about 
1680. 

FELIX,  Bishop  of  Ltsmore,  one  of 
the  Irish  prelates  who  took  part  in  a 
general  council  of  the  cliiirch,  which 
was  held  at  Laterau  in  1179.  He  was 
a  learned  and  holy  doctor  who  edified 
his  people  both  by  word  and  deed. 


M 


BiP-    H'U 


.f^   < 


'ki 


FEB 


HtlBH  CELTS. 


FIA 


fv 


w 


PELTON.CORNELroS  CONWAY 
B  distinguished  and  learned  American 
■cholar  and  writer,  was  bom  in  Kew- 
Iraiy,  Mass.,  of  Irish  parents,  Novem- 
ber 0, 1807.  He  graduated  at  Harvard 
with  distinction  in  1827,  and  supported 
hfanMlf  while  there  by  teaching,  and 
was  one  of  the  conductors  of  the  "Har> 
iwd  Register"  in  his  senior  year.  After 
nttduatmg  he  taueht  for  twc  years  in 
Qenesee,  New  York,  and  in  1829  was 
appointed  assistant  Professor  of  Latin 
at  Harvard,  and  in  1882,  Professor  of 
Oreek.  In  1884  he  was  made  Eliot 
I^rofessor  of  Greek  Literature,  and  one 
of  the  Regents  of  the  College.  During 
this  time  he  published  an  edition  (S 
"Homer,"  which  has  jMissed  through 
several  revised  editions,  and  1840  a  trans- 
lation of  Menzel's  work  on  Qerman 
Literature  In  1841  he  published 
"Clouds"  of  Aristophanes.  He  also  as- 
slsted  in  preparing  a  work  on  classical 
studies,  and  in  1844  assisted  Longfellow 
tn  "Poets  and  Poetry  of  Eiurope." 

FERGUS,  a  prince  of  the  Eamochs, 
King  of  Ulster,  and  for  a  time  monarch 
of  Iroland.  He  disputed  the  sovereign- 
ity with  Conaat  Ulfada.  and  for  a 
while  was  in  possession  of  Tara  and  de- 
clared monarch,  but  he  was  at  length 
defeated  and  slain  by  Cormac,  on  the 
frontier  of  Ulster.  He  was  succeeded 
on  the  throne  of  Ulster  l^  Rosse,  of  the 
race  of  Heber,  in  A.  D.  384. 

FERGUS,  first  king  of  the  Scots  of 
Albania,  was  a  prince  of  the  Dalraids 
of  Ulster  (and  grandson  by  his  mother, 
of  Niall  the  Great).  On  the  successful 
effort  of  the  Britons  to  relieve  them- 
selves from  the  oppression  of  the  Ficts 
and  Scots  who  overran  Britain  after 
the  withdrawal  of  the  Romans,  Eocha, 
grandfather  of  Fergus,  who  was  then 
chief  of  the  Dalraids  of  Albania,  (Scot- 
land) retreated  to  Ulster,  the  home  of 
their  race.  Under  Ere,  his  son,  with 
largo  additions  of  theur  brethren,  the 
Dalraids,  they  returned  to  Albania  and 
other  and  powerful  colonies  Joined  them 
from  Munster,  A.  D.  440.  Those  Ulster 
and  Munster  Clans,  idPter  landing  in 
Albania,  united  with  the  Dalraids,  their 
brethren  who  were  not  driven  out,  and 
not  only  sustained  themselvM  in  the 
territory  which  they  had  previously  oo- 
eupied,  but  afterwards,  in  the  next  cen- 
turiei,  they  Buocessfully  overran,  not 
onlj  the  wlkole  Hotlah  nation,  ^inping 


out  the  name,  but  they  also  annexed 
large  portions  of  Northern  Brit'im, 
wmch  they  successfully  maintained,  A. 
D.  840.  Those  colonists  sometime  after 
their  permanent  return  determined  to 
to  elect  a  king  of  their  own,  having 
heretofore  re';ognized  tlie  Monarch  m 
Ireland  as  their  king.  The  choice  fell 
upon  Ferirus,  who  at  the  time  was  in 
Ulster.  Tnis  happened  about  A.  D. 
608,  according  ta  Usher,  Gildas  and 
Bede. 

FERRIS,  ABBE,  a  celebrated  fight- 
ing divine,  was  bom  in  Ireland  about 
1760,  and  educated  in  France  for  the 
priesthood.  It  would  seem,  however, 
that  the  army  would  have  been  a  more 

§  roper  calling.  He  was  stationed  in 
'ans  at  the  brea&ing  out  of  the  Revo- 
lution and  emigrateul  with  the  Princes. 
He  subsequently  distinguished  himself 
in  the  campaign  of  /92,  '98  and  '94 
under  Conde,  as  :inentrepid  Captain  of 
grenadiers.  Some  years  later  he  re- 
turned to  Paris  then  under  Napoleon's 
sway>and  was  intimate  with  the  promi- 
nent Irish  officers  then  in  the  French 
service.  On  the  restoration  he  was  ap- 
pointed President  of  the  Irish  College 
in  Paris,  On  the  return  of  Napoleon 
from  Elba,  however,  he  retired,  and  on 
returning  to  Paris  after  the  "hundred 
days"  he  found  a  new  Ftesident  in 
charge  of  the  College.  He  however, 
took  his  position  again  partly  by  force 
and  partly  by  influence,  out  aid  not  re- 
tain it  very  long,  for  gettinc  into  a  dif- 
ficulty with  Uie  Minister  of  Public  In- 
straction,  Hely  St.  OisoU,  who  was 
also  Irish,  he  was  ordered  to  remove 
hitnself  sixty  leagues  from  Paris  until 

Sermitted  to  return.    We  next  find  him 
evoting  himself  to  the  law,  and  he 
soon  acquired  a  large  and   lucrative 

Eractice,  in  adjusting  the  British  claims, 
1  which  he  Developed  great  tact  and 
talent.  This  talented  but  eratio  man 
died  in  Paris  in  1829. 

FIACH  Y,  a  monarch  of  Ii^land  who 
ascended  the  throne  A.  D.  78,  and  was 
killed  with  many  of  his  nobles  in  a  con- 
spiracy and  rebellion  of  the  Plebeians  of 
Ireland  whom  the  law  excluded  from 
all  part  in  the  government  of  the  King- 
dom, and  compelled  them  to  follow  in 
the  footsteps  of  their  fathers.  This  re- 
bellion succeeded,  and  the  usurpation 
continued  for  35  years  under  Carbre, 
who  pknned  %  mi  Elim  who  miooefld- 


t 


FIE 


XBI8H  CELT8. 


PIN 


ed  him  in  the  government  of  the  island.  ' 
It  was  a  period  of  strife  and  devasta- 
tion. 

FICH  THOMAS,  an  Irish  divine 
and  writer  of  note,  was  sub  prior  of 
Christ  Church,  Dublin,  and  the  author 
of  local  annals  and  other  works.  He 
flourished  early  in  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury. 

FIELD,  JOHN,  an  eminent  musical 
composer,  was  bom  in  Dublin  July  26, 
1782.  His  father  was  leader  of  the 
orchestra  in  the  Dublin  Theatre,  and 
his  grandfather  was  an  organist  in  the 
same  city.  From  his  grandfather  he 
received  his  first  instructions  on  the 
pianoforte  and  subst  quently  became  a 
pupil  of  Muzio  Clementi,  whom  he  ac- 
companied on  a  professional  tour  on 
the  continent,  visiting  Paris,  Vienna, 
and  finally  St.  Petersburg,  where  Field 
remained  after  Clementi  returned  into 
Southern  Europe  in  1804.  At  this  time 
he  stood  high  in  his  profession,  and  was 
patronized  by  the  most  distinguished 
society,  and  his  concerts  were  imif orm- 

S'  successful.  In  1822  he  removed  to 
oscow,  where  pupils  flocked  to  him, 
in  great  numbers,  and  his  services  were 
rated  at  the  highest  figures.  In  1882 
he  visited  Paris  and  London  prof  ession- 
ally,  and  in  1884  went  to  the  South  of 
France  for  his  health,  which  had  been 
undermined  by  the  bane  of  so  many 
blight  geniuses,  strong  drink.  In  '85 
he  performed  in  Naples,  but  for  many 
months  was  confined  in  the  hospital, 
and  then  returned  to  Moscow,  broken 
down  in  health  and  spirits,  where  he 
soon  afterwards  died.  As  a  pianist,  he 
was  said  to  be  without  a  rival  for  deli- 
cacy, poetic  feeling,  and  grace  of  style. 
Of  that  form  ot  composition  called 
^'Nocturnes,"  he  was  the  originator,  and 
whicli  has  become  of  late  so  popular 
through  the  works  of  Chopin  and  oth- 
ers. Among  his  chief  works  are  Seven 
Concerts  for  Piano  and  Orchestra,  and 
three  sonatas  dedicated  to  his  old  master, 
Clementi,  and  18  nocturnes.  This  bril- 
liant, but  unfortunate  genius,  died  in 
the  prime  of  life.  Januaiy  11,  1887. 

FIELD  PADRE,  a  celebrated  Irish 
Jesuit,  was  bom  in  Limerick  about 
1660,  educated  on  the  continent  and  en- 
tered the  order  of  the  Jesuits.  His  la- 
hom  were  principally  in  South  America. 
BewMone  of  the  flnt  three  Jesuits 


who  undertook  the  conversion  of  the 
savages  of  Paraguay,  and  was  the  com- 
panion and  co-apostle  of  the  Venerable 
Auchieta  the  Thaumaturgus  of  Brazil. 
He  died  at  the  age  of  88  years. 

FIELD,  THOMAS,  an  Irish  Catholic 
divine,  and  bishop  of  Leighlin,  was 
born  in  Cork  about  1500,  he  became  a 
Franciscan  friar,  and  was  elevated  to 
the  See  of  Leighlin  by  papal  provision, 
1655.  He  trovemed  the  See  twelve 
years,  and  died  on  Good  Friday,  1507. 

FIELDING,  Rev.  J.  H.,  a  celebrated 
M.E.  scholar  and  divine,  was  bom  in  Ire- 
land 1796,  came  to  the  United  States  in 
1814,  was  Prof,  of  Mathematics  in  Mad- 
dison  College,  Pa.,  afterwards  in  Au- 
gusta, Ky.,  and  latter  was  President  of 
St.  Charles  College,  Mo.  He  died  in 
1844 

FIONAOHTA,  ST.,  a  celebrated 
monarch  of  Ireland,  A.  D.  676,  was 
grandson  of  Hugue  III,  and  was  a  wise 
and  able  ruler.  In  the  iwelf th  year  of 
his  reign  he  reti^d  to  a  monastery  with 
the  design  of  dedicating  his  life  to  the 
special  service  of  God,  out  the  affairs  of 
the  state  becoming  critical,  he  at  the 
solicitations  of  the  principal  men  of  the 
kingdom  res.umed  the  reigns  of  govern- 
ment. He  defeated  the  King  of  Leins- 
ter  in  Meath,  but  at  the  request  of  St 
Moling  abolished  the  tribute  which  had 
been  for  many  years  imposed  on  that 
province,  and  which  had  caused  bo 
many  wars.  He  had  previous  to  his 
retirement  defeated  the  forces  of  Gen. 
Berte.  whom  Ecgfrid,  King  of  the 
Northumbrians  had  dispatchra  to  make 
a  descent  on  the  Irish  coast,  and  who 
plundered  churches,  monasteries  and 
villages,  and  of  which  mention  is  made 
by  Bede  in  his  history.  Cumasgaoh, 
King  of  the  Picts  also  invaded  the  Is- 
land, but  he  paid  the  penalty  with  his 
life,  and  the  complete  destruction  of  his 
forces  by  Fionachta  at  the  battle  of 
Rathmore.  This  brave  and  pious 
prince  was  killed  in  battle  A.  D.  696, 
and  is  honored  as  a  saint,  on  Novem- 
ber 14,  his  feast  day. 

FINDLAT,  JAMES,  a  worthy  mem- 
ber of  the  succeeding  family  of 
Irish  Americans,  was  bora  in  Franklin 
County,  Pennsylvania.  After  complet- 
ing his  education  he  settled  to  practice 
his  professioh  in  Ohio,  where  he  soon 


>."- 

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IBI8H  CBLT8. 


PIN 


attracted  attention  by  his  ability,  and 
was  for  many  years  in  Congress.  He 
died  at  Cincinnati,  December  21, 1885. 

PINDLAT,  JOHN,  a  younger  broth- 
er of  the  foregoing,  was  bom  m  Frank- 
lin Coimty,  Penn.,  and  received  with 
his  brothers  as  thorough  an  education 
an  his  native  State  afloraed  in  their  day. 
He  possessed  that  ability  which  marked 
the  family  and  represented  Ids  State  in 
Congress  for  several  terms,  elected  for 
his  &Bt  term  in  1828. 

PINDLAT,  GOV.  WM..  a  distin- 
guished statesman  of  Pennsylvania,  and 
of  the  same  family  as  the  foregoing, 
was  bom  in  Pennsylvania  about  the 
commencement  of  the  Revolution,  and 
received  a  good  education.  He  early 
entered  public  life,  became  distin- 
guished m  his  eloquence  and  ability, 
and  was  elevated  by  his  fellow  citizens 
to  positions  of  trust  and  honor.  He 
was  elected  Governor  of  the  State  in 
1817,  and  at  the  expiration  of  his  term, 
United  States  Senator,  which  he  held 
to  1827.  At  the  same  time  two  of  his 
younger  brothers,  James  and  John, 
were  members  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives. 

PINDLET,  orPindlav  WILLIAM,  a 
distinguished  patriot  of  tueAmerican  Re- 
volution and  an  honored  citizen  of  Penn- 
sylvania, was  bom  in  Ireland  about 
1740  and  emigrati-d  to  America  early  in 
life.  Like  the  rest  of  his  countrymen 
he  opposed  with  zeal,  eloquence  and 
determination  the  arbitrary  claims  of 
the  British  Government  to  tax  and  co- 
erce the  Colonies,  and  with  tongue, 
pen  and  sword  he  fought  through  the 
gallant  struggle.  After  the  close  of 
the  war  he  settled  permanently  in 
PennHylvania,  and  was  a  member  of 
the  convention  which  formed  the  new 
couHtitution.  Like  most  of  the  Ameri- 
can Irish,  he  supported  the  Jefferson 
School  of  Politics  and  was  almost  con- 
tinually in  Congress  from  1701  to  1817 
and  exerted  a  powerful  influence  by  bis 
ability  and  integrity  both  in  Congress 
and  bis  adopted  state.  He  published  a 
Review  of  the  Funding  System  in  1704 
and  a  History  of  the  Insurrection  of  the 
Four  Western  counties  of  Pennsylvania 
in  1706.  He  died  at  UnHy  township. 
Orunsbury,  AprU  6th,  1821,  full  of 
years  and  honors. 


PINLEY,  REV.  JAMES  BRAD- 
LET,  an  eminent  American  Metho- 
dist divine  and  writer,  was  bom 
of  Irish  parents  in  North  Carolhia, 
July  1st.  1781,  and  received  such 
an  education  as  his  own  energy  secur- 
ed. He  joined  the  Ohio  Methodist 
Conference  in  1800,  and  soon  became 
noted  for  earnestness  and  eloquence. 
For  a  while  he  was  atStubinville,  Ohio, 
in  1821  he  was  sent  as  a  Missionary  t» 
the  Wyandotte  Indians  and  there  he 
remained  for  six  years,  and  in  1845  he 
became  Chaplain  of  the  Ohio  Peniten- 
tiary. Among  his  works  are  "Wyan- 
dotte Missions,"  "Sketches  of  Western 
Methodism,"  and  "Life  among  Uie  In- 
dians." He  died  at  Cincinnati,  Sept. 
6,1858. 

FINLET,  DR.  SAMUEL,*a  distin- 
guished scholar  and  Presbyterian  divine, 
was  bom  a  Armagh,  Ireland,  in  1715, 
was  educated  for  the  ministry  and  emi- 
grated to  Philadelphia  in  his  10th  year 
and  continued  his  studies  ;  was  licensed 
to  preach,  and  was  installed  a  minister 
in  New  Jersey  in  1740.  He  was  after- 
wards arrested  in  New  Haven,  Conn., 
for  violating  the  law  against  itinerants 
preaching  in  parishes  of  settled  minis- 
ters, and  expelled  from  the  State  as  a 
vagrant.  For  nearly  twenty  years  he 
taught  an  acadamy  at  Nottingham,  Md. , 
andin  1781  was  chosen  President  of 
New  Jersey  College  at  Princeton.  He 
is  the  author  of  sermons  &c.  He  died 
July  17, 1866. 

FINIAN,  ST.,  of  Moville,  founder  of 
the  renowned  Abby  of  that  name. 
County  Down,  was  son  of  Cbrpreus,  of 
a  princely  house,  and  his  mother  was 
Lassara.  They  placed  their  son  when 
very  voung  ander  thecareof  St.  Colman 
of  Dromore,  by  whome  be  was  sent 
after  some  time  to  Caylan,  Abbot  of 
Antrim.  He  finished  Ins  ecclesiastical 
studies  under  St.  Ailbe,  of  Emiy.  He 
then  started  for  Rome,  but  stopped  for 
some  time  at  the  school  of  Nennis,  in 
Britain,  on  his  way.  He  studied  in 
Rome  seven  years,  and  was  then  ordain- 
ed priest.  After  returning  from  Rome 
he  speni  ome  yeorsin  mis-sionary  labor 
and  built  his  first  mdnastery  on  the 
banks  of  the  Lagan,  and  others  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  his  missions.  He  finally 
founded  the  Abby  of  Moville,  in  the 
County  of  Down,  over  which  he  mled 
as  Abbot  and  Bishop.    This,  under  hia 


I      ; 


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PIN 


XmSH  CELTS 


FIT 


"wifle  care,  soon  became  a  flourishing 
community  of  religious,  and  a  famous 
school  of  learning,  and  around  it  rose, 
as  was  usual  in  those  days,  a  city. 
These  monasteries  not  only  were  great 
schools  of  learning,  free  to  those  who 
had  no  means,  but  they  were  also  great 
houses  of  refuge  for  the  poor  and  un- 
fortunate who  always  were  sure  to  find 
food  and  shelter  within  their  open  doors. 
6t.  Finian  lived  to  see  his  school  rank 
«mong  the  foremost  in  Ireland,  and 
^ed  udl  of  years  and  grace  in  676. 

PINIAN,  SAINT,  was  the  son  of 
<yhristian  parents,  and  descended  from 
a  noble  family.  Ware  says  he  was  bap- 
tized by  St.  Abban  and  eaucated  in  his 
youth  under  St.  Fortkem,  bishop  of 
Trim,  who  taught  him  the  offices  of 
the  churbh  and  other  Biblical  learning, 
but  as  he  was  bom  before  that  saint  It 
is  not  likely.  His  father's  name  was 
Fintan,  ana  his  mother's,  Talech,  na- 
tives of  Leinster.  When  about  thirty 
years  of  age  he  determined  to  devote 
nimself  to  missionary  labors  amone  the 
heathens,  and  to  prepare  himself  he 
went  some  time  with  St.  Caiman,  near 
Wexford,  who  was  a  disciple  of  St. 
Patrick,  and  well  calculated,  both  by 
learning  and  experience,  to  instruct  and 
counsel  him.  After  leaving  St.  Caiman 
he  crossed  over  to  Britam  and  spent 
some  time  with  St.  David  of  Wales, 
and  here  acquired  a  knowledge  of  Sax- 
on and  Pictish  tongues,  his  ambition 
being  to  spread  the  gospel  among  these 
people,  most  of  whom  were  as  yet  pa- 
gans. He  preached  the  gospel  among 
ttiese  people  about  ten  years,  convert- 
ing many  and  founding  monasteries 
and  churches.  Many  wonderful  thmgs 
«re  related  by  his  biographers  as  hap- 
pening to  him.  He  returned  to  Ireland, 
and  uter  paying  a  visit  to  his  old  in- 
structor Caiman,  he  went  on  to  Wex- 
ford and  sent  a  messenger  to  ^  ^  inff 
Huirdeach,  who  came  to  visit  him,  ana 
knelt  to  receive  his  blessing,  and  offered 
him  any  lands  he  would  desire  for  the 
foundations  of  monasteries  and  church- 
es. After  establishing  several  monas- 
teries and  schools,  he  established  his 
celebrated  one  at  Clonard.  Ware  says 
after  returning  home  he  was  made  a 
bishop  and  fixed  his  See  at  Clonard,  in 
Heath,  where  he  also  opened  a  school 
which  produced  men  eminent  for  their 
learning  and  sanctity,  and  he  himself 
got  the  surname  of  "Finian  the  Wise." 


This  was  about  the  year  680.  This 
school  became  one  of  the  most  famous 
in  Ireland,  and  students  from  all  parts 
soon  filled  its  halls,  numbering  at  one 
time  as  high  as  3000.  St.  Finian  him- 
self led  a  most  austere  life,  his  food 
consisting  of  but  vegetables,  and  his 
drink  of  cold  water.  After  presiding 
at  this  crowning  work  of  his  life  for 
twenty-two  years,  he  was  at  length 
called  to  his  reward  on  the  12th  of  De- 
cember (552),  on  which  day  his  feast 
is  celebrated. 

FINGLAS,  PATRICK,  an  able  leg- 
islator and  writer,  was  a  native  of  Ire- 
land, chief  baron  of  the  ex-chequer  and 
chief  justice  in  1584.  He  wrote  a  book 
on  the  misfortunes  of  Ireland,  and 
their  remedies. 

FINN,  HENRY  J.,  a  talented  Amer- 
ican comedian  and  author,  was  son  of  Ir- 
ishnarents  and  was  born  at  Sydney,  Cape 
Bnton  about  1790.  he  afterwardfs  came 
to  the  United  States  and  subsequently 
went  to  England  to  reside  with  a  ^va. 
uncle  who  had  settled  there.  Ot.  ^e 
death  of  his  uncle  he  returned  to  Amer- 
ica and  in  1822  he  made  his  first  appear* 
ance  on  the  American  stage  in  Boston 
and  soon  became  very  popular  by  his 
irresistible  humor.  His  correct  habits, 
strict  attention  to  his  professional  du- 
ties and  great  popularity,  earned  for  him 
a  handsome  competency.  He  was  re- 
turning  to  his  home  at  iT^ewport,  R.  L, 
on  the  stesmer  Lexington  on  the  night 
of  Jan.  18th,  1840,  wnen  she  took  nre, 
and  Finn  was  among  the  lost.  He  Is 
the  author  of  the  drama  entitled  "Mont- 
gomery or  the  Falls  of  Montmorency," 
which  proved  a  success.  He  also  lett 
behind  him  an  unfinished  tragedy. 
He  edited  and  published  a  Comic  Aii< 
nual  and  was  Uie  author  of  many  hu- 
morous pieces  contributed  to  the  litera- 
tureof  Uieday. 

FITZGERALD,  SIR  AUGUSTINE, 
a  distinguished  officer  in  the  service  of 
Britain,  was  bom  in  the  County  Clare, 
Ireland,  about  1760.  He  entered  the 
army  at  an  early  age,  and  distinguished 
himself  on  various  occasions,  and  rose 
to  the  rank  of  Lieutenant  General.  He 
was  rewarded  with  the  title  of  Baron 
for  his  service  in  1821. 

FITZGERALD,  LORD  EDWARD, 
a  celebrated  Irish  patriot  and  soldier. 


r 
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ITT 


muiH  CKIiTflb 


FIT 


) . 


was  the  fifth  son  of  the  Duke  of  Lein- 
star,  and  was  bom  at  the  family  red- 
denoe,  Dublin,  October  10,  1768.  He 
was  educated  partly  at  home  and  partly 
in  France.  He  entered  the  British 
annv  at  an  early  age,  and  was  on  the 
staff  of  LordRaudon  in  America,  where 
he  distinguished  himself,  and  was 
wounded  at  the  Battle  of  Eutaw 
Spring.  After  returning  to  Ireland  he 
became  a  member  of  of  the  Irish  House 
ot  Commons,  and  after  traveling  on  the 
continent  he  again  rejoined  ms  r^- 
ment  in  Canada.  In  1790  he  returned 
to  Irdand  and  again  became  a  member 
of  the  Irish  Parliament  In  1793  he 
-virited  Paris,  where  he  became  acquaint- 
ed with  some  of  the  leading  Reyolution- 
ists,  and  imbibed  some  of  their  radical 
ideas.  At  a  banquet  given  by  some 
Englishmen  in  Fans  he  is  said  to  have 
pubiically  renounced  his  nobility  and 
toasted  the  success  of  the  Bevolution, 
and  was  in  consequence  dismissed  from 
the  British  army.  About  this  time  he 
married  Pamela,  daughter  of  Madame 
de  Genlis.  In  1794  he  returned  to  Dub- 
lin and  joined  the  society  of  United. 
Irishmen,  of  which  he  became  Prudi- 
dent  in  1796,  and  was  also  connected 
wiUi  other  patriotic  organizations,  and 
defended  his  course  in  his  seat  in  the 
Irish  Parliament.  He  entered  into 
secret  negotiations  with  the  French 
Directory  looking  towards  the  inde- 
pendence of  Ireland,  and  being  sus 
pected  an  order  was  issued  for  his  ar- 
rest. He  might  have  escaped,  but  he 
refused  to  abandon  his  associates, 
and  secretly  directed  the  movements 
from  a  place  of  concealment  in  Dublin. 
He  was  at  length  discovered  and  des- 
perately defended  himself,  but  was  cap- 
tured after  being  mortally  wounded. 
He  died  June  4, 1798,  another  victim  to 
the  liberties  of  his  unfortunate  countiy. 

FITZGERALD,  RT.  HON.  JAMES. 
an  eminent  lawyer  and  distinguished 
Irish  patriot,  was  bom  about  1742,  and 
after  completing  his  studies,  was  called 
to  the  bar  in  1769,  and  made  a  prime 
sergeant  in  1786.  He  acquired  an  ex- 
tensive practice,  and  was  probably  the 
most  successful  lawyer  of  his  day  in 
Ireland,  and  such  was  his  pertinacity 
and  le^  accumen  that  he  seldom  lost 
a  case.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Privy 
Coundl  of  Ireland,  and  held  high  gov- 
ernment positions  till  '98.  Government 
having  found  that  no  bribe  could  induce 


ntzgerald  to  lend  his  sanction  to  tlie 

E reposed  union,  dismissed  liim  from  all 
is  offices  in  1798.  The  Bar  of  Ireland, 
of  which  he  was  the  recognized  head, 
however,  passed  a  resolu^n  thanking 
the  Prime  Sergeant  "for  his  noble  con- 
duct  in  preferring  the  good  of  his  coun- 
try to  rank  and  emolument,"  and  de* 
termined  to  allow  him  the  same  pre- 
cedence which  he  enjoyed  by  virtue  of 
his  office  of  Prime  Sergeant  As  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Irish  parliament,  he  opposed 
with  all  his  strangth  and  energy,  the 
nefarious  measure  of  the  union,  and 
battied  by  the  side  of  Grattan  and  the 
Irish  patriots,  to  the  hist  When  the 
straggle  was  over,  and  the  dishonor 
consmnated,  he  retired  into  private  life. 
His  wife,  Catharine  Yesqr,  was  elevated 
to  tbe  peer^  of  Ireland  June,  lRa6, 
as  Baroness  Fitzgerald  and  Yesey.  This 
noble  old  patriot  died  in  1886,  full  of 
years  and  honor,  having  passed  his  98d 
year. 

FITZGERALD,  SIR  JOHN,a  gallant 
Irish  officer  was  born  in  Limerick 
about  1660.  He  took  up  arms  in  the 
cause  of  James  II.  After  the  treaty  ef 
Limerick  he  went  to  France  and  served 
under  Catenat  and  other  distinguished 
officers,  and  participated  in  many  of 
the  famous  victories,  won  often  by  Irish 
valor,  which  added  such  lustre  to  French 
arms  in  the  days  of  Louis  XIV.  He 
rose  to  be  a  General  officer  by  his 
bravery  and  talents. 

FITZGERALD,  JOHN  C,  an  able 
and  prominent  lawyer  of  Michigan,  of 
Irish  descent,  born  in  Ohio,  his  father, 
Jer>miah  Fitzgerald,  served  as  an  officer 
in  the  war  of  1812  and  settiei  at  an 
early  day  in  Jackson  County,  Michigan. 
Our  subject  completed  his  education 
at  Albion  CoUegp,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  Bar  hi.1858.  He  practised  for  a 
number  of  years  in  Marshall,  Mich, 
and  in  1878  removed  to  Grand  Rapids, 
where  he  has  .icquired  an  extensive  prac- 
tice and  rankii  among  the  first  lawyers 
in  Westem  Michigan. 

FITZGERALD,  JOHN  DAVID,  L 
L.  D.,  a  distinguished  Irish  jurist  and 
scholar,  was  bom  m  Dublin,  1816,  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and 
called  to  the  bar  hi  18^3.  He  rose  to 
beaO.  C.  hi  1847.  and  in  18C3  was 
elected  to  Parliament  for  Ennis.  In  1855 
he  became  Solicitor  Qt&u  for  Ireland* 


FIT 


miSlI  CELTS. 


PIT 


and  in  1859  Attorn^  General.  Inl860 
he  was  raised  to  the  bench.  He  was 
one  of  the  Privy  Council,  and  is  devot- 
ed to  the  powers  that  be. 

FITZGERALD,  SIR  JOHN  T.,  an 
able  British  Field  Marshal  was  born  in 
Ireland  about  1785  and  received  his  ed- 
ucation partly  at  home  and  partly  in 
England.  He  entered  the  array  at  a 
yenr  early  age  and  was  a  captain  in  the 
46th  foot  at  the  age  of  16  years.  He 
served  with  distinction  on  the  Penin- 
•ula  and  rose  to  the  command  of  a  bri- 
gade. He  afterwurds  served  in  India, 
and  in  1880  had  attained  field  rank,  and 
was  made  a  Knight  Commander  of  the 
Bath  in  1881,  and  Knight  Grand  Cross 
in  1862.  In  1875  he  was  ndsed  to  the 
rank  of  Field  Marshal.  He  also  sat  in 
Parliament  as  liberal  member  for  county 
Clare,  Ireland,  from  63  to  67.  He  died 
Harch  26, 1877. 

FITZGERALD,  M.,  an  a/^  Irish 
heroof  the  American  Revolt  ion  whose 
name  is  worthy  of  record,  and  whose 
seal  and  disinterestedness  in  the  cause 
of  American  liberty  was  indicative  of  the 
entire  Irish  element  in  the  colonies,  and 
of  the  inspiration  and  force  which  they 

give  to  it.  The  Historian  of  Wyom- 
g  says  of  him:  The  Indians  and 
their  Tory  allies  took  the  old  man  prison* 
er,  and  placing  him  in  a  flaxbrake,  told 
him  he  must  declare  for  the  King  or 
die.  "Well,"  said  the  fearless  old  hero, 
"I  am  old  and  have  little  tims  to  live 
anyhow,  and  I  would  rathar  die  now  a 
friend  of  my  country,  than  live  ever  so 
long  and  die  a  Tory."  With  more  hu- 
manity than  those  allies  often  exhibited 
th^  dfid  not  carrv  out  their  threat,  and 
the  old  man  lived  to  see  the  independ- 
ence of  that  country  he  would  not  even 
in  the  face  of  a  cruel  death,  deny  by  a 
word. 

FITZGERALD,  NICHOLAS,  an 
Irish  officer  of  distinction,  who  com- 
menced his  military  career  in  Ireland, 
in  defence  of  James  II,  and  on  the  de- 
feat of  that  incompetent,  he  went  to 
Fnmcewith  his  regiment.  He  there 
participated  with  great  credit  in  many 
of  the  brilliant  victories  won  by  the 
aid  of  Irish  valor,  in  the  reign  of  Louis 
XrV,  and  rose  to  positions  of  trust  and 
honor,  by  his  good  conduct,  militaiy 
•kill  and  daring. 


FITZGERALD,  PERCY  HETH- 
RINGTON,  a  talented  and  popular 
Irish  lawyer  and  author,  was  born  at 
Pane  Valley,  Cotmty  Louth,  Ireland,  in 
1834,  and  was  educated  partly  at  Slony« 
hurst  College,  England,  and  Triuity 
College,  Dublin;  was  called  to  the 
Irish  Bar,  and  practiced  with  success 
in  the  Northern  Circuit,  in  which  ho 
became  Crown  Prosecutor.  Among 
hi  many  works  are,  "Autobiography  of 
a  Small  Boy,"  "Pictvres  of  School  Life 
and  Boyhood,"  "Romance  of  the  Eng- 
lish Stage,"  "Lives  of  Famous  Men/' 
"A  Famous  Forgery,"  "Principles  of 
Comedy,"  Biographies  of  many  emin- 
ent  men,  besides  many  popular  novels, 
among  them,  "Never  Forgotten,"  "The 
Sword  of  Damocles."  "]mdrington  the 
Barrister,"  etc.  He  is  still  actively  a( 
work. 

FITZGERALD,  THOMAS  H.,  a  dis- 
tinguished  American  citizen,  lawyer  and 
soldiei,  was  of  Irish  extraction,  and 
bom  about  1789.  He  distinguished 
himself  in  the  war  of  1812,  under  Gen. 
Harrison,  in  Michigan  and  Canada,  and 
after  the  war  settled  in  Michigan,  where 
he  rose  to  distinction  in  Jiis  profession. 
He  represented  Michigan  in  the  United 
States  Senate  hi  1848  9.  He  died  at 
NUes,  Michigan,  March  25,  1855. 

FITZGERALD,  WILLIAM,  a  dfa- 
tinguished  Irish  American  jurist,  was 
bom  in  Tennessee  about  1800,  and  after 
receiving  his  education  adopted  the 
profession  of  the  Law,  and  soon  attract- 
ed clients  by  his  abili^  and  eloquence. 
He  represented  his  fellow  citizens  in 
Congress  from  1881  to  '88,  and  was  for 
many  years  on  the  JudiciaJ  bench  of  his 
native  state. 

FITZGERALD,  WILLIAM,  D.  D., 
an  Irish  Protestant  divine  and  writer, 
was  bom  in  December,  1814,  and  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  of 
which  he  became  a  fellow.  In  1840  he 
wrote  in  opposition  to  "The  Tracts  of 
the  Times,  and  in  1848  he  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  Moral  Philosophy 
in  Trinity  College,  and  in  '68  professor 
of  "Ecclesiastical  History."  He  has 
3dited  "Butler's  Analogy"  and  "Con- 
stable's Ethics."  He  was  joint  editor 
of  "The  Irish  Chmrch  Journal."  In 
1851  he  was  made  bishop  of  Cork,  and  | 
in  1862  transferred  to  that  of  "Killaloe, 
Kilfenora,  Clonfat  and  Kilmacduagh.'*  j 


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FITZGIBBON,  COL.  JAMES,  a 
daring  and  successful  British  soldier, 
was  born  in  Ireland  about  1780,  and 
received  onlv  the  ordinary  education 
which  the  Iruh  poor  might  acquire  in 
that  day.  When  a  young  man  he 
sought  employment  in  England,  and 
then  after  failing  to  secure  anything 
permanent,  he  enlisted  in  the  49th, 
which  was  composed  mostly  of  Irish. 
His  first  serTlce  was  in  Holland  under 
Brock,  where  he  soon  distinguished 
himself  by  his  bravery,  and  was  taken 
prisoner,  having  pushed  too  far  in  ad- 
vance of  his  men,  and  was  promoted 
for  daring  and  good  conduct  in  action. 
His  re^ment  was  afterwards  placed  in 
the  Fn^te  Monarch,  then  with  the  fleet 
under  Nelson,  where  they  acted  as 
marines.  In  1802  he  came  to  Canada 
with  his  regiment  under  Brock.  In 
1800,  he  was  promoted  to  a  lieuten- 
ancy, and  when  the  war  of  1813  was 
Inaugurated  he  quickly  gave  evidence 
of  his  skill,  daring  and  r^y  resouroes. 
One  of  the  most  brilliant  feats  vf-  (he 
war  was  his  capture  of  Col.  Baerstler, 
who  had  been  dispatched  from  Fort 
Oeorge  by  Gen.  Dearborn,  to  capture 
Lieut.  Fitzgibbon,  who  was  stationed 
with  a  hanoFul  of  men  (80)  in  a  stone 
bouse  at  Beaver  Dam.  Fitzgibbon  got 
Information  of  what  was  threatened 
from  the  wife  of  a  wounded  soldier 
(Maty  Secord),  who  walked  thirty  miles 
ovei  a  rough  country  on  a  hot  day,  to 
warn  him  of  the  aaneer.  Although 
nearly  700  men,  including  60  cavauy 
and  two  field  guns,  were  advancing 
4u;ainst  him,  Fitzgibbon  prepared  for 
fhe  fray,  and  placing  some  Indian  allies 
in  an  intervening  wood,  the  advance 
was  suddenly  confronted  by  them  the 
nezt  day,  and  fighting  commenced. 
Fitzgibbon  soon  jomed  in  the  fight,  and 
fhe  resistance  growing  moredetennined 
and  hotter,  Baerstler,  fearing  an  am- 
buscade, withdrew,  and  sent  back  for 
reinforcements.  Fitzgibbon,  on  recon- 
noitering,  judged  the  position  of  things 
and  determined  on  a  bold  policy.  He 
quicldy  made  a  strong  demonstration 
in  Baerstler's  rear,  and  boldly  demand- 
ed a  surrender,  and  this  dastardly 
-  American,  probably  a  foreign  martinet, 
but  no  Irish,  had  the  pusillanimity  to 
lay  down  hia  arms  I  Fitzgibbon  was 
promoted  only  to  a  captiancy  for  this 

gllant  act,  and  the  first  thought  of  this 
ily  Irish  hero  was  to  obtain  leave  of 
abeence  so  that  he  might  hie  to  his  be- 


trothed (Mary  Shea)  and  share  with 
her  the  fruits  of  his  bravery  and  skill  ■ 
by  marrying  her,  so  that,  as  he  said, 
"If  I  am  killed  she  may  get  the  pension 
of  a  captains  widow.  Fitzgibbon 
afterwards    commanded    a    bc^y  of 

Sicked  men,  known  as  "Fitzgibbon's 
freen  Uns."  being  all  dressed  in  green, 
whoeamea  for  themselves  a  distinguish- 
record  during  the  war,  being  every- 
where in  the  advance  in  storm  and 
danger.  In  the  repression  of  the  re- 
bellion of  1887  he  took  a  prominent 
part,  and  the  government  voted  him 
6000  acres  of  land  which  was  voted. 
He  was  made  a  Military  Knight  of 
Windsor,  and  spent  the  remainder  of 
his  days  on  the  other  side  of  the  At- 
lantic. 

FTTZMAURICE,  JAMES,  an  Wdi 

Satriot  and  soldier,  who  successfully 
efied  the  power  of  England  in  the 
Srovince  of  ;Munster,  A.  D.  1574,  and 
efeated  llie  royal  troops  at  Eilma'ilock, 
Sanid,  Euillehu^e  and  Cluonie.  Eliza- 
beth alarmed  at  his  success,  told  her 
deputy  that  she  did  not  desire  to  sacri- 
fice her  authority  for  religion,  and  to 
make  peace  with  Fiizmaiirice.  Fitz- 
maurice  agreed  ta  lay  down  his  arms  if 
his  brothers,  the  Earl  of  Desmond,  and 
John  were  released  from  the  Towe^ 
where  they  were  lying  prisoners,  and 
the  Catholics  of  the  province  freed 
from  persecution.  Elizabeth  assented 
to  the  terms,  but  enraged,  she  determin- 
ed to  destroy  the  three  brothers,  and 
also  with  savage  treachery  worthy  of  her 
gave  orders  that  Desmond  should  be 
retained  on  his  arrival  in  Dublin,  and 
John  despatched  for  his  brother  to  come 
to  Dublin  and  sign  the  conditions,  but 

S,ve  orders  to  the  deputy  that  when 
ey  returned,  to  behead  the  three 
brothers  together.  Happily  however, 
they  escaped  the  snare.  The  Earl  and 
his  brothers  outraged  at  this  perfidy  de* 
fied  fhe  government  and  renewed  the 
war.  Fitzmaurice  went  to  the  contin- 
ent to  seek  aid;  visited  France,  Spain 
and  Italy.  He  succeeded  in  raising 
large  supplies  of  men  and  money. 
These  were  to  concentrate  at  Lisbon,  in 
Portugal,  where  Fitzmaurice  was  to  join 
them  and  sail  for  Ireland.  The  partiei 
in  command,  however,  being  tempted 
by  the  King  of  Portugal,  who  was  fit- 
tmgout  an  expedition  for  Africa,  to 
join  him  and  ^are  the  riches  to  be 
gained,  who,  on  a  promise  that  he  would 


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aasist  h.sm,  sailed  with  the  Portugese 
fleet  before  the  arrival  of  Fltzmaunce. 
He  however,  collected  the  remainder  of 
his  forces,  about  800  men,  and  sailed  on 
dx  ships  for  Ireland.  He  arrived  on 
the  coast  of  Derry  near  Dingle,  where 
there  is  a  safe  harbor,  which  he  fortifi- 
ed and  provisioned,  and  put  into  it  a 
garrison  of  600  men.  He  was  here 
foined  by  his  brothers  and  •then,  and 
Tralee  was  captured.  Fitzmaurice  then 
•tarted  with  a  few  men  towards  Con- 
naught  to  aronse  the  friends  of  liberty 
when  he  was  intercepted  by  Theobald 
Burke,  with  double  the  force.  Fitz- 
maurice resolved  to  conquer  or  die, 
boldly  charged  the  enemy,  and  although 
wounded  in  the  breast  by  a  musket  bful, 
be  urged  on  his  men,  and  clearing  a 
passage  through  the  foe, he  cut  off 
Burke's  head  with  a  blow,*and  put  the 
enemy  to  flight.  He  however,  survived 
the  victory  but  a  few  hours,  having  been 
mortally  wounded,  A.  D.  1659. 

FITZPATMOK,  BENJAMIN.a  dis- 
tinguished American  Statesman  was 
bom  in  Oreen  County,  Georgia,  June 
SOth,  1802  of  Irish  parents.  He  was 
left  an  orphan  at  an  early  age,  depend- 
ing upon  the  older  members  uf  the 
family,  with  whom  he  removed  to  Al- 
abama in  1816,  and  settled  near  Mont- 
Smery.  He  received  the  best  educa- 
m  his  neighborhood  afforded  and 
entered  a  law  office  in  Montgomery  for 
the  study  of  that  profession.  He  was 
admittea  to  the  bar  in  his  nineteeuth 

J  ear  and  was  shortly  after  elected  So- 
dtor  of  the  judicial  district  which  he 
held  till  1829,  when  on  account  of  ill 
health  he  rdinquished  his  profession 
and  sought  recuperation  and  rest  on 
his  farm.  In  1841  he  was  elected  Gov- 
ernor of  Alabama  and  re-elected  in  1848. 
In  1852  he  was  appointed  United  States 
Senator,  and  was  elected  his  jwn  suc- 
cessor in  1865.  His  term  ended  about 
the  breaking  out  of  the  Rebellion,  and 
he  seceded  with  his  state,  he  died  1869. 

FTTZPATRICK,  JOHN  B.,  D  D., 
Bishop  of  Boston,  an  able  American 
Oatholic  divine  and  scholar,  was  bom 
«t  Boston  in  1812  of  Irish  mrents,  and 

girtially  educated  in  the  public  schools, 
e  made  his  ecclesiastical  studies  with 
the  Sulpitians  at  Montreal  and  Paris, 
«nd  was  ordained  Priest  in  1840.  Four 
years  after  he  was  named  Bidiop  of 
Boston  which  See  he  governed  with  great 


wisdom  and  prudence  for  twenty  two 
years,  eaming  the  esteem  of  all  classes 
of  his  fellow  citizens  by  his  scholarly 
parts,  benevolence  and  affability.  H!e 
died  in  1866. 

FITZPATRICK,RICHAllD,aBritish 
soldier  and  Statesman,  was  bom  in  Ire- 
land in  1784  and  finished  his  education 
at  Eaton.  He  entered  the  army,  and 
rose  to  the  rank  of  Lieutenant  General. 
For  nearly  forty  years  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  House  of  Commons,  ^nd  was 
twice  Secretary  of  War  under  Whig 
Administrations.  He  contributed  to 
the  Rolliad  and  the  "Probationary  Odes" 
and  is  the  author  of  varioiis  snudl 
poems.  His  greatest  Senatorial  effort 
was  on  a  motion  to  effect  the  liberation 
of  M.  De  Lafayette.    He  died  in  181S. 

FITZPATRICK,  WJf.  J„  an  IxUx 
author  bom  in  1880.  Among  his  woiks 
are  "Lifetime  and  contemporaries  of 
Lord  Cloncurry,"  "The  friends,  foes, 
and  adventures  of  Lady  Morgan," 
"Memories  of  Archbishop  Whately." 

FITZSmON,  REV.  HENRY,  a  cel- 
ebrated Irish  Jesusit,  who  received  his 
education  (tn  the  continent  at  the 
Irish  College  of  "Douay"  where  he  be- 
came profesor  of  Philosophy,  and  after- 
wards was  sent  on  the  misson  to  his 
native  land.  He  was  stationed  in  Dub- 
lin about  the  time  the  Penal  Code  was 
so  modified  that  a  priest  might  pursue 
his  holy  vocation  without  Mins  seized 
as  a  felon.  The  celebrated  Iri^  Prot- 
estant Archbishop  Usher,  was  at  this 
time  at  the  bead  of  the  Established 
Church  in  Dublin,  and  ne  issued  a  chal- 
lenge to  any  of  the  Doctors  of  the  old 
church  to  (uscuss  the  points  of  differ- 
ence between  them.  Father  Fitzsim- 
ons  nndertook  to  answer  the  doughty 
archbi^op  and  so  successful  and  de- 
morp.lizing  was  his  trenchant  pen  in 
answering  the  great  Protestant  contro- 
versialist that  a  more  powerful  means 
than  the  pen  of  the  archbishop  was 
found  to  silence  him.  He  was  arrested 
by  the  minons  of  the  law,  as  a  danger- 
ous "controversialist!"  and  Imprisoned 
in  the  Castle  of  Dublin.  Singularly 
enough,  the  reading  of  this  controversy 
by  the  grandson  of  the  archbishop  con- 
verted him  to  the  Catholic  faith,  and  he 
becune  a  priest  and  afterwards  a  Catiio- 
lic  ndsdonary  in  London.  Father  Fitz- 
fdmons  labored  in  Ireland  and  on  the 


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oontlcent,  and  was  held  in  hlghcsteem 
ii^  his  learning,  eloquence  and  zeal. 

PITZ8IM0N.  MOST  REV.,  PAT- 
BIOE,  Archbishop  of  Dublin,  succeeded 
Dr.  Lincoln,  and  was  a  native  of  Dublin, 
bom  in  1698,  and  was  educated  on  the 
continent.  He  returned  to  his  native 
city  when  he  enforcement  of  the  Penal 
Oode  was  relaxed,  and  become  pastor 
of  St.  Audeon's,  and  Dean  of  Dublin. 
Cn  the  death  of  Bishop  Lincoln,  he  was 
raised  to  Archepiscopal  See,  and 
evinced  great  independence,  prudonce 
and  judgment  in  suppressing  the  circular 
of  the  nuncio  "Ghilliti,"  issued  from 
Brussels,  condemning  the  "Test  Oath," 

E reject  J  to  be  taken  in  view  of  conced- 
ig  Catholic  emancipation,  and  which 
at  the  time  could  have  produced  no 
good  results.  He  died  in .  Dublin  1769 
Toling  his  church  in  comparative  peace 
for  six  yeais. 

FITZSIMONS,  THOMAS,  a  distin- 
guished  patriot  of  the  American  Revo- 
mtion,  was  bom  in  Ireland  in  1741, 
CTolgrated  to  America,  aiid  was  a  mer 
chant  in  Philadelphia  when  the  Revo- 
lution broke  out.  He  immediately 
raised  a  company  and  went  into  active 
service.  He  represented  his  state  in  the 
Continental  Congress,  1782-3,  and  was 
a  member  of  the  Convention  which 
a'loptedthe  Federal  Constitution,  which 
instrument  he  signed,  and  continued  to 
represent  his  state  till  1795.  In  the 
du-kest  hour  of  the  Revolution,  1780. 
bis  firm  subscribed  |26,000  to  eupply 
the  troops  who  were  almost  in  muimy 
ttom  want.  He  was  very  successful  in 
business,  and  was  President  of  the 
Philadelphia  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
and  the  North  American  Insurance 
Company.  He  was  among  the  mne* 
generous,  patriotic  and  influential  men 
of  the  Revolution.  He  died  August, 
i8Jl,  deeply  regretted. 

FITZSIMONS,  WALTER,  an  emfa- 
ent  Irish  divine,  and  philosopher,  was 
archbishop  of  Dublin.  He  was  deputy 
Viceroy  and  Chancellor  of  Ireland  and 
accordmg  to  Ware,  was  a  "Doctor  of 
Common  and  Civil  Law,  a  subtle  phil- 
osopher and  profound  theolodan."  He 
governed  the  church  of  Dublin  for  27 
years,  and  died  about  A.  D.  1013. 

FLAHERTOCH,  a  pious  and  able 
monardi  ol  Ireland,  A.  D.  737.    He 


punished  Hugh  Roin,  King  of  the 
Clanna-Nialls  of  Ulster,  for  the  plunder- 
ing of  churches  in  Ardmach.  After  a 
reign  of  seven  years  he  resigned  the 
crown  and  entered  a  monastery,  and 
spent  the  last  thirty  years  of  his  Ufe  aa 
an  humble  and  austere  m'^nk. 

FLEMING,  CHARLES,  Lord  Slane, 
a  military  man  of  eminence,  was  bom 
in  Ireland  about  1600,  took  part  in  the 
civil  tsDubles  of  the  times,  and  greatly 
distinguished  himself  in  the  Cromwdl 
ian  war  in  Ireland.  He  afterwards 
served  on  the  continent,  and  rose  to  dis- 
tinction in  the  French  army  in  the  time 
of  Louis  XIV.    He  died  in  1661. 

FLEMING.  CHRISTOPHER,  Lord 
Slane,  an  Irish  soldier,  was  bom  in 
1673.  In  the  civil  war  of  that  period 
he  took  part  with  the  pudlanimous 
James,  and  when  only  eighteen  engaged 
in  the  Battle  of  the  Boyne,  which  waa 
fought  on  his  own  demesne,  and  al- 
most under  the  walls  of  his  castle, 
where  James  had  been  staying.  On 
the  defeat  of  that  cause,  he  was  com- 
pelled to  leave  Ireland,  and  his  estates 
were  confiscated  and  sold.  He  entered 
the  service  of  Portugal,  and  rose  to  the 
rank  of  Lieutenant  General.  Queen 
Anne  on  account  of  his  youth  at  the- 
time  of  his  attainder  and  in  consider- 
ation of  his  services  abr(Md,  restored, 
him  to  some  of  his  rights  and  created 
him  Viscount  Longford.  He  died  in 
1738. 

FLEMING,  HENRY,  a  gallant  Irish 
officer  was  bom  about  1665  and  was  an* 
able  and  practical  advocate  of  the  policy 
of  the  Confederate  Chieftains.  He  com- 
manded the  grenadiers  of  the  Duke  of 
Autum's  regiment,  and  with  Colonel 
Sheldon  successfully  defended  the- 
town  &  d  castle  of  Ardee  against  a^ 
vastly  superior  force  under  LordBlaney 
After  the  treaty  of  Limerick  he  went  to- 
France  and  served  there  with  distinc- 
tion for  some  years,  earning  a  high  re- 
putation and  rank. 

FLAN,  sumamed  Sionna,  son  of 
Malachi,  succeeded  Hugh  VII  as 
Monarch  of  Ireland.  B^  had  many 
and  desperate  battles  with  the  Danea 
with  varying  success  The  Danes 
themselves  in  conjunction  with  Irish 
allies  were  engagedf  in  desperae  quar- 
rels.   The  Monarch's  authority  could 


l\ 


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FLO 


naSH  CELTS 


FLO 


Im  inf  orced  onljr  by  ann ,  whether  against 
invader  or  native  prince,  and  general 
anarchy  prevailed  dui-ing  a  great  part 
of  this  Monarch's  reign.  During 
the  latter  part  of  his  reign,  however, 
his  authority  was  supported  by  the 
native  princes,  and  the  Danes  were  held 
in  subjection,  not,  however,  without 
considerable  trouble,  on  account  of 
repeated  reinforcements.  He  died  in 
916  after  a  reign  of  16  years. 

FLETCHER.  COL.  SIR  RICHARD, 
a  distinguished  engineer  in  the  British 
service,  was  born  in  County  Cork,  about 
1780,  entered  the  army  and  greatly  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  chief  engineer 
during  the  Peninsular  War,  and  was 
rewarded  by  the  title  of  Baron  in  1812. 
He  fell  before  St.  Sabastian,  August, 
1813. 

FLOOD,  HENRY,  one  of  the  most 
illastrioufl  of  Irish  Patriots,  was  the  eld^ 
est  son  of  the  Right  Hon.  Warden  Flood 
Chief  Justice  of  the  Kii^B  Bench,  Ire- 
land.^ He  was  educated  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege',' Dublin,  and  at  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  where  he  spent  two  years.  He 
was  first  noted  more  for  the  elegance 
of  his  person  and  the  gaie^  of  his 
^nanner  than  for  his  scholarly  attain- 
mmts,  but  being  somewhat  mortified 
on  one  occasion  while  visiting  at  Oxford 
by  his  defective  classical  knowledge  he 
resolved  It  should  no  longer  exist 
and  he  thenceforward  applied  liimself 
with  singular  assiduity  and  success, 
and  soon  became  one  of  the  most  cul- 
tivated acd  elegaLit  scholars  of  his  time, 
and  one  of  the  most  complete  masters 
of  theOreek  language  in  either  England 
or  Ireland.  In  1769  he  was  first  chosen 
a  member  of  the  Irish  Parliament,  and 
his  manly  and  patriotic  spirit  fretted  and 
chaffed  at  the  humiliation  and  subser- 
viency of  a  body,  that  was  supposed  to 
represent  the  dignity  and  mannood  of 
the  nation.  Flood,  however,  was  as 
modest  as  he  was  fearless  and  able, 
and  he  felt  diffident  in  the  presence 
of  so  many  older  and  more  promi 
nent  men,  in  ekpressing  his  sense 
of  wrone  and  his  indip^nHtion  at 
the  degradation  which  the  Parliament 
of  his  countv  submitted  to.  In  1761 
being  again  chosen  for  Parliament  and 
having  m  the  meantime  bv  earnest  study 
and  thought,  prepared  himself  to  mas- 
ter the  situation,  ne  soon  came  promi- 
nently forward  as  an  expounder  of  his 


country's  rights.  His  firct  efTort  was 
against  the  construction  which  for  mors- 
than  a  century  had  been  put  on  the  Poy- 
ning  Law  which  practically  made  the 
Privy  Council  of  Ireland  the  legislators 
of  the  country,  and  left  the  Parliament 
a  mere  cypher.  The  force  and  power 
of  his  reasoning,  his  scathing  denunci- 
ations of  this  robbery  of  the  rights  and 
dignity  of  Parliament,  and  his  sarcastic 
illusions  to  the  supineness  and  imbe- 
cility of  the  members  of  what  should 
be  a  great  and  dignitied  body,  whom  he- 
compared  to  puppies,  at  length  aroubed 
that  body  to  a  sense  of  the  baseness  and 
subserviency  of  their  situation,  and  al- 
though the  measure  of  rights  was  not 
such  as  Flood  demanded,  and  would 
have  insisted  on  had  it  been  left  in  his 
hands,  yet  the  most  obnoxious  parts 
of  that  law  were   repealed,  and  the 

Sarliament  by  this  step  made  a  prece« 
ent  which  led  to  greater  and  more  im- 
poitant  changes  In  the  near  future. 
His  next  opix^tion  was  to  the  daratioa 
of  parliament,  which  in  Ireland  contin- 
ued during  the  life  of  the  King,  and  at 
length,  in  1796,  this  wu  accomplished 
by  the  passage  of  th'j  Octenniu  Bill, 
which  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  ste^ 
which  ffiive  the  semblance  of  constitu> 
tional  right  tc  the  Irish  Parliament., 
This  at  length  culminated,  through  per^ 
sistence  demands  uid  the  dubious  tx)si ' 
tion  of  English  affairs,  brought  about 
by  the  ascendency  of  Napoleon,  in  the 
celebrated  disavowal  by  Xha  Euglish 
Parliament,  of  its  claim  of  authority, 
over  Ireland,  by  the  repeal  of  the  6th  of 
George  the  1st,  in  1782,  which  held 
"that  the  kingdom  of  Ireland  ought  to- 
be  subordinate  to  and  dependent  upon 
the  Imperial  Crown  of  Great  Britain, 
and  that  the  Parliament  of  England  hatb 
power  to  nuike  laws  to  bind  the  people 
of  Ireland."  Mr.  Flood,  however,  in- 
sistad  that  this  repeal  was  not  enough, 
thdt  it  gave  no  security  or  assurance 
that  the  right  was  not  still  claimed  and 
riiight  not  be  again  enforced,  and  he  had 
the  proud  satisfaction  to  behold  his 
doctrine  ratified  by  the  ministry  and. 
Parliament  of  Great  Britian,  passing  as, 
act  "forever  renouncing  the  claim. '^  It 
was  about  this  time  tjuit  the  celebrated 
but  unfortunate  altercation  occurred  in 
the  Irish  Parliament  between  Flood  and 
his  great  compiler  Grattan,  and  whioli 
augured  ill  for  the  security  of  Irish 
rights  as  hope  was  alone  in  the 
union  and  active  co-ope^ntion  of  her 


t 


m 


-III 


4;  if''  i 


''^m 


J.       ^     ■     \ 


Wi' 


■'',!,:, 


FLO 


IBIBS  OBI^IS. 


FOL 


true  friends  and  patriots.  Previous  to 
tbis,  in  1775,  Flood  was  made  a  Privy 
Counsellor  in  botli  kingdoms,  and  one 
of  l^e  vice-treasurers  of  Ireland,  which 
latter  office  he  resigned  in  1781,  and 
Ids  name  was  soon  after  struck  from 
the  list  of  Privy  Counsellors.  In  ex- 
cepting those  government  positions, 
however,  he  had  a  distinct  tmderstand- 
.ing  that  the  great  principles  which  he 
fought  for  and  upheld,  in  regard  to  the 
Irish  rights,  should  he  maintained,  and 
fromtms  position  he  never  departed. 
His  altercation  with  Grattan,  and  per- 
liaps  wounded  pride,  at  a  supposed 
non-appreciation  of  the  greatness  of  his 
services  for  his  couutrv,  and  perhaps 
the  ^eater  popularity  oi  his  distinguish- 
ed rival  led  him  to  abandon  his  seat  in 
the  Irish  Parliament,  and  in  1788  he 
was  returned  a  member  of  the  British 
Parliament  for  Winchester,  and  subse- 
quently he  sat  for  Seeiorth.  Here  too, 
he  soon  acquired  standing  and  promi- 
nence by  his  ability  a&d  eloquence,  al- 
though his  first  effort,  if  it  might  be  so 
called,  was  a  little  unfortunate.  Hav- 
ing arisen  to  make  some  few  remarks 
on  a  question  before  the  House,  but  on 
which  his  only  iuformation  was  from 
the  speakers  who  had  prece  ded  him, 
he  was  induced  by  the  attention  of  the 
House  and  the  cries  to  "go  on,"  to  enter 
more  into  the  question  man  he  had  in- 
tended, and  making  some  mistakes  as 
>to  facts,  he  abrrplly  stopped.  He, 
jiowever,  afterwards  amply  redeemed 
Himself,  and  was  looked  upon  as  one  of 
4he  most  eloquent  and  classical  speakers 
who  ever  awoke  the  echoes  of  the  Eng- 
lish Parliament  Houso.  Flood  was  al^ 
a  cultured  and  elegant  writer,  and  had 
he  been  ambitious  of  fame,  might  liave 
inade  a  record  in  that  field  perhaps 
second  to  none.  It  is  said  that  he  made 
most  admirable  translations  of  Uie  or- 
ations of  Demosthenes  and  uEschines 
on  the  crown,  and  of  several  orations  of 
Cicco,  executed  with  a  beauty  and 
felicity  oi  expression  seldom,  if  ever, 
equalled  in  the  English  langufige.  He 
was  also  author  of  an  "Ode  on  Fame" 
and  some  translations  from  Pindar, 
which  were  much  admirad  for  elegance. 
As  an  orator,  although  not  possessinff 
the  fiery  and  irresistible  eloquence  of 
Qrattan,  he  ranks  high  among  liis  co- 
temporaries,  and  to  a  mind  dignified, 
comprehensive  and  replete  with  knowl- 
edge, he  added  ityle  ardent,  vigorous, 
,  cllipuit  and  argumentative,  with  a  full 


complement  of  wit,  imagery  and  rar* 
casmwhen  the  occasion  called  them 
forth.  Hitf  daFsical  ilhistrations  were 
always  happy  and  pointed,  and  his 
metaphors  chaste,  well  dei9ned  and 
pure.  He  was  not  less  happy  in  un- 
folding and  explaining  his  propositions 
than  he  was  able  and  vigorous  in  de- 
fending his  positions,  always  cool, 
cautious  and  frank;  he  treated  his  op- 
ponents' arguments  with  a  fairness  and 
honesty  that  commanded  respect  and 
which  "demonstitited  at  the  same  time 
his  elevation  of  character  and  his  con- 
fidence in  the  stren^h  of  his  position. 
His  memory  was  said  to  have  been  re- 
markable and  that  frequently  at  the 
end  of  a  long  debate  he  would  rise  and 
answer  the  arguments  and  points  of 
every  member  -vvho  opposed  him,  ro* 
futhig  their  objection  SMiatem  without 
'the  ara  of  a  single  note.  As  a  master 
of  the  English  language  whether  in 
writing  or  speaking,  and  as  a  happy  il- 
lustrator of  the  richness  and  beau^  of 
its  power  of  expression,  he  perhaps 
had  no  superior  among  his  great  co- 
temporaries. 

FL0RENTINU8,  ST.,  a  Priest  and 
confessor,  who  was,  according  to 
Usher  aad  others,  a  native  of  Ire- 
land and  brought  up  carefully  under 
his  parents  Theophilus  and  Beni- 
gna.  He  made  a  voyage  to  Pome, 
and  was  thrown  'uto  prison  by  order 
of  the  Emperor  Claudius.    While  in 

{>ri6on  he  preached,  and  baptised  near- 
y  one  hundred  persciis,  includiiig  his 
jailor. 

FLOYD,  SIK  JOHN,  a  brave  and 
meritorious  Britifh  officer,  was  bora  in 
Ireland,  entered  the  army  at  an  early 
age,  and  rose  to  thp  rank  of  OeneraL 
was  Colonel  of  tie  8th  Regiment  of 
■Drogoont.  and  for  distinguished  servi- 
ces in  India,  vas  creat«>d  a  Baronet  in 
1 816.    He  d^ed  January,  1818. 

FLOYD,  WILLIAM,  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  declaration  of  Independ- 
ence, and  a  dek^gate  from  New  York 
to  the  Continental  Congress,  was  of  Ir- 
ish descent  and  I'om  on  Long,  Island, 
ia  1784.  He  was  a  zealous  and  faithful 
public  servant  for  upwards  of  SI  years. 
He  died  in  1821. 

FOLEY,  JOHN  HENRY,  one  of  the 
most  dlstingolshe(  i  ox  modem  soulpton* 


^ 


FOL 


ntlSII  CELTS. 


FOB 


vas  bom  in  Dublin,  May  24, 1818.  He 
early  developed  a  taste  and  capacity  for 
art,  and  when  quite  young  entcrea  the 
flchool  of  art  oi  the  Royal  Dublin  So- 
ciety, where  he  made  rapid  progress. 
In  1884  he  went  to  London,  and  entered 
the  Royal  Academy,  laboring  there  for 
several  years,  with  great  energy  and 
success.  In  1839  he  for  the  first  time 
entered  models  at  the  Society's  exhibi- 
tion, '•Innocence,"  and  the  ''Death  of 
Abel  "  It  was  perhaps  unf ort  anate  for 
his  fame  that  his  skill  and  taste  in  por- 
trait statues  filled  him  with  orders  in 
that  line,  and  while  it  insured  him 
wealth,  gave  him  but  little  time  for  the 
more  ambitious  and  artistic  works  of 
the  imagination.  Among  his  works  of 
this  kind  are  Edmund  Burke  and  Oliver 
Goldsmith,  for  Dublin,  and  the  colossal 
statute  of  Prince  Albert  in  Hyde  Park, 
London.  Among  his  classical  efforts 
are,  "Ino  and  the  Infant  Bacchus," 
"Lear  and  Cornelia,"  the  "Death  of 
Lear,"  "Venus  Rescuing  ^Eneas,"  "Pro- 
spero  relating  his  adventures  to  Miran- 
da" and  the  Allegorical  Group  of '  'Asia" 
In  Hyde  Park.  Foley  died  in  London, 
August  28, 1874,  lea\nng  behind  him  no 
superior  among  British  artists,  or 
inaeed  among  living  ones.  He  un- 
doubtedly possessed  tilent  ol  the  high- 
est order,  and  although  tta<>  slcuatiou  in 
which  he  placed  himsell,  limited  the  ex- 
tent and  grandeur  of  its  possible  flights  in 
the  realms  of  art,  yet  any  nation  might 
be  proud  of  his  work,  and  his  statues  of 
eminent  Irishmen  are  conceded  a  place 
apart,  in  the  sculptures  of  modem 
times. 

FOLEY,  R^.  REV.  THOMAS  D.D., 
an  able  and  eloquent  Irish  American 
divine,  was  born  in  Baltimore  of  Irish 
parents  March  6th,  1822.  He  was  ed- 
ucated at  Mount  St.  Mair's  College, 
Baltimore,  and  at  the  Theological  Sem- 
inary of  St.  Sulpice  when  he  was  ele- 
vated to  the  Priesthood  Aug.  16th,  1846. 
His  first  mission  was  in  Montgomery 
county,  thence  he  was  transferred  to  "t. 
Patrick's  Church,  Washington,  as  as- 
sistant pastor,  and  from  there  after  two 
years  to  the  Cathedral  Baltimore,  where 
ue  labored  for  twenty-two  years.  In 
1861  he  l>ecame  Secretary  to  the  Arch- 
bishop (Kenrick),  and  also  Chancellor 
of  the  Diocese  holding  the  samepositioh 
under  x^rchbishop  Spalding,  wno  suc- 
ceeded Dr.  Eenrick.  In  1860  ho  was 
appointed  co-adjutor  Bishop  ol  Chicago 


and  administrator  of  the  Diocse,  Biph- 
op  Dug.&:an  being  incapable  ob .    cuunt  ot 
infirmity  from  attending  to  the  dutlQs. 
He  was  consecrated  Bidiop  of  Parea* 
mus  with  the  right  of  succession  to  me 
See  of  Chicago.  Feb.  27th,  1870.     H« 
immediately  took  charge  of  his  new 
field  of  labor  and  soon  put  energy  and- 
order    into  every  part  of    the   work. 
Churches  and  schools  were  added  in- 
quick  succession  as  the  wants  of  th<i 
Diocese  demanded  and  the  great  Cath> 
edral  of  the  Holy  Cross,  costing  about 
$300,000  arose  from  the  ashes  of  the 
one  destroyed  by  the  great  fire;  nor 
were  the  institutions  of  charity  neglect- 
ed but  arose  up  around  to  cheer  and» 
succor  the  unf  ortunate.    Bishop  Foley 
was  of  commanding  statue,  with  a  coun- 
tenance full  of  kindness  and  dignity,, 
added  to  easy  and  winning  manners, 
and  wherever  he  resided  won  hosts  of 
friends  from  among  his  fellow  citizens- 
of  every  religious  faith.    As  an  orator 
he  was  exce^ing  impre^ive  and  con- 
vincing, and  was  called  upon  on  several' 
important  occasions  of  public  interest 
to  represent  his  fellow  citizens.  He  was 
a  polished  writer  and  a  scholarof  varied 
attainments,  and  in  every  relation  of 
life,  whetl^er  as  bishop  or  citizen,  moiL": 
admirable.    He  died  from  the  effects  of 
a  severe  cold,  Februray  '•Q,  1879,  in  the 
prime  of  life  and  vigor  of  his  intellectual . 
manhood,  and  was  universally  re|^etted. 
The  Legislature  of  his  state,  which  was- 
in   session  at  the  time   of  his  death, 
passed  resolutions  of  regret  and  sym- 
pathy. 

FORBES,  GEORGE,  Earl  of  Gran- 
nard,  a  celebrated  Britioh  Admiral, was 
born  in  Ireland  in  1685.  Heenter(xl 
the  navy  and  pailicipated  in  many  of 
the  most  celebrated  naval  engagements 
of  those  active  times,  and  rose  to  the  ^ 
rank  of  senior  Admiral.    He  was  pleni- 

fotentiary  to  the  Court  of  Muscovy  ia 
788.    He  died  hi  1765. 

FORBES,  ADmRAL  JOHN,  soa 
of  the  foregoing,  was  also  a  naval  offi- 
cer nt  gi-eat  merit  anri  particularly  dis- 
tinguisued  himself  in  the  action  against, 
the  combined  fleets  of  France  and  Spain 
off  Toulon  in  1748.  He  rose  to  be  Ad- 
miral of  the  fleet  and  General  of  Marines. 
He  died  in  1706.  His  oldest  trotlier, 
George,  Earl  of  Grannard,  bora  in  1710, 
was  a  distinguished  officer  in  the  army 
He  was  Colonel  of  the  20th  Regiment. 


If 


Jtl-V  MJ 


•-1 

V  t 


? 


l^i 


\t 


•  ,1 
J 


n 


.1*  • 


It 


|:f^  ■  "M 


FOS 


IRIBH  CELTS. 


FRA.' 


I^oot,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  Lieuten- 
ant (General.  He  died  in  the  year 
1769.  m 

FORD,  NICHOLAS,  a  prominent 
politician  and  merchant  of  North  West- 
«m  Missouri,  was  bom  in  Ireland,  and 
emigrated  to  the  United  States  in  1848, 
when  a  youth,  and  settled  in  Missouri, 
where  by  his  sterling  worth  and  fine 
natural  ability  he  acquired  a  large  for- 
tune, and  great  local  prominence  as 
41  Vigorous  and  independent  thinker. 
He  was  elected  to  Congress  as  a  Nation- 
alist in  1870,  and  reelected  in  '81. 

FORD,  GOV.  THOMAS,  a  distin- 
guished and  able  Irish  American  law- 
yer and  politician  of  Illinois,  was  bom 
about  1776,  and  emigrated  when  a 
young  man,  to  the  theu  "Western 
wilds,"  but  afterwards  great  state  of 
Illinois.  Being  a  mancn  energy  and 
fine  natural  ability,  he  grew  with  the 
growth  of  the  country,  and  found  a 
natural  development  of  his  more  than 
ordinary  talent  in  the  profession  of  the 
law  in  which  he  soon  acquired  high 
standing  and  reputation.  He  became  a 
judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
state,  flUine  the  position  vith  distinc- 
tion and  lability.  He  afterwards  be- 
came Govemor  of  his  adopted  state,and 
one  of  its  most  honored  citizens.  He  at 
length  retired  from  the  active  duties 
of  his  profession,  but  not  to  rest.  The 
■character  of  his  ml:id  was  to  active  for 
so  inglorious  a  state,  but  he  gave  the 
declimng  years  of  his  life  to  the  not 
less  active,  though  smoother  pursuits  of 
literature.  He  wrote  a  most  interest- 
ing and  instructive  history  of  Illinois, 
— ^where  he  had  resided  for  more  than 
forty  years— Enlivened  bv  wit  and  an- 
«cdote,  which  is  a  valuable  contribution 
to  the  early  history  of  that  state.  It 
was  published  immediately  after  his 
death,  with  a  preface  from  his  disting- 
uished countryman  and  co-laborer, 
Qen.  Shields.    He  died  in  1850. 

FOSTER,  JOHN,  an  eminent  Irish 
Statesman,  born  in  Dublin  in  1740, 
was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
then  elected  a  member  of  the  Irish  Par- 
liament at  the  age  of  eighteen  and  was 
called  to  the  bar  in  1766.  In  1785  Fos- 
ter was  unanimously  chosen  speaker  of 
the  Irish  House  of  Commons.  Although 
A  bigoted  protestant,  he  was  a  clear- 
lieaaed  Statesman  on  questions  of  mat- 


erial interest  to  Ireland,  and  had  a  sur- 
prising knowledge  of  Ireland's  trade, 
resources  and  capabilities.  His  re- 
ligious  bigotry  seemed  to  have  warped 
his  patriotism  in  the  early  part  of  his 
career,  but  In  the  latter  period;^  of  his 
life  he  became  broader  and  more  liberal 
in  his  views  and  when  too  late  saw  the 
error  of  his  opposition  to  Catholic 
rights.  He  strongly  opposed  the  meas- 
ure of  Union,  and  his  arguments  point- 
ing out  the  certain  destructions  of  Irish 
commerce  and  prosperity  if  the  insane 
measure  should  pass,  were  not  only  im- 
answerable,  but  were  verified  by  the 
result.  He  saw  when  too  late  it  was  in 
vain  to  contend  for  the  freedom  of  a 
country  when  the  majority  of  her 
people  were  practicalljr  slaves,  with  no 
rights.  That  its  security  was  alone  in 
the  union  and  harmony  of  all  its  people. 
After  the  act  of  Union,  Government  de- 
manded the  speaker's  mace  from  Fos- 
ter, but  he  refused  to  give  it  up  say'^ig 
until  the  body  which  entrustea  it  to  hu 
keeping  demanded  it,  he  would  preserve 
it  for  them.  He  was  appointed  Chan- , 
cellor  of  the  Ex  chequer  in  Ireland  in 
1815,  and  made  a  baron  in  1831.  He 
died  Aug.  1828.     - 

FRANCIS,  PHILIP,  son  of  the  Dean 
of  Lismore,  Ireland,  Iwas  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  after  hav- 
ing taken  orders  in  the  Enslish  churdi 
he  removed  to  England  and  established 
an  academy  at  Surrey  and  through 
Lord  Holland's  influence  he  obtained 
some  church  preferments.  Francis 
wrote  the  tragedies  of  Eugenia  and 
Constancia,  and  some  political  articles 
in  defence  of  the  Govemment,  besides 
translations  of  Horace  and  of  l^e  ora- 
tions of  Demosthenes  and  .^schines. 
He  died  1778. 

FRANCIS,  SIR  PHILIP,  son  of  the 
foregoing,  was  bom  in  Dublin,  1740, 
and  was  educated  at  St.  Paul's  school. 
I  (e  is  best  known  now  as  the  author  of 
the  celebrated  letters  of  Junius,  which 
at  the  time  of  publication  attracted 
BO  much  attention  on  account  of  their 
boldness  and  ability,  and  perhaps  still 
more  on  account  of  doubt  as  to  the 
authorship,  which  was  laid  at  the  door 
of  almost  every  eminent  public  man  of 
the  time,  whose  views  were  coincident 
with  anv  portion  of  those  letters. 
FrandB  u  now  almost  universally  con- 
ceded to  have  been  the  author.    He 


^M 


FRE 


IBIBH  CBLT8. 


FRE 


He 


commenced  his  i)olitical  career  as  a 
Clerk  in  the  Secretary  of  States  office 
afterwards  was  Secretary  of  the  Em- 
"baaa  y  at  Portugal,  and  an  attache  of 
the  war  office,  and  in  1773  was  sudden- 
ly raised  to  be  one  of  the  Counsel  of 
Ben^.  He  remained  in  India  until 
1780,  and  proved  to  be  an  active  o^pos- 
«r  of  the  policy  of  Warren  Hastings. 
Their  antagonism  at  length  ended  in  a 
dud  in  which  Francis  was  severely 
wounded.  In  1784  he  obtained  a  seat  in 
Parliament  and  continued  to  sit  there 
for  the  greater  part  of  his  life.  He 
voted  with  the  Whig  and  took  a  prom- 
inent part  in  aU  the  great  questions  of 
.  tbe  day,  especially  was  he  active  in  the 
impeachment  of  Mr.  Hastings  and  In- 
dia affairs.  When  his  friends  came 
into  power  he  received  the  order  of 
Bath,  and  expected  to  be  sent  to  India 
aa  Governor  Oeneral,  but  the  opposition 
of  the  company  was  too  strong,  and 
Francis  was  greatly  chagrined  and  im- 
bittered  at  his  failure.  He  died  in  1818. 
Francis  was  an  able  political  writer,  full 
of  point  and  spirit  and  had  his  temper 
been  more  congenial,  would  undoubt- 
edly have  been  one  of  the  most  success- 
ful, as  ne  was  one  5f  the  ablest  politci- 
ans  and  statesmen  of  his  day. 

FRENCH.  NICHOLAS,  D.  D.,  Bish- 
op of  Ferns,  a  learned  and  able  Irish 
divine  scholar,  legislator  and  patriot, 
was  born  in  Wexford,  1604,  and  re- 
ceived his  education  on  the  continent. 
He  was  one  of  the  first  pupils  received 
into  the  Irish  College  established  at 
Louvain,  and  even  there  greatly  dis- 
tinguished himself.  After  completing 
his  studies  he  was  ordained  priest,  and 
soon  after  returned  to  his  native  city, 
where  he  devoted  himself  to  the  spiritual 
wants  of  his  people,  and  was  soon  dis- 
tinguished for  his  zeal  and  eloquence. 
In  1648  he  was  elevated  to  the  Bishopric 
of  Ferns,  and  he  took  an  active  part 
with  the  patriots  of  his  country  in  de- 
fence of  their  civil  and  religious  rights. 
In  1645  he  was  elected  to  the  celebrated 
Parliament  of  Kilkenny  as  a  burgess  of 
the  town  of  Wexford.  His  zeal,  disin- 
terested patriotism  and  n'eat  ability 
tsoongave  him  a  commanding  position 
among  the  National  Confederates.  In 
January  1646  a  Synod  of  the  Irish 
clergv  was  held  in  Dublin,  and  also  a 
meeung  of  the  Confederate  leaders. 
Bishop  French  boldly  impeached  the 
good  faith  of  Gen.  Frai(on«  who  equal- 


ly shared  the  command  with  Owen 
Roe  O'Neil,  and  moved  that  he  be  sus- 
pended from  his  important  trust.  This 
great  bishop  saw  in  Preston  a  traitor 
whose  designs,  hidden  under  the  bondb 
of  friendship  and  co-operation  was  far 
more  dangerous  than  an  open  snemy, 
but  he  probably  only  faithfully  repre- 
sented tlie  duplicity  of  his  master,  who 
was  lavish  with  good  promises  to  Irish 
Catholics  when  in  trouble  with  his  Eng- 
lish subjects,  but  faithless  to  the  last 
degree,  when  such  policv  would  sub- 
serve his  interests.  Unfortunately  all 
the  Irish  chief  tains  could  not  agree  as 
to  the  policy  to  be  pursued  or  to  the  iu' 
tegrity  of  the  doubted,  and  when  miity 
was  essential  to  success,  it  did  not  ex- 
ist. In  1647  the  Bishop  and  Sir  Nicholas 
Plunket  were  accredited  to  the  Catholic 
govemmei  ts  of  the  continent  from  the 
principal  Irish  Confederates,  to  ez« 
plain  their  differences  with  the  King, 
(Charles).  In  the  following  year  he  fui* 
tended  a  Synod  at  Jamestown,  and  re- 

E resented  the  See  of  Dublin,  as  well  as 
is  own,  and  again  went  to  the  contin- 
ent to  secure  aid  for  the  struggling 
cause.  It  being  tow  unsafe  for  him  to 
return  to  Ireland,  he  went  to  Bnissels, 
and  devoted  his  time  to  refute  the  gross 
slanders,  which  English  hireling  were 
continually  and  industriously  circulat- 
ing, against  the  Irish  race  and  church. 
He  published  a  work  entitled  "The  Un- 
kind Deserter  of  Loyal  Men  and  True 
Friends,''  and  showed  that  not  only  the 
misfortunes  of  the  Confederates  and 
the  ruin  of  their  country  came  from  the 
counsels  of  Ormond,  but  also  the  ruin 
of  his  masters  cause.  This  course  h« 
attributes  to  the  fear  of  Ormond  that  if 
the  Confederates  were  successful  h» 
might  be  compelled  to  disgorge  a  por 
tion  of  his  plundered  wealth.  'This 
drew  from  Clarendon— probably  at  the 
request  of  Ormond  and  the  King 
(Charles  II)  a  reply.  The  Bishops  an- 
swer was  the  preface  of  a  work 
which  was  printed  at  Louvian,  call- 
ed "Bleading  Iphigenia."  He  next 
went  to  Paris,  wnen  he  was  appoint* 
ed  Co-adlutor  to  the  Archbishop. 
Through  the  influence  of  Ormond  and 
his  master  he  was  again  made  a  wand- 
erer, but  he  received  a  home  and  place 
from  the  Archbishop  of  St.  lago  and 
he  becamo  his  stiff  r  gan.  Here  he  com- 
posed a  Latin  work  entitled  "The  Lu- 
cubritions  of  the  Bishop  of  Ferns." 
The  'Restoration'  of  thiS  ignoble  house 


fi  "i 


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of  Stuart, brought  him  ho  hope.  He  ap- 
plied for  leave  to  return  to  his  See,  but 
conditions  were  suggested  which  he 
spurned.  He  at  length  sought  the 
happy  home  of  his  collegiate  studies 
at  Louvain  from  whence  he  issued 
tracts  sustaining  the  acts  of  the  Con- 
federates and  the  Rights  of  the  Irish 
Catholics,  and  "Justifying  the  late 
War."  He  aUo  turned  his  attention  to 
the  Stuart  Dynasty  and  lays  bare  their 
iniquity  towards  Ireland  in  his  book  of 
"Sale  and  Settlement  of  Ireland,"  which 
demonstrates  that  from  the  duplicity 
of  such  a  race,  no  good  could  have 
been  expected.  While  at  Louvain  he  fill- 
ed some  of  the  most  important  positions 
and  he  generously  established  a  bourse 
for  the  diocese  oi  Ferns,  which  he  en- 
dowed in  perpetuity.  He  was  after- 
wards appointed  Co-adjutor  t»  the 
Archbishop  of  Ghent  which  position  he 
filled  at  the  time  of  his  death  Aug.  23rd 
1678.  Bishop  French  was  undoubtedly 
one  of  the  greatest  and  most  illustrious 
of  Irish  Prelates  and  patriots. 

PRIDOLIITDS,  SAINT,  an  eminent 
Irish  missionary,  was  converted  in  the 
time  of  St.  Patnck,  and  was  the  son  of 
an  Irish  King.  After  embracing  a  re- 
ligious life  and  being  elevated  to  the 
priesthood,  he  traveled  on  the  continent 
preaching  the  gospel  to  the  heathens. 
He  went  througn  France  and  Germany 
preaching  and  building  churches,  and 
founding  monasteries,  especially  in  Aus- 
trasia  Burgandy  and  Switzerland.  He 
was  titular  patron  of  the  Swiss  Canton 
of  Glaus,  and  was  surnamed  Viator  on 
account  of  his  unceasing  travels  and 
labors.  He  died  about  4.ii8  at  Sekingen, 
ap  Islond  in  the  Rhine,  where  he  aad 
established  a  monastery. 

FULLER,  RT.  REV.  THOMAS 
BROOK,  a  distinguished  Canadian 
divine  of  the  Episcopal  church,  the  son 
of  an  Irish  Major  of  the  4l8t  Foot,  was 
born  in  1810  in  Kingston,  Canada, where 
his  father  was  then  stationed.  His 
father  was  of  a  well-known  Cork  fam- 
ily,who  died  during  the  war  of  1812,  in 
active  service  in  Canada.  Our  subject 
nceived  his  education  in  various  schools 
\n  Upper  Canada,  and  pursued  his  theo- 
logy at  Chambly,  Lower  Canada. 
After  his  ordination  in  1888  he  was 
stationed  at  Montreal,  where  he  married 
and  was  afterwards  sent  to  Chatham, 
whei'e  he  remained  a  missionaiy  for  five 


yeara.    By  his  foresight  and  energy  he 

fave  direction  to  his  associates  and 
rought  about  the  first  Synod  at  To- 
ronto in  1858.  In  the  meantime  h& 
was  made  Rector  of  Thorold,  then 
Dean,  and  where  he  built  a  fine  church. 
He  was  afterwards  put  in  charge  of  St. 
George's  Church,  Toronto,  and  in  '67 
made  Archdeacon  of  Niagara.  In  187{V- 
a  new  Diocese  was  erected  and  he  was 
made  Bishop  of  Niagara.  He  is  the 
author  of  some  religious  tracts  and  books 
of  devotion,  and  is  held  in. high  esteem 
by  his  brethren. 

FULTON,  ROBT.,  an  eminent  Am- 
erican engineer  and  projector,  of  Irish 
parents,  his  father  having  been  a  native 
of  Kilkenny,  was  born  in  Pennsylvania 
in  1765.  He  first  was  apprenticed  to  a 
jeweler,  but  displaying  considerable  ar- 
tistic folents,  he  turned  his  attention  to 
miniature  painting,  and  after  securing 
his  mother  a  horae  by  his  own  labor,  he 
went  to  England  and  became  for  some 
years  a  pupil  of  Benj.  West,  having 
however,  become  acquainted  with  a 
skillful  engineer  and  inventor  named 
Ramsey,  he  became  enarmoured  of  that 
science,  and  eventually  adopted  the  pro- 
fession of  Civil  Engineer.  Before  he 
left  England  he  published  in  1789i  a 
treatise  on  Inland  Navigation  in  which, 
he  proposed  to  supercede  locks  by  in- 
clinal  plains.  He  went  to  Paris  this  year 
at  the  invitation  of  Mr.  Barlow,  United 
States  Minister,  and  remained  seven- 
years.  In  1800  he  introduced  with 
much  profit  to  himself,  the  panorama 
of  the  French  capital,  and  ouring  hiM 
residence  in  Paris,  he  constructed  a 
steamboat  which  proved  a  success.  He 
also  at  this  time  for  some  years  experi- 
mented on  a  torpedo,  which  was  intend* 
ed  for  the  destruction  of  ships  of  war. 
After  his  return  to  America  hepubliiih- 
ed  an  account  of  several  inventions, 
among  which  was  a  machine  for  split- 
ting and  polishing  marble,  a  boat  to  be 
navigated  under  water  etc.  In  1807  he 
completed  a  steamboat  which  success- 
fully navigated  the  Hudson.  He  ob- 
tained a  patent  in  1809  for  his  invent- 
ion in  navigating  by  steam,  and  another 
in  1811.  In  1814  he  designed  an  armed 
steam  ship  for  the  defence  of  the  harbor 
of  New  York,  and  a  submarine  vessel 
capable  of  holding  100  men,  the  plans 
of  which  being  sanctioned  by  Govern- 
ment he  was  ordered  to  construct  them, 
at  Oovermnent  expense.     But  before 


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X  RT.  REV.  DR.  DOYLE, 
a  FATHER  MATHEW.  4  D.  F.  McCARTHY. 

3  GERALD  GRIFFIN,  5  CHAS.  GAVIN  DUFFV. 


6AI 


nUBH  CELTS. 


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completing  these  works  he  died  sudden- 
ly  in  1815.  His  death  occasioned  ex- 
traordinary demonstrations  of  sorrow 
throughout  the  country.  He  was  the  first 
to  Buccessfuly  apply  steam  to  naviga- 
tion. He  was  justly  considered  as  one 
of  the  ablest  scientists  and  mechanicians 
of  his  age,  full  of  enerey  and  re- 
sources, and  his  death  was  looked  upon 
as  a  public  calamity.  ^ 

GAGE,  THOMAS,  a  talented  but 
eratic  Irish  Missionary  was  educated  at 
St.  Omers,  and  after  umpleting  his 
studies,  joined  the  Dominicans.  He 
was  sent  from  Spain  to  Mexico  in  1625, 
one  of  a  number  of  Missionaries  destin- 
ed to  Philippene  Islands,  but  not  relish- 
ing so  distant  a  fieM,  he  separated  him- 
self from  his  brethren  and  went  to 
Guatimala  where  he  acted  as  a  mission- 
ary among  the  Indians  for  upwards  of 
ten  years.  In  1687  he  became  tired  of 
his  labors  abandoned  his  work,  return- 
ed to  England,  and  being  suspended, 
he  acted  as  a  Protestant  Minister  at 
Deal.  He  published  a  survey  of  the 
West  Indies,  giving  an  account  of  his 
missions  in  New  Spain,  and  his 
travels  in  the  New  World,  which  was 
both  curious  and  interesting.  He  died 
1655. 

GAINES,  MTRA  CLARK,  celebra- 
ted for  her  ability,  perseverance  and 
?luck,  was  born  at  New  Orleans  in 
805,  and  eventually  became  the  wife  of 
General  Gaines,  United  States  Army. 
She  was  the  daughter  of  Daniel  Clark 
a  native  of  Sligo,  Ireland,  who  died  at 
New  Orleans  in  1818,  leaving  a  great 
estate.  Clark  was  privately  married  to 
Myra's  mother,  Zuline  des  Granges,  a 
young  French  woman  of  remarkable 
beauty,  but  who  had  been  previously 
married  to  an  European  who  had  gone 
abroad  and  whom  it  was  proved  after- 
wards had  a  wife  at  the  time  in  Europe. 
Mrs.  Gaines  became  celebrated  by  the 
tact,  perseverance,  success  and  talent 
she  display  3d  in  clearing  up  the  cloud 
upon  her  birth,  and  her  right  to  an  es- 
tate which  includes  a  large  portion 
of  New  Orleans,  and  is  now  probably 
worth  150,000,000.  She  commenced 
suits  in  Louisiana  for  the  recovery  of 
her  rights  about  1885,  and  with  varying 
fortune  and  in  the  face  of  almost  insur- 
mountable obstacles  she  contested  for 
her  birthright,  and  at  length  won  her 
cause  in  the  Supreme  Court  of   the 


United  States  in  1867.  She  took  an 
active  part  not  only  in  preparing  her 
cases  for  trial,  but  towards  the  end  in 
arguing  their  merits  before  the  Court, 
displaying  great  tact,  good  judgment 
and  ability.  By  1874  she  had  received 
abcul  $6,000,000  from  compromises 
with  those  in  possession, treatingall  with 
great  leniency  and  fairness,  but  insist- 
ing on  the  acknowledgement  of  her 
rights.  Although  70  year;  of  age  dl 
this  time  she  was  remarkable  for  her 
youthful  appearance,  still  beautiful  and 
full  of  animation  and  a  brilliuut  con- 
versationalist. 

GALLAGHER,  WM.  D.,  an  Ameri- 
can poet  and  editor  of  note,  was  born 
in  Philadelphia,  August  21,  1808.    His 
father  was  an  Irish  patriot,  who  came 
to  tills  country  the  end  of  the  last  cen- 
tury, and  died  in  1814,  leaving  four 
sons.    The  family  removed  to  a  farm 
near  Cincinnati,  in  1816,  where  the  boys 
aided  to  work  the  farm,  and  at  the  same 
time  went  to  school.    William  subse- 
quently went  to  Cincinnati  and  entered 
Lancaster  Seminary,  and  supported  him- 
self by  working  at   printing.     After 
some  years  of  this,  mixed  experience  he 
devoted  himself  to  newspaper  work, 
both  as  printer  and  writer,  and  wrote 
his  first  verses  for  a  paper  called  tlie 
'  'Emporium."    In  conjunction  with  his 
brother  he  started  a  literary  paper  call- 
ed "The  Western  Minerva.'^    He  be- 
came connected  in  the  course  of  time 
with  various  other  literary  and  political 
papers,  being  a  Whig  in  politics.    In 
1885  he  issued  his  first  volume  of  poe- 
try called  "Erato,"  which  was  highly 
praised.    In  1840  he  edited  a  volume  of 
selev-aons  from  Western    poetry,  and 
was  President  of  Ohio  State  Historical 
Society.    In  1853  he  was  offered  an  in- 
terest in  the  "New  York  Tribune,"  and 
also  in  the  "Cincinnati  Commercial," 
but  declined,  connecting  himself  with 
Prentice  on  the  "Louisville  Courier." 
Bein^  a    strong  anti-slavery  man  his 
principles  injured  his  prop^jects  in  the 
South,  and   he   disconnected   himself 
with  the  "Courier"  after  less  than  a 
year.    Prentice  assailed  him  so  outrage* 
ously  that  Gallagher  branded  him  as  a 
scoundrel  and  a  liar,  for  which  lie  was 
challenged,  which  bravado  he  answered 
in  a  dignified  and  cutting  manner.  After 
leaving  the  "Courier,"  he  purchased  a 
farm  in  the  Pewee  Valley  near  Louis- 
ville, Kentucky,  where  he  still  resides. 


■i* 


...    > 


GEL 


XBSBB  CKX/n 


OIL 


*'-. 


enjoying  the  ever-changing  beauties  of 
nature.  During  the  war  he  was  em- 
ployef^  in  some  important  duties  as 
commercial  agent,  and  saved  the  gov- 
ernment miluons.  Such,  however,  is 
his  integrity  of  character,  tliat  when  he 
resigned  his  government  trust  he  was 
poorer  tlian  when  he  commenced. 

QANDON,  JAMES,  an  eminent  ar- 
chitect of  Irish  parents,  was  bom  about 
1740,  but  whether  in  Ireland  or  England 
is  not  known.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Sir 
William  Chambers  and  was  me  first  to 
receive  the  architectural  gold  medal  of 
*he  Royal  Society.  He  resided  in  Ire- 
land the  most  of  his  life,  and  designed 
the  Court  House  at  Waterford.  the  Cus- 
tom House,  the  Four  Courts  and  the 
g>rtico  of  tiie  Irish  House  of  Lords, 
ubliii,  besides  many  other  elegant 
strctures  in  both  England  and  Ireland. 
He  died  hi  1824. 

GARDNER,  ADMIHAL  ALAN,  a 
«dknt  naval  ofBcer  in  the  service  of 
Great  Britain,  was  of  Irish  parents  from 
Golwaine,  Ulster :  entered  tbe  navy  and 
was  appointed  a  Lieutenant  of  the  Bel- 
lona  In  1725,  and  in  1760  was  made 
Post  Captdn.  In  '85  he  was  commodore 
and  commander  in  chief  of  her  Majesty's 
lE^ps  at  Jamaica.  In  1798  he  was  made 
rear  Admiral  of  the  Blue,  and  the  fol- 
lowing year  Rear  Admiral  of  the  White 
and  Major  General  of  Marines.  He 
distinguished  himself  in  the  memorable 
actions.  May  29th,  and  June  1st  in  1794 
and  was  created  a  Baronet.  He  receiv- 
ed the  thanks  of  the  House  of  Commons 
for  gallant  conduct  in  the  action  off 
Fort  L'Orient  where  he  was  second  in 
command.  In  1796  he  was  returned 
to  Parliament  and  in  1799  made  Adniiral 
of  the  fleet  and  elevated  to  the  Peerage 
of  Ireland  in  1800.     He  died  in  18(W. 

6ARTLAND,RT.  REV.  FRANCIS. 
D.  D. ,  an  American  Catholic  divine  and 
first  Bishop  of  Bavanah,  was  bom  in 
Ireland  in  1805,  emigrated  to  the  United 
States  and  entering  the  priesthood,  be- 
came noted  for  ability  and  zeal»  In 
1860  he  was  raised  to  the  episcopacy, 
and  died  Sep.  20, 1854. 

GELASIUS,  ST.,  Archbishop  of 
Armagh  and  pnmate  of  Ireland  A.  D., 
1160  was  celebrated  for  his  learning 
and  great  sanctity.  He  lived  a  most 
austere  Ufe  and  aIthou!gh  worn  oat^by 


age  and  fasting  he  was  vigilant  in  every 
apostolic  duty  till  his  death.  His  feast 
is  kept  on  the  27th  of  Mard'^ 

GIBILAN,  MAURICE,  an  Irish 
divine  and  philosopher,  was  a  canon  of 
the  church  of  Tuam,  and  was  famed 
for  learning  and  poetry.  He  died  A. 
D.  1827. 

GILBERT,  called  Urgale,  a  cele- 
brated Irish  ^vine  and  philosopher  who 
flourished  about  A.  D.  1880.  He  be- 
longed to  the  order  of  Carmelites  and 
was  author  of  a  summary  of  law  and 
one  dt  theology.    •       , 

GILBERT,  Bishop  of  Limerick  and 
apostolic  le«ite,  a  learned  and  holy 
prelate.  A.  D.  1080.  Was  noted  for 
Ids  zeal  in  promoting  every  good  work. 
He  convened  a  council  of  Bishops  and 
princes  to  reform  abuses,  and  addressed 
a  treatise  on  the  Ecclesiastical  Ritual  to 
the  bishops  of  Ireland,  and  one  also  on 
the  state  of  the  church.  Worn  out 
with  age  and  labors  he  resigned  his 
powers  of  legate  to  Innocent  Ul,  who 
conferred  them  on  St.  Malachi,who  had 
been  made  primate  against  his  will  by 
the  persistence  of  Gfilbert  some  time 
before. 

GILES,  HENRY,  an  able  and  distin- 
guished American  divine,  bom  iaCoun^ 
Wexford,  Ireland,  Nov.  1st,  1809.  Bfe 
received  his  education  at  home,  but 
amidst  a  conflict  of  beliefs  he  became 
unsettled  in  his  religious  views  and  af- 
ter various  changes,  he  at  length  joined 
che  Unitarians  and  became  pastor  of  a 
church  at  Greenoch,  England,  and  after- 
wards at  Liverpool.  In  1841  he  came  to 
the  United  States  where  his  solid  tal- 
ents were  soon  recognized,  and  be 
became  very  popular  as  a  preacher  and 
Jec*urer.  Among  his  worKs  are  "Irish 
Xectures  and  Essays,"  "Christian 
Thoughts  in  Life,"  "Illustrations  on 
Genius  in  some  of  its  applications  to 
Society  and  Culture."  GHIes  is  a  clear 
and  powerful  writer,  and  has  written  a 

Seat  deal  for  cotemporary  literature  in 
e  first  periodicals  of  the  country.  He 
resides  in  Quincy,  Mass. , 

GILES,  JOHN,  a  distinguished  law- 
yer of  North  Carolina,  was  a  son  of 
patriotic  Irish  parents  who  settled  in 
in  that  State  prior  to  the  Revolution. 
He  waa  bom  in  Rowan  County,  about 


■-< 


■    1  T  ' 


OIL 


HUSH  OBLTI. 


OIL 


1785  and  educated  at  Chapel  Hill  Unl- 
vendty.  After  graduating  he  adopted 
the  profession  of  the  law,  and  soon 
acquired  a  large  practise.  He  was  hon- 
ors by  his  fellow  citizens  with  dis- 
tinctions he  did  not  seek,  and  among 
them  was  elected  to  Congress  in  1829, 
but  did  not  take  his  seat  on  account  of 
ill  health.  He  died  March  2nd,  1846, 
much  lamented. 

OILES.  WILLIAM  6.,  an  American 
Statesman  and  patriot,  was  bom  of  Irish 
parents  in  yirginia,about  1760,  and  was 
an  early  and  ardent  supporter  of  the  Rev- 
olutiona-  v  struggle.  He  represented  his 
State  in  Cougress  for  many  years,  and 
was  a  Senator  from  1811  to  1815, 
and  in  1826  was  elected  Governor  of 
the  State.     He  died  in  1880. 

GILHOOLEY,  P.  H.,  an  able  and 
eldquent  American  advocate  and  jurist, 
was  bom  in  New  York  about  1860,  of 
Irish  parents.  His  father,  like  so  many 
thousands  of  his  race,  stepped  prompt- 
ly to  the  support  of  the  Union,  when 
the  great  rebellion  broke  out,  leaving 
the  care  of  the  family  on  the  mother, 
who  then  resided  in  Morris  ania,  a  sub- 
urb of  New  York  City.  To  raise  a  boy 
full  of  life  and  energy,  and  brains  and 
pluck,  as  is  the  average  Irish  boy,  in 
the  shadows  of  a  great  city,  is  a  respon- 
sible and  difiBcult  task,  with  the  most 
favored,  much  more  so  is  it  to  a  poor 
mother  unaided,  and  in  the  case  of  the 
poor,  always  with  the  most  difficult 
surroundings.  Our  subject  consequent- 
ly had  as  much  of  his  own  sweet  will 
as  boys  will  have, who  can,  and  in  such 
cases  his  companions  are  not  always  the 
choicest.  It  appears  that  some  of  his 
companions  about  this  time  purloined 
some  fruit  and  cake,  and  our  subject 
partook  of  the  stolen  feast;  fortunately 
or  unfortunately  the  were  "^thered  m' 
for  the  great  crime  I  and  as  they  were 
poor  and  powerless,  were  sent  to  ^e 
'Reformatory. '  Our  subject's  manliness 
and  good  conduct,  for  he  was  no  crimi- 
nal, attracted  the  attention  of  Mie  Sup- 
erintendent, and  he  was  apprenticed  to 
a  New  Jersey  farmer  till  he  was  of  age, 
on  condition  that  he  was  to  receive  four 
months  schooling  each  year,  and  two 
auits  of  clothes,  besides  flOO  at  the  end 
of  the  time.  He  soon  mastered  the 
manifold  duties  of  his  place  and  won 
the  r^ard  and  confidence  of  his  em- 
ployer, by  hia,  willingneas,  promptitude 


and  care.  In  the  meantime  he  did  not 
forfl;et  those  at  home,  having  chances  to 
make  profit  of  his  spare  time,  he  aided  faJa 
mother  materially  to  sustain  her  heavy 
birnlen.  His  quick  mastery  of  the  cur- 
riculum of  the  school  he  attended,  gave 
him  new  ideas.  At  the  age  of  eighteen, 
desiring  to  adopt  a  profession  he  settled 
with  ms  employer  m  an  amicable  way, 
and  engaged  as  a  district  school  teacher. 
He  then  determined  to  devote  his  spare 
time  to  Law,  and  ultimately  adopted 
that  as  his  profession,  and  succeeded  in 
being  prepared  for  admission  at  the 
earliest  possible  age,  namely,  twenty- 
one  years.  He  was  admitted  to  the 
New  Jersey  hai,  and  soon  won  recog- 
nition by  his  ability,  Zealand  singular 
integrity  of  character.  In  a  few  years 
he  bad  a  large  practice  in  Elizabeth, 
New  Jenev,  and  ranked  with  the  first 
lawyers  of  the  state.  In  his  twenty- 
eighth  year  he  was  appointed  District 
Judge,  and  he  has  given  universal  satis- 
faction, not  less  by  his  considoration 
and  f  aimiess  to  lawyers  and  clients  than 
by  his  judicial  acumen  and  impartial 
justice.  He  hot  only  stands  high  In 
the  confidence  of  his  parly  (Democratic) 
and  although  comparatively  youne  is 
looked  to  as  their  strongest  candidate 
for  Governor,  but  also  with  his  fellow 
citizens  of  all  parties,  because  he  is 
above  a  mere  politician,  for  from  such 
materials  are  made  true  statesmen. 

GILL,  THOMAS,  an  able  American 
Joumaliist  and  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  New  York  Evening  Star,  was  bom 
in  Ireland  in  1788,  and  received  a  Cel- 
lmate educ&tion ;  entered  the  British 
Navy  as  Lieutenant,  resigned  and  came 
to  America  ;  joined  the  expedition  of 
Qfsa.  Miranda  for  the  liberation  of 
Columbia  8.  A.  from  Spanish  rule,  was 
taken  prisoner,  but  escaped,  returned 
to  New  York  and  became  business  man- 
ager of  the  Evening  Post,  till  1882,  when 
he|and  Maj,  Noah  founded  the  Evening 
Star.    He  died  April  29,1889. 

GILLESPIE,  JAMES,  an  Irish  Am- 
erican patriot  of  the  Revolution,  who 
settied  with  his  parents  in  North  Caro- 
lina before  the  nreat  straggle,  and  who 
bore  an  honoraiile  share  in  securing 
American  Indep^dence.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Provincial  Congress  of 
that  state  before  the  war,  and  for  many 
years  represented  that  state  in  the 
United  States  Congress,  of  which  he 


\ 


.'I ' 


R' 


OUi 


IRISH  CELTS. 


OLE 


ma  a  member  ivhen  he  died,  January 
lA,  1806,  universallj  regretted. 

GILLESPIE,  WILLIAM  MITCH- 
ELL, an  able  American  mathematician 
and  author,  was  bom  in  New  York  of 
Irish  parents,  in  1816,  graduated  at 
Columbia  College  in  1884,  and  continu- 
ed liis  studies  in  Europe,  where  he  resid- 
ed for  about  ten  years.  He  returned  to 
New  York  in  1^  and  was  appointed 
professor  of  Civil  Engineering  in  Union 
College,  a  position  which  he  held  dur- 
ing life.  Among  his  works  are,  "Rome 
as  seen  by  a  New  Yorker,"  "Roads  and 
Railroads,"  "Philosophy  of  Mathema- 
tics," translated  from  the  French, 
"Principles  and  Practice  of  Land  Sur- 
veying, "Leveline,  Topography  and 
Higher  Surveying.*^  He  died  January 
1, 1868. 

OILMAN,  JOHN  TAYLOR,  an  Am- 
erican i>atriot  and  statesman,  was  bom 
in  New  Hampshire  in  1758,  of  Irish 
parents.  He  early  e8{K)used  the 
cause  of  the  colonics,  as  did  also  his 
father,  and  the  fir  news  from  Lexing- 
ton saw  him  at  the  head  of  100  men, 
with  whom  he  marched  for  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  and  served  with  distinction  in 
the  army.  He  afterwards  assisted  his 
father,  who  was  made  State  Treasurer 
during  the  war;  and  in  1780  he  repre- 
sented New  Hampshire  in  the  Conven- 
tion called  to  devise  additional  measures 
for  the  defence  of  the  country.  In 
1797  he  was  chosen  Governor  of  the 
State  and  was  elected  two  successive 
terms,  and  afterwasds  in  1813,  '14  and 
'16,  and  although  a  strong  Federalist, 
he  was  able  to  carry  his  state  when  his 

Sarty  were  far  in  the  minority.     He 
ied  September  1, 1828. 

GILMAN,  REV.TRISTRAM,  a  cele- 
brated Protestant  divine  of  North  Yar- 
mouth, Maine,  born  in  New  Hampshire 
and  was  the  son  of  Rev.  Nicholas  Gil- 
man  a  native  of  Ireland.  Trii:trttm  grad- 
uated at  Harvard  in  1767,  and  was  an 
eloquent  advocate  of  popular  rights  and 
a  preacher  of  considerable  celebrity. 
He  died  in  1809. 

GILMAN,  NICHOLAS,  an  Irish 
American  patriot,  who  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  the  Revolution  and  repre- 
sentee! New  Hampshire  in  the  Conti- 
rsntal  Congress  from  1786  to  '88.  He 
-was  a  member  of  the  Convention  that 


formed  the  United  States  Constitution 
signed  that  instrament,  and  con- 
tinued to  represent  his  state  in  Congress 
as  a  member  of  the  House  until  1797. 
He  was  elected  United  States  Senator  in 
1806  and  held  his  seat  till  his  death 
May  2, 1814,  at  the  age  of  62  years. 

GILMAN,  P.  S.,  A  celebrated  Am> 
erican  musical  conductor,  was  bora  in 
Ireland,  and  emigrated  to  America 
when  young;  became  noted  for  his 
musical  talent  and  as  the  organizer  and 
conductor  of  the  great  Boston  Musical 
Jubilee  and  other  gigantic  musical  per- 
formances. He  was  also  the  leader  of 
a  famous  band  which  won  great  ap- 
plause in  Europe  and  America.  He 
still  resided  in  New  York  and  is  dis- 
tinguished not  only  as  being  a  fine 
coronet  player  and  musical  director, 
but  also  as  a  skilful  and  artisUc  com- 
poser. 

GILRAY,  JAMES,  an  eminent  cari- 
cature artist,  was  bom  in  Ireland  about 
1760,  and  early  developed  his  peculiar 
talent.  He  resided  for  many  years  in 
London,  and  was  without  a  rival  in  his 
day.  His  sketches  which  were  edited 
by  himself,  were  full  of  broad  humor, 
keen  satire,  originality,  and  artistic 
skiU.    He  died  in  1861. 

GLENIE,  JAMES,  an  eminent 
mathematician  was  bom  in  the  south  of 
Ireland  and  educated  at  St  Andrews. 
He  entered  the  army  and  soon  distin- 
guished himself  as  an  artillery  ofHicer, 
but  having  given  proofs  of  his  talents 
as  an  engineer,  Ifc  was  removed  to  that 
corps.  All  his  prospects  of  promotion 
at  that  time,  in  the  English  army,  were 
however,  cmsbed  bv  'his  earning  the 
enmity  of  the  Duke  of  Richmond 
whose  pretentions  as  an  engineer  he 
crushed  by  a  seasonable  pamphlet  on 
his  proposed  fortification,  exposing 
its  weakness  and  alMurdity,  and  hold- 
iqg  it  up  to  ridicule.  His  services  to  the 
credit  and  skill  of  his  corps  were  recog- 
nized by  the  plan  being  dropped,  Imt 
he  was  rewarded  by  having  to  retire. 
After  many  vicissitudes  of  fortune,  he 
died  near  Pimlicoin  1817.  Ue  was  a 
member  of  the  Royal  Society.  Amonz 
his  works  are  a  'History  of  Gunnery, 
'Observations  on  Const  ruction,  and  the 
'Doctrine  of  Universal  Comparison,  and 
General  Proportion'  also  one  onCalcidus. 


\v 


OOL 


HUBH  CBLTI. 


GOO 


Z^ 


OODHAH,  ADAM,  known  as 
Adam  of  Ireland,  was  a  monk  of  the 
order  of  St.  Francis  and  one  of  the 
most  lear  ned  men  of  his  dav.  He  was 
•  doctor  of  Theology  at  Oxford.  John 
Mayor  says  he  was  not  inferior  to  Ock- 
am  in  learning.  He  wrote  comment 
aries  on  tlie  loxa  books  «-f  Sentences 
and  other  works, which  were  printed  in 
Paris  in  1612. 

GOLDSMITH,  OLIVER,  one  of  the 
most  talented  of  poets,  miscellaneous 
writers  and  dramatists  which  modem 
times  have  produced,  was  l  «  son  of  an 
Irish  curate,  and  was  bora  m  County 
Ix>ngford,  Ireland,  in  1781.  Through 
the  kindness  of  an  uncle  he  was  enabled 
40  enter  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  where 
he  seems  to  have  given  but  little  atten- 
tion to  study.  Alter  this  he  was  for  a 
«horttimea  family  tutor.  His  uncle, 
desirous  that  he  should  adopt  Law, 
gave  him  the  means  to  commence  its 
study,  but  it  was  soon  lost  by  his  care- 
lefM  and  extravagent  habits.  He  then 
assisted  him  to  go  to  Edinburg  to  be- 
come a  student  of  medicine,  where  he 
•pent  two  years  and  then  went  to  Ger- 
many, remaining  above  a  year  at  Lev- 
den.  .  He  quitM  this  latter  place  ab- 
ruptly in  1755,  and  with  no  money  and 
no  resources  but  his  flute,  he  traveled 
over  a  considerable  part  of  Europe.  In 
>766  he  came  to  London  penniless  and 
became  an  usher  in  a  school,  and  tlso 
attempted  medicinal  practice  in  an  bab- 
ble way.  He  also  appeared  for  exanw 
nation  before  the  College  of  Burgeons 
to  qualify  for  an  appointment  abroad, 
but  his  forlorne  appearance  perhaps, 
more  than  his  want  of  sufficient  know- 
ledge, prevented  him  from  passing. 
He  now  turned  his  attention  to  litera- 
ture, as  the  last  resource  left,  and  pro- 
duced his  £.rst  work  in  1769,  an  Essay 
on  the  present  state  of  Polite  Literature. 
He  also  drudged  for  the  Monthly  and 
Critical  Reviews,  and  other  periodicals, 
and  compiled  his  Histories  of  Greece 
and  Rome,  and  his  animated  nature. 
His  works  soon  gained  him  consider- 
able popularity,  and  he  was  constantly 
employed,  but  his  thriftless  habits  were 
against  him,  and  in  1761  we  find  him 
confined  for  debt.  It  was  while  under 
this  cloud  that  he  produced  his  unrival- 
led "Vicar  of  Wakefield,"  and  soon 
after  "The  Citizens  of  the  World." 
These  works  placed  hhn  in  the  first 
lank  of  the  great  literaiy  men  of  the 


dav,  and  he  became  the  intimate  of 
Johnson,  Burke,  and  Garrick.  In  176S 
"The  Traveler,"  and  the  beautiful  bal- 
lad of  the  "Hermit,"  appeared,  which 
E laced  hfm  equally  high  as  a  poet,  and 
is  reputation  was  still  further  increas- 
ed in  1709,  by  the  appearance  of  the 
"Deserted  Village."  In  the  meantime 
he  attempted  the  drama  by  his  comedy 
of  "The  Good-natured  Man,"  which, 
although  highly  praised  as  a  literary 
effort,  was  not  considered  dramatically 
effective.  In  1763  he  brought  out '  'She 
Stoops  to  Conquer,"  which  was  receiv- 
ed with  universal  applause  and  placed 
Goldsmith  in  the  front  rank  of  drama- 
tists. He  did  not  long  enjoy  this  new 
source  of  honor  and  profit  foi  broken 
down  by  troubles,  biought  on  by  his 
improvidence  and  carelessness,  he  died 
the  following  year.  This  highly  gifted 
man  possessed  strange  and  inconsistent 
characteristics.  'With  great  simplicity 
and  benevolence  of  disposition,  he  was 
at  times  both  vain  and  jealous,  and  al- 
though of  varied  and  extensive  knowl- 
edge and  unrivalled  in  the  easy  and 
graceful  flow  of  language  which  char- 
acterize  his  writings,  he  was  common 
place  and  uninteresting  in  conversation. 
As  a  writer,  dramatist  and  poet,  he 
justly  stands  among  the  first  of  modern 
times.  His  poetry,  natural  melodious, 
touching  and  charmingly  descriptiveu 
captivates  everv  refined  and  cultivated 
reader,  while  his  prose  rivalled  only  1^ 
the  very  best  of  the  English  classics, 
pleases  not  more  by  its  gracefulness 
and  purity  of  style,  than  by  its  gentle 
and  engaging  humor,  and  will  ever  be 
considered  as  among  the  best  of  the 
EngH«^h  classics. 

GOODE,  PATRICE  G.,  one  of  the 
same  familv  as  Samuel  of  revolutionary 
fame,  was  liorn  in  Vhrgina  about  IQm 
and  after  completing  his  education,  re- 
moved to  Ohio,  to  work  out  his  fortune 
in  that  new  State.  He  rose  to  distinct- 
ion bv  his  talents  and  energy.and  was  a 
member  of  Congress  from  that  State 
from  1887  to '4S. 

GOODB,  SAMUEL,  an  Irish  Ameri- 
can patriot  of  the  Revolution,  who  in 
common  with  his  race  throughout  the 
colonies  with  fiery  tongue  and  vigorous 
arm  sustained  the  cause  of  liberty.  Ho 
was  honored  by  his  fellow  citizens  ef 
Yirghiia  with  positions  of  trust    and 


m< 


w 


GOR 


ntlSH  CELTS. 


GOU 


bonor  and  represented  his  State  In  Con- 
gnu  from  1799  to  1801. 

GOODE,  WM.  O.,  a  talented  Virgin- 
la  politican  of  the  above  family,  was 
bom  in  that  State  in  1798,  and  educated 
at  William  and  Mary's  College.  He  ad- 
opted the  profession  of  the  law,in  which 
he  soon  earned  an  enviable  reputation  by 
his  ability.  He  was  repeatedly  re-elected 
to  the  State  Legislature  and  was  a  prom- 
inent member  of  tLe  Reform  Conven- 
tion of  1860.  He  remained  continuous- 
ly in  Congress  from  1858  till  his  death 
which  occurred  at  Boydtowu,  Yirgiuia, 
July  8rd,  1869. 

GOODWIN,  COL.  HENRY,  a  skill- 
ed Canadian  drill  master,  and  military 
orninizer  was  bom  in  County  Tyrone, 
Ireland,  in  1795,  and  at  an  early  age 
(17)  enlisted  in  the  artillery  to  serve  on 
the  Continent,  when  he  quickly  distin- 

gcdshed  himself  by  daring  and  skill. 
[q  was  twice  wounded  at  Waterloo. 
He  remained  with  the  army  iu  France 
iOl  1818,  and  while  there  he  acquired 
great  proficiency  in  all  the  manual  ac- 
complishments of  a  soldier,  and  took 
prizes  in  France,  Spain,  Italy,  England 
and  Ireland,  for  his  unequaled  skill  in 
fencing  and  other  military  exercises. 
He  came  to  Canada  in  1860,  and  took  a 
prominent  part  in  infusing  military 
spbit  into  iis  people  and  maintained 
his  military  bearing  and  soldierly  qual- 
ities even  as  an  octogenarian.  II')  died 
in  his  83  year. 

GORDON,  PATRICK,  one  of  the 
eaily  governors  of  Pennsylvania  under 
the  Pi-oprietors  1726-86,  was  a  native  of 
Ireland,  bom  in  1044.  He  was  highly 
popular  and  was  active  and  undefatig- 
able  in  forwarding  every  colonial  inter- 
est. He  also  served  with  distinction 
in  the  anny  against  the  Indians  and 
French.  He  died  in  Philadelphia  in 
1708. 


GORMAN,  MARIANUS,  m  Irish 
divine  and  writer  of  the  eleveiifch  cen- 
tury. He  was  the  authorof  a  "Martyr- 
ology,"  which  was  first  translated  into 
English  in  1837,  by  Conall  MacGeog- 
higan. 


GORMAN,  GEN.  WILLIS   A.,   a 

?rominent  Irish  American  soldier  and 
olitician,  was  bom  in  Kentucky,  of 
jrish  parents,  January  16,  1816.    He 


began  the  practice  of  law  in  Blooming- 
ton,  Ind.,  before  he  was  twenty  years 
of  age,  and  was  soon  after  a  memlier  of 
the  State  Legislature.  On  the  breaUne 
out  of  the  Mexican  War  he  volunteered 
and  was  appointecl  Major,  and  af tet' 
wards  Colonel,  and  served  with  distinc* 
tion.  In  1840  he  was  elected  to  Con- 
gress, and  in  '58  w  s  appointed  by 
Pres.Pierce,Govemor  Ox  the  Territory  of 
Minnesota,  and  in  '57  was  a  prominent 
member  of  the  first  State  Constitutional 
Convention.  On  the  breaking  out  of 
the  war  of  the  Rebellion  he  took  com- 
mand of  the  First  Regiment  Minnesota 
Volunteers;  was  promoted  for  good  con- 
duct at  the  unf  oitunate  battle  of  Bull 
Run.  After  the  war  he  resumed  the 
practice  of  law  in  St.  Pauls,  where  he 
died  May  20, 1876. 

GORE,  GEORGE,  an  eminent  Irish 
lawyer,  was  bom  in  County  Wexford, 
Ireland,  about  1700,  and  after  complet- 
ing his  studies  in  Dublin,  he  adopted 
the  profession  of  Law,  became  Attorney 
General,  and  one  of  the  judges  of  the 
Court  of  Common  Pleas.  He  died 
about  1760. 

GORE,  JOHN,  son  of  the  foregoing, 
also  an  eminent  lawyer,  became  Chief 
Justice  of  the  Court  of  the  King's  Bench, 
in  Ireland,  and  was  created  a  peer  of 
the  Kingdom,  as  Lord  Annaly  in  1766, 
and  on  uie  death  of  Lord  Chancellor 
Bowes,  was  chosen  speaker  of  the  Irish 
House  of  Lords.    He  died  1783.  , 

GOUGH,  MARSHAL  HUGH  VI- 
count  a  distinguished  "British"  gener- 
al was  bom  at  Woodstown,  Ireland, 
November  8,  1779.  He  entered  the 
army  when  a  mere  boy,  and  first  saw 
aervice  against  the  Dutch,  at  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope,  and  then  served  In  tue 
West  Indies.  In  1809  he  was  sent  to 
the  Peninsula,  and  greatly  distinguish- 
ed himself  at  Talavera,  Barosa,  Vitoria, 
Neville  and  other  desperate  battles,  and 
was  rapidly  advanced  in  command. 
In  the  war  with  China  in  1841,  he  com- 
manded the  land  forces,  and  for  his 
services  there,  was  made  a  Barouet. 
His  next  services  were  in  India,  where 
in  December  1848,  he  gai*"id  the  battle 
of  Maharagpore,  and  on  the  breaking 
out  of  the  Sikh  war  in  '45  he  took  the 
field  and  defeated  the  enemy,  Moodkee, 
December  18,  and  again  ou  the  22nd, 
and  early  the  next  season  took  their  en^ 


Ity 
ed 


AV- 


GRA 


iniSH  CELTS. 


GRA 


trenched  camp,  at  Sobraon,  noi  however, 
'Without  desperate  fighting  and  great 
loss  to  his  own  forces.  In  acknow- 
ledgment of  these  services  he  was  raised 
to  the  peerage  as  Baron  Gou^h.  In 
1848-9  he  again  commanded  against  the 
Sikhs  and  fought  with  them  three  des- 

Cte  battles,  two  of  which  were  f  ruit- 
ol  results,  bui.  in  the  last  he  com- 
pletely routed  them  and  took  the  town 
of  Gizerat.  Age  and  long  service  were 
telling  upon  the  old  hero,  and  it  was 
thought  advisable  to  relieve  him;  Sir 
Charles  Napier  was  therefore  placed  in 
command,  and  Gough  was  made  a  Yis- 
coimt,  thanked  bv  Parliament  for  his 
great  service  and  bravery,  and  given  a 
pension  of  £2000  a  year  to  descend  to 
ma,  two  next  iu  succession.  In  1863  he 
-was  made  Field  Marshal,  and  was  com- 
mander of  the  forces.  He  died  March 
2, 1869. 

GOWAN,  OGLE  R.,  r  prominent 
Canadian  statesman,  and  leader  of  the 
Orange  bodv  in  the  Provinces,  was  born 
}n  Wexford,  Ireland,  in  1800  and  re- 
ceived a  good  education.  He  edited  the 
"Antidote,"  in  Dublin,  and  removed  to 
Canada  in  1829,  was  elected  to  the  Cana- 
dian Parliament  from  '84  to  '41,  took 
rl  in  the  "Patriot  War"  of  '87-8.  He 
a  man  of  ability,  but  whose  useful- 
ness is  injured  by  the  odium  of  keeping 
alive  recollections  which  only  tend  to 
separate  the  Irish  race  engender  violence 
and  oblique,  and  defeat  the  just  aspir- 
attoxis  of  every  true  lover  of  Ireland. 

GRATTAN,  HENRY,  a  most  Illus- 
trious Irish  patriot  and  Statesman,  and 
the  greatest  of  modem  orators,  was  the 
son  of  an  Irish  barrister  and  was  bom  in 
Dublin.  July  8, 1746.  He  was  educat- 
ed in  his  native  city,  graduating  at  Trin- 
ity College,  Dublin,  in  1767.  He  enter- 
ed the  Middle  Temple,  London,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  Irish  Bar  in  1773. 
The  eloquence  of  Burke  and  Chatham 
which  he  often  listened  to  while  a  stu- 
dent in  the  Temple,  had  inspired  him 
with  the  desire  to  move  also  the  heart 
of  men  by  the  charms  of  eloquence,  and 
he  felt  within  himself  the  latent  power 
to  do  it.  He  trained  himself  by  con* 
stant  practicoto  give  expression  in  burn- 
ing terms  to  exalted  thoughts  of  patriot- 
ism, and  so  absorbed  was  he  at  times  in 
this,  and  the  imaginary  assembly  before 
him,  that  he  would  be  often  lost  to 
eveiything  around  him,  so  much  so 


that  his  landlady,  where  he  was  stopp- 
ing for  recreation  in  the  country, 
"tl^ought  the  young  gentleman  was  out 
of  his  mind,  as  he  was  most  of  the 
time,  when  alone,  addressing  some 
one,  whom  he  called  Mr.  Speaker,  when 
no  one  was  near  him,  and  was  con- 
tinually talking  to  himself."  Grattan, 
however,  was  but  giving  birth  to  great 
and  patriotic  thoughts,  which  a  little 
later,  were  to  move  and  fire  the  hearts 
of  the  Irish  people,  and  secure  for  his 
country  a  place  among  the  nations  of 
the  earth.  In  1775  he  eutered  the  Irish 
Parliament  as  representative  of  Charle- 
mont,  and  at  once  joined  the  opposition 
at  the  head  of  which  was  Flood,  then 
In  the  zenith  of  his  power.  Grattaa 
raised  his  voice  in  favor  of  building  up 
and  protecting  Irish  industries,  and  he 
soon  became  recognized  as  one  of  the 
ablest  and  most  eloquent  of  the  patriotic 
leaders  of  his  country.  April  19, 1780, 
he  introduced  and  supported  with  great 
eloquence  and  logic,  the  famous  declar- 
ation of  Irish  Rights,  denying  the  pow- 
er of  the  British  Parliament  to  legis- 
late for  Ireland.  He  lauded  and  sup- 
ported the  patriotic  stand  taken  by  the 
American  colonies,  in  support  of  the 
same  principles,  and  denounced  the 
tyranny  that  would  crush  a  patriotic 
people  heroically  battling  for  their 
birturight  as  men,against  the  strong  arm 
of  despotic  power.  Hif  motion  was 
then  lost,  but  Grattan  earned  the  grati- 
tude and  support  of  the  reople.  Tlie 
toady  element  in  the  Irish  Parliament 
who  were  but  the  creatuns  of  power 
and  patronage,brought  forward  another 
measure  worthy  of  the  enslavers  of 
their  country,  and  that  was.to  spare  out 
of  the  troops  in  Ireland  4,000  to  assist 
the  Imperial  Government  in  securing 
"tranquility,"  in  America.  Grattan  and 
his  compatriots  denounced  the  measure 
as  an  outrage  on  humanity,  and  a  deg- 
radation of  the  National  character,  but 
the  toadies  were  still  in  the  ascendant, 
however,  out  of  this  came  the  hope  of 
redemntion  for  Ireland,  for  to  secure 
Irelana  from  Invasion  or  rebellioa 
which  in  those  troubled  times  might 
burst  upon  her  at  any  time,  it  wan 
deemed  pmdent  to  organize  and  arm 
the  militia,  to  supply  the  departure  of 
the  regular  troops  from  Ireland.  Then 
were  formed  the  famous  Irish  Volun- 
teers whom  the  patriotism  and  eloquence 
of  Grattan,  fired  with  zeal  for  the  leg* 
islative  independence  of  theh:  own  cuun* 


■J''  ' 


h  \  f: 


I  «    Ci^ 


,f-   --f4 


GRA. 


mtsa  CELTS. 


GRA 


tay,  and  havmg  been  called  together  at 
Dungannon  in  February,  1782,   they 
passed    unanimously  the    resolutions 
drawn  up  by  Grattan,  and  which  two 
years  previously  failed  to  receive  the 
sanction  of  the  sycophantic  parliament 
of  Ireland.    '  'That  a  claim  of  any  body 
of  men  other  than  the  King,  Lords  and 
Commons  of  Ireland,  to  make  laws  to 
bind  the  kingdom  is  unconstitutional 
illegal  and  a  grievance."    Backed  now 
by  the  people  of  Ireland,  and  the  volun- 
teers to    the  number  of   8(1,000  with 
arms  in  their  hands,  he  apin  brought 
forward  his  motion  for  a  oeclaration  of 
Irish  Bights  by  Parliament,  in  behalf 
of  the  nation,  and  in  April  16, 1782,  the 
resolutions  were   carried  by  an  over- 
whelming majority.    The  government 
of  England  decided  to  yield  to  necessity 
and  a  Dill  for  the  repeal  of  the  act  of 
6th  George  I,  by  which  the  British  Par- 
liament daimed  the  right  to  bind  Ire- 
land by  her  acts,  was  at  once  repealed, 
and  Grattan  farther  insisting,  the  right 
itself  disclaimed.    Thus  dia   this   in- 
domitable patriot  by  the  fire  alone  of 
his  genius,  and  his  transcendental  elo- 
quence  inspire  and  arm  an  enslaved 
nation  to  arise  and  seize  the  favorable 
opportunity,  and  wring  from  the  un- 
willing grasp  of  its  enslaver  the  rights 
and  liberties  of  the  people.    His  county 
^as  now  free  and  tLe  exalted  dreams 
of  his  yo\ith,of  a  country  redeemed  and 
disenthralled  by  the  genius  of  an  in- 
vincible  eloquence,  was  realized,  and 
Grattan  became  the  idiol  of  the  nation. 
What  an  astonishing  victory  he  gained 
may  be  inferred  from  Burke's  remark 
when   Grattan   was   thundering  in  a 
threatening   manner  for  Irish  Rights, 
"Will  no  one  stop  that  madman,  Grat- 
tan . "    Parliament  proposed  to  vote  him 
^600,000  as  a  testimonial  of  a  nations 
gratitude.    He  at  first  absolutely  re- 
fused anything  but  the  thanks  of  the 
nation,  but  on  the  advice  of  patriotic 
friends  he  consented  to  accept  half  the 
amount.    Ireland  was  now  the  arbiter 
of  her  own  destiny.  Her  people  united, 
ehe  could  defy  all  the  power  of  England, 
but  unfortunately  there  was  in  her  ele- 
ments of  confusion  which  her  enemy 
knew  how  to  use  for  the  destruction, 
once  again, of  her  liberties  and  indepen- 
dence.   The  great  body  of  the  nation 
was  Catholic,  and  under  the  penal  laws, 
chey  were  iibsolutcly  without  rights  and 
without   the   protection  of  law.    Al- 
though at  this  time  they  were  becoming 


a  more  important  factor  in  public  af- 
fairs, yet  their  rights  under  the  laws 
had  improved  but  little,  it  was  rather 
necessity  than  law  that  gave  them  stand- 
ing.   The  true  patriots  of  Ireland,  in- 
cluding Grattan,  from  the  first,  saw  that 
necessity  as  well  as  justice,  demanded 
that  the   Catholics  of  Ireland  should 
stand  upon  the  same  footing  as  their 
Protestant  fellow-citizens,and  he  had  ad- 
vocated with  earnestness  and  eloquence 
the  abolition  of  all  penal  enactments, 
the  declaration  of  perfect,  civil  and  re- 
ligious equality  of  ail  men  before  the 
law;  but  bigotry  still  warped  the  minds 
and  hardened  the  hearts  even  of  somo 
otherwise  patriotic  men,  and  the  enemy 
of  Ireland  was  not  slow  to  stir  up  the 
gall.    The  consequence  was  that  the 
Irish  Parliament  refused  the  just  de- 
mands of  the  Catholic  people  of  Ireland 
who  were  the  immeTise  majority  of  the 
nation,  jealousy  too  was  fomented  be- 
tween the  leading  patriots,  the  great 
popularity  of  Grattan  made  others  envi- 
ous of  his  fame  and  power,  and  the 
gurity  of  his  motives  was  questioned, 
ietween  him  and  Flood  a  bitter  and 
sarcastic  controversy  took  place  in  Par- 
liament, which,  while  it  illustrates  the 
scathing  and  cutting  eloquence  of  Grat- 
tan was  tending  to  give  the  enem;  of 
the  nation  the  means  and  power  W  de- 
vide  and  destroy.    In  1786  Grattan  suc- 
cessfully exposed  the  proposition   of 
Ord,  in  regard  to  the  trade  between 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  which  was 
covertly  in  the  interests  of  British  man- 
ufacturers, and  which  his  exposure  de- 
feated.   This  too  silenced  the  base  ac- 
cusations against  Grattan  that  he  ceased 
to  be  a  patnot  since  he  got  his  reward, 
and  restored  him  to  the  full  confidence 
of  the  people.    In  1790  he  represented 
the  City  of  Dublin  in  Parliament,  and  on 
the  Earl  PitzWiUiam  becoming  Viceroy 
Grattan  associated  himself  with  that 
honest  statesman  to  devise  measures  for 
the  peace  and  prosperity  of  Ireland. 
This  however,  was  not  a  policy  that  the 
English  government  now  desired,  and 
the  Earl  was  soon  recalled.    Ic  was  the 
object  of   that   government  rather  to 
cre&te    dissension,    distrust    and    re- 
bellion.so  that  the  conservative  elements 
of  society  might  support  her  schemes 
of  Union  and  destroy  the  autonomy  of 
Ireland  forever.     Among  the  results 
was  the  formation  of  the  society  of  the 
United  Irishmen  and  other  patriotic  or- 
ganizations.    Grattan,  disgusted   with 


GRA 


XBI8H  CELTS. 


ORA 


I  fit 


hemes 
my  of 
esults 
of  the 
lie  or- 
wlth 


the  blindness  of  some  and  the  unprinci- 

i)led  wickedness  of  others  unfortunate- 
y  withdrew  from  Parliament,  and  the 
enemy  under  the  leadership  of  the  tal- 
ented but  venal  Castlereagh,  who  had 
once  been  a  patriot  and  supporter  of 
Grattan,  was  bribing  by  money,  and 
titles  the  representatives  of  the  people  to 
sell  the  liberties  of  their  country.  When 
Pitt  developed  his  intention  of  securing 
a  union  between  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land, Grattan  beheld  with  alarm  the 
intentions  of  the  enemy,  and  again  al- 
though prostrated  by  sickness,  sought 
a  seat  in  Parliament,  and  was  returned 
for  Wicklow.    He  appeared  on  the  floor 
in  time  for  the  debate  on  the  Union  and 
had  to  be  assisted  to  his  seat.  The  guilty 
and  perfidious  betrayers  of  their  coun- 
try's liberties,  as  they  sat  on  the  treasury 
benches,  tremlBled  as  they  saw,  but  the 
remains  as  if  it  were,  of  the  great  orator 
enter  those  halls,  those  halls  which  had 
80  often  echoed  with  his  indignant  and 
fiery  denunciations  of  the  enemies  of 
liberty.     One  of  the  creatures  of  the 
'  government  was  put  forward  to  make  a 
personal  attack  on  him — Corry,  Chan- 
cellor of  the  Exchequer — but  the  light- 
ning of  Heaven  could  hardly  have  ex- 
cormted  him  more  swiftly  or  completely 
tiian  did  the  indignant  orator,  and  he 
learned  too  late  what  a  contemptible 
plaything  he  was  in  the  hands  of  the 
mighty  Grattan.    After  giving  his  esti- 
mate of  the  man  and  bis  character  in 
the  most  withering  sarcasm,  he  con- 
cluded as  follows:  ''I  have  returned, 
not  as  the  Right  Hon.  member  has  said, 
to  raise  another  storm.    I  have  return- 
ed to  discharge  an  honorable  debt  of 
gratitude  to  my  country,  which  confer- 
red a  great  reward  for  past  services, 
\irhich  1  am  proud   to  say  was  not 
greater    than    my    deserts.     I    have 
returned    to    protect    that    constitu- 
tion   of    which    I    was    the    parent 
and  founder  from  assasination  at  the 
hands  of  such  men  as  the  Hen.  gen- 
tleman and  his  worthy  associates.  Tney 
are  corrupt — they  are   seditious,    and 
they  at  this  moment  are  in  a  conspir 
acy  against  their  country.    I  have  re- 
turned to  refute  a  libel  as  false  as  it 
was  malicious,  given  to  the  public  un- 
der the  appellation  of  a  report  of  a 
committee  of  the  Lords.    Here  I  stand 
ready  for  impeachment  or   trial  I      I 
dare  accusation  1    I  defy  the  honorable 

SentlemanI    I  defy  the  government!  I 
efj  their  whole  phaliuizt   Let  them 


come  fQrthI    I  told  the  ministers  I  will 
neither  give  quarters  nor  take  it.    I  am 
here  to  lay  the  remains  of  my  shatter- 
ed constitution  upon  the  floor  of  this 
house  in  defense  of  the  liberties  of  my 
country."    If,   as  a  writer  said,  "elo- 
quence could  have  saved  a  parliament 
Grattan  would  have  succeeded,  but  his 
hearers  were  bought,  and  dishonor  al- 
ready rested  on  their  brows,  and  their 
hearts  were  steeled  to  shame.    Grattan 
sad  and  despondent,  determined  never 
again  to  appear  in  public  life,  and  re- 
tired to  the  bosom  of  his  family,  but 
as  long  as  he  lived  he  could  not  cease 
to  love  his  country  and  his  whole  coun- 
try.    He  had  battled  in  the  Irish  par- 
liament in  vain  with  the  bigots  who 
afterwards    sold    their   country,    for 
Catholic    emancipation.     In  the   be- 
half of  his   Catholic   fellow-country- 
men he  could  not  refuse  to  battle  once 
again  in  the  Imperial  parliament,  and 
in  1805  he  entered  that  parliament  as 
member  from  Malton,  and  represented 
Dublin   in   1306.      Although   broken 
down  by  sickness   and   wounded  in 
spirit  at  the  needless  degradation  of  his 
country,  he  soon  made  his  mark  in  the 
Imperial  parliament.    His  fame   had 
long  preceded  him,  and  consequently 
great  ^\ere  the  expectations  as  the  great 
oratoi  arose  for  the  first  time  to  address 
the  Imperial  parliament,  and  if  he  did 
not  disappoint  that  most  critical  and 
uasympathetic  of  audiences  when  but 
the  remains  as  if  it  were  of  the  great 
orator  addressed   them,  what   would 
they  have  thought  had  they  heard  him 
in  the  vigor  of  youth,  inspired  by  the 

Keatest  of  human  moiivea,  with  kind- 
ig  eye  and  prophetic  voice  battling 
for  the  liberties  of  his  country.  It  S 
said  that  when  Grattan  commenced  to 
speak  his  manner  was  invariably  hesi- 
tating, his  gestures  ungraceful,  his  words 
disconnected  and  uncertain,  and  lie 
would  appeared  ridiculous  were  it  not 
for  the  intensity  of  the  expression 
which  illumined  his  face  and  filled  his 
eyes  with  more  than  natural  brilliancy, 
and  which  impressed  on  the  beholder 
an  awe  and  respect  for  the  thoughts 
within  struggling  to  be  free,  and  soon 
they  came,  breaking  through  the  bar- 
riers of  nature,  they  burst  out  at  length 
like  an  avalanche,  strong,  impetuous, 
irresistible,  the  man  himself  lost  ana 
carried  away,  and  his  audience  with 
him,  in  the  inspiration  of  the  orator, 
his  subject  alone  standing  out,  almost  a 


m 


1 

(       .  J: 


.  I 


GR&. 


IRISH  CELTS 


GRA. 


^Ible  incarnation!  full  of  power  and 
life  and  attraction.  Such  was  Grattan 
even  in  his  decline,  and  his  British 
jiearers  accorded  to  him  the  palm  over 
>U  others.  Byron  said  of  him,  "that 
uc  was  the  only  man  of  all  whom  he 
bad  ever  heard  who  filled  his  idea  of  a 
gieatorat)r,  "with  all  that  Demosthen- 
ese  wanted  endowed,  and  his  rival  or 
master  in  all  he  possessed."  His  char- 
acter was  not  less  grand  than  his  elo- 
quence. Sir  James  Mcintosh  said  of 
him:  "The  purity  of  his  life  was  the 
brightness  of  his  glory.  Among  all 
men  of  genius  I  have  known  I  have 
never  found  so  much  native  grandeur 
of  soul,  accompanying  all  the  wisdom 
of  age  and  all  the  simplicity  of  genius." 
His  efforts  in  the  English  parliament 
were  maiuly  in  reference  to  Catholic 
emancipation.  To  this  sacred  cause, 
to  use  his  own  words,  he  "clung  with 
desperate  fidelity."  He  not  only  labor- 
ed tor  it  because  it  was  the  first  and 
most  essential  to  make  his  people  an 
tmited  one  and  thus  secure  that  strength 
and  unity  of  action  through  which 
alone  she  could  now,  ever  recover  her 
lost  independence;  but  also  because  it 
was  an  eternal  principle  of  justice,— he 
loved  justice  for  itself.  In  his  great 
heart  there  was  no  bigotry  against  his 
Catholic  fpllow-countrymen,  und  he 
xccoguized  that  his  first  labor  and  ef- 
fort was  due  to  them.  It  was  in  their 
behalf  that  he  last  appeared  in  Parlia- 
ment, and  it  might  be  said  offered  up 
his  life;  for  the  corporation  of  Dublin 
which  for  many  years  was  controlled 
by  the  blindest  bigots,  passed  resolu- 
tions against  Catholic  emancipation, 
and  Grattan,  who  represented  Dublin 
in  Parliament,  felt  it  his  duty  to  coun- 
teract their  Mgotry  by  a  Catholic  peti- 
tion, and  although  sick  and  warned 
by  his  medical  advisers  that  the  jour- 
ney to  London  might  prove  fatal,  the 
noDle  and  disinterested  patriot  said:  "I 
shall  be  happy  to  die  in  the  perform- 
ance of  such  duty,"  and  such  it  proved 
to  be;  he  was  prostrated  after  again 
raising  his  now  feeble  voice  in  defense 
of  liberty  and  justice,  and  died  in  Lon- 
don, June  6,  1820.  His  last  breath  was 
rtill  for  his  country.  "Keep  knocking 
it  the  Union,"  ho  whispered  to  Lord 
Oloncurry,  and  Ii  'Sh  patriots  are  still 
knocking  at  the  Union,  and  will  con- 
tinue to  knock  until  Ireland  is  agam  an 
independent  nation,  and  monuments 
worthy  of  them  be  er     ed  in  College- 


green  to  Ireland's  great  patriots,  and 
Emmet's  epitaph  at  last  be  written. 

GRATTAN,  THOMAS  COLLEY, 
an  Irish  historian,  novelist  and  writer, 
was  born  in  Dublin  in  1796,  and  receivd 
a  classical  education.  He  became  a 
member  of  the  Irish  bar,  and  then  for 
a  while  held  a  commission  in  the  army. 
Marrying  a  lady  of  means  he  resigned 
his  commission  and  went  to  reside  irt 
France,  and  turned  his  attention  to  lit- 
erature. His  first  work  of  preteutioa 
was  a  metrical  romance  which  did  not 
prove  a  success.  He  also  began  writing 
for  vaiious  periodicals,  and  in  1838  pub- 
lished his  first  series  of  "Highways  and 
Byways,"  followed  by  a  second  series 
in  1834,  and  a  third  m  1837.  He  next 
removed  to  Brussels,  where  he  wrote  a 
number  of  works,  of  which  "Facts  of 
Travel,"  3  vols.  1839,  "The  Heiress  of 
Buyeo,"  "History  ox  the  Netherlands," 
1830,  "Jacqueline  of  Holland,"  1843, 
"Legends  of  the  Rhine,"  1849,  are 
among  the  most  important.  He  took 
part  in  the  Revolution  of  1830,  and  ac- 
tively supported  the  candidacy  of  King 
Leopold,  and  through  his  influence  was 
appointed  British  Consol  at  Boston  in 
1889,  where  he  remained  till  1853,  when 
he  returned  to  England  and  accepted  a 
plac«^  in  the  Queen's  household.  In 
1869  he  published  his  "Colonized  Am- 
erica," which  is  not  in  the  best  taste  or 
free  from  prejudice.  His  last  work  is 
"Beaten  Paths,"  1863.  He  died  in 
London,  July  4, 1R84, 

GRAY.E.  DWYER,  a  distinguished 
and  talented  Irish  journalist  and  pat- 
riot, son  of  Sir  John  Gray,  and  h's  suc- 
cessor as  managing  editor  and  proprie- 
tor of  the  DuHin  Freeman's  Journal, 
was  bom  in  Dublin  and  educated  ia 
that  city.  Mr.  Gray  is  a  bold  and  fear- 
less upholder  of  ma  country's  rights 
and  a  powerful  advocate  for  Home  Rule. 
Like  his  father,  he  has  sulTered  impris- 
onment for  his  devotion  to  liis  country's 
cause,  having  been  arbitrarily  imprison- 
ed for  Lis  advocacy  of  resistance  to 
rack  rents,  and  the  legality  of  bycotting 
ing"  etc.  Although  a  young  man  he  S 
prominent  among  the  leaders  of  Ireland, 
and  represents  county  Carlow  in  Parlia- 
ment. He  is  very  popular  in  his  na- 
tive city,  and  is  at  the  present  time 
Lord  Mayor  of  Dublin.  He  is  a  man  of 
great  practical  ability,  thoroughly  post* 
ed  as  a  statesman  and  legiuiator,  and 


GRA 


IRISH  CELTS. 


ORE 


in 


an  able  debater.  His  paper  is  the  lead- 
ing catbuHu  paper  in  Ireland  and  while 
its  stand  is  manly  and  independent,  it 
is  marked  by  a  just  conservitism,  and  is 
looked  upon  as  the  mort  enterprising 
and  reliable  news  medium,  poHtical 
and  general,  in  Ireland. 

GRAY,  SIR  JOHN,  a  distinguished 
Iriah  joumalLt  and  patriot,  was  bom 
about  1810  in  Dublin,  and  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  and  after  graduating 
took  up  tiie  study  of  medicine  and  re- 
ceived his  degree.  He  however,  did 
not  pi  *otise  long,  for  becoming  deeply 
interffited  in  the  political  questions 
which  agitated  his  country,  he  gradu- 
ally became  connected  with  journalism 
and  eventually,  editor  and  proprietor  of 
the  Dublin  Freeman's  Journal.  He 
took  an  active  and  leading  part  in  the 
Repeal  movement,  and  was  an  honored 
friend  and  co-laborer  of  the  great  O'Con- 
nell.  He  was  one  of  those  arrested  in 
1843  with  O'Connel  for  sedition  and 
went  with  him  to  prison.  His  paper 
became  the  recognized  organ  of  the 
conservative  patriotic  element  in  Irish 
politics,  and  always  exerted  a  power- 
ful influence  It  was  always  recogniz- 
ed too  as  a  Catholic  organ,  although 
strangely  enough  Dr.  Grey  was  a  prot- 
estant,  but  of  broad  and  liberal  views. 
He  however,  shortly  before  his  death 
joined  the  Ancient  Church,  towards 
which  he  had  for  ma^y  years  leaned. 
He  represented  Kilkenny  repeatedly  in 
Parliament  and  always  with  dignity, 
ability,  and  in  the  true  interests  of  his 
countiy.  By  the  people  of  Dublin  he 
was  always  held  in  the  highest  esteem, 
and  they  have  erected  a  statue  to  him  in 
Sackvilfe  street,  the  principal  thorough- 
fare of  that  city.  He  was  kniehted 
some  years  before  his  death,  for  laiUi- 
f  ul  public  services.  He  was  about  65 
years  of  age  at  the  time  of  his  dea^h. 

GRAY,  WILLIAM,  and  WILSON, 
younger,  brother  of  Sfar  John  Gray  were 
born  in  Dublin  and  educated  in  that 
city  after  which  they  came  to  the  Unit- 
ed States,  about  1840.  William  the 
younger  of  the  brothers  was  at  this 
time  about  eighteen  and  he  immedi- 
ately commenced  the  study  of  law  in 
Detroit,  and  was  admitted  to  practice 
in  his  twenty-first  year.  He  soon  earn- 
ed a  fine  reputation  for  ability  and  legal 
acumen  and  secured  a  large  practice. 
Ht  was  at  one  time  Atiomqr  for  two 


large  railroad  corporation,  and  also  City 
Counsellor,  and  was  rated  second  to 
no  practitioner  at  the  Michigan  Bar. 
He  was  widely  known  for  his  native 
wit,  having  no  rival  in  this  field  among 
his  legal  associates.  He  died  in  1871  in 
the  prime  of  life  and  the  full  vigor  of 
his  intellectual  powers.  Wilson  Gray 
was  by  two  years  the  senior  of  William, 
he  accompanied  him  to  Detroit,  but  re- 
mained only  a  short  time,  when  he  turn- 
ed his  face  towards  the  anti-podes  and 
made  Australia  his  home.  He  alsO' 
studied  law,  was  admitted  to  the  Bar 
and  won  great  distinction.  He  became 
a  judge,  and  took  an  active  part  In  se- 
curing legislative  independence  for  those 
great  colonies.  He  becdme  a  Colonial 
minister,  and  acquired  much  power  and 
influence  by  his  ability.  He  died  about 
the  same  time  as  his  brother.  Thus, 
like  the  race,  was  scattered  this  Irish 
family.  One  remains  in  his  fatherland 
beside  the  graves  of  his  ancestors,  and 
battled  for  the  liberties  of  his  country. 
One  in  the  far-off  anti-podes  successfully 
asserts  the  individual  supremacy  of  his 
race,  by  the  exhibition  of  masterly  abil- 
ity, while  the  youngest,  in  the  "land  of 
the  free  and  the  home  of  the  brave," 
made  so  mainly  by  the  genius  and  valor 
of  his  race,  still  illustrated  the  vigor  of 
the  mother  from  which  springs  hia- 
matchless  race. 

GREATOREX,  ELIZA,  an  accom- 

Slished  and  talented  artist,  was  bom  at. 
[anor,  Hamilton,  County  Leitrim,  Ire- 
land, December  26, 1820.  She  came  to 
the  United  States  when  young,  and 
having  already  displayed  artistic  talent, 
she  studied  painting  imderWithcrspoon 
and  Hart,  New  York,  and  afterwards 
went  to  Paris  and  entered  the  studio  of 
Lamberiet.  She  traveled  through  the 
art  centers  of  France,  Italy  and  Ger- 
many, and  became  an  associate  member 
of  the  National  Academy  of  Desi^, 
New  York,  in  1870.  Among  her  prm- 
cipal  productions  are  "Bloomingdale." 
"Chateau  of  Mad.  Oliffe,"  "The  Old 
Porch,"  "Views  of  Amsterdam,"  "Old 
St.  Pauls,"  besides  a  large  number  of 
pen  and  ink  drawings,  in  which  branch 
she  excelled;  many  of  her  drawings 
have  been  reproduced  and  published  by 
Q.  P.  Putnam's  Sons,  New  York. 

GREATOREX,  KATE  and  ELEA- 
NOR,  daughters  of  the  foregoing,  ar* 
equally  distinguished  as  artists.    Thdv 


Ml 


-wm 


■^t 


-^^ 


OHE 


IRISH  CKVtB. 


ORE 


paintings  have  been  exhibited  at  the 
Academy  of  Design,  and  at  the  Cen- 
tennial, and  possess  great  merit.  Their 
pencils  are  in  great  repute  in  the  illus- 
trators of  elegant  books,  of  which  they 
have  embelliSied  many. 

GREATKAKES,  VALENTINE,  an 
Irishman  of  means,  bom  at  Waterford 
in  1628,  and  became  famous  among  the 
Puritans  in  England,  for  his  supposed 
powers  of  healing  bytouch.  He  served 
:as  an  officer  in  the  Parliamentary  army 
from  1649  to  '56.  and  was  afterwards  a 
magistrate  in  the  County  Cork.  He 
•died  about  1700. 

GREELEY,  HORACE,  a  celebrated 
American  journalist,  was  born  in  Am- 
herst, N.  H.,  February  3,  1811.  His 
parents  emigrated  from  the  North  of 
Ireland,  and  are  called  in  some  his  of  bi- 
ographies "Scotch  Irish,"  which  many 
anti-Irish  writers  are  in  the  habit  of 
calling  all  North  of  Irelanders.  This  is 
but  one  of  the  absurd  and  fraudulent 
ways  by  which  Ireland  is  robbed,  v»a-  at 
least  striven  to  be,  of  the  credit  and 
lienors  of  her  children.  But  these  hum- 
bugs are  fast  being  exploded  and  it  is  one 
*f  the  objects  of  this  work  to  help  to- 
^(r»7ds  accomplishing  that  object.  To 
lihow  bow  absurd  this  Scotch-Irish  term 
1b,  we  need  but  remember  that  the  re- 
bellion of  '98  was  mainly  supported  and 
maintained  by  the  Irish  Protestants  of 
the  North,  and  it  was  these  same  Irish 
Protestants,or  their  brethren,as  devoted 
and  patriotic  Irish  as  men  could  be,  who 
mainly  settled  the  Northern  parts  of 
New  England  before  the  davs  of  the  Re- 
volution, and  who  were  with  their  Irish 
fire  and  eloquence  the  great  inspirers  of 
the  American  people  in  their  determin- 
ed and  successful  resistance  to  British 
tyranny,  and  well  they  might,  as  they 
brought  over  with  them  from  the  old 
land  an  undying  hate  to  English  op- 
pression and  Euelish  perfidy.  We  need 
not  say  that  such  is  not  a  Scotch  fail- 
ing, for  they  seem  to  take  pride,  as  a 
rule,  in  out  doing  Englishmen  them- 
selves in  loyalty  to  the  British  crown. 
Greeley's  parents  were  poor,  but  the 
very  poorest  of  the  Irish  have  a  love 
ana  taste  for  learning,  found  in  no 
other  people  in  so  marked  a  manner, 
and  whatever  faults  they  may  have, 
even  among  the  poverty  stricken,  is 
not  found  a  want  of  appreciation  for 
tiie  acquirement  of  knowledge.  Horace 


was  early  taught  at  home  to  read,  and 
he  soon  developed  a  passion  for  books. 
In  the  limited  schooling  he  could  receive, 
he  surpassed  all  his  associates.    It  is 
said  that  some  of  his  father's  richer 
neighbors  offered  to  send  him  to  Col- 
lege, but  either  from  pride  or  poverty 
they  did  not  accept  the  offer.    His  fath  < 
er  had  to  abandon  the  farm  on  whicL 
they  lon^  struggled  for  a  bare  subsist* 
ance,  ana  removed  to  West  Haven,  Vt. 
Horace  had  a  strong  desire  to  be  a  prin- 
ter, more  an  account  of  the  advantages 
it  offered  in  acquiring  knowledge  thau 
anything  else,  and  in  his  15th  year  his 
desire  was  gratified,  having  become  an 
apprentice  m  the  office  of  the  "North- 
ern Spectator."    Here  he  quickly  pick- 
ed up  the  art,  and  became  an  expert, 
and  soon  too,  the  extensive  information 
his  industry  had  secured  him  becoming 
known,  he  was  called  upon  to  use  it  in 
assisting  to  edit  the  paper.    In  18S0the 
"Spectator"  failed,  and  Greeley  went 
West  in  search  of  employment,  and 
worked  for  a  time  at  Jamestown  and 
Lodi,  New  York,  and  at Ei1e,Pa., where 
his  parents  then  resided.    In  August, 
1831,  he  turned  his  face  towards  his 
future   home.    New  York  City,  and 
readied  it  on  the  17th  of  that  month 
with  $10  in  his  pocket.     His  first  em- 
ployment was  not  vary  remunerative. 
It  was  setting  up  the  bible  in  very  small 
type,  and  it  paid  him  but  about  one 
dollar  per  day  of  fourteen  hours.    He 
continued  as  a  journeyman  for  about 
two  years,  when  he  started  business  on 
his  own  account,  with  P.  V.  Story  as 
his  partner.    They  printed  the  "Morn- 
ing Post,"  the  first  penny  daily  ev«ap 
Eublished,  owned  and  edited  by  Dr.  H, 
K  Shepard.    Story  was  drowned  the 
same  year,  and  Jonas  Winchester  be- 
came nis  partner.    They  foUowJnj' year 
they  issued  the  "New  Yorker,"  a  <7eek- 
ly  and  general  newspaper,  with  Greely 
as  editor.    It  was  continued  seven  years 
and  then  discontinued.     During  this 
time  Qreely  wrote  for  the  "Daily  »Yhig'* 
and  also  edited  the  "Jeffersonfan.''^a 

fiolitical  paper  published  in  Albany 
n  1840  he  issued  and  edited  the  "Log 
Cabin,"  devoted  to  the  election  of  HarrP 
son  for  President,  and  which  attained 
the  unprecedented  circulation  of  80,000. 
On  April  10th,  1841,  he  issued  the  first 
number  of  the  "Daily  Tribune"  as  a 
penny  paper.  Greeley  was  sole  pro- 
prietor and  editor,  but  he  soon  took 
Thomas  McElrath  as  a  partner,  who 


GRE 


miBH  CBLT8. 


ORE 


immediately  took  charge  of  the  business 
interests  of  the  concern.  It  started  with 
600  subscribers.  The  same  year  he  dis- 
continued the  "Log  Cabin"  and  "New 
Yorker"  and  issued  in  tlieir  place  the 
"Weekly  Tribune,"  and  now  commenc- 
ed his  hfe  work.  Relieved  of  all  care 
as  to  financial  affairs,  by  the  fortunate 
choice  of  a  careful  and  able  business 
partner,  Greeley  was  free  to  give  his 
entire  attention  to  the  editorial  matter 
of  the  papers  and  into  this  he  threw  his 
strong  convictions  on  ever^  subject 
which  demanded  public  action,  or  at- 
tracted public  attention.  In  1848  be 
was  elected  to  Congress,  and  made  him- 
self conspicuous  by  his  exposing  and 
denoimcing  the  abuses  of  the  milage 
system.  He  was  connected  about  this 
time  and  for  several  years  with  a  social- 
istic experiment  called  the  "North  Am- 
erican Phalang"  which  formed  on  the 
communistic  plan  near  Red  Bank, 
N.  J.  He  was  a  zealous  supporter  of 
all  efforts  which  tended  to  the  welfare 
of  the  poorer  classes  and  from  the  be- 
ginning a  strong  opponent  of  human 
slavery.  Ho  also  took  a  great  interest 
in  agricultural  affairs,  and  his  paper  al- 
ways contained  a  special  department  in 
this  field,  ably  edited,  and  which 
made  the  "Tribune"  popular  and  influ- 
ential among  the  farmers  of  the  country, 
and  scarcelv  a  year  passed  by  that  he 
was  not  called  npon  to  deliver  an  ad- 
dress before  some  State  Agricultural 
Society.  In  1851  he  visited  Europe, 
and  passed  through  France,  Italy  and 
Great  Britain.  In  1855  he  again  visited 
Europe,  and  during  his  sojourn  in 
Paris  he  was  arrested  at  the  instance  of 
a  conceited  French  sculptor, who  claim- 
ed $2,500  damages  for  injury  to  a  statue 
of  his,  which  was  on  exhibition  at  the 
New  York  World's  Fair  of  1858,  of 
which  Greeiev  was  a  director.  During 
the  memoraufe  contest  for  the  speaker- 
ship of  the  House,  in  the  winter  of 
185o-6,  when  the  Republican  party  was 
first  grasping  for  power,  Greeley  was 
brutally  ussaulted  on  the  Capitol  grounds 
by  Albert  Rust  of  Arkansas,  on  account 
of  his  strictures  on  the  conduct  of  the 
Ultra  Southerners  on  the  occasion.  In 
1859  he  visited  California  by  the  over- 
land route,  and  was  received  with  dis- 
tinguiHlied  honors  in  the  larce  cities. 
In  1860  he  was  present  at  the  Republi- 
can National  Convention  at  Chicago, 
and  defeated  the  nomination  of  Wm.H. 
Seward,  who  was  the  popular  candidate. 


by  his  opposition.  His  antagonism 
arose  from  personal,  rather  than  politi 
cal  differences.  On  the  breaking  out  of 
the  Civil  war,  Greeley  was  favorable 
to  allowing  the  states  who  desired  it,  to« 
go,  fearing  that  gi-eater  disasters  might 
result,  but  when  hostiles  actually  began 
he  favored  a  gigantic  effort,  and  raised 
the  cry,  "On  to  Richmond."  Such, 
however,  was  his  reputation  for  fairness^ 
and  honesty,  that  although  looked  upon 
and  hated  by  the  Southerners  as  one  of 
their  most  bitter  antagonists,  yet  when 
they  desired  to  make  overtures  looking 
towards  peace,  they  communicated  with 
him,  and  he  met  their  agents  in  Can- 
ada, in  1864,  with  the  unofficial  sanction 
of  President  Lincoln,  but  nothing  came 
of  it.  He  was  a  presidental  elector 
again  in  1864.  After  the  close  of  the 
wai  he  advocated  kindness  and  clem- 
ency towards  the  vanquished — a  policy 
of  universal  amnesty  and  universal  suf- 
frage. In  May,  1867,  in  consonance 
with  this  policy  he  signed  the  bail  bond 
of  Jefferson  Davis,  and  thereby  greatly 
offended  many  of  his  radical  admirers. 
In  1869  he  was  the  Republican  candi- 
date for  comptroller  of  the  State  of  New 
York,  but  was  defeated,  although  he 
ran  ahead  of  his  ticket.  The  next  year 
he  ran  for  Congress,  but  was  defeated 
by  S.  S.  Cox,  in  the  Sixth  District,  New 
York  Citv.  In  1873  he  made  a  tour 
through  the  South,  and  was  treated  with 
much  consideration.  The  same  year 
he  became  the  nominee,  first  of  the 
"Liberal  Republican"  party,  and  then 
of  the  Democratic,  for  President  of  the 
United  States.  Mr.  Greeley  accepted 
the  nomination,  and  retiring  from 
the  editorship  of  the  "Tribune"^  he  en- 
tered actively  into  the  struggle,  speak- 
ing almost  constantly  up  to  the  time  of 
the  election.  His  life-long,and  at  times, 
bitter  opposition  to  the  Democratic 
party,  made  his  candidacy  unsatisfac- 
tory to  many  of  the  older  members  of 
that  party,  who  thought  it  a  disgrace  to 
place  a  man  in  the  post  of  honor  who 
had  always  fought  them.  This  disaf- 
fection proved  fetal,  and  Greeley  was 
defeated.  The  canvass  proved  also  too 
exhausting  to  his  physical  strength,  and 
added  to  this  the  faithful  partner  of 
his  struggle,  Iris  sorrows  and  his  ioys, 
for  so  many  years,  was  stricken  down 
during  the  last  month  of  the  canvass 
and  died  a  few  days  before  the  election. 
Success  or  defeat  was  alike  to  his 
wounded  and  bleeding  spirit.    She  who^ 


m 


'  i\ 


ORE 


XBISH  CELTS. 


ORI 


liad  sLared  with  him  well  earned  honors 
for  80  many  years,  was  now  no  more, 
Bnd  ambition  itself  was  lost  in  the  gloom 
of  the  grave.  A.  few  days  more  and 
this  indefatigable  worker  was  prostrate 
by  a  malady  of  tiie  brain,  and  he  rapid- 
ly grew  worse,  expiring  November  29, 
1872.  But  a  simple  citizen,  yet  the  na- 
tion mourned  the  loss  of  a  ^eat  and 
fiatriotic  soul,  and  i)ens  which  but  a 
ew  days  before  were  dipped  in  gall  to 
secure  his  defeat,  were  now  extravagant 
in  praises  of  the  noble  simplicity  of  his 
■character,  the  honestv  of  Ms  intentions, 
.and  the  magnitude  of  liis  labors.  His 
iKMiy  lay  in  state  in  the  City  Hall,  and 
for  a  whole  day  an  immense  throng  of 
Jiis  fellow-citizens  passed  before  it  to 
honor  the  illustrious  dead.  The  Presi- 
dent, Vice-President,  and  Chief  Just- 
ice of  the  United  States,  besides  pro- 
minent men  from  all  parts  of  the  coun- 
tiy  attended  the  funeral  obsequies. 
Thus  ended  "a  busy  life."  Among  his 
-works  are  "Hints  towards  Reforms," 
"Glances  at  Europe,"  "History  of  the 
Struggle  against  Slavery  Extension," 
"The  American  Conflict,"  "Recollec- 
tions of  a  Busy  Life,"  "Essays  on  Po- 
litical Economy."  His  life  has  been 
written  by  James  Paton  and  others. 

GREGORY,  GEORGE,  D.  D.,  a 
minister  of  the  English  Church,  and 
miscellaneoius  writer,  was  the  son  of 
the  prebendany  of  Ferns  in  Ireland, 
and  was  bom  in  that  town  in  1754.  He 
finished  his  education  at  the  University 
of  Edinburgh.  He  removed  to  Liver- 
pool after  taking  orders  in  the  Church 
of  England,  and  afterwards  to  London. 
He  imxed  somewhat  in  politics,  and 
wrote  a  defence  of  the  Addington  Ad- 
ministration. Among  his  works  are. 
Essays,  Historical  and  Moral,  a  Life 
of  Chatterton,  a  Church  Histoiy,  trans- 
lations, etc.    He  died  in  1808. 

GREY,  SIR  GEORGE,  LL.  D.,  a 

celebrated  explorer  and  author  of  note, 
was  born  at  Lisbum,  Ireland,  in  1812, 
find  was  educated  in  the  Military  Col- 
lege at  Sandhurst,  and  after  graduating 
entered  the  army.  In  1887,  being  then 
a  captain  he  received  permission  from 
his  military  superiors  to  explore  the  in- 
terior of  Australia,  and  in  1838  he  ex- 
plored the  Swan  River  District.  His 
enterprise  and  knowledge  of  the  coun- 
try sectired  his  appointment  as  Gover- 
nor of  South  Australia,  and  subsequent- 


ly of  New  Zeland  and  Cape  Colony. 
He  returned  home  in  1867.  Amon^Ius 
works  are  "Journal  of  Two  Expeditions 
of  Discovery  in  Australia,"  "Mythology 
and  Ancient  Traditional  History  of  the 
New  Zeland  Race," '•tc.  Grey  accumu- 
lated a  valuable  and  rare  library,  rich 
in  geographical  and  ethnological  works. 

GRIFFIN,  GERALD  one  of  the  most 
popular  of  Irish  novelists,  writers  and 
dramatists,  was  bom  in  Limerick,  Dec. 
12, 1803.  He  received  a  good  educa- 
tion and  early  developed  a  passion  for 
literature.  His  family  emigrated  to  the 
United  States  about  1820,  but  Gerald  re- 
mained behind,  and  in  1823  he  went  tc 
London  with  some  of  his  dramatic  eff- 
orts but  he  failed  to  find  a  manager 
who  would  purchase  his  labors.  One 
of  those  was  the  tragic  drama  'Gsipus,' 
which  was  brought  out  at  Drury  Lane 
after  his  death,  and  proved  a  great  suc- 
cess, and  which  stamps  its  author  as  a 
dramatist  of  the  highest  order  of  ability. 
With  such  powers,  so  classically  develop- 
ed at  that  age — he  could  scarcely  have 
been  20  years  — it  is  impossible  to  say 
what  grand  efforts  the  tragic  drama 
may  have  lost,  in  the  ill  success  which 
smothered  his  first  efforts,  and  chilled 
and  paralyzed  his  dramatic  aspirations 
and  made  him  doubt  the  sterling 
worth  of  his  own  inspiration.  He 
was  forced  then  to  turn  his  attention 
to  the  periodical  literature  of  the  day 
for  the  means  of  subsistance,  and  after 
struggling  with  a  thousand  difflculties, 
he  at  length  received  recognition  and 
reputation  for  the  hi^h  order  of  his 
work  as  a  magazine  writer.  In  1837  he 
published  "Holland Tide"  and  "Tales  of 
a  Munster  Festival,"  both  of  which  were 
well  received,  next  year  his  "Colleen 
Bawn"or  the  Collegian8,which  has  been 
so  successfully  dramatized  by  Dion  Bo- 
ucicault — this  gave  him  rank  as  a 
master  In  works  of  the  imagination,  and 
this  was  followed  by  the  "Invasion" 
"The  Rivals,"and  the  "Duke  of  Mon- 
mouth, "Tales  of  a  Jury  Room,"  "The 
Courier,"  «fec.,  all  of  which  exhibit  the 
dramatic  character  of  his  mind.  He 
also  produced  poems  of  a  high  order,  full 
of  natural  sweetness  and  pathos.  In  the 
very  hedght  of  his  success,  with  the  most 
brilliant  prospects  before  him  and' 
scarcely  thirty-flve  years  of  age,he  aban- 
doned "the  world,**  and  all  its  empty 
honors  and  joined  the  humble  body  of 
teachers  known  as  the  'Christian  Broth- 


GRI 


IRISH  CELTS. 


HAO 


M 


ers'  in  Ireland,  when  he  died  at  Cork, 
ten  years  afterwards  June  12,  1840, 
leaving  behind  but  few  as  gifted  writ- 
ers in  the  English  language. 

GRIMES,  JAMES  W.,  an  able  Anv 
erican  statesman  and  politican,  was 
born  in  Deering,  New  Hampshire,  of 
Irish  parents,  October  16,  1816.  We 
might  here  observe  that  a  great  many 
American  writers  or  biographers  have  a 
liabit  of  calling  prettv  much  all  Protes- 
tant Irish,  especialfy  those  of  New 
Hampshire  "Scotch  Irish."  Now,  this 
expression  is  a  gross  f  ra  ad,  if  it  means 
anything.  If  it  referrs  to  the  North  of 
Ireland  people  as  Scotch,  or  of  Scotch 
extraction,  it  has  ho  foundation  in  fact, 
for  the  great  body  of  its  people  are  as 
thoroughly  Irish  as  any  people  in  Ire- 
land, and  the  comparative  handful  of 
Scotch  planted  in  that  part  of  Ireland 
by  James  1,  hundreds  of  years  ago  (who 
after  all  were  only  the  descendents  of 
the  Irish  Scoto  Milesians  of  Ulster,  who 
settled  in  Albania,  or  as  it  is  now  called 
Scotland,  and  who  subsequently  con- 
quered the  Picts  and  deteriorated  by 
mixing  with  them)  and  who  were  quick- 
ly agam  regenerated  by  an  overflow  of 
generous  Irish  blood.  That  this  is  so 
18  amply  demonstrated  by  the  rebellion 
of  "  '98,"  which  proved  the  great  body 
of  tlie  Protestant  population  of  the 
North  to  be  as  htaunch  Irish  patriots 
as  were  to  be  found  in  Ireland. 
The  character  and  histoiy  of  the 
New  Hampshire  Irish  show,  that 
like  their  brethern  of  "  '98,"  and  their 
common  ancestors  before,  England  had 
no  more  determined  opposers.  Of  the 
modem  Sootch,  we  have  only  to  say 
that  history  shows  them  to  be  just  the 
reverse,  and  that  the  British  Govern- 
ment and  British  rule  have  no  more  ar- 
dent supporters  and  admirers  at  home 
or  abroad.  Let  us  hear  then,  mo  more 
of  this  insulting  myth  yclept  'Scotch 
Irish.'  We  never  hear  of  'Irish  Scotch' 
and  yet  for  the  one  Scotchman  or  his 
descendants  in  Ireland,  there  are  to-day 
twenty  Irishmen  and  their  descend- 
ants in  Scotland.  Our  subject  com- 
menced his  education  at  Hampton  Ac- 
ademy, and  completed  it  at  Darmouth 
College,  where  he  graduated  in  1886. 
Boon  after  he  turned  his  face  towards 
the  growing  West,  settled  in  Iowa,  and 
S)ecaine  a  member  of  the  first  general 
assembly  of  that  territory  in  1888.  He 
frequently  served  in  the  different  bran- 


ches of  the  Legislature,  Territorial  and 
State,  and  in  1854  was  elected  Govern- 
or, which  position  he  held  until  1858.  and 
the  following  year  was  elected  for  a  full 
term  to  the  United  States  Senate.  This 
was  at  the  most  exciting  period  of  the 
history  orthe  country,  just  as  the  dark 
clouds  of  secession  were  overspreading 
the  horizon.  Grimes  took  his  stand 
with  those  determined  to  maintain  the 
integrity  of  the  Union,  but  with  a 
disposition  to  resort  to  every  honorable 
means  to  avoid  the  last  desperate  argu- 
ment of  States.  He  wbs  a  member  of 
the  Peace  Congress  of  1881,  which  was 
dissipated  by  the  clash  of  arms.  He 
held  the  important  position  of  Chair- 
man of  the  Committee  of  Naval  affairs, 
during  the  Rebellion,  and  took  a  prom- 
inent part  in  shaping  the  Government 
policy.  He  was  elected  to  the  United 
States  Senate  to  succeed  himself,  and 
was  honored  with  the  degree  of  LL. 
D.  by  Iowa  College.  Grimes  was  a  man 
of  massive  mould,  both  mentally  and 
physically,  full  of  sound  common  sense 
and  straight  forward,  direct  energy, 
despising  ind:-ect  methods  and  relying 
only  on  the  strength  of  his  position  and 
the  soundness  of  his  reason.  No  States- 
man which  Iowa  has  as  yet  produced 
is  his  equal  in  strength  ana  natural  abil- 
ity or  so  impressed  their  convictions 
or  policy  on  the  people  of  the  state,  as  did 
Grimes.  He  died  in  1871,  in  the  prime 
of  life  and  the  vigor  of  his  intellectual 
manhood. 

GROGAN,  WM.  M.,  one  of  the  most 
talented  of  American  Homeopathic  phy- 
sicians was  bom  in  Ireland  in  1835. 
He  came  to  the  United  States  and  has 
made  New  York  his  home  where  he  has 
achieved  great  success  and  a  most  ex- 
tensive practice*  His  reputation  is  nat- 
ional. 

GUINIFORT,  SAINT,  whose  feast 
according  to  the  Roman  martyrology 
is  kept  at  Pavia,  August  1st.  His  acts 
written  by  Mombriteus  says  he  was  of 
noble  parents  in  Scotia,  where  he  was 
converted  to  the  christian  religion  with 
his  brother  Guribald  and  two  sisters  and 
came  into  Germany  where  they  all  seal- 
ed theh:  faith  by  martyrdom.  They 
were  before  the  days  of  St.  Patrick. 

HACKETT,  JAMES  HENRY,  an 
eminent  American  actor  of  Irish  descent 
bom  in  New  York,  March  16. 180a  Ha 


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received  a  fair  education  and  entered 
Columbia  College,  but  did  not  complete 
Uie  course.  In  1817  he  entered  a  law 
office  but  abandoned  it  the  following 
yetxT  for  mercantile  affairs,  probably 
from  pecunary  reasons.  In  1819,  he 
married  an  actress  of  the  Park  Theatre. 
He  remained  in  the  merchantile  busi- 
ness till  1835,  part  of  the  time  in  New 
York  City,  but  not  succeeding  as  he 
desired  he  abandoned  it  for  the  stage, 
and  made  his  first  appearance  at  the 
Park  Theatre  in  1836  as  'Justice  Wood- 
cock.' He  next  appeared  as  'Sylvester 
Dagger  wood,'  and  in  this  character 
won  unbounded  applause.  He  then 
went  to  England,  when  he  appeared  in  a 
number  of  characters  winning  fame  and 
money,  on  his  return  he  appeared  as  'Rip 
Van  Winkle,'  and  subsequently  'Monsie- 
ur Mallet,'  and  then  in  his  favorite  repre- 
sentation of  'Falstaff.'  In  1829-30  he 
attempted  management  at  the  Bowery, 
and  also  at  the  Chatham  Theatre  in  New 
York.  He  visited  England  again  in 
1832  v/ith  still  greater  success,  and  in 
1837,  he  again  tried  management  at  the 
National,  and  subsequently  at  the  Astor 
Place  Opera  House,  when  he  lost  $4,- 
000  by  tlie  Forrest  and  Macready  riots. 
He  continued  at  intervals  to  appear  on 
tL  stage  until  1869,  when  he  appeared 
for  the  last  time  in  his  great  impersoni- 
flcation  of  Falstaff.  He  projected  a 
monument  for  Shakespear  in  Central 
Park,  the  corner  stone  of  which  was  laid 
in  1864.  He  is  the  author  of  'Notes, 
Criticism,  and  CoiTespondence  upon 
Shakespear's  Plays  and  Actors.'  He 
died  at  Jamaica  L.  I.,  December  28, 
1871. 

HACKETT,  JOHN  K.,  a  distinguish- 
ed jurist  and  politican  of  New  York  City 
was  born  there  of  Irish  parents  in  1820. 
After  completing  his  education  he  studi- 
ed law,  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  of  tlie 
state  and  practised  with  success.  He 
was  elected  Judge  of  the  Recorder's 
Court  which  position  he  held  for  many 
yeiirs  with  eminent  success.  He  died 
In  1879. 

HAINES,  CHAS.  G.,  a  prominent 
poiiUcian  and  lawyer,  of  New  York, 
was  born  in  New  Hampshire,  of  Irish 
ptu-euts,  about  1797,  and  gradunted  at 
Jliddlebury  College  in  1816;  commenc 
c^  the  study  of  law,  removed  to  New 
York  in  1818,  and  soon  acquired  fame 
^9  a  successfuil  practitioner.    He  also 


became  a  political  leader  of  note  and 
influence.  He  published  "Considera- 
tions on  the  Canal"  and  a  "Memoir  of 
Thomas  Addis  Emmet."  He  died  ia 
July  1829. 

HALES,  WILLIAM,  a  learned  Irish 
Protestant  divine,  was  a  fellow  of  Trin- 
ity College,  Dublin,  and  Professor  of 
Oriental  languages.  Among  his  scien- 
tific works  are '  'Sonorum  doctrina  ratio- 
nalis,"  1778,  "Analysis  iEquationum," 
"Analjrsis  Fluxionura,"  1800,  "New 
Analysis  of  Chronology,"  besides  some 
religious  and  historical  works. 

HALL,  MRS.  ANNA  MARIA,  nee 
FIELDING,  a  talented  and  iiopular 
authoress  and  traveler,  was  born  in  Ire- 
land (County  Wexford)  in  1805.  Her 
first  noted  book  was  "Sketches  of  Irish 
Character,"  published  in  1829,  which 
was  followed  by ' '  Chronicles  of  a  School- 
Room,"  1831,  "The  "Buccaneers,"  a 
novel,  "Tales  of  Woman's  Trials," 
"The  Outlaws,"  "Uncle  Horace,"  and 
"Light  and  Shadows  of  Irish  Life." 
She  was  was  also  author  of  a  Drama, 
"The  French  Refugee,"  besic'js  numer- 
ous other  works,  Historical,  semi-His- 
torical and  Fiction.  Among  them  "The- 
Redderbox,"  "The  Book  of  Royalty," 
"Characteristics  of  British  Palaces,  * 
"Marian,"  one  of  her  most  finished 
works,  "Stories  and  Studies  from  Eng- 
lish History,"  "Can  Wrong  be  Right," 
"The  Light  of  Faith,"  "The  Rift  in  the 
Rock,"  etc.,  ^tc.  In  1852  she  became 
editor  of  "Sharp's  London  Magazine," 
and  in  1860,  of  "St.  James'  Magazine." 
She  was  an  earnest  and  indefatigable- 
worker,  an  honest  and  impartial  chron- 
icler, and  a  writer  of  elegance,  beau^ 
and  simplicity.  Her  husband,  S.  0. 
Hall,  was  also  a  well-known  author, 
and  some  of  their  works  were  prodiiced 
in  union.    She  died  January  80,  1881. 

HALL,  DOMINICK  AUG^JSTINE, 
an  able  American  jurist,  was  born  ia 
South  Carolina,  in  1765,  of  Irish  parents. 
He  adopted  the  profession  of  the  Law, 
and  practiced  with  success  in  Charles- 
ton. In  1806  he  was  appointed  United 
States  District  Julge  of  Orleans  Terri- 
tory, which  in  1812  became  the  State  of 
Louisiana,  Hall  continuing  as  Judg;e. 
In  March,  1815,  New  Orleans  being  still 
kept  under  martial  law,  by  proclamation 
of  Jackson,  and  in  violation  of  the  Con- 
stitution, Judge  Hall  granted  a  writ  of 


PLATK  II. 


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IRISH  CELTS. 


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Habeas  Corpus  for  the  release  of  Louis 
Loneallier,  who  had  been  arrested  on 
charge  of  exciting  mutiny  amonethe 
troops,  on  the  ground  of  publishing  a 
statement  that  peace  had  been  signed. 
Jackson,  instead  of  obeying  the  writ, 
arrested  the  judge.    When  peace  was 

S reclaimed ,  Judge  Hall  summoned 
ackson  to  appear  before  him  for  con- 
tempt, and  fined  him  fl.OOO,  which 
Jackson  paid.  Congress,  however, 
afterwards  refunded  it  In  1845,  with  in- 
terest. Judge  Hall  died  in  New  Or- 
leans, Decemljer  19,  1820. 


HALL,  DR.  JOHN,  an  eminent  Am- 
erican Presbyterian  divine  and  writer, 
was  bom  in  Armagh,  Ireland,  July  81, 
1829.  He  entered  Belfast  College  in 
his  thirteenth  year,  and  although  the 
youngest  in  his  class,  took  repeatedly 
tbe  Hebrew  prize.  After  completing 
his  classical  course  he  studied  for  the 
ministry,  and  was  licensed  to  preach 
when  twenty  years  of  age,  and  went  on 
the  mission  to  the  West  of  L'eland.  In 
1852  he  became  pastor  of  the  First  Pres- 
byterian Church  of  Armagh,  and  in 
1856  removed  to  Dublin,  to  take  charge 
of  Rutland  Square  Presbyterian  Chiu-ch, 
and  was  appointed  Commissioner  of 
Education  for  Ireland.  In  1867  he  was 
sent  to  the  Uidted  States  as  a  dele^te 
from  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Ire- 
land, to  that  01  the  United  States  of 
America,  and  left  behind  him  when  he 
returned  home,  a  favorable  impression 
on  his  American  brethren,  of  his  ability, 
power  and  talents.  The  same  year  he 
received  a  call  from  the  Fifth  Avenue 
Presbyterian  Church  of  New  York  City, 
which  he  accepted,  and  entered  on  his 
new  duties  the  fall  of  that  year.  He  is 
noi,  only  popular  with  his  own  congre- 
gation, but  IS  held  in  high  esteem  by  his 
brethren  throughout  the  United  States, 
who  look  up  to  him  as  one  of  their 
ablest  representatives.  His  congrega- 
tion, under  his  auspices,  have  built  the 
finest  church  structure  owned  by  them 
anywhere,  at  a  cost  of  $1,000,000.  As 
a  preacher  he  is  noticed  for  the  severe 
chastness  of  his  style  which  added  to 
his  great  ejimestnesa,  makes  him  popu- 
lar with  -a  thinking  audience.  He 
speaks  without  notes,  a  style  universal 
in  his  native  land,  but  his  efforts  for 
that  reasoii  are  not  devoid  of  great  re- 
finement and  finish.  He  is  stiU  in  the 
vigor  of  his  intellectual  powers. 


HALPIN.  CHARLES  G.,  (Miles  O'- 
Reilly), one  of  the  ablest  and  most  witty 
of  modern  journalists,  was  bom  in  Ire- 
land in  1829,  and  received  a  classical 
education.  He  came  to  this  country 
when  a  young  man,  and  joined  the 
army  of  literary  Bohemians  in  New 
York  City.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the 
war  of  the  Rebellion,  he  enlisted  in  tie 
army,  and  first  attracted  special  atten- 
tion by  his  letters  from  the  "front" 
under  the  non  de  plume  of  "Miles 
O'Reilly,"  which  were  both  humorous 
and  pungently  sarcastic,  on  some  of  the 
would-be  famous  commanders,  and 
which  attracted  considerable  attention, 
both  by  their  ability  and  wit.  His  iden- 
tity being  discovered  by  some  of  his 
superiors,  who  smarted  under  the  ex- 
posure of  his  witty  and  sarcastic  pen, 
he  was  court  marshaled  and  would 
have  been  punished,  but  the  matter  was 
brought  to  the  attention  of  President 
Lincoln,  who  sent  for  the  disrespectful 
subaltern  and  relieved  him  from  his 
trouble  and  ever  afterwards  was  his 
friend  and  admirer.  He  afterwards 
commanded  a  regiment  in  the  war,  and 
was  a  Brigader  General  at  its  close. 
From  this  tune  fofward  his  pen  was  in 
active  demanded,  and  it  may  be  safely 
said  that  he  had  no  equal  in  America  as 
an  able,  original  and  prolific  Joumalist. 
He  was  equally  happy  both  in  prose 
and  verse,  and  dashed  off  a  gem  in  the 
latter  with  the  same  f  acili^  that  he 
wrote  a  sparkling  editorial  in  the  former. 
He  was  connected  at  times  with  the 
New  York  Herald,  Times,  Tribun3,Bos- 
ton  Post  and  Carpet  Bag,  and  finally 
editor  and  proprietor  of  the  Citizen. 
He  became  a  prominent  Republican 
politician  and  at  the  time  of  his  death 
held  an  important  city  ofilce.  He  was 
personally  very  popular,  and  as  a  con- 
versationalist was  unrivalled  in  wit,  hu- 
mor, and  anecdote.  He  is  said  to  have 
been  an  amaziug  literary  worker  when 
a  demand  for  copy  pressed  upon  him, 
acd  sheet  would  lollow  sheet  in  quick 
succession  for  hours,  containing  matter 
on  live  issues,  original,  pointed,  and  pol- 
ished. He  died  very  suddenly  from  an 
overdose  of  morphine  taken  to  assuage 
severe  pains ;  in  the  very  prime  of  ms 
life  and  the  full  brilliancy  of  gifted 
hitellect.    1869. 

HALY,  GEN.  SIRWM.  O'GKADT, 
an  able  and  experienced  British  ofBcer, 
was  bom  in    Irelal^il,    entered    tiie 


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HAM 


army  in  1833,  and  rose  by  good  con- 
duct till  he  reached  the  position  of  Ma- 
jor-General  in  1865.    He  served  with 

freat  distinction  in  the  Crimea,  and  in 
873  became  Lieut. -Gen.  and  General 
by  brevet  in  1877.  He  was  for  some 
time  in  command  of  the  forces  in  Can- 
ada, and  in  1875  was  Acting  Governor- 
General.    He  died  March  19,  1878. 

HAMILTON.  SIR  ALEXANDER, 
a  distinguished  soldier  and  count  of  the 
German  empire,  and  a  nephew  of  Count 
Anthony,  was  born  in  Ireland  about 
1660,  and  having  participated  in  the 
civil  troubles  was  compelled  to  expa- 
triate himself.  He  settled  in  Austria 
where  many  of  his  countrymen  had 
preceded  him,  and  entered  the  army. 
He  participated  in  most  of  the  great 
battles  of  the  Empire  and  rose  to  dis- 
tinction, and  became  a  Count  of  the 
Empire.  He  died  about  1725.  An- 
other brother  of  this  same  distinguished 
family,  Frederick,  attached  himself  to 
the  Sweedish  army  of  Gustavus  Adol- 
phus  and  became  distinguished  for 
bravery  and  skill.  He  returned  to  Ire- 
land and  was  compensated  by  new 
Sants  of  land  from  Charles  ll.,  for 
ose  con'flscated,  and  died  there. 

HAMILTON.  COUNT  ANTHONY, 
a'witty  writer,  was  born  in  1646  in  Ire- 
land, was  taken  to  France  when  a 
mere  child,  returned  at  the  period  of 
the  restoration,  fought  for  James  U.  in 
Ireland,  and  finally  settled  in  Franca. 
He  is  the  author  of  Count  Grammont, 
Fairy  Tales  and  Poems,  which  display 
wit  and  elegance.    He  died  in  1720.  * 

HAMILTON,  ELIZABETH,  a  lady 
of  great  talents  and  extensive  acquire- 
ments, was  boru  in  1758  at  Belfast.  Her 
parents  dying  while  she  was  yet  young 
she  was  brought  up  mainly  by  an  un- 
cle, wlio  resided  in  Scotland.  She 
early  displayed  remarkable  capacity, 
and  soon  became  widely  known  for  her 
scientific  acquirements.  Among  her 
works  are  Letters  of  a  Hindoo  Rajah, 
Memoirs  of  Modern  Philosophers,  the 
Life  of  Agrippina,  etc  She  died  at 
Harrogate  in  1816. 

HAMILTON,  LADY  ELIZABETH, 
famous  for  her -beauty,  spirit  and  ac- 
complishments, was  born  in  Tipperary, 
Ireland,  about  1650.  She  was  as  patri- 
otic as  beautiful  and  charming,  and 


took  a  chivalrous  interest  in  the  affairs 
of  her  country.  She  married  Philibert, 
Count  of  Gramont. 

HAMILTON,  HUGH,  and  Irish  pre- 
late of  the  Established  Church,  and  an 
able  mathematician,  was  bom  in  Ire- 
land in  1729;  and  after  completing  his 
education  studied  for  the  ministry.  He 
became  professor  of  natural  philosophy 
in  Dublin  University.  He  is  the  au- 
thor of  several  works  on  mathematics, 
besides  miscellaneous  essays.  He  died 
in  1805. 

HAMILTON,  JAMES,  Baron,  and 
Viscount  Strabane,  Peerage  of  Ireland 
and  Earl  of  Abercom  in  Scotland,  a 
member  of  the  above  celebrated  Nor- 
man Irish  family,  was  born  in  Ireland 
and  was  better  knovm  as  Captain  Ham- 
ilton. He  first  espoused  King  James' 
cause,  but  losing  faith  in  me  honor 
and  ability  of  that  weak  monarch  he 
attached  himself  to  William  and  took  a 
distinguished  part  in  the  siege  of  Lon- 
donderry.   He  died  in  1784. 

HAMILTON,  JAMES,  a  talented 
American  artist,  was  born  in  Ireland, 
1819,  and  when  a  boy  emigrated  to  the 
United  States  with  his  parents,  settling 
in  Philadelphia.  He  early  developed 
artistic  talent  and  became  a  teacher  of 
drawing.  He  went  to  Europe  in  1854. 
where  he  remained  two  years  working 
and  studying.  He  emploved  himseS 
mostly  in  illustrating  books.  Among 
his  best  work  in  oil  are  "Capture  of  the 
Serapis,"  "Old  Ironsides,"  "Wrecked 
Hope,"  "Egyptian  Sunset,"  "Morning 
of!  Atlantic  City."    He  died  in  1878. 

HAMILTON,  JAMES,  an  American 
statesman,  patriot  and  soldier,  was  of 
Irish  descent,  born  in  South  Carolina, 
May  8, 1776.  He  received  a  good  edu- 
cation and  adopted  the  profession  of 
the  law.  The  war  of  1812  saw  him  in 
the  army,  and  he  served  with  gallantry 
as  Major  in  the  campaigns  in  Canada. 
After  the  war  he  resumed  the  practice 
of  the  law  in  Charleston,  and  was  act- 
ive in  the  detection  and  suppression  of 
a  threatened  insurrection  of  the  negroes 
in  1822,  led  by  Denmark  Vesey,  a  free 
mulatto  from  Hayti.  The  same  year 
he  was  elected  to  Congress,  where  he 
was  a  strong  advocate  of  free  trade  and 
state  rights.  While  there  he  acted  as 
second  to  John  Randolph  In  hils  duel 


HAM 


HUSH  CBIiTS 


HAM 


year 
e  he 

and 
id  as 

duel 


with  Henry  Clay,  and  also  was  Qoy. 
HcDuffie's  second  in  his  duel  with  Col. 
Cummings.  Jaokson  offered  him  the 
Secretaryship  of  War  and  afterward  the 
position  of  Minister  to  Mexico,  with 
authority  to  negotiate  the  annexation  of 
Texas,  but  he  declined.  In  1880  he 
was  elected  Governor  of  South  Caro- 
lina, and  re-elected  the  following  term, 
and  recommended  the  passage  of  the 
nullification  act,  which  he  advocated 
by  speech  and  writing,  and  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  command  of  the  State 
militia  by  his  successor,  Gov.  Hayne. 
He  afterwards  became  interested  in 
Texas  and  her  affairs,  and  was  appoint- 
ed her  Minister  to  England  and  France, 
and  went  abroad  in  that  double  capac- 
ity to  secure  the  recognition  of  her  in- 
dependence, in  which  he  succeeded.  In 
1845  he  was  active  in  advocating  her 
admission  into  the  Union,  and  on  the 
death  of  Calhoun  he  was  appointed  his 
successor  in  the  U.  S.  Senate,  but  de- 
clined. In  his  efforts  in  behalf  of  Tex- 
as he  had  seriously  impaired  his  for- 
tune and  he  was  on  his  way  to  that 
State  where  he  had  been  just  elected 
TJ.  S.  Senator,  to  seek  indemnity, when 
he  was  lost  in  a  collision  of  steamboats. 
He  might  have  been  saved  but  he  yield- 
ed his  means  of  safety  to  a  lady  who 
was  an  entire  stranger  to  him,  and  per- 
ished in  the  seventy-second  year  of 
his  age.  He  was  one  of  the  ablest  of 
South  Carolina's  honored  sons,  full  of 
energy,  vim  and  resources^  and  an 
earnest  and  eloquent  orator. 

HAMILTON,  SIR  JOHN,  one  of 
the  bravest  and  most  distinguished  of 
British  soldiers,  and  one  of  the  most 
honorable  of  men,  was  born  in  the 
county  of  Tyrone,  Ireland,  August  4, 
1755.  This  gallant  officer  entered  upon 
active  service  at  an  unusually  early  age, 
and  for  a  period  of  about  fifty  years 
ending  with  the  general  peace  of  1815 
he  was  never  unemployed,  never  on 
half  pav,  and  what  is  without  parallel 
in  the  British  army,  never  during  more 
than  half  a  century  relieved  from  duty 
by  official  leave  of  absence,  with  the 
exception  of  one  fortnight,  when  visit- 
ing his  parents.  Having  distinguished 
himself  by  extraordinary  intrepidity 
and  judgment  at  the  escalade  of  the 
fortress  of  Gualiar,  the  storming  of  the 
strong  forts  of  Lobar  and  Bunglore, 
and  in  many  other  darins  exploits,  he 
was    alloTved  wliile  stul    extremely 


foung  and  only  a  lieutenant  to  raise  an 
ndian  regiment,  a  favor  never  before 
or  since  conferred  on  an  officer  less 
than  a  colonel,  and  which  shows  the 
estimate  put  upon  his  talents.  In  1795 
he  commanded  a  brigade  at  the  capture 
of  St.  Domingo.  While  in  Africa  in 
1803,  as  military  commissioner,  he  had 
the  mortification  to  be  present  at  the 
surrender  of  that  tei-ritory  to  the 
Dutch.  In  1801  he  was  on  duty  in  the 
North  of  Ireland,  Londonderry  being 
his  headquarters,  and  be  gained  the  ap- 
plause of  all  true  Irishmen  by  his  fore- 
able  suppression  of  all  party  displays 
calculated  to  insult  the  religion  of  his 
Catholic  fellow-countiymen.  In  the 
Peninsular  War,  under  the  Duke  of 
Wellington,  he  had  command  of  a  large 
division  of  the  allied  army,  and  as  In- 
spector General  of  Portugal  he  made 
the  national  forces  of  that  kingdom  as 
effective  and  distinguished  for  discip- 
line  as  any  portion  of  the  army,  while 
before  it  was  the  reverse;  for  this  serv- 
ice the  King  of  Portugal  decorated 
him.  Among  the  brilliant  exploits  of 
the  Spanish  campaign  none  equalled 
his  gallant,desperate,  but  supcessf ul  de- 
fense of  the  unfortified  town  and  dis- 
mantled castle  of  Alba  de  Tormes  with 
only  fifteen  hundred  men,  already  fa- 
tigued by  a  retreat,  against  fifteen  thou- 
sand supported  by  twenty  pieces  of  ar- 
tillery, commanded  by  the  celebrated 
Marshal  Soult.  For  this  gallant  act  he 
was  created  a  Baronet.  He  died  in 
1809. 

HAMILTON,  GEN.  RICHARD,'a 
distinguished  and  able  Irish  adherent 
of  the  pusillanimous  James  II.  He 
held  the  rank  of  lieutenant  General  in 
the  King's  anr,  ,  and  was  one  of  the 
chief  organizers  of  those  Irish  regi- 
ments which  afterwards  won  such 
glory  on  the  continent.  In  March, 
T690,  under  orders  from  the  Earl  of 
Tyrconnel  he  left  Drogheda  with  but 
2,000  of  the  newly  organized  Irish  ad- 
herents of  James,  and  met  Lord  Hugh 
Montgomery,  who  was  posted  near 
Dromore  at  the  head  of  8,000  support- 
ers of  William  of  Orange,  whom  he 
defeated  after  a  desperate  encounter, 
and  drove  the  shattered  remains  of 
them  into  the  fortified  town  of  Color- 
aine,  to  which  he  laid  siege,  and  al- 
though without  the  necessary  moans 
of  attack,  he  so  straightened  the  be- 
sieged that  they  suddenly  abandoned  it 


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in  the  night.  He  next  advanced  against 
Major  General  Lunder,  who  was  post- 
ed at  Clodybridge  on  the  river  Trim, 
•with  10,000  men.  On  arriving  oppo- 
site the  fort  he  found  the  enemy  in  the 
act  of  destroying  the  bridge.  He  drove 
them  off,  although  of  superior  force, 
repaired  the  bndge,  and  crossing, 
dislodged  the  enemy  and  pursued  them 
to  Raphoe.  Here  he  received  reinforce- 
ments and  found  ample  provisions  and 
was  advancing  on  Derry  when  com- 
missioners from  that  city  arrived  in  his 
camp  and  offered  to  capitulate  on  con- 
dition that  all  rights  would  ue  respect- 
ed and  the  garrison  allowed  to  evacuate, 
to  which  Hamilton  agreed,  but  James 
who  had  arrived  from  France,  coming 
into  camp  next  day  refused  to  abide  by 
the  conditions,  aemanding  uncondi- 
tional surrender.  This  arbitrary  and 
unjust  act  probably  cost  that  unfortu- 
nate and  contemptable  monarch  his 
crown,  for  Deny  held  out  till  relieved 
end  the  arrival  of  Schomberg,  and  the 
cowardice  of  James  completed  the  ruin 
of  his  prospects  and  possibly  added  to 
the  misfortunes  of  Ireland,  although 
she  could  have  ej  pected  but  little  from 
so  faithless  a  prinoe.  He  participated 
in  the  unfortunate  battle  of  the  Boyne, 
made  so  by  the  interference  and  imbe- 
cility of  James  II. 

HAMILTON,  SIR  W.  ROWAN,  one 
of  the  ablest  of  modern  mathematicians 
was  born  in  Dublin  in  1805.  From  his 
very  infancy  he  was  gifted  with  extra- 
ordinary talents.  When  only  13  years 
he  is  said  to  have  been  more  or  less  flm- 
iliar  with  thirteen  languages.  His  earli- 
er essays  on  curves  grew  at  length  in- 
to an  elaborate  and  able  treatise  on  the 
"Theory!of  systems  of  Rays"  published 
by  the  Royal  Irish  Academy  in  1828. 
To  this  he  at  different  times  added 
various  deductions,  in  the  last  of 
which  ho  indicated  the  existence 
of  the  two  kinds  of  conical^efraction, 
the  experimental  verification  of  which 
by  Lloyd  still  forms  one  of  the  most 
convincing  proofs  of  the  truth  of  the 
undulatory  Theory  of  Light.  In  1884, 
his  general  method  in  Dynamics  was 
published  in  the  Philosophical  Trans- 
actions of  the  li.  Irish  Academy.  In 
1868  he  published  a  volume  of  lectures 
on  the  subject  of  Quarternions.  which 
exhibit  an  extraordinary  amount  of 
thought  and  labor.  Another  volume 
on  the  Mume  lubjeot  with  liii  improve- 


ments in  Calculus  was  published  after 
his  death.  He  held  important  positions 
in  Dublin  University  even  while  he  was 
but  an  under  graduate.  In  1827  he 
was  appointed  lecturer  in  the  Andrew's 
Chair  of  Astronomy,  and  Astronomer 
Royal  of  Ireland.  In  1836  he  was 
Knighted  and  delivered  the  address  be- 
fore the  British  Scientific  Association 
as  Secretary  of  its  Dublin  meeting  that 
year.  He  was  also  President  of  the 
Royal  Irish  Academy,  and  was  an  hon- 
ored member  of  most  of  the  great 
scientific  societies  of  Europe,  and  was 
considered  the  peer  of  the  ablest  scien- 
tific minds  of  his  day.  He  died  in 
1865. 

HAND,  GEN.  EDWARD,  an  Irish 
American  soldier  and  ]patriot  of  the  Rev- 
olution, who  was  distinguished  among 
his  countrymen  in  Pennsylvania,  for  his 
ardent  advocacy  of  the  American  cause, 
and  his  gallant  services  in  the  war. 
he  was  a  delegate  to  the  Continental 
Congress  from  that  state,  1784-6,  and 
was  held  in  high  esteem  by  his  fellow- 
citizens. 

HANDCOCK,  COL.  R.  B.,  a  brave 
and  heroic  British  soldier,  was  born  in 
county  Westmeath,  Ireland,  in  1780. 
His  father,  Matthew  Hancock,  was  con- 
nected witli  the  military  of  Ireland  and 
our  subject,  after  graduating  at  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  entered  the  army  at 
the  age  of  eighteen.  His  first  active 
service  was  in  Egypt  in  1801  when  he 
distinguished  himself  and  was  wound- 
ed. He  next  served  on  the  continent, 
and  in  1812  was  sent  with  his  regiment 
to  Canada.  There  he  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  heroic  defence  of  LacoUe 
Mill,  a  fortified  Hamlet  situated  on  the 
frontier  near  Rouse's  Point,  where  with 
scarcely  five  hundred  men  he  success- 
fully maintained  himself  against  Gen. 
Willdnson  who  invested  it  with  about 
6000,  and  vainly  attempted  to  take  it  by 
storm.  This  was  the  most  gallant  feat 
performed  by  British  arms  during  this 
war.    He  died  at  Pisa,  May  4, 1854. 

HANLAN,  EDWARD,  the  phenom- 
enal  Canadian  oarsman,  was  born  in 
Toronto,  of  Irish  parents,  July  12, 1856. 
Residing  on  an  island  near  Toronto 
from  infancy,  he  may  be  said  to  have 
been  brought  up  on  the  water,  and  in 
his  sixteenth  year  was  one  of  a  crew  iii 
A  rue  of  boys.    In  1878  he  o«me  out  M 


EAR 


HUSH  CELTS. 


HAR 


a  single  sculler,  when  he  won  the  cham- 
pion^p  of  Lake  Ontario,  and  in  1876 
he  won  the  championship  of  America  at 
Philadelphia,  and  afterwards  defeated 
the  most  celebrated  American  and  Can- 
adian oarsmen  with  the  greatest  ease, 
including  Courtney,  one  of  the  most 
graceful  and  swiftest  of  oarsmen.  He 
went  to  England  in  1879,  and  he  there 
defeated  their  champions,  Howdon  and 
Elliott,  and  the  great  Australian  oars 
man,  Trickett,  with  ridiculous  ease, 
stopping  often  to  wait  for  them,  to  the 
utter  disgust  of  their  admirers  and  hack- 
ers. He  returned  to  America  and  again 
defeated  the  ablest  oarsmen,  but  was 
defeated  in  a  field  of  rowers  at  Provi- 
dence, June  17,  1880,  a  sudden  illness 
causing  him  to  stop,  although  in  ad- 
vance at  the  time.  He,  however,  de- 
feated the  winner,  Ross,  with  the  great- 
est ease,  in  1888.  He  is,  without  doubt, 
the  most  skillful  oarsman  that  ever  pull- 
ed an  oar.  He  is  5  feet  8  inches  in 
height,  and  weighs  about  150  pounds 
when  in  condition  for  rowing. 

HANNEGAN,  EDWARD  A.,  an 
eloquent  and  able  American  statesman 
and  lawyer,  was  born  in  Ohio,  about 
1800,  of  Irish  parents,  and  received  as 
good  an  education  as  those  early  times 
afforded  in  that  section  of  the  Union. 
He  studied  law  and  settled  in  Indiana, 
"wbere  he  soon  acquired  a  high  reputa- 
tion for  eloquence  and  ability,  and  was 
sent  to  the  legislature  of  the  state.  In 
1838  he  was  elected  to  Congress,  where 
he  remained  two  terms,  and  in  1848  to 
the  United  States  Senate,  where  he  won 
distinction  by  his  eloquence.  After  the 
expiration  of  his  term  he  was  appoint- 
ed Minister  to  Prussia,  and  on  his  re- 
turn home  settled  in  Missouri,  where  he 
died  February  25,  1850. 

HARPER,  ALEXANDER,  an  able 
and  distinguished  American  politician, 
was  a  native  of  Ireland,  and  emigtaU'A 
to  the  United  States  when  comparative- 
ly young,  and  soon  became  noted  for 
ability  and  eloquence.  He  settled  per- 
manently in  Ohio,  and  represented  that 
state  in  Congress  at  various  times  from 
1887  to  1858,  making  an  honorable  re- 
cord for  ability  and  integrity. 

HARPER,  FRANCIS,  an  able  and 
prominent  citizen  of  Pennsylvania,  of 
Irish  descent,  was  born  about  the  year 
1800,  received  a  good  edwiiation,  and 


rose  to  prominence  by  his  native  ability. 
He  was  elected  to  Congress  in  1837,  but 
died  shortly  after. 

HARPER,  JAMES,  was  a  native  of 
Ireland,  born  towards  the  close  of  the 
last  century.  He  emigrated  to  Penn- 
sylvania, and  acquired  distinction  by 
his  talents  and  capacity.  He  represent- 
ed his  state  in  Congress  from  1838  to  '87 
and  was  respected  for  his  ability  and 
standing. 

HARPER,  JOSEPH  M.,  a  disting- 
uished politician  and  jurist  of  New 
Hampshire,  was  born  of  Irish  parents 
at  Limerick,  Maine,  June  21, 1787.  He 
was  broughlf,  up  on  a  farm,  and  manag- 
ed largely  by  his  industry  and  persever- 
ence  to  secure  a  good  education,  while 
he  helped  to  pay  his  way.  He  for  a 
while  taught  school,  and  during  the 
time  studied  lioth  Law  and  Medicine, 
and  was  admitted  to  practice  in  both. 
He  eventually  became  United  States 
District  Judge  of  New  Hampshire;  was 
acting  Governor  of  the  State  in  1881, 
and  a  member  of  Congress  from  1881  to 
'35.  He  died  at  Canterbury,  N.  H., 
January  15, 1865. 

HARPER,  ROBERT  GOODLOE, 
an  eminent  American  lawyer  was  bom 
in  Virginia  about  1760  of  Irish  parents 
but  lemoved  with  them-  when  very 
young  to  North  Carolina.  His  parents 
bein^/;  poor,  his  advantages  up  to  his  be- 
coming of  age  were  limited,  but  in  the 
face  of  many  discouraging  obstacles  he 
succeeded  in  acquiring  a  good  solid  ed- 
ucation. At  the  age  of  twenty  he  went 
to  Charleston,  S.  0.,  with  the  Intention 
of  commencing  the  study  of  the  law, 
arriving  there  with  scarcely  one  dollar 
in  his  pocket.  He  immediately  com- 
menced ^e  study  of  his  profession  hay- 
ing obtained  a  place  in  the  office  of  an 
Attorney;  he  applied  himself  with  great 
energy  and  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in 
his  twenty-first  year,  and  successfully 
undertook  the  management  of  u  cause 
in  the  courts  of  record.  He  soon  re- 
moved into  the  interior  of  the  State,  and 
entered  politics,  by  writing  a  series  of 
articles  on  proposed  changes  in  the 
State  constitution.  He  was  immediate- 
ly elected  to  the  Legislature  and  so  dis- 
tinguished himself  that  he  was  shortly 
afterwards  sent  to  Congress  where  he 
became  a  prominent  member  of  the  Fed- 
eral party,  and  a  powerful  advocate  of 


P 


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HAR 


HUSH  CBLT8. 


HAU 


the  policy  of  Wasbington.  In  1797  he 
publishea  a  pamplet,  'Observations  on 
the  dispute  between  the  United  States 
and  Firanee.' which  attracted  great  at- 
tention both  here  in  America,  and  in 
Europe.  His  speeches  in  mana^ng  the 
impeachment  of  Blount  and  defending 
Judge  Chase,  are  fine  specimens  of  ar- 
gument and  eloquence.  On  the  defeat 
of  the  Federal  party,  Mr.  Harper  return- 
ed to  the  practice  of  his  profession  in 
Baltimore,  he  having  marf  ied  the  daugh- 

ghter  of  Charles  Carroll.  His  practice 
1  the  United  States  Supreme  Ccurt, 
was  from  this  time  till  his  death  both 
extensive  and  lucrative.  His  party  hav- 
ing gained  the  ascendency  in  Maryland, 
he  was  elected  United  States  Senator. 
He,  however,  soon  resigned  his  seat, 
his  professional  duties  being  such  that 
he  was  not  able  to  give  to  each  such  at- 
tention as  he  thought  they  demanded. 
In  1819  he  visited  Europe  with  his  fam- 
ily,andiemained  abroad  two  years.  His 
family  was  allied  at  this  time  to  some 
of  the  first  in  Great  Britain,  one  of 
Chafles  Carroll's  daughters  being  Mar- 
chioness of  Wellesley.  He  died  sudden- 
ly hi  Baltimore,  m  1826. 

HARPER,  WILLIAM,  an  eminent 
jurist  of^uth  Carolina,  was  born  in 
that  State  of  Irish  parents,  January  17 
1719,  and  was  educated  at  South  Caro- 
lina College,  he  studied  law,  and  quick- 
ly acquired  fame  and  a  large  practice 
by  his  ability.  He  was  elected  to  the 
State  Legislature  and  made  a  speaker 
of  the  House.  He  removed  to  Missou- 
ri for  a  few  years,  from  1818  to  '28,  and 
was  made  Chancellor  of  that  State.  He 
represented  South  Carolina  in  the  Unit- 
ed State  Senate  in  1826  and  in  1880, 
was  elected  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Ap- 
peal, and  in  1885  chancellor  of  the  State. 
He  died  October  IC,  1847. 

HARRIS,  WALTER,  an  Irish  coun- 
Bellor  and  historical  writer,  partly  of 
English  descent,  and  was  bom  in  Dub- 
lin about  1700.  He  enlarged  and  am- 
{ilified  the  works  of  Sir  James  Ware,  on 
rish  History.  The  first  volume  was 
grlnted  in  Dublin  in  1729,  and  the  second 
I  1746. 

HARRISON,  Chief  Justice  of  On- 
tario,  one  of  the  ablest  and  most  distin- 
guiihed  of  Canadian  Jurists,  was  the  son 
of  Riohard  Harrison  who  emigrated  from 
county  Monoghan,    Ireland,  a  short 


time  bef«re  the  birth  of  our  snbject, 
who  first  saw  light  at  Montreal,  August 
8,  1888,  and  received  liis  education 
at  Upper  Canada  College.  He  early 
gave  evidence  of  unusual  talent,  ana 
in  1865  he  was  called  to  the  Bar,  and 
from  the  first  he  took  a  prominent  posi- 
tion.  Naturo  had  bountifully  supplied 
him  with  aH  the  elements  which  go  to 
form  a  great  lawyer,  and  to  this  was  ad- 
ded a  tireless  energy.  It  is  not  strange 
therefore,  tliat  he  soon  acquired  an  ex- 
tensive  practice.  "In  fact,"sa3rs  a  sketch 
of  him, '  'Since  1859  to  his  elevation  to  the 
Chief  Justiceship  there  has  scarcely  been 
a  case  of  ^public  importance  in  which  he 
has  not  been  retained."  He  was  called 
upon  to  defend  the  ministers  when  ac- 
cused  of  violating  the  rights  of  Parlia- 
ment, and  at  many  of  the  assizes  where 
he  practiced,  would  be  retained  in  three- 
fourths  of  all  the  cases  both  criminal 
and  civil.  At  some  of  the  terms  as  many 
as  eighty  rules  have  been  moved  by  him. 
He  became  Queen's  Counsil  in  1867, 
and  a  bencher  of  the  Law  Society  in  '71 
and  has  represented  West  Toronto  in 
Parliament  for  a  number  of  years.  His 
despatch  of  business  in  his  judicial  cap- 
acity was  admirable,  especially  a?  con- 
trasted with  his  predecessors,  beinsr 
prompt  but  careful  and  deliberate,  ana 
consequently  eminently  satisfactory  to 
all  who  sought  justice.  His  record, 
both  as  an  advocate  and  judge  is  second 
to  none  who  has  yet  appear^  in  Cana- 
da.' 

HAUGHERY,  MARGARET,  a  no- 
ted philanthropist  and  woman  of  great 
energy,  enterprise  and  resources, 
was  bom  in  Ireland  and  came  to  the 
United  States  at  an  early  age  with  her 

{)arents,  whom  she  lost  when  a  child, 
eaving  her  without  any  means.  She 
was  taken  by  an  aunt  Mrs.  Richards 
who  although  a  Baptist  had  Margaret 
brought  up  a  Catholic  as  desired  by 
her  parents.  She  married  Charles  Hau- 

8 herv  in  her  twenty -first  year  and  set- 
ed  in  New  Orleans  about  188S,  where 
he  died  a  few  years  later.  She  always 
possessed  a  laree  share  of  practical  be- 
nevolence whicn  she  cultivated,  her 
sound  common  sense  pointing  out  to 
her  that  the  best  results  could  alone  be 
had  through  the  cb»^ritable  oitlers  of 
the  Church.  Sbd  therefore,  worked 
mainly  in  conjunction  with  the  Sisters 
of  Charitv;  fin  t  in  aid  of  the  Poydraa 
,  Female  Oiphai  Asylum.    In  Imi  skft 


HAY 


IHISn  CELTS. 


HAT 


projected  the  Camp  Street  Asj'lum,  in 
conjunction  with  Sister  Tlegls  and  suc- 
cessfully built  it.  In  1852  she  went  into 
the  Dairy  business  on  a  large  scale,  solely 
to  gain  means  to  prosecute  her  charit- 
able works,  and  built  successively  the 
"St.  Vincent  Infant  Asylum,"  and  the 
"St.  Elizabeth  Asylum,"  all  under  the 
charge  of  the  Sisters,  the  funds  in  great 
part  .coming  from  her  earnings.  She 
also  greatly  aided  the  Little  Sisters  of 
the  Poor,  in  establishing  their  Home  for 
the  Aged  and  Infirm.  In  1860  she  sold 
out  he  dairy  and  went  into  an  extensive 
bakery  busiu.  s,  and  although  she  had 
the  meagrest  kind  of  an  education,  she 
had  wonderful  business  tact  and  method. 
To  judge  from  the  amount  of  aid  she 
freely  poured  into  all  kinds  of  charities 
her  earnings  mu3t  have  been  very  large, 
although  it  is  not  probable  that  she  paid 
any  attention  to  the  amount.  She  not 
only  gave  all  her  own  surplus  earnings 
to  charity,  but  she  also  by  solicitation 
received  largely  irom  the  wealthy  mer- 
chants of  the  city,  who  could  not  well 
refuse  one  who  gave  them  so  bright  and 
munificent  an  example.  It  is  said  that 
on  one  occasion  an  extensive  grocer 
on  being  applied  to  for  assistance  for 


you 

to  the  Asylum  yourself."  The  offer 
was  promptly  accepted,  and  Margaret 
procured  the  most  capacious  barrow  she 
could  get,  and  being  blessed  with  a 
large  share  of  physical  as  well  as  men- 
tal vigor,  she  took  away  a  load  that  as- 
tonished the  givers,  with  the  remark 
that  she  would  cheei  fully  do  the  same 
every  day  for  the  orphan's.  She  con- 
tinued her  work  up  to  the  last,  dying 
full  of  yeo>  and  benedictions  in  1882. 
Her  funeral  wi»3  attended  by  all  classes 
of  her  fellow-citizens,  the  stores  being 
all  closed,  and  by  thousands  who  had 
directly  or  indirectly  been  the  benefici- 
aries of  her  open  handed  charity.  The 
city  is  to  honor  her,  or  rather  honors 
itself  by  erecting  a  public  monument  to 
her  in  its  principal  square. 

HAYNE,  ARTHUR  P.,  an  able  Ir- 
ish American  soldier  and  politican,  was 
of  Irish  parentage,  bom  in  South  Caro- 
lina, March  12, 1790,  and  after  receiving 
a  fair  education,  entered  as  a  clerk  in  a 
Counting  House.  He  had  a  natural 
penchant  for  military  affairs  and  when 
the  war  of  1813  broke  out  he  immedi- 


ately volunteered  and  earned  distinct- 
ion at  Sakett's  Harbor,  and  afterwards 
along  the  Canadian  Frontier  as  a  Major 
of  Cavalry.  iHe  subseqently  joined  Gen- 
eralJacksou  in  his  campaign  against  the 
Creek  Indians,  when  he  held  the  impor- 
tand  position  of  Inspector  General  and 
distinguished  himself  at  Pensecola  and 
New  Orleans.  After  the  war  he  studi- 
ed law  and  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  iu 
Pennsylvania.  During  the  Florida  war 
he  again  joined  his  old  commander  and 
fellow  Celt,  Jackson,  and  commanded 
the  Tennessee  volunteers.  He  letired 
from  the  army  in  1820,  returned  to 
South  Carolina,  and  took  up  the 
practice  of  his)  profession,  was  elected 
to  the  Legislature  and  was  a 
Presidential  elector  in  the  hot  contest  of 
1828,  supporting  his  old  commander  on 
the  stump  as  in  the  field.  In  1858  he 
was  appointed  United  States  Senator  to 
succeed  Senator  Evans.  He  distinguish- 
ed himself  in  every  position  in  ufe  to 
which  he  was  called , and  earned  the  high- 
est respect  and  confidence  of  all  around 
him. 

HAYNE,  ISAAC,  a  patriot  of  the 
American  Revolution,  was  of  Irish  pa- 
rentage, born  in  South  Carolina,  and  at 
the  beginning  of  the  American  Revolu- 
tion was  a  planter  of  wealth.  In  1781, 
in  violation  of  all  law  and  of  human- 
ity, he  was  taken  prisoner  and  executed 
by  the  British  authorities  on  pretence 
that  he  was  found  in  arms  against  the 
British  Government  after  he  had  ac- 
cepted its  protection  and  became  its 
subject  1  This  arose  from  an  express 
understanding  for  a  time  recognized  by 
the  British  tlmt  "non-combatants  were 
not  to  be  molested."  Afterwards  how- 
ever Sir  Henry  Clinton  issued  an  order 
compelling  all  found  within  their  lines 
to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance.  Many 
who  Avere  called  upon  to  do  so  ref  usea, 
and  instead  of  being  ordered  outside  of 
the  lines  were  imprisoned,  and  Hayne, 
who  got  outside  and  took  up  arms,  was 
executed  when  taken. 

HAYNE,  ROBERT  G.,  one  of  the 

most  eloquent  of  American  statesmen 
and  lawyers,  was  another  scion  of  the 
South  Carolina  Irish  family  of  that 
name,  and  was  born  in  the  suburbs  of 
Charleston,  Nov.  10, 1791.  He  receiv- 
ed as  good  an  education  as  the  limited 
means  of  his  poor  but  intelligent  par- 
ents would  allow,  and  with  a  laudable 


1 '. 


<  * 


r.^  n 


niw 


IBI8H  CELTSL 


"HEN 


ambition  determined  to  conquer  the 
disadvantages  of  his  position  and  make 
his  mark  as  a  lawyer.  Possessing  the 
peculiar  talent  of  his  race  for  flery  and 
oemest  eloquence  he*  earned  a  reputa- 
tion before  he  reached  his  majority  as  a 
successful  advocate  of  fine  ability  and 

Seat  eloquence.  The  breaking  out  of 
e  war  of  1812  saw  him  in  the  field, 
as  it  did  the  Irish  element  throughout 
the  United  States,  and  the  Irish  ele- 
ment mainly;  and  he  won  distinction  by 
his  bravery.  In  1814  he  was  elected  to 
ttie  State  Legislature,  and  was  made 
Hpcaker  of  the  House  and  then  Attor- 
ney General  of  the  State.  In  1823  he 
was  elected  United  States  Senator,  re- 
taining his  seat  till  1832,  when  he  re- 
signed to  take  the  execiitive  chair  of 
•Jouth  Carolina.  He  was  succeeded  by 
Calhoun,  and  like  him  he  was  an  earn- 
est and  fiery  advocate  of  State  rights, 
and  was  elected  Qovemor  to  sustain 
and  defend  nullification.  The  troubles 
with  the  general  government  having 
been  settled  by  concessions,  Governor 
Hayne  did  not  seek  a  re-election,  but 
was  compelled  by  his  fellow  citizens  to 
become  Mayor  of  hi?  native  city, 
and  was  connected  with  the  public 
Improvements  undertaken  for  the  bene- 
fit apd  growth  of  the  State.  He  died 
September  24,  1839,  leaving  behind 
lilm  none  more  eloquent  or  alne  among 
his  cotemporaries. 

HEALY,  GEORGE  P.  A.,  a  distin- 
guished American  portrait  painter,  born 
Ml  Boston,  of  Irish  parents,  July  18. 
1818,  went  to  Paris  in  1836  and  altern- 
ated between  that  city  and  the  United 
States  for  many  years.  He  produced 
portraits  of  many  eminent  men,  among 
uiem  Louis  Philippe,  [Marshal  Soulte, 
Cass,  Calhoun,  Webster,  Pierce,  Thur- 
man,  Longfellow,  and  others.  His 
more  important  works  were  Franklin 
urging  the  claims  of  America  before 
Louis  XVI.,  the  King  of  France,  and 
Webster's  reply  to  Hayne. 

HAWKEY,  JOHN,  a  classical  schol- 
ar of  great  erudition,  was  born  in  Ire- 
land, about  1700,  WP1  a  graduate  of  the 
University,  of  Dublin.  Among  his  works 
are  translations  of  Xenophon,  Yirgilius, 
Terentius,  Juvenal  et  Persius.  He  also 
edited  editions  of  "Paradise  Lost,  and 
Paradise  Regained,"  which  were  held 
In  high  esteem  for  their  accuracy,  be- 
eides  other  works.  He  died  in  Dublin 
in  1759. 


HENDRICKEN,  RT.  REV.  THOS. 
F.,  D.  D.,  a  learned  and  able 
Roman  Catholic  Bishop  of  Providence, 
was  bom  in  Ireland  in  1827,  emigrated 
to  the  United  States  f^nd  was  educated 
for  the  priesthood  in  which  sacred  pf9ce 
he  served  for  about  twenty  years,  be- 
coming noted  for  ability,  zeal  and  earn- 
"X  piety.  He  was  raised  to  the  episco- 
pacy as  the  first  bishop  of  Providence 
m  1872,  and  filled  the  position  with  em- 
inent satisfaction,  and  lasting  benefit  to 
the  new  diocese. 

HEAD,  RICHARD,  an  Irish  dra- 
matist and  writer  of  talent  of  the  17th 
century,  was  the  author  of  some  popu- 
lar plays  in  his  day  and  of  other  works 
of  merit.    He  died  in  1678. 

HENNESSEY,  WM.  J.,  a  talented 
American  painter  and  artist,  was  born 
in  Thomastown,  Ireland,  1889,  and 
emigrated  to  the  United  States  when  ten 
years  old,  with  his  parents  who  settled 
in  New  York  City,  where  he  received 
his  education.  He  early  developed 
unusual  artistic  talents  .uid  soon  be- 
came constantly  employed  in  the  illus- 
tration of  books  and  magazines.  He 
also  produced  works  in  oil  and  water 
colors  which  were  noted  for  their  orig 
inality  and  artistic  perfection.  In  1870 
he  went  to  London,  where  he  has  since 
resided,  his  brush  being  constantly  em- 
ployed at  high  figures.  Amongst  his 
principle  works  in  oil  and  water  colors 
are:  "In  Memoriam,"  "The  Wander- 
ers," "On  the  Sands,"  ^'^  By-path  in 
Normandy,"  "Autumn  on  the  New 
England  Hills,"  "A  Summer  Sea,"  "An 
Evening  (tn  the  Thames,"  "The  Glean- 
er's Retur*>,"  "An  Artist's  Holiday," 
"Drifting,"  "A  Street  Ballad,"  "New 
England  Blackberry  Pickers."  His 
skin  and  fame  are  still  increasing,  and 
his  pictures  promise  to  be  among  the 
most  prized. 

HENRT,  THOMAS,  a  distinguished 
Pennsylvania  politician,  was  born  in 
Ireland  in  1785,  and  came  to  the  Uni- 
ted States  with  his  parents  at  an  early 
age.  They  settled  in  Pennsylvania, 
where  our  subject  was  educated  and 
soon  became  distin^ished  by  his  abil- 
ity and  energy.  He  was  intrusted  by 
his  fellow  citizens  vrith  many  positions 
of  honor  and   crea.t,  and   for  many 

Sears  represented  his  district  in  the  U. 
.  Congress,  where  he  acquired  much 


HER 


IRISH  CELTS 


HIO 


few 

His 

and 

the 


influence  by  his  ability,  integrity  and 
worth.  He  died  in  Beaver  county,  i'a., 
Feb.  27, 1843. 

HEREMON,  son   of  Milesius,   tie 
first  monarch  of  Ireland  of  the  Scoto- 
Milesians.said  to  have  settled  in  Ireland 
«nd,  with  his  brother,  wrested  its  sov- 
«Teignity  from  the  Tutha  de  Danians,  a 
little  after  the  time  of   Moses.    Mile- 
fliuB  and  his  family,  like  Moses  and  the 
IsraeUtes    resided  for  a  time  in  Egypt, 
and,  being  compelled  to  leave,  settled 
in  Spain,  from  whence,  after  his  death, 
his  eight  sons,  with  their  mother  Scota, 
And  numerous  dependents,  sailed  for 
Ireland  in  sixty  ships,  most  of  which 
were  wrecked  in  a  storm,  before  land- 
ing.   Two  only  of  the  sons,  Heberand 
Heremon,  with  a  portion  of  their  fleet, 
succeeded  in  making  a  landing,  and 
those  at  different  points.    Heber  was 
soon  after  attacked  by  the  natives,  com- 
manded by  the  Princess  Eire,  wife  of 
MacGreany,  one  of  the  princes  of  the 
Tutha   de   Danians;  he  defeated  the 
gallant  princess,  but  at  a  sacrifice  of 
800   men,  besides  his  mother   Scota, 
widow  of  Milesius.    He  shortly  after- 
wards found  Heremon,  with  whom  he 
joined  forces,  and  advancing  into  the 
county  met  the  enemy  on  the  plains  of 
Tailton,  where  they  utterly  defeated 
them,  killing  their  three  princes  and 
thereby  becoming  possessed  of  the  king- 
dom,   which    they  divided    between 
them,  Heber  taking  the  southern  part 
and  Heremon  the  northern.    The  am- 
bition of  Heber's  wife  was  not  satisfied 
with  the  division,  and  she  influenced 
her  husband  to  right  himself  by  force 
of  arms.    A  bloody  battle  was  fought 
near  the  boundaries  of  Leinster  and  Mun- 
ster,  in  which  Heber  and  his  chief  offi- 
cers were  slain,  and  Heremon  became 
sole  monarch   of   the   whole  island, 
reigning  for  f-irteen  years. 

HERON,  MATILDA,  a  celebrated 
American  emotional  actress,  was  born 
in  Londonderry,  Ireland,  December  1, 
1880.  She  made  her  first  appearance 
•on  the  stage  at  the  Walnut-street  Thea- 
ter, Philadelphia,  Feb.  17,  1851,  as  Bi- 
anca  in  "Fazio,"  and  made  a  starring 
tour  of  the  States  in  1856-6.  She  ap- 
peared in  her  great  role  of  "Camille," 
which  she  adapted  frotr  the  French  of 
Dumas  in  1857,  Mr.  Southern  appear* 
ing  with  her  as  Armand.  Her  success 
was  marvelous,  and  it  is  said  she  real- 


ized nearly  $200,000  from  that  charac- 
ter. She  visited  Great  Britain  in  1861 
and  appeared  as  Rosalie  Lee  in  "^w 
Years  Eve,"  and  other  parts  with  ap- 
plause. On  returning  to  America  she 
renewed  her  triumphs  in  "Camille"  and 
also  appeared  in  "Medea,"  wliich  she 
adopted  from  the  Greek  of  Dripides. 
Her  last  appearance  was  us  Lady  Mac- 
beth in  Booth's  Theater  in  1875,  except 
appearing  at  a  benefit  for  her  little 
daughter  Bijou  Heron,  who  has  adopt- 
ed the  stage  and  promises  to  rival  her 
mother  in  popularity.  Matilda  Heron 
was,  however,  at  this  time  broken 
down  in  health.  She  died  March  7, 
1877. 

HICK,  BARBARA,  one  of  the  lead- 
ers and  first  promoters  of  American 
Methodism,  was  born  in  Ireland  in  1784 
and  emigrated  with  her  husband, 
Embury  and  others  from  Ireland  1780. 
They  settled  in  New  York,  and  most 
of  them  becoming  careless  of  all  religi- 
ous observances  in  their  new  home, 
Mrs.  Hick  reproached  Embury,  who 
had  been  a  local  preacher  in  Ireland, 
with  a  neglect  of  duty  and  succeeded 
in  inspiring  him  with  energy  in  the 
work,  and  through  her  means  princi- 
pally was  the  first  American  church 
built.  She  afterwards  removed  to  Can- 
ada, where  she  died  in  1804.  Her  mem- 
ory is  held  in  great  esteeem  by  her 
brethem. 

HIGGINS,  DR.  WM.,  bishop  of 
Ardagh,  an  able  and  patriotic  Irish  pre- 
late, was  bom  in  1794,  and,  having 
chosen  a  religious  vocation,  he  was  sent 
to  the  continent  to  pursue  his  studies. 
At  the  age  of  21  he  was  a  professor  in 
the  Irish  College  in  Paris,  and  three 
years  afterwards  he  obtained  his  doc- 
tor's degree  in  Rome  He  was  appoint- 
ed by  the  Pope  to  examine  the  condi- 
tions of  the  Catholic  colleges  of  the 
continent,  which  had  suffered  materi- 
ally through  the  disastrous  wars  of  Na- 
poleon. Having  reported  to  his  holi- 
ness in  a  full  and  Batisfactory  manner, 
he  returned  to  his  native  land  and  was 
appointed  to  the  Chair  of  Dogmatic 
Theology  In  Maynooth.  He  soon  at- 
tracted tne  attention  of  his  countrymen 
by  his  patriotic  advocacy  of  civil  and 
religious  freedom,  and  ably  supported 
the  illustrious  Dr.  MacHale  of  Tuam 
in  exposing  and  denouncing  the  policy 
of  the  government  in  Ireland,    ^egov- 


"  *i 


HIL 


nUSH  CELTS. 


HIL 


emed  his  See  with  zeal  and  wisdom, 
sad  made  man^^  improvements,  among 
them  a  magnificent  Cathedral.  He 
died  Jan.  8, 1853. 

HIGOmS,  PHILIP,  a  learned 
Irish  Franciscan,  who  flourished  in  the 
middle  of  the  fifteenth  century.  He 
was  educated  on  the  continent,  and  be- 
came noted  as  a  poet  and  religious  wri- 
ter. He  was  the  author  of  many  sacred 
poems,  and  other  works  of  great  merit 
came  from  his  pen.    He  di^  in  1487. 

HIGINBOTHMI,  COL.  KATHAN- 
lAL,  a  prominent  Canadian  politician, 
was  born  in  County  Cavan  in  1880,  and 
receivsd  there  a  fair  education.  He 
emigrated  to  Canada  with  other  mem- 
bers of  his  family  at  an  early  day,  en- 
gaging in  business  and  gave  consider- 
able attention  to  chemistry.  He  has 
long  taken  a  leading  part  in  public  af- 
fairs in  his  section  of  Canada,  having 
been  clothed  by  his  fellow  citizens  suc- 
.  cessively  with  all  the  local  honors,  and 
'has  been  conspicuous  in  organizing  the 
military  spirit  and  policy  of  Canada.  He 
was  also  a  strong  advocate  of  the  con- 
federation of  British  America.  .'Te  was 
sent  to  ihe  Dominion  Parliament  in 
1872,  and  still  represents  North  Well- 
ington in  that  body.  He  is  president 
of  Uie  St.  Patrick's  Society  of  Guelph, 
and  is  a  representative  Canadian  Irish- 
man. A  part  of  this  same  family  set- 
tled in  the  United  States,  where  they 
and  their  descendants  still  reside. 

HILL,  P.  C,  an  able  and  prominent 
lawyer  and  politician  of  Nova  Scotia, 
was  bom  at  Halifax  in  1821;  his  father 
was  a  Cork  man,  who  settled  in  Hali- 
fax after  the  war  of  1812.  Our  sublect 
was  educated  at  King's  College,  Wmd- 
sor,  and  was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1841 
and  soon  acquired  distinction  and  a 
large  practice.  He  has  held  many  im- 
portant public  positions,  amongst  tbem 
Provincial  Secretary.  He  married  the 
erand-daughter  of  Chief  Justice  Hall- 
burton,  author  of  "Sam.  Slick,"  ect. 

HILL,  BENJ.  HARVEY,  an  emi- 
nent American  statesman  and  orator, 
was  born  in  Jasper  county,  Georgia,. 
Sept.  14,  1828.  His  father  emigrated 
from  Ireland  and  settled  in  that  State, 
acquiring  influence  and  wealth.  Ben- 
jamin entered  the  University  of  Geor- 
gia, where  he  graduated  with  the  first 


honors  in  1844,  and  immediately  com* 
menced  the  study  of  the  law,  was 
admitted  to  the  Bar  the  following  year 
and  settled  in  La  Grange,  Georgia, 
where  he  opened  an  office.  The  samo 
year  he  married  Miss  Holt,  a  daughter 
of  Cicero  Holt,  a  prominent  lawyer  of 
Athens  in  that  State,  and  soon  acquired 
a  large  practice  and  fame  as  a  speaker 
of  great  power  and  eloquence.  In  1851 
he  was  elected  to  the  Legislature.  In 
1859  he  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate 
as  a  Union  man,  and  in  1860  he  was  one 
of  the  Bell  and  Everett  electors.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Secession  Conven- 
tion held  in  that  State  in  1861.  In  ur  - 
son  with  Alex.  H.  Stephens  he  oppc  d 
with  §reat  eloquence  the  ordinance  of 
secession,  but  when  finally  he  found 
his  efforts  were  idle,  he  thought  it  his 
duty  to  go  with  his  State.  He  became 
a  member  of  the  provisional  confeder- 
ate congress,  and  afterwards  represent- 
ed Georgia  in  the  Confederate  Senate 
during  the  war.  After  the  close  of  the 
war  in  1865  he  was  arrested  and  con- 
fined in  Fort  Lafayette,  but  was  re- 
leased in  July  the  same  year  on  parole 
and  returned  home.  During  the  next 
ten  years  he  held  no  official  position, . 
but  took  an  active  interest  in  the  politi-  * 
cal  affairs  of  his  State,  writing  and 
speaking  with  great  vehemence  and 
zeal  against  the  reconstruction  acts  of 
Congress.  He  zealously  supported 
Horace  Greeley  for  President  in  1872, 
and  was  himself  elected  to  Congress  in 
1876.  The  debate  on  the  amnesty  bill 
brought  him  into  prominence,  notV/uiy 
as  a  speaker  of  grcvit  power  and  elo- 
quence, but  as  a  true  lover  of  his  coun- 
try. In  his  speech  he  said:  "Is  the 
bosom  of  the  country  always  to  b9  torn 
with  this  miserable  sectional  debate 
whenever  a  presidential  election  is  pend- 
ing? The  victory  of  the  North  was  ab- 
solute, and  God  knows  that  the  sub- 
mission of  the  South  was  complete! 
But,  sir,  we  have  recovered  from  the 
humiliation  of  defeat,  and  we  come 
here  among  you  and  ask  you  to  give  us 
the  greeting  accorded  to  brothers  by 
brothers.  We  propose  to  join  you  in 
every  patriotic  endeavor,  and  to  unite 
with  you  in  every  patriotic  aspiration 
that  looks  to  the  benefit,  the  advance- 
ment, and  the  honor  of  every  part  of 
our  common  country.  Let  us,  gentle- 
men of  all  parties,  in  this  centennial 
year,  have  indeed  a  jubilee  of  freedom. 
We  divide  with  you  the  glories  of  the 


I  •     ■  r 


HIN 


misn  CELTS. 


BOA 


Revolution, and  of  the  succeeding  years 
of  our  national  life  before  that  unhap- 
py division — that  four  years  night  of 
gloom  and  despair;  and  so  shall  we  di- 
vide with  you  the  glories  of  all  the  fu- 
ture 1  We  are  here!  We  are  in  the 
house  of  our  fathers,  our  brothers  and 
our  companions,  and  we  are  at  home 
to  stay,  thank  God!  We  come,  charg- 
ing to  the  Union  no  wrong  to  us.  We 
charge  all  our  wrongs  upon  that  higher 
law — fanaticism — that  never  kept  a 
pledge  or  obeyed  a  law.  Brave  Union 
men  of  the  North — ^you  who  fought  for 
the  Union,  for  the  sake  of  the  Union; 
you  who  ceased  to  light  when  the  bf 
tie  was  ended  and  the  sword  was  she; 
ed — we  have  no  quarrel  with  you, 
whether  Republicans  or  Democrats.  We 
felt  your  heavy  arms  in  the  carnage  of 
battle,  but  above  the  roar  of  battle  we 
also  heard  your  voice  of  kindness  call- 
injj,  'Brothers,  come  back  1' and  we  bear 
witness  to  you  this  day  that  that  voice 
of  kindness  did  more  to  thin  the  con- 
federate ranks  and  weaken  the  confed- 
erate arms,  than  did  all  the  artillery  em- 
ployed in  the  great  struggle."  In  Jan- 
uary, 1877,  when  the  country  was  trem- 
bling with  uncertainty,  he  made  an 
earnest  and  telling  speech  in  favor  of 
the  Electoral  Commission  as  a  measure 
wise  and  patriotic,  and  no  man  can  tell 
what  dangers  such  patriotic  coi^nsel 
saved  the  country  from.  He  \.. .  re- 
elected to  the  45th  Congress,  but  re- 
signed to  take  a  seat  in  the  U.  S.  Sen 
ate,  March  6,  1877.  When  the  Demo- 
crats took  control  of  the  Senate  he  was 
made  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on 
Contingent  Expenses  and  placed  on  the 
Committee  on  Privileges  and  Elections, 
etc.  His  most  important  speeches  in 
the  Senate  have  been  on  the  remonatiz- 
ing  of  silver,  on  the  Thurman  Pacific 
Railroad  Refunding  bill,  on  the  Union 
and  its  enemies,  and  his  defense  of  his 
Union  record  in  reply  to  an  attack  of 
Senator  Blaine,  June  18, 1879.  He  died 
of  cancer,  1882.^ 

HINCKS,  REV.EDWARD,  an  Irist 
archaologist,  bom  in  Cork  in  1792.  He 
studied  under  his  father,  who  was  pro- 
fessor of  Hebrew  and  bead  master  of 
the  Belfast  Academy,  graduated  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  In  1813,  and 
studied  for  the  ministnr.  He  gave  great 
attention  to  hieroglyphics,  both  ^gyp- 
tian  and  Assyrian,  and  among  histrans- 
lations  is  a  portion  of  the  inscripUou  of 


Tijlath-Peleser,  the  elder,  published  by 
the  Royal  Asiatic  Society  in  1857.  Ho' 
published  a  catalogue  of  the  Egyptian 
manuscripts  in  the  Library  of  Trinity 
College  1849,  besides  critical  notes  on 
the  Polyphony  of  the  Assyrio  Baby- 
lonian Cuniforni  writing  1863,  and 
some  con^roversi  al  tracts.  He  has 
been  rector  of  Killyleagh,  County 
Down,  for  many  years.  ^ 

HINCKS,  SIR  FRANCIS,  a  promin- 
ent Canadian  statesman,  brotlier  of  the 
foregoing,  was  born  in  Cork  in  1807,  re- 
ceivsd  a  classical  education  under  his 
ather.  He  came  to  Canada  to  seek  hit' 
fortime,  and  engaged  in  merchandise 
pursuits,  becoming  interrested  in  poll- 
ticial  questions  he  entered  into  their  dis> 
cussion,  and  at  length  became  editor 
and  proprietor  of  the  "Toronto  Exam- 
iner," and  a  member  of  the  Colonial 
Legislature,  where  he  soon  became  a 
leader.  He  was  Governor  of  the  Wind- 
ward Island  in  1856,  and  afterwards  of 
British  Guiana  in  I8i32,  He  was  knight- 
ed in  1869  for  distinguished  services, 
and  was  again  Finance  Minister  of  Can- 
ada for  several  years,  up  to  1878.  He 
was  among  the  leaders  to  urge  a  respon* 
sible  ministry  for  Canada,,  and  although 
opposed  by  the  Governor  General  Lord 
Sydenham,  and  other  powerful  persona 
he  secured  its  recognition  by  England. 

HINES,  RICHARD,  an  able  and 
prominent  politician  and  legislator  of 
North  Carolina,  was  of  Irish  descent, 
and  bom  in  that  state.  By  his  native 
ability,  energy  and  push,  he  raised  him- 
self to  an  enviable  position,  and  repre- 
sented his  district  in  Congress  for  a 
number  ef  years,  commencing  in  the 
year  1825. 

HINGSTON,  WM„oneof  the  ablest 
of  Canadian  medical  men,  is  of  a  Cork 
family,  and  has  acquired  great  distinc- 
tion in  his  profession.  He  held  a  chair 
in  McGill  College,  Montreal,  and-  has 
acquired  an  elusive  and  lucrative 
practice  among  the  best  citizens,  of  that 
ancient  burg.  He  is  justly  held  as  one 
of  the  most  skillful  and  successful  of 
Canadian  physicians.  He  has  also 
found  time  in  the  midst  of  his  large 
practice  to  add  to  the  medical  literature 
of  ttie  day,  valuable  medical  tracts. 

HO  ARE,  SIR  JOSEPH,  M.  P.,  an 
Irish  patriot  was  bom  in  Coimty  Cork, 


■'•  -li 


^1 


1. 

ll     - 
1.     n 

M 

HOO 


nUBH  CELTS. 


HOG 


\*\ 


\^^ 


V 


ml 


in  1788,  took  an  active  interest  in  the 
affairs  of  his  country,  and  was  for  many 
years  M.  P.  in  tlie  Irish  Parliament  for 
Cork.  He  was  created  a  Baronet  in 
1784.  When  the  iniquitous  measure  of 
the  union  was  to  be] decided,  although 
in  his  ninety  third  year,  he  appeared 
in  his  place  in  Parliament  and  opposed 
it  by  voice  and  vote.  He  died  Decem- 
ber, 1801. 

HOGAN,  JOHN,  a  distinguished 
American  politican,  financier,  and  writ- 
er was  born  in  Mallow,  county  Cork, 
Ireland,  July  6,  1806,  and  emigrated  to 
the  United  States  with  his  parents  when 
a  boy.  He  first  was  employed  in  shoe- 
making  In  Baltimore,  and  while  earning 
his  livelihood,  mabaged  by  industry  and 
perseverance  to  acquire  a  solid  educa-* 
tion.  In  1881  he  turned  his  steps  west 
ward  and  settled  first  in  Madison 
•County,  Illinois,  where  he  went  into 
business  and  soon  attracted  attention  by 
his  practical  views  aqd  extensive  know- 
ledge. He  was  soon  sent  to  the  Legis- 
lature, and  in  1838  made  President 
•of  that  body.  In  1841  President  Harri- 
son appointed  him  Register  of  the  Land 
Office  at  Dixon,  which  he  held  till  1845. 
He  then  removed  to  St.  Louis,  where 
he  again  engaged  in  business,  and  soon 
became  promment  in  insiirance  and 
banking  circles.  In  1857,  Buchanan 
appointed  him  Postmaster  of  St.  Louis, 
and  in  1854  he  was  sent  to  Congress 
from  that  city,  and  was  held  in  hign  es- 
timation as  an  able  and  enlightened 
statesman.  He  is  the  author  of  tiie '  'Re- 
sources of  Missouri,"  and  "The  Com- 
'  3rce  and  Manufactures  of  Bt.  Louis." 

HOGAN,  JOHN,  an  eminent  sculp- 
tor, was  born  at  Tallow,  County  Water- 
ford,  Ireland,  October,  1800.  He  re- 
ceived a  classical  education,  and  was 
intended  for  the  Bar,  and  had  entered  a 
Solicitor's  office  for  that  purpose,  but 
the  instinct  of  the  artist  was  too  strong 
within  him,  and  he  soon  exhibited  such 
skillful  modeling  that  through  the  liber- 
ality of  some  admiring  friends  he  was 
ena'bled  to  visit  Italy,  and  made  Rome 
bis  residence  while  he  caught  inspira- 
tion and  art  from  its  mate  u  less  works  of 
the  Masters.  He  returned  to  Ireland, 
which  he  made  his  home,unlike  so  many 
of  hiscountrymen  who  gave  their  talents 
and  fame  to  strangers.  His  "Drunken 
Fawn,"  exhibited  at  the  World's  Ex- 
position, Paris,  in  1851,  was  awarded  a 


medal  of  the  first  class,  and  was  declar- 
ed by  Thorwaldsen,  to  be  worthy  of 
an  Athenian  studio.  He  devoted  his 
labors  in  Ireland  chiefiy  to  religious  and 
monumental  subjects,  of  which  hs  has 
left  many,  celebrated  for  taste  and 
beauty.  He  died  in  Dublin,  March 
27, 1858. 

HOGAN,  HON.  JNO.  SHERIDAN, 
8  distinguished  and  talented  Canadian 
writer  and  statesman,  was  bom  in  IrO' 
land  in  1815,  and  emigrated  to  Canada 
when  a  boy,  to  join  his  uncle,  who  had 
preceeded  him  Not  finding  his  new 
home  agreeable,  the  youthful  wanderer, 
then  scarcely  twelve  years  old,  shoulder- 
ed  hi?  little  bundle  and  started  for  Ham- 
iltcn.  where  he  obtained  employment 
in  a  printing  office.  Here  his  natural 
ability  soon  exhibited  itself,  and  he  ad- 
vanced until  he  became  foreman,  and 
associate  editor.  He  studied  Law  for 
a  time,  but  both  his  fort  jyid  his  fancy 
was  journalism.  His  first  noted  effort 
was  a  paper  contributed  to  Blackwood's 
Magazme  on  "Canada,"  and  what,  per- 
haps gave  his  name  at  this  time  still 
greater  public  'prominence,  was  his  ar- 
rest in  the  United  States,  as  being  con- 
cerned with  the  burning  of  the  '"Caro- 
line," whi'ch  charge  had  no  foundation. 
He  obtained  the  prize  for  the  best  essay  on 
"Canada,"  awarded  at  the  Paris  Expo- 
sition. He  became  chief  editor  of  the 
"Colonist,"  and  had  just  been  elected 
to  the  Canadian  Assembly  for  the  Coun- 
ty of  Grey,  when  he  was  foully  cut  off 
in  the  prime  of  life.and  on  the  threshold 
of  a  brilliant  future.  He  was  murder- 
ed by  a  party  of  drunken  roughs,  to 
whose  demand  for  money  to  treat,  he 
had  acceded,  but  who  saw  a  roll  of  bills 
in  his  hand  when  he  gave  them,  and  to 
possess  which,  they  struck  him  down 
from  behind,  cold-blooded  and  coward- 
ly, and  thus  fell  in  December,  1859, 
one  of  the  ablest  of  Canadians. 

HOGG,  SIR  JAMES  WEIR,  BART. 

a  British  statesman,  was  bom  in  Ireland 
in  1790,  and  received  his  early  educa- 
tion in  Belfast  and  finished  at  Trinity 
College,  Dublin.  He  took  up  the  pro- 
fession of  law,  and  Was  called  to  the 
Bar.  He  went  to  India  shortly  after- 
wards, and  soon  obtained  great  distinct- 
ion and  a  lucrative  practice  in  Calcutta. 
In  1823  he  accepted  the  appointment  of 
Register  of  the  Supreme  Court,  which 
I  he  held  till  he  returned  home  in  1888.  In 


HOL 


nUGH  CELTB. 


HOP 


1834  he  entered  the  House  Of  Commons 
as  member  for  Beverly,  and  continued 
for  many  years  a  member  of  the  House. 
He  was  a  director  of  the  East  India 
Company,  and  its  principal  spokesman 
in  the  House  of  Commons.  He  became 
a  member  of  the  council  of  India  when 
that  province  was  transferred  to  the 
crown  in  1858.  He  was  made  a  Baron- 
et in  1846.    He  died  May  27, 1876. 

HOILYWOOD.  CHRISTOPHER, 
an  eminent  Irish  Jesuit  was  born  about 
1550,  and  educate  on  the  Continent 
The  Irish  missions  received  the  atten- 
tion of  the  Jesuits  from  the  very  estab- 
lishment of  the  order,  and  especially 
from  the  time  of  the  generalship  of 
St.  Francis  Borgia  1565.  Father  Holly- 
wood presided  over  the  order  in  Ireland 
for  over  twenty  three  years  in  constant 
danger  of  death.  He  was  specially  de- 
nounced by  the  King  in  his  speech  to 
Parliament  in  1614,  but  his  shield  were 
a  faithful  people  to  whom  he  broke  and 
distributed  the  bread  of  life,  any  one  of 
-whom  would  have  willing  given  his  life 
to  save  Mm.    He  died  in  1626. 

HOLMES,  HON.  BENJAMIN,  an 
able  Canadian,  politician,  and  financier 
was  a  native  of  Ireland  who  emigrated 
to  Canada  at  an  early  day,  settled  in 
Montreal,  and  soon  rose  to  distinction 
by  his  broad  and  liberal  views,  and  na- 
tive ability.  He  supported  the  cause  of 
responsible  Government  and  was  return* 
ed  to  Parliament  for  Montreal  in  1841. 
His  independent,  manly  course  for 
maintaining  the  rights  of  his  people  to 
an  administration  representing  the  ma- 
jority, led  to  a  petty  persecution  of  Mr. 
Holmes  by  the  Metcalf  administration 
which  was,  however,  consistent  with 
the  illiberal  spirit  and  contracted  views 
of  the  minions  of  a  selfish  and  f-^ogant 
power.  The  Government  deposiv.;  which 
were  kept  in  the  Bank  of  Montreal, 
were  removed  because  of  Mr.  Holmes' 
connection  as  cashier,  and  its  managers 
were  lick  spittles  enough  to  ask  his  res- 
ignation, so  that  the  Government  pat- 
ronage might  be  restored.  Mr.  Holmes 
continued  to  advocate  those  reform 
which  at  length  prevailed,  and  was 
honored  by  his  fellow  citizens  with  their 
confidence  and  esteem.  He  was  again 
returned  to  Parliament  for  Montreal, 
in  1848,  and  the  progressive  liberal 
party  of  Canada,  almost  excluslveiv 
under  the  leadership  of  Irishmen,  such 


as  Baldwin,  Sullivan,  Blake,  Aylwin, 
Hincks.  Holmes  and  others  .succeeded 
in  establishing  the  principle  of  respon- 
sible Government  in  Canada.  Ilolines 
continued  to  hold  the  confidence  of  his 
fellow  citizens  to  the  end  of  an  honored 
and  successful  public  life. 

HOLT,  "GENERAL,"  an  intrepid 
and  skilfull  irregular  Chief  of  '98,  who 
defied  all  the  power  of  the  Government 
for  nearly  a  year,  and  was  at  length 
guaranteed  a  safe  conduct  out  of  the 
country.  He  was  originally  a  farmer 
and  dealer  in  wool,  and  had  taken  no- 
part  in  the  troubles,  but  he  was  known 
as  a  man  of  liberal  mind  and  devoid  of 
bigotry.  He  refused  to  give  aid  or  in- 
formation gainst  his  neighbors,  and 
this  was  sufficient  to  justify  his  treat- 
ment  as  an  enemy.  While  away  from- 
home  on  business,  his  house  was  buru' 
ed  to  the  ground  by  loyal  raiders,  and 
Holt  immediately  took  to  the  mountains 
of  Wicklow,  and  soon  had  a  body  of 
resolute  men  varying  from  one  to  five 
himdred,  with  whom  he  kept  at  bay 
and  foiled  all  the  Government  sent 
against  him.  He  kept  his  men  under 
strict  discipline,  and  levied  alone  on  the 
rich  friends  of  the  Government  who 
opposed  them.  Overtures  were  at 
length  made  to  him,  which  he  accepted 
and  went  to  New  South  Wales.  He 
was  however,  soon  allowed  to  return, 
and  he  died  in  1826. 

HONE,  PHILIP,  a  prominent  'mer- 
chant and  politican  of  the  city  of  New 
York,  of  Irish  descent.  To  him  is 
mainly  due  the  establishment  of  the 
Merchantile  Libraiy  Association  of 
New  York.  He  was  mayor  of  the  city 
and  held  other  positions  of  honor  and 
trust 

HOOKE,  NATHANIAL,  a  literary 
man  of  eminence  of  the  time  of  Pope, 
was  bom  in  Ireland.  He  received  £5,- 
000  from  the  Duchessof  Mariborough  for 
assisting  her  in  the  memories  of  her  life. 
He  also  wrote  a  Roman  History  in  four 
volumes  quarto,  and  Observation  on  the 
Roman  Senate,  aud  translated  Travels 
of  Cy  rus.  He  was  a  friend  of  Pope, 
and  attended  him  at  his  death.  He 
died  in  1763. 

HOPKINS,   JOHN  H.,  LL.  D.,  a 

prominent  American  Episcopal  divine 
and  scholar,  was  born  in  Dublin  in  1792,. 


pj*| 


ia 


HUD 


IBIBE  OUAIL 


mre 


lt!t| 


and  educated  in  that  eitj.  He  came  to 
the  United  States,  and  was  for  some 
years  a  professor  in  the  Massachusetts 
Episcopal  Theological  Seminary,  and 
afterwards  removed  to  Vermont,  where 
he  established  the  "Vermont  Episcopal 
Institute,"  of  which  he  was  President. 
When  that  state  was  constituted  a  dio- 
cese by  his  church,  he  was  chosen  first 
bishop.  He  was  a  highly  accomplished 
scholar,  and  ranked  amon^  the  ablest  of 
his  Episcopal  cotemporanes.  He  died 
in  1868. 

HORNES,  WILLIAM,  a  prominent 
«nd  talented  dissenting  minister,  for 
many  years  stationed  at  Martha's  Vine 
jraid,  was  a  native  of  Ireland,  bom  in 
1663,  and  emigrated  to  Massachusetts 
in  1714.    Hedaedinl746. 

HOWDEN,  GENERAL  JOHN 
FRANCIS.  BARON,  a  distinguished 
officer  of  ^he  English  army,  was  a  son 
of  the  Archbishop  of  Dublin,  was  bom 
In  Ireland,  August,  1762,  and  after  com- 
pleting  his  education  entered  the  army. 
He  distinguished  himself  on  various  oc- 
casions, especially  in  Egypt,  for  which 
he  was  raised  to  the  Peerage  and  dec- 
orated with  several  orders  and  rose  to 
be  a  Lieutenant  General.  He  died  in 
1883. 

HUDSON,  EDWARD,  the  most  em- 
inent dentist  of  his  day  in  Ireland  and 
distinguished  for  his  liberal  attainments, 
was  bom  in  Castlemartyr,  County  Cork, 
and  was  the  intimate  and  associate  of 
the  most  eminent  men  of  his  day.  He 
belonged  to  the  celebrated  Monks  of  St. 
Patrick,  of  which  Curran  was  the  lead- 
ing spirit.  He  was  a  great  friend  of 
Curran's  and  aided  and  encouraged  him 
very  materially  in  his  struggles,  with 
both  purse  and  sentiments,  Uke  the  fol- 
lowing: "Consider  now  and  then  Jack, 
what  you  are  destined  for,  and  never 
even  m  your  distresses  draw  consola- 
tion from  so  mean  a  thought  as  that 
your  abilities  niay  one  day  render  your 
circumstances  easy  or  afiluenti  but 
rather  that  one  day  you  may  have  it  in 
your  power  to  do  justice  to  the  wronged, 
to  wipe  the  tear  from  the  widow  or 
orphan."  He  wrote  several  treatises 
both  scientific  and  political.  It  was 
through  his  talents  mainly  that  dentis- 
try was  advanced  to  the  dignity  of  a 
|»rofession  in  Ireland.    He  died  in  1821. 


HUDSON,  EDWARD,  the  younger 
cousin  of  the  forgoing,  a  skillful  and 
scientific  dentist  and  a  man  of  brilliant 
and  varied  talents  and  a  patriot,  was 
bom  about  1776,  in  Dublin.  He  was 
an  intimate  friend  of  Tom  Moore,  who 
says  of  him,  "that  he  had  exquisite 
taste,  both  in  music  and  art. "  "I  attrib- 
ute indeed  a  good  deal  of  my  own  early 
acquaintance  with  our  music,  if  not  the 
warm  interest  I  have  since  taken  in  it, 
to  the  many  hours  I  passed  at  this  time 
of  my  life  wtth  Edward  Hudson.  Now 
sighing  over  the  sweet  melodies  of  our 
country,  now  talking  with  indignant 
feelings  at  her  sufferings  and  her 
wrongs."  He  was  one  of  the  United 
Irishmen,  and  was  airested  while  sit- 
ting in  council  in  March,  1798.  After 
beine  kept  in  jail  for  some  months,  he 
was  liberated  on  condition  of  leaving 
the  country.  He  came  to  America, 
where  he  married  the  daughter  of  Pat- 
rick Bourn,  the  exiled  publisher. 

HUGHES,  MOST  REV.  JOHN, 
Archbishop  of  New  York,  the  most  il- 
lustrious and  (Bishop  England  except- 
ed) the  ablest  of  the  CathoUc  prelates  of 
America,  was  bom  ih  the  County  Ty- 
rone, Ireland,  June  24, 1797.  He  ^as 
early  destined  for  the  priesthood,  but 
his  family  meeting  a  reverse  of  fortune 
he  was*  compelled  to  leave  school  and 
go  to  work.  He  did  not,  however,  give 
up  his  good  design,  or  cease  his  effort  to 
acquire  an  education.  The  family  at 
length  determined  to  emigrate  to  Amer- 
ica, the  father  coming  first,  followed  by 
our  subject  and  soon  afterwards  by  the 
rest  of  the  family.  This  was  in  1816, 
and  Chambersburg,  Fa.,  was  where 
they  located.  John  soon  found  hum- 
ble employment  and  worked  in  the  vi- 
cinity of  Emmetsburg,  towards  which 
he  was  attracted  with  the  hope  that  he 
might  be  able  to  make  some  arrange- 
ments to  receive  the  necessary  education 
in  this  then  humble  seat  of  learning. 
After  waiting  for  some  time,  hoping 
and  persevering  under  discouragements, 
he  at  length  succeeded  in  gaining  ad- 
mittance as  a  scholar  on  condition  of 
superintending  the  garden  work  of  the 
college,  1819.  He  soon  gave  evidence 
of  those  great  abilities  which  so  disting- 
uished him  in  after  life,  and  the  year 
after  he  was  received  as  a  regular  stu« 
dent.  His  college  record  was  a  highly 
honorable  one,  and  after  having  mas> 
tered  theology  he  was  elevated  to  the 


For 


HUO 


IBXSH  0BLT8. 


HUO 


?>rie8thood  in  1826  by  Bishop  Conwell 
n  St.  Joseph's  Church,  Philadelphia. 
For  several  years  he  was  stationed  in 
county  missions  and  soon  acquired  a 
reputation  as  a  pulpit  orator.  Bishop 
Conwell  was  greatly  pleased  with  the 
young  priest  and  used  to  say,  "We'll 
make  a  Bishop  of  him  some  day." 
In  1829  he  founded  St.  John's  Orphan 
Asylum,  and  about  this  time  his  name 
was  snoken  of  for  the  vacant  See  of 
Philaaelphia,  but  the  choice  fell  upon 
Dr.  Eenrick.  In  1832  he  engaged  in 
the  celebrated  Hughes  and  Brecken- 
ridge  controversy.  Mr.  Breckenridge 
was  a  Presbyterian  divine  of  great  learn- 
ing and  ability,  and  in  the  columns  of 
the  "Christian  Advocate"  he  r  ia.de  a 
bold  attack  on  the  doctrine  and  prac- 
tices of  the  Catholic  Church,  and  chal- 
lenged any  priest  or  bishop  to  meet  him 
"on  the  whole  field  of  controversy  be- 
tween Catholics  and  Protestants."  One 
of  Father  Hughes'  parishioners  having 
en  an  occasion  pledged  himself  that  his 
pastor  would  meet  the  great  champion 
of  Protestantism,  h,  informed  the  young 
priest,   who  said:    "Since  you   have 

Eledged  me  I  will  not  fail  ^ou."  And 
e  did  not,  Mr.  Breckennd^e  having 
retired  discomfited  from  his  chosen 
field.  This  debate  brought  Father 
Hughes  into  great  prominence,  and  his 
commanding  ability  was  recognized  on 
all  hands.  About  this  time  he  started 
and  edited  the  "Catholic  Herald,"  while 
still  performing  all  his  duties  as  pastor 
of  a  large  and  mcreasing  con^egation. 
His  church — St.  John  s — built  about 
this  time,  was  the  finest  Catholic  edifice 
in  Philadelphia.  In  1883  he  was  equal- 
ly prominent  with  Dr.  Purcell  for  the 
vacant  See  of  Cincinnati,  and  it  was 
only  bv  a  mistake  that  he  did  not  re- 
ceive the  appointment.  He  was  reserv- 
ed for  a  more  arduous  and  prominent 
position,  and  in  January,  1838,  he  was 
consecrated  Coadjutor  Bishop  of  New 
York.  Two  weeks  afterwards  Bishop 
Dubois  was  stricken  with  paralysis, 
from  which  he  never  fully  recovered, 
and  the  administration  of  affairs  fell  on 
the  new  bishop,  The  task  before  the 
new  bishop  was  no  easy  one.  The 
church  in  America  on  account  of  the 
manner  of  its  growth  and  the  laws  re- 
lating tochurch]property,  had  permitted 
certam  customs  to  take  root  which  were 
already  becoming  the  source  of  evil  and 
cause  of  scandal.  This  was  especially 
the  case  with  the  trustee  system,  which 


controlling  the  funds  of  the  church  had 
even  gone  so  far  in  its  anti-Catholic 
spirit  as  to  attempt  to  dictate  to  Bishop 
Dubois  who  should  be  pastor  of  a 
church,  under  threat  of  withholding 
the  necessary  funds!  Bishop  Hughes 
denounced  the  ovil  from  the  start;  with 
it  he  made  no  compromise,  but  apply- 
ing the  knife  cut  it  out.  It  created  a 
storm,  but  strong  in  the  consciousnjss 
of  duty  he  heeded  it  not.  He  warned 
priest  and  people  who  might  be  involv- 
ed, of  the  consequences,  and  although 
he  had  to  silence  priests  and  interdict 
churches  and  face  a  hurricane  of  anti- 
Catholic  bigotry,  he  crushed  the  obnox- 
ious system  forever.  When  the  moral 
pestilence  of  Enownothingism  swept 
over  the  land  shortly  afterwards,  its 
representatives  in  New  York  passed 
penal  laws  intended  to  embarrass  the 
Catholic  system  of  holding  church  prop- 
erty, but  its  venom  was  evaded,  and 
through  the  exertions  of  Bishops  Hughes 
and  McCloskey  it  was  superceded  by 
the  present  more  acceptable  and 
just  provision  in  that  re^rd. 
In  1889  he  visited  Europe  in  the  inter- 
ests of  his  diocese,  and  was  received 
with  great  kindness  and  consideration 
whereever  he  went.  He  received  valu- 
able presents  and  substantial  aid  to- 
wards institutions  of  learning,  which 
he  proposed  to  establish,  and  made  the 
personal  acquaintance  of  the  illustrious 
"Liberator^'  of  Ireland.  On  his  return 
he  established  St.  John  College,  Ford- 
ham,  now  one  of  the  most  eminent  seals 
of  learning  in  the  country.  It  was  first 
placed  under  the  charge  of  the  secular 
clergy,  and  was  called  Rose  Hill  Col- 
lege. In  1S45  it  was  placed  in  charge 
of  the  Jesuit  Fathers,  in  whose  worthy 
hands  it  has  since  remained.  He  also 
establish(  d  at  the  same  time,  the '  'Ladies 
of  the  S'lcred  Heart,"  who  opened  Fe- 
male SeiT'inaries,  which  have  since  be- 
come famous.  The  next  year,  1841, 
was  made  famous  by  the  Public  School 
question.  The  schools  up  to  this  time 
had  been  conducted  in  a  way  emin- 
ently distasteful  and  unjust  to  Catholics 
as  well  as  anti-republican.  They  were 
in  the  hands  of  what  might  be  called  a 
close  corporation,  who  were  not  respon- 
sible tq  the  people,  and  who  could  use 
the  public  funds  to  suit  their  own  good 
pleasure  in  the  way  of  education.  The 
text  books  used  abounded  in  falsehoods 
and  insults  against  Catholics  and  their 
religion,  and  the  teachers  did  and  couid 


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IBISH  OBLTB. 


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compel  Catholic  children  to  take  part  in 
Protestant  worship  and  prayers.    The 
Bishop  boldly  denounced  the  system  as 
unjust,  outrageous,  and  anti-republican, 
and  as  bein^  used  by  bigots  as  a  means 
of  proselytism,    and   demanded   is  of 
right  a  change  to  a  system  at  least  im- 
partial and  non-religious.     This  created 
the  most  insane  opposition,  reason,  jus- 
tice, common  sense,  was  lost  sight  of  in 
the  torrents  of  prejudice  and  calumny 
which  poured  down  on  the  head  of  the 
Bishop,  but  he  met  it  with  an  undaunt- 
ed front,  and  with  arguments  which 
were   as   unanswerable   as  they  were 
American.    The  contest  was  a  desper- 
ate one,  but  the  Bishop  tired  not;  with 
matchless   ability  against  their  ablest 
defenders  he  battled  for  the  Catholic,  or 
rather  what  sbi>uld  be  termed  the  Amer- 
ican side,  before  the  common  council, 
but  although  victor  in  argument,  big- 
otry and  power  triumphed.    He  appeal- 
ed to  the  Legislature  with  like  success. 
He  then  addressed  himself  to  the  peo- 
ple who  loved  justice  and  equal  rights 
before  the  law,  and  counseled  them  to 
unite  regardless  of  party  and  teach  the 
individual  bigot  a  direct  lesson  of  re- 
sponsibility.    The      argument     went 
home,  where  reason  and  justice  failed 
interest  triumphed,  and  the  nefarious 
system  at  length  fell  before  the  invinci- 
ble persistency  of  the  Bishop,  and  was 
succeed  by  the  present,  not  perfect  but 
more  just,  system.    In  1844  ''Native 
Americanism  was  rampant  throughout 
the  country.  It  ran  riot  not  only  in  Phil- 
adelphia, where  chiu-ches  were  burned 
and  institutions  of  learning  were  sack- 
ed, and  even  the  convents  of  the  humble 
Sisters  of  Charity,  whose  only  work 
was  bringing  relief  and  consolation  to 
the  diflicted,  were  ravaged  and  destroy- 
ed by  liends  more  heartless  than  sav- 
ages, and  yet  who  were  sustained  and 
defended  by  men  who  claimed  to  be 
Christian  and  civilized  1  including  min- 
isters of  the  gospel  I    These  fiends,  still 
eTculting  in  their  savage  deeds  of  mur- 
der ana  devastation  in  Philadelphia, 
p,  .^poKod  to  visit  New  York,  where  one 
of  the  Harpers,  a  member  of  the  secret 
order,  had  just  been  elected  mayor,  and 
proposed,  as  it  was  supposed,  to  give 
the  Catholics  of  New  York  a  lesson 
similar  to  the  one  their  brethren  had 
iust  received  in  Philadelphia.    A  meet- 
ing of  the   "Native  Americans"  was 
called  in  the  City  Hall  Park  to  give  a 
suitable  reception  to  their  Philadelphia 


"thugs."    Bishop    Hughes    promptly 
came  to  the  front.    He  made  it  known 
through  the  papers  that  the  scenes  of 
Philadelphia  would  not  be    renewed 
with  impunity  in  New  York;  that  if 
the  authorities  did  not  4ake  the  proper 
precautions  to  prevent  such  unlawful 
proceedings,  the  city  itself  would  be- 
come a  second    Moscow.    He  called 
upon  the  mayor  and  warned  him  of  the 
danger   of   taking  no     precautioua^ 
measures  to  prevent  the  danger.    He- 
addressed  a  public  letter  to  the  mayor- 
elect  (Harper)  full   of   manly  dignity 
and  fearless  denunciations  of  the  dark 
deeds  of  the  scums  of  the   party  who- 
had  elected  him,  and  warned  him  un- 
less the  leaders  took  measures  to  pre- 
vent a  renewal  of  such   atrocities  they 
would  be  held  responsible  for  the  re- 
sults, which  might  prove  verv  different 
from  that   of   Phi  ladelphii      It  was 
worthy  of  a  Bishop  and  of  an  Ameri- 
can who  loved  justice  and  was  ready  tO' 
maintain  it.    It  pre  luced  the  desired 
effect,  the  sleuth  hounds  were  not  anx- 
ious to  devour  their  prey  unless  they 
could  do  it  with  safety,  and  knowing 
that  the  Bishop  had  taken  the  precau- 
tion to  defend  his  position  with  arms  as- 
well  as  words,  and  that  he  waa  a  man. 
who  meant  what  he  said,  they  deemed 
it    prudent  to  swallow  their  venom, 
and  give  vent  to  its  bitterness  in  words, 
not  deeds.    Thus  this  danger  was  avert- 
ed and  the  empire  city,  save  the  disgrace 
and  danger  of  riot.    It  was  this  Tetter 
"that  contained  the  famoue  tribute  to- 
the  American  Flag  "I  can  even  now  re- 
member my  feeling  on  first  beholding 
the  American  Flag.    It  never  crossed 
my  mind  that  a  time  might  come  wheU' 
that  fiag,  the  emblem  of  the  freedom 
just  alluded  to,  should  be  divided  by 
apportioning  its  stars  to  the  citizens  of 
native  birth,  and  its  stripes  only  as  the- 
portion  of  the  foreigner.     I  was  of 
course  but  young,  and  inexperienced, 
and  yet  even  recent  events  have  not  de- 
minished  m^  confidence  in  that  ensign  of 
civil  and  religious  liberty.    It  is  possible 
I  was  mistaken,  but  I  still  cling  to  th»^ 
delusion,  if  it  be  one,  and  as  I  trusted 
to  that  flag  on  a  nation's  faith,  I  think 
it  more  likely  that  its  stripes  will  dls< 
appear  altogether,  and  that  before  it 
shall  be  employed  as  an  instrument  of 
bad  faith    towards  the  foreigners  of 
every  land,    the   wUte  portions   will 
blush   into  crimson,  and  the  glorious 
stars  alone  will  remain."    lu  1846  th» 


V  I 


■:;ri 


Hua 


nusn  CELTS. 


HUG 


diocese  of  New  York  was  divided  into 
three  sections,  and  Bishop  McCloskey 
who  had  already  been  consecrated  was 
assigned  to  the  See  of  Albany  and  Dr. 
Timon   to   that   of   Buffalo.     About 
this      time     also     the      Sisters     of 
Charity    within    this     diocese     were 
separated  from  the  general  society  and 
formed  into  a  distinct  organization  under 
the  rule  and  dress  originally  adopted 
by  mother  Seaton,  the  distinction  being 
that  this  sisterhood  can  take  charge  of 
male  orphans,  while  the  others  cannot 
by  their  rule.     Pius  IX,  in  June,  1847, 
recognized  the  new  organization  and  con- 
ferred upon  it  all  the  rights  and  privi- 
leges granted  to  the  Sisters  of  Charity  in 
France  or  America.    The  mother  house 
is  at  Motmt  St.  Vincent  on  the  Hudson, 
one  of  the  finest  female  educational  in- 
stitutions in  America,  and  it  enloys  by 
charter  all  the  rights  and  privileges  of 
any  literary  college.     In  1876  the  so- 
ciety numbered  600   members,  in    87 
houses  and  48  dependencies,  and  had 
charge  of  16  female    Academies,    48 
schools,  18  orphan  asylums,  and  2  hos- 
pitals.   In  1850  New  York  was  raised 
to  an  Archepiscopal  See,  and  the  new 
Archbishop  received  the  pallium  from 
the  hand  of  Pius  IX  himself .    In  1854 
he  was  present  in  Rome  at  the  council 
of  Bishop  when  the  decree  of  Imacu- 
conception  was  promulgated.     His  ar- 
duous duties,  the  constant  care  and  so- 
licitude for  the  welfare  of  his  people 
and  the    interest  of  religion  told  on 
his  vigorous  constitution.    Not  the  least 
of  those  difficulties  was  the  immense 
debt  he  found  hanging  over  the  church 
by  the    reckless  management  of  trus- 
tees and  which  equalled  in  amount  the 
whole  value  of  the  church  property  at 
the  time  he  took  charge.     Yet  with  all 
this  to  fight  against,  with  energy,  system, 
and  economy  he  pushed  forward,  sup- 
plying the  ever  increasing  wants  of  his 
growfng     diocese,    and    placing  the 
churches  on  a  firui  financial  basis.    In 
1861  he  laid  the  corner  stone  of  the 
grandest  relisrious  structure  in  the  New 
World  (St.  Patrick's  Cathedral),  in  the 
presence  of  seven  Bishops,  180  Priests, 
and  100,000  people.  For  this  purpose  he 
raised  from  one  hundred  subscribers  in 
a  few  houre,  $100,000  to  commence. 
This  magnificent  structure  is  882  feet 
long,  174  feet  wide,  while  its  two  mas- 
sive towers    reach  the  height  of  828 
feet.     In  1859  he    took    a     prompt 
and  active  part  In  expressing  the  sym- 


pathy of  American  Catholics  toward 
Pius  IX  in  his  troubles,  and  issued  an 
inspiring     pastoral     on  the    subject, 
which  the  Holy  Father  ordered  printed 
in  both  English  and  Italian.     lie  sent 
to  him  also  substantial  aid  to  the  amount 
$58,000.    In  1861  on  the  breaking  out 
of  the  Southern  Rebellion,  he  was  fre- 
quently consulted  by  Secretary  Seward 
and  President  Lincoln,  and  was  sent 
by  the  Government  on    a  special  mis- 
sion to  Europe  in  relation  to  the  attitude 
of  England  and  France.      So  pleased 
was  the  President  with  the  result  that 
he  oflBcially  indicated  to  the  Pope  that 
this  Government  would  be  pleased  to 
see  Archbishop  Hughes  elevated  to  the 
cardinalcy.    His  last  effort  at  public 
speaking  was  in  July,  1868,  during  the 
draft  riot,  when  he  counselled  obedi- 
ence to  the  law,  and  implored  abstin- 
ance  from  all  violence.    At  this  time  ho 
was  BO  weak  tha't  he  spoke  from  his 
balcony  seated.     He  had  fought  the 
good  fight,  he  had  defended  the  Faith 
and  he  had  lived  to  conquer  even  pre- 
judice and  bigotry,  and  then  this  great 
{)relate  departed  form  the  scenes  of  his 
abors  and  his  triumph  on  the  8rd    of 
January,  1864.    The  Legislation  of  the 
State  and  the  Common  Council  of  the 
city  passed  resolutions  of  sorrow  and 
condolence,  and  testimonials  of  respect 
were  received  from  every  quarter.  The 
life  of  such  a  man  is  a  lesson  for  every 
American.     The  steady  persevejance 
of  the  boy  without  means    or  friends, 
toiling  and  hoping.     The  indominable 
energy,  manly  independence  and  fear- 
less bearing  of  the  man  under  every 
difficulty;  daring  to  do  right,  to  demand 
justice  and  to  threaten  vengence  on  tne 
murderer  or  assasin  who  would  ride 
over  law  and  justice,  although  support- 
ed oriwinked  at  by  a  blind  bigotry  in- 
stalled in  high  places,  and  ever  succeed- 
ing, not  more  by  the  justness  of  his  po- 
sition, than  by  the  determination,  energy 
and  zeal  with  which  he  maintained  it. 
He  was  one  of  those  men  who  seemed 
especially  raised  up  by  a  wise  Provi- 
dence for  times  of  diftlculty  and  dan- 
ger, who  have  all  the  great  elements 
combined  to  ride  the  storm,  who  become 
masters  of  the  situation,  possedsing  the 
genius,  decision  and  magnetism  to  ward 
off  danger  or  to  guide  it  to  a  good  pur- 
pose.   He  will  ever  be  recognlzea  as 
one  of  the  ablest  minds  of  his  day,  and 
one  of  the  glories    of    the    CathoUo 
Church  in  America. 


-i 


'•  r.' 


1  .n 

'  i 

a. 


18 


HUG 


XBXBBL  OBUrBi 


HUG 


HUGHES,  THOMAS,  a  -witty  wri- 
ter, i)oet  and  mto  of  genius,  was  bom 
In  Ireland  about  1810.  After  receiving 
a  liberal  education  he  traveled  on  the 
continent  and  resided  in  Spain  for  some 
years.  While  there  he  acted  as  corre- 
spondent of  the  "London  Morning 
Wit."  He  was  the  author  of  "Revela- 
tion of  Spain,"  "The  Ocean  Flower," 
and  other  works,  both  prose  and  poetic, 
and  was  held  in  high  esteem  by  the  lit- 
erary circles  of  London.  He  was  a 
genuine  Irishman,  as  the  foUowins 
witty  specimen  of  his  song  writing  will 
show: 

Oh*  the  divil  a  wink  I  slept  last  night 

For  thinkin'  of  the  Queen; 
Sure  a  purtier,  by  this  blessed  light. 

Was  never  seen. 
'Twas  Father  Kearny,  from  EUlamey, 

Her  picture  showed  to  me^ 
My  blessin'  on  your  purty  face, 

Vic.  Machree. 

Her  f  atures  all  is  like  a  doll, 

So  genteel  and  so  nate. 
If  there's  deec^on  in  her  at  all 

Faith  she's  a  chate. 
She  has  such  sefaoolin'  in  her  ruling 

She  hoalds  bright  lamin's  key. 
My  btossin's  on  your  purty  face, 

Vic.  Machree. 

There's  Melboum,  Peel,  and  Wellington 

Is  doing  all  they  can. 
But,  troth,  there's  not  a  mother'a  son 

She  loves  like  Dan. 
That  glory  of  the  Emerald  I  ?k. 

Oh,  if  'twas  only  free. 
How  it  would  grace  your  diadem 

Vic.  Machree. 

Don't  mind  the  thl&irin'  Parliament 

Whatever  they  say, 
But  the  Liberathor  s  speeches 

Read  at  your  tay. 
'Tis  they  will  introduce  to  you  • 

Our  case  without  a  fee. 
Oh  I  read  them  at  your  coffee,  too, 

Vic.  Machree. 

'TIS  there  our  wrongs  Is  tould  In  style, 

And  how  we're  fixed 
Since  first  they  sazed  on  our  Green  Isle 

With  Tory  thricks; 
An'  how  they  won't  concayde  our  rights 

Tho'  Wellington  and  we 
Like  hayroes  fought  to  guard    your 
throne, 

Vic.  Machree. 


Now  would  you  like  the  King  of  France 

To  ax  you  for  to  wear 
A  dingy  blanket  while  you  dance. 

An'  you  so  fair? 
Or  would  you  like  the  King  of  Spain, 

Who  is  1  hear  a  she, 
Should  make  you  pay  her  tailor's  bill, 

Vic.  Machree? 

In  troth  you'd  kick  up  If  they  did 

A  rumpus  or  a  row, 
AnWour  army  and  your  navy,  faith. 

Would  make  them  bow. 
Now  we  must  pay  the  souls  to  save 

Of  eveiT  Rappf  36, 
Ohl  to  ould  Nick  the  Bint  Charge  sind, 

Vic.  Machree. 

There's  two  bad  houses  near  your  nose 

In  Ould  Westminister, 
Ohl  can't  you  then  be  done  with  *hose, 

My  royal  spinister? 
We'd  scorn  to  ax  them,  so  should  you. 

Then  grant  us  for  to  see 
Our  Parliament  at  home  agin, 

Vic.  Machree. 

Hughes  died  in  London  of  consump- 
tion in  1848. 


HUGH,  IV,  Monarch  'of  Irealnd  A. 
D.  797.  It  was  in  the  reign  of  this 
Monarch,  that  the  Danes,  or  as  they 
were  called  on  the  Continent  Northmen 
or  Normans,  first  invaded  Ireland.  The 
Irish  distinguished  them  as  the  Black 
and  the  White  Danes,  the  black  or  dark 
complexion  being  from  Denmark,  and 
the  White  or  light  complexioned  from 
Norway.  They  first  made  only  preda- 
tory excursions,  and  invaded  the  coasts 
of  Albania  and  the  North  of  Ireland. 
Their  first  attempt  at  permanent  settle- 
ment was  in  Munster,  where  they  land- 
ed a  fleet  of  fifty  ships.  They  were, 
however,  checked  In  their  course  of 

{)lunder  by  Airtic,  King  of  that  prov- 
nce  In  a  bloody  battle  in  which  they 
were  defeated  and  made  a  precipitate  re- 
treat to  their  ships,  leaving  behind  them 
about  five  hundred  dead  on  the  field  of 
battle.  TheDanes  in  812  invaded  Ire- 
land at  different  points  and  fighting  un- 
der Turgesias  son  of  the  King  of  rTor- 
way,  committed  great  devastations, 
plundering  many  Monasteries,  churches 
and  schools,  among  those  at  Armagh — 
the  University  or  Principal  School,  of 
which  in  those  days  often  had  as  many 
as  7,000  students  irom  all  parts  of  Eur- 
ope.   Htigh  seems  to  have  been  dead 


HUT 


IBI8H  CBI/rS. 


HYD 


<nr  Indifferent  to  the  misfortunes  and 
dangers  which  threat  ned  the  nation. 

HUGUE  II,  Monarch  of  Ireland 
was  the  sou  of  Ainmire,  who  had 
also  been  monarch,  and  succeeded  to  the 
throne  A.  D.,  673.  During  his  reign 
an  important  general  assembly  of  the 
kingdom  was  convened  at  Dromkeat. 
Laws  were  passed  regulating  the  num- 
ber of  privileged  banfo  and  restraining 
fitrolling  poets  who,  on  account  of  their 
numbers  and  supposed  privileges,  had 
become  a  burden  to  the  people.  An 
important  question  also  came  up  in 
re^rd  to  the  ri^ts  and  relations  of  the 
prmces  of  theDalraids  of  Ulster  and 
those  of  Albania  (Scotland),  who  were 
their  brethren.  Aiden,  King  of  the 
Scots,  or  Dalraids  of  Albania,  was 
present  and  claimed  that  he  was  ri^- 
lul  Bang  also  of  the  Dalraids  of  Ul- 
ster, ^ter  much  deliberation  it  was 
decided  that  the  Daliaids  of  Ulster  ow- 
ed duly  only  to  the  Monarch  of  Ireland 
and  that  the  Monarch  of  Ireland  should 
relincuish  his  claims  of  tribute  &c,  as  to 
the  colonies  in  Albania,  who  were 
thenceforth  to  be  considered  as  separ- 
ate, except  only  as  to  laws  which  relat- 
ed to  blood.  Hague  was  defeated  by 
the  king  of  Leinster  in  a  battle  in  Wex- 
ford, in  which  he  lost  his  life  hi  the  27th 
year  of  his  reign,  and  66th  of  his  age, 
A.  D.,  659. 

HUGUE,y,  a  learned  and  able  Mon 
arch  of  Ireland,  of  the  race  of  Niall 
the  Great,  A.  D.,  784.  He  defeated 
the  army  of  Colman,  King  ox  Lein- 
ster in  a  disastrous  battle  in  which  9,000 
of  the  Leinster  troops,  and  Hugue,  the 
son  of  Colman  was  killed. 

HUNTER,  REV.  WM.,  D.  D.,  a 
talented  Methodist  divine  and  journ- 
alist, was  bom  in  Ireland  in  1811.  He 
was  for  many  vears  editor  of  the  Pitts- 
burgh "Christian  Advocate,"  and  was 
also  a  devotional  song  writer  of  merit. 
Be  was  one  of  the  professors  in  Alle- 
ghany College,  Pa.  He  stands  high 
among  his  brethren  for  ability  and 
learning. 

HUTCHINSON,  RIGHT  HON. 
JOHN  HELY,  an  eminent  Irish  law- 
yer and  a  distinguished  member  of  the 
Irish  Parliament,  was  son  of  Francis  Ue- 
ly,  and  added  the  name  Hutchinson  on 
account  of  estates  that  came  to  him  by 


his  wife,  was  educated  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Dublin,  and  admitted  to  the  Irish 
Bar  in  1748.  In  1759  he  entered  the 
Irish  Parliament,  and  in  '62  was  a  prime 
sergeant,  and  Provost  of  Trinity  Col- 
lege in  1754,  became  Secretary  of  State 
for  Ireland  in  1777.  He  obtained  a 
peerage  for  his  wife  in  1788.  He  was 
also  offered  on  his  proposed  retirement 
from  office,  an  Earldom,  and  had  actu- 
ally chosen  the  title  of  O'Hely,  when 
death  robbed  him  of  all  his  honors, 
1794. 

HUTCHINSON,  GEN.  JOHN  HE- 
LY,  Lord  Donoughmore,  son  of  the 
foregoing,  a  distinguished  officer  of  the 
British  army,  was  Dorn  May,  15,  1757, 
at  Clonmel,  Ireland.  He  distinguished 
himself  on  various  occasions,  and  rose 
rapidly  untU  he  beame  a  general  officer. 
In  consideration  of  his  bnlliant  services 
in  Egypt  against  the  French  in  1801, 
he  was  created  Baron  Hutchinson  of 
Alexandria  and  Enockloft,  with  an  an- 
nual pension  of  £3,000.  His  eldest  bro- 
ther, Richard,  was  also  a  distinguished 
officer,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  Lieut. 
General.    General  John  died  in  1825. 

HUTCHINSON,  FRANCIS,  a  phil- 
osopher and  writer  of  talent,  was  bom 
in  Ireland,  Aug.  8,  1694,  and  finished 
his  studies  at  the  University  of  Glasgow. 
For  many  years  he  kept  an  Academy 
in  Dublin,  and  was  afterwards  pastor  of 
a  Presbyterian  Church  in  Ulster.  In  1729 
he  went  to  Glasgow  to  fill  the  chair 
of  Philosophy,  a  situation  which  he 
held  till  his  death.  He  wrote  a  number 
of  works,  among  them,  "A  System  of 
Moral  Philosophy,"  "An  inquiry 
into  the  origin  of  our  ideas  of 
Beauty  and  Virtue,"  Dublin,  1820, 
also,  "Nature  and  conduct  of  the  Pas- 
sions and  affections.  Hutchinson  was 
a  vigorous  and  clear  thinker,  and  the 
first  to  revive  speculative  philosophy  in 
Great  Britaha. 

HYDE,  JOHN,  a  talented  Jurist  and 

Journalist  of  Michigan,  was  born  in  Cork 
reland,  June  37,  1888,  and  received  a 
fair  education  in  his  native  town.  His 
father  died  when  our  subject  was  but 
five  years  old,  and  this  compelled  him 
to  seek  employment  when  comparative- 
ly young,  when  he  was  apprenticed  to 
the  cooper  trade.  In  1857  he  went  to 
London,  and  in  1863  emigrated  to  Can- 
ada with  his  mother,  and  shortly  after- 


n 


J3 


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i 

u 

I 


o 


:i- 


^k^ 


IDA 


nUSH  CELTS. 


IRE 


wards  settled  in  Bay  City,  Michigan. 
He  there  worked  at  his  trade  fcrawUle 
and  then  became  engaged  in  business. 
In  1867  at  the  suggestion  of  Judge  Mars- 
ton  he  entered  his  office  for  tho  study 
of  law,  and  was  admitted  in  1869,  and 
in  1870  became  the  law  partner  of  Hon. 
A.  C.  Wixwell,  and  by  his  ability  and 
energy  won  an  honorable  position  in 
his  profession.  In  1881,  he  also  enter- 
ed journalism  by  becoming  editor  and 
proprietor  of  the  "Catholic  Chronicle," 
a  weekly  journal  in  the  interests  of  re- 
ligion, wmch  he  has  conducted  with 
inuch  ability.  He  is  still  in  the  active 
practice  of  his  profession  and  ranks 
with  the  best  juiists  in  that  section  of 
the  State. 

IBAR,  SAINT,  an  abbot  and  bishop 
was  co-temporary  with  St.  Patrick.  It 
appears  that  he  was  a  missionary  on  the 
coast  of  Wexford  at  the  time  St.  Pat- 
rick, came  to  Ireland,  and  for  some 
time  refused  to  acknowledge  his  author- 
ity, till  it  is  said  admonished  by  an  an- 
gel. That  there  was  some  converts  in 
L'eland  before  St.  Patrick  is  evident 
from  tqe  fact  that  Palladius  was  sent 
to  preach  to  the  Scots — the  ancient 
name  of  the  Irish — believing  in  Christ. 
St.  Ibar  was  of  an  illustiious  family  in 
Ulster.  The  extraordinary  success  of 
St.  Patrick  and  the  miracles  he  perform- 
ed, must  alone  have  moved  St.  Ibar  and 
forced  him  to  acknowledge  St.  Patrick's 
mission  and  autbority,  and  we  find  him 

I)resent  at  the  consecration  of  St.  Con- 
aith.  He  also  preached  before  St.  Brid- 
get and  her  community.  He  founded  a 
celebrated  monastery  at  Beg  Erin,  an 
isle  near  Wexford,  noted  as  a  school 
of  learning  and  piety.  He  died  about 
604. 

IDA,  SAINT,  or  Ita  called  the  Brid- 

{jet  of  Munster.  She  was  of  theprince- 
y  family  of  Desie.  Her  father's 
name  was  Eemf  oeland  and  her  mother's 
Necta.  She  was  born  sbout  480.  Her 
parents  were  christians,  and  she  was 
trained  up  to  the  practice  of  every  vir- 
tue,and  from  an  early  age  she  exhibited 
an  extraordinary  spint  of  fervor  and  self 
denial.  It  is  stated  that  while  yet  a 
child,  the  little  bed  on  which  she  was 
asleep,  was  seen  tu  ulaze  up  as  if  on  fire, 
and  when  the  observer  in  alarm  rushed 
up  to  save  the  child  from  the  supposed 
fire,  she  was  found  sweetly  sleeping 
with  an  ang^c  expression  on  her  face. 


When  she  Indicated  a  desire  to  lead 
a  religious  life,  her  father  strongly  op- 
posed, and  wanted  her  towed  a  power- 
ful young  prince  who  proposed  for  her 
hand.  After  a  special  fast,  she  earnest- 
ly besought  God  to  change  her  father's 
purpose,  and  it  is  said  that,  admonished 
by  a  vision,  not  to  oppose  her  de- 
sign, he  gave  her  full  permission  to  make 
her  own  choice.  She  soon  after  took 
the  veil,  and  proceeding  to  the  terrritoiy 
of  Hy-Conaill,  established  herself 
at  the  foot  of  a  mountain  called  Lua- 
chra.  She  was  soon  joined  by  many 
other  pioiu  maidens,  and  thus  was  es- 
tablished  the  first  convent  in  that  sect* 
ion.  She  was  offered  large  gifts  of 
lands,  but  she  only  accepted  a,  small 
garden.  Her  great  holiness  '  made 
the  house  famous,  and  many  extraor- 
dinary miracles  are  said  to  have  been 
performed  by  her,  and  she  is  even  said 
to  have  received  knowledge  of  the  state 
of  souls  in  the  other  world.  She  was 
often  visited  by  holy  men  for  advice 
and  counsel,  and  she  was  said  never  to 
be  deceived  as  to  who  Ler  visitors  were, 
although  she  might  never  have  seen 
them  before.  She  led  a  life  of  great 
austerity  and  foretold  her  own  death 
some  time  before,  and  gave  her  blessing 
to  all  her  nuns,  the  clergy,  and  thepeo 
people  of  Hy-ConailT.  Miraculous 
cures  were  said  to  nave  been  effect- 
ed over  her  remains,  even  before 
burial.  Her  feast  is  kept  on  the  15th 
of  January,  she  having  died  on  that 
day  in  the  year  569. 

INGHAM,  CHARLES,  a  talented 
American  artist  and  founder  of  the  Na- 
tional Academy  of  design,  was  born  in 
Ireland  1796.  As  a  portrait  painter, 
he  ranked  among  the  first  of  his  day. 
He  died  in  1863. 

INMAN,  HENRY,  an  eminent  Am- 
erican artist,  was  of  Irish  parentage, 
born  in  New  York,  1801.  He  probably 
had  no  living  superior  as  a  portrait 
painter.  His  son,  I.  O'Brien  Inman. 
was  a  painter  of  merit  in  Geneva  and 
and  Florence.    Inman  died  1846. 

IREDELL,  JUDGE  JAMES,  a  cel- 
ebrated American  jurist  and  lawyer, 
was  born  of  Iri.''h  parents  at  Lewert, 
England,  October  5,  1751,  emigrated 
with  them  to  America  while  yet  iii  his 
teens,  and  settled  in  North  Carolina. 
He  had  received  a  good  education,  and 


H( 


ISA 


IRISH  CKLTS. 


JAC 


•while  yet  quite  young  became  comptrol- 
ler of  customs  at  Port  Roanoke,  North 
Carolina.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Bar 
■when  ninetet;u  (1770),  ■  ad  four  years 
afterwards  was  assistant  Attorney  Gen- 
eral of  the  State.  In  1777  he  became  a 
Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  that 
State,  was  Attorney  General  from  1779 
to  '82.  Like  the  rest  of  his  race  in  Am- 
erica, he  was  a  bold  and  determined  ad- 
vocate of  colonial  rights.  In  1760  he 
was  appointed  a  justice  of  the  United 
States  Supreme  Court,  and  about  this 
time  issued  "Iredell's  Revised  Statutes 
of  North  Carolina."  His  judicial  opin- 
ion in  the  case  of  Chisholme  vs.  Geor- 
gia, containing  the  basis  of  all  the  later 
doctrines  of  State  rights.  His  Life  and 
Correspondence,  were  published  in 
New  York,  1857,  (2  vol.  8  vo.).  He 
died  at  Edenton,  (Port  Roanoke)  Octob- 
er 20,  1799. 

IREDELL,  GEORGE  JAMES,  son 
of  the  forgoing,  an  able  American  law- 
yer and  statesman,  was  bom  at  Eden- 
ton,  (Port  Roanoke)  North  Carolina, 
November  2  1788.  He  graduated  from 
Princeton  College  1805,  and  was  admitt- 
ed to  the  Bar  shortly  afterwards.  He 
served  a  number  of  terms  in  the  North 
Carolina  House  of  Commons  and  was 
twice  elected  speaker.  When  the  war 
of  1812  broke  out  he  immediately  offer- 
ed his  services  to  the  State  and  raised  a 
company  of  volunteers.  In  1819  he  be- 
came Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  and 
in  1857  was  elected  Governor  of  the 
8tate,the  next  year  he  was  sent  to  the 
North  Carolina  Senate,  where  he  re- 
mained till  1887,  when  he  resumed  the 
practice  of  his  profession  at  Raleigh. 
He  was  an  indefatigable  worker  and 
published  13  vol.  of  Law,  and  8  vol.  of 
Equity  reports  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  State.  He  was  one  of  the  commiss- 
ioners who  collected  and  revised  all  the 
statutes  in  force  in  North  Carolina  in 
1888,  and  afterwards  published  several 
text  books  of  authority,  &mong  them 
*  'Law  of  Executors  and  Administrators. ' 
He  died  April  18,  1858 

ISAAO,a  learned  Irish,  missionary  of 
the  twelfth  century,  who,  according  to 
Oratianus  Lucius,  was  associated  with 
Gervasius  and  other  Irish  monks  of 
Ratisbon,  and  was  sent  to  Ireland  to  col- 
lect means  to  lebuild  the  monastery  and 
other  religious  structures  in  that  city. 
He  and  his  assistants  were  magnificently 


treated  by  Cor  jhovar  O'Brien,  Monarch 
of  Ireland  anu  King  of  Munster,  and 
sent  back  loaded  with  presents  of  ^old 
and  silver  to  cany  out  their  pious 
work. 

lilVINE,  MAJOR  GEN'L  WIL- 
LIAM, a  distinguished  officer  in  the  war 
of  Independence,  was  born  in  Ireland, 
and  in  1754  was  a  Surgeon  in  the  Ennr- 
lish  Army.  In  1763  he  settled  at  Cbi- 
lisle,  Pennsylvania,  was  a  member  of 
the  State  Convention  of  1774,  and  a 
strong  advocate  for  the  maintenance  of 
colonial  rights.  In  1776  he  served  in 
Canada  and  was  captured  at  Three 
Rivers  and  remained  a  prisoner  till  1778. 
On  returning  home  he  was  appointed 
to  the  command  of  the  2nd  Pennsyl- 
vania Regiment.  In  1781  when  the 
frontiers  of  the  Northwest  were  threat- 
ened by  the  British  and  their  worthy 
allies,  tl  e  Indians,  he  was  entrusted 
with  the  defence.  He  was  a  member 
of  Congress  from  Pennsylvania  after 
the  war,  and  died  1804. 

JACI.SON,    ANDREW,      seventh 
President  of  the  United  States  and  one 
of  the  most  distinguished  of  American 
Statesmen  and  Generals,  was  lorn  1767 
in  the  wilderness  of  North  Carolina,  of 
poor  Irish  parents  who  had  just  settled 
there.  His  father,  a  native  of  Carrickfer- 
gus,  county  Antrim,  Ireland,  and  died 
shortly  after  his  arrival  in  this  country, 
and  the  young  family  had  to  depend  on 
the  exertions  of  their  mother,  a  woman 
of  solid  sense  and  singular  benevolence. 
On  the  breaking  out  of  the  Revolution- 
ary war,  Jackson,  who  was  but  a  boy, 
followed  his  elder  brother  into  thearmv. 
They  appeared  to  have  been  taken  pris- 
oners and  confined  on  one  of  the  prison 
ships  of  Charleston  Harbor.    A  British 
officer  throwing  his  shoes  to  the  older 
brother,  told  hfin  to  clean  them,  when 
the  young  Irish  patriot,  only  still  but  a 
boy,  spumed  the  job  and  told  him  he 
was  no  hireling  of  his  or  his  Govern- 
ment.    For  which  exhibition  of  man- 
liness he  received  a  cut  on  the  head 
from  this  sample  of  British  chivalry, 
from  the  effect  of  which,  together  with 
bad  treatment  he  is  said  to  nave  died. 
Our  hero  was  next  ordered  to  do  the 
work,  but  with  a  spartan  disregard  for 
the  danger  he  answered  like  his  brother 
and  would  have  received  a  like  cut  but 
he  protected  himself  by  taking  it  on 
the  arm.    It  appears  that  another  elder 


/^ 


1 


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.'I 

I    I' 


JAO 


IBISH  CELTS. 


JAO 


brother  also  died  in  maintaining  the  ln> 
dependence  of  the  country  of  their  ad- 
option, and  his  brave  and  unselfish 
Irish  mother,not  only^  gave  her  sons, but 
her  own  life  too,  having  fallen  a  victim 
to  malignant  fever  in  attending  to  the 
dying  patriots  who  lav  crowds  in  the 
pestilential  cells  of  Charleston  prisons. 
It  mav  be  easily  conceived  that  a  boy 
with  such  blood  in  his  veins,  and  whose 

Soung  heart  mourned  such  bitter  losses 
1  dei^nce  of  his  country,  would  not  lie 
idle  while  the  enemy  cursed  the  soil  of 
that  country  with  its  presence.  Conse- 
quently we  find  him  in  1780  when  only 
uiirteen,  bearing  his  part  as  a  soldier 
in  the  army,  where  he  remained  until 
the  conclusion  of  the  war,  a  brave  and 
active  opponent  of  British  pretentions. 
The  conclusion  of  the  war  saw  the 
youthful  patriot  alone,  his  dearest 
friends  gone,  his  education  and  means 
small,  but  with  an  indomitable  will, 
an  enterprising  spirit,  and  considerable 
experience  for  a  boy  of  fifteen  years. 
His  was  not  a  spirit  to  remain  idle,  he 
immediately  sought  such  employment 
as  was  to  be  had,  and  made  use  of  his 
spare  time  in  the  improvement  of  his 
mind,  reading  history  and  acquiring 
the  fundamentals  of  an  education.  Af- 
ter a  while  he  commenced  the  study  of 
law  with  Judge  McKay,  and  soon  after- 
wards removed  to  Tennessee  with  John 
McNairy  an  Irish  scion  like  himself. 
In  U&  new  home  he  rapidly  advanced 
to  success,  and  although  not  polished, 
soon  established  his  leDUtation  as  a 
sound,  zealous  and  able  lawyer,  and  we 
find  him  in  1791  elected  representative 
and  in  1797  Senator  from  Tennessee, 
which  position  be  resigned,  and  imme- 
diately was  elected  one  of  the  Judges 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  that  State.  He 
had  no  ambition  to  engage  in  the  strife 
of  political  life  as  one  may  judge  from 
his  residing  at  such  an  bge  so  brilliant 
a  position  as  senator,  but  the  fates 
seemed  to  wiU  otherwise  as  perhaps  no 
American  Statesman  ever  had  or  per- 
haps ever  will  have  to  paaa  through  so 
stormy  a  political  experience  as  dui  An- 
drew Jackson.  In  1812  the  countv 
found  itself  again  involved  in  war  witn 
England, brought  on  by  continued  prov- 
ocation. General  Jackson,  who  was  a 
Major  General  of  militia  in  his  State, 
was  immediately  called  upon  to  raise 
and  take  command  of  the  quota  of  Tenn- 
essee. He  was  also  commissioned  a 
Brigadier  General,  by  the  general  gov- 


ernment. He  quickly  set  about  organ- 
izing tibe  state  forces  and  commenced 
operations  against  the  Creek  Indians, 
whom  the  British  with  their  usual  hu- 
manity, had  purchased  for  allies.  This 
powerful  tribe  of  savages  he  pressed 
through  almost  insurmountable  difS- 
culty  and  danger,into  swamps  and  mor- 
asses as  wild  and  dangerous  as  the  foe, 
and  at  length  completely  subdued  them. 
In  December,  1814,  General  Paekenham 
appeared  in  the  neighborhood  of  New 
Orleans  with  fourteen  thousand  veteran 
troops  fully  armed  and  equipped  and 
supported  by  a  powerful  flotilla.  Gen- 
eral Jackson,  who  happily  was  near  by, 
was  orded  to  the  relief  of  the  menanced 
city,  which  he  obeyed  with  his  usual 
promptness.  All  the  troops  he  could 
muster  at  the  very  last  was  about  six 
thousand  all  militia,  and  the  majority 
of  whom  were  raw  recruits.  However 
with  his  present  forces,  he  immediately 
set  to  work  to  make  the  necessary  prep- 
arations for  defence.  The  inhabitants 
of  NewOrleans  were  in  a  state  of  alarm; 
the  American  gun  boats  which  were  to 
guard  the  approach  to  the  city,  had 
been  destroyed  by  the  enemy,  and  in 
the  face  of  such  a  force  it  was  deemed 
folly  to  make  any  defence.  The  Gen- 
eral, as  a  matter  of  precaution,  took  it 
upon  himself  to  proclaim  marshal  law. 
He  put  arms  into  the  hands  of  the  un- 
wilhng  citizens,  and  told  them  he  ex- 
pected them  to  defend  their  homes.  His 
first  brush  with  the  enemy  was  on  the 
evening  of  the  J<3rd  of  December,  when 
Jackson  with  about  1,500  men  attacked 
a  camp  of  the  enemy  numbering 
about  8,000  and  would  probably  have 
captured  it,  had  not  a  fog  occasioned 
some  confusion,  and  it  was  deemed 
prudent  to  withdraw.  This  was  about 
six  mUes  below  the  city.  Jackson, 
who  was  awaiting  the  arrival  of  the 
Kentucky  militia  and  such  reinforce- 
ments as  could  arrive  in  time,  establish- 
ed his  camp  about  two  miles  from  the 
British,  and  between  them  and  the  city. 
The  nature  of  the  ground  is  such — a 
low  dead  level — that  no  defence  of  any 
magnitude  or  especial  strength  could  be 
thrown  up  without  great  labor  and  ex- 
pense. Consequently,  a  ditch,  breast 
works  of  earth  and  wood,  and  a  few  bales 
of  cotton  were  the  formidable  barriers 
which  the  veterans  of  the  peninsula, 
the  heroes  of  a  hundred  battles,  were  re» 
quired  to  carry.  Qen.  Jhckson  was  fuU 
ly  aware  of  the  magnita<^e  of  his  task 


JAO 


ntlBH  CBLT8. 


JAO 


The  enemy  were  double  his  numbers, 
and  the  best  soldiers  in  Europe,  while 
the  only  soldiers  he  had,  was  the  little 
band  of  about  2,000  he  had  made  in  his 
Indian  Campaiscn,  the  rest  were  only 
Taw  material.  He  therefore  took  every 
precaution  which  the  situation  requir- 
ed, and  tried  to  infuse  into  the  minds  of 
his  men  the  courage  and  confidence 
which  an  imated  his  own.  On  the  7th 
of  January,  1815,  the  movements  in  the 
British  camp,  indicated  to  Jackson  that 
they  were  preparing  to  attack;  and 
as  the  ever  memorable  morning  of  the 
8th  broke,  a  shower  of  rockets  illumed 
the  skv,  and  proved  to  be  the  signal  for 
tiie  advance.  A  detatchment  of  the 
enemy's  troops  on  the  right  bank,  pro- 
ceeded to  attack  the  works  of  defence 
on  that  side,  while  Packenham,  with 
over  twelve  thousand  men  in  two  divis- 
ions and  a  reserve,  move  swiftly  on  to- 
wards the  American  entrenchments. 
At  ^e  American  lines  reigned  the  e'dU- 
ness  of  death,  but  everything  war.  pre- 
pared to  receive  the  enemy,  una  a 
plain  hero  without  an  European  name 
or  fame  was  calmly  admiring  the  ap- 
proach of  the  victors  of  the  Peninsula 
whom  he  was  about  to  sweeplike  chaff 
before  the  whirlwind.  No  sooner  had 
tiiey  come  within  easy  reach  of  the 
batteries,  than  there  opened  upon  them 
an  incessant  and  destructive  tide  of 
death,  but  with  a  valor  worthy  of  their 
fame,  the  enemy  pushed  on,  and  it  seem- 
ed but  a  few  steps  and  the  entrench- 
ments would  be  won,  but  in  that  few 
steps  was  opened  a  very  floodgate  of 
destruction  that  swallowed  them  up. 
Jackson  had  ordered  his  men  to  hold 
their  fire  until  the  enemy  were  almost 
within  pistol  shot,  when  ?very  gun 
would  tm.  'Twas  done,  and  so  ternflc 
was  the  result,  that  those  veterans  who 
knew  no  fear,  recoiled  before  the  as- 
tounding slaughter.  Twice  they  rallied 
and  advancea  to  the  assault,  but  no 
Uving  thing  seemed  able  to  pass 
through  the  storm  of  death,  and  at  last 
they  ^nd  in  consternation  and  dismay. 
General  Packenham,  their  brave  and 
gallant  commander  mortified  at  the  re- 
sult, fell  mortally  wounded  while  at- 
tempting to  rally  them  again  to  the  at- 
tack, and  Generals  Gibbs  and  Eean, 
the  next  officers  in  command  fell,  one 
mortally,  the  other  severely  wounded, 
on  the  the  third  unavaihng  attempt. 
The  plain  in  the  front  of  the  Americans 
from  the  ditch  to  the  British  camps  was 


covered  with  the  dfead,  the  wounded, 
and  the  dying.  Over  two  thousand 
were  killed  which  shows  the  bravery 
and  obstinacy  of  the  attack,  while  the 
Americans  lost  only  7  killed  and  6 
wounded.  History  furnishes  no  paral- 
el  to  this  battle.  'Every  apparent  ad- 
vantage was  on  the  side  of  those  who 
met  so  disastrous  a  defeat,  numbers, 
experience,  and  even  valor ;  the  entren- 
chments of  the  Americans  were  so  insig* 
nificant,  as  to  be  considered  by  engineers 
as  no  especial  obstacle,  and  yet  the  re- 
sults were  so  amazingly  out  of  propor- 
tion the  other  way.  Outside  of  a  spec- 
ial interposition  of  Divine  Providence, 
it  can  only  be  accounted  for  by  the  won- 
derful military  genius  of  Jackson,  who^ 
knew  so  well  how  to  turn  his  own  weak 
materials  of  war  into  towers  of  strength 
and  paralyze  the  strength  of  the  en  y 
and  render  it  powerless  by  surprwe. 
This  battle  took  place  after  peace  had 
actually  been  signed,  but  the  know- 
ledge of  that  fact  had  not  yet  reached 
America.  The  news  of  this  gi-eat  vic- 
tory spread  fast  and  wide,  and  caused 
umversal  rejoicing  all  over  the  country. 
A  Te  Deum  was  sung  at  the  request  of 
Jackson,  in  the  principal  church  of 
New  Orleans,  in  thaksgiving  for  the  vic- 
tory, at  which  the  General,  his  staff,  and 
the  entire  population  assisted.  Congress 
unanimously  passed  a  vote  of  thanks  to 
the  victor,  and  ordered  a  gold  medal  to 
be  struck  commemorative  of  the  event, 
and  given  to  the  General.  He  was 
made  a  Major  General  in  the  Regular 
Army,  the  hijghest  position  then  estab- 
lished, and  given  command  of  the  south 
west.  In  1817  Mr.  Madison  offered 
him  the  position  of  Secretary  of  Wai- 
which  he  declined.  In  1817,  theSemin- 
oles,  a  powerful  and  warlike  tribe  of  In- 
dians on  our  southern  frontier  instigated 
by  white  adventurers,  and  shield^  by 
the  Spanish  authoritiesof  Florid?.,  com- 
menced depradations.  Jackson,  deter- 
mined to  put  a  complete  stop  to  !c,  and 
to  do  so,  in  his  opinion  it  wouM  be  ne- 
cessary to  follow  them  into  Spanish  ter- 
ritory. He  was  nnwilling  to  go  so  far 
without  a  tacit  consent  from  the  Govern- 
ment and  this  was  unequivocally  given 
him.  Under  this  understanding  with 
about  3,000  men,  regulars  and  militia 
in  March  1818  he  commenced  his  opera- 
tions against  the  Indians,  followed 
them  into  Florida,  took  St.  Marks  and 
Pensncola,  captured  the  white  instigat- 
ors of  the  trouble,  a  Scotch  and  an 


1 
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JAO 


miBB  0BLT8 


JAO 


English  flllibuster,  tried  them  by  court 
martial  and  executed  them.     Finding 
it  once  more  necessary,  he  again  entered 
Spanish  territorjr,  captured  Pensacola 
and  took  possession  of  Carlos  deBarnan- 
ces  and  ended  the  war.  Instead  of  receiv- 
ing praise  for  freeing  the  frontier  from  a 
dangerous  enemy,  Congrea.^  was  discus- 
sing whether  he  ought  nott)  be  censur- 
ed for  violating  the  neutrality  laws, 
not   knowing  that  he  had  fuU  Gove- 
emment  consent    for   his  acts.    Even 
the  official,  Calhoun,  Secretajy  of  war, 
with  whom  he  corresponded  as  to  the 
policy  he  ought  to  pursue,  advocated  in 
a  secret  cabinet  meeting  the  trying  him 
by  court  martial.    The  House  rejected 
the  ungrateful  proposition  by  a  large 
majority.     8bortly  afterwards,  Florida 
was  purchajed  from  Spain,  and  Jack- 
aon  having  betn  appointed  Governor 
of  the  new  territory,  resigned  his  posit- 
ion in  the  army.    He  did  not  remain 
long  in  Florida,  but  soon  returned  to 
Tennessee,   and  was  again  elected    a 
Senator  from  that  State.     In  1824  his 
friends  placed  him  in  nomination  for 
President,  and  he  resigned  his  seat  in 
the  senate.     Although  receiving  by  far 
the  largest  number  of  votes  of  any  of 
the  four  candidates  who  ran,  he  failed 
to  secure  a  majority  of  the  electoral  Col- 
lege, and  consequently  the  House  of 
representatives  were  required  to  make 
&  choice  from  the  highest  candidates. 
The   choice  fell  upon  John    Quincy 
Adams  through  the  exertions  of  Henry 
Clay  who  had  been  himself  one  of  the 
candidates.    The  next  contest,  however, 
saw  General  Jackson  elected  by    an 
•overwhelming  majority.    Mr.  Calhoun 
being  elected  Vice  President  on    the 
same    ticket.      His   first    message  to 
Congress  took  a    strong  and  positive 
^ound  on  some  public  questions  of 
great  importance,   and  at  once  marked 
broad  and  deep  the  lines  which  distin- 
guished the  two  great  parties  of  the 
country.    One,  and  perhaps  the  most 
exciting  at  the  time,  w.o  tne  abolition 
of  the  United  States  Bank,   which  had 
become  a  powerful  monopoly,  and  the 
other,  and  the  most  important,    was 
free  trade,  with  only  tanflf  enough  for 
necessary  revenue.    Jackson  is  looked 
upon    as  the  great  founder  of    those 
distinctive  principles  of  the  Democratic 
Party.    His  administrations  was  mark- 
ed by  wisdom  and  moderation.      The 
ports  of  the  United  States  were  opened 
lo  Great  Britan  on  condition  of  all  re- 


struction  being  removed  from  the  Am- 
erican trade  with  the  West  Indies. 
During  Hiis  time  also,  happened  his 
rupture  with  Vice  President  Calhoun, 
Jackson  having  been  made  aware  of 
Calhoun's  duplicity  towards  him  in  re- 

fard  to  his  invasion  of  Florida.  In  1832 
acksou  was  re-elected  by  a  still  larger 
majority  than  before,  against  his  great 
antagonist,  Henry  Clay.     It  was  dur- 
ing this  second  term  that  the  Nulliflers 
of  South  Carolina  as  they  were  called, 
threatened  the  integrity  of  the  union, 
holidng  that  the  State  had  a  right  to  dis- 
regard the  acts  Confess,  and  substant- 
ially make  itself  an  Independent  State. 
General  Jackson,  with  the  dignity  be- 
coming the  head  of  a  great  nation,  gave 
them  to  understand  that  the  laws  of  the 
Union  would  be  enforced  and  its  integ- 
rity ^roserved  even  if  it  required  blood. 
The  following  is  an  extract  from  the 
proclamation:    "I  adjure  you  as  you 
honor  their  (The  Fathers)  memory,   as 
you  love  the  cause  of  freedom  to  which 
they  dedicated  their  lives,  as  you  prize 
the  peace  of  your  country,  the  lives  of 
its  best  citizens  and  your  own  fair  fame, 
to  retrace  your  steps.     Snatch  from  the 
archieves  of  your  State  the  disorganizing 
edict  of  its  convention ;  bid  its  members 
to  reassemble,  and  promv'     te  the  decid- 
ed expressions  of  your    .ill  to  remain 
in  the  path  which    alone  can  conduct 
you  to    safety,    prosperity,  and   hon- 
or.   Telithem  that  compared  to  dis- 
union, all  other  evils  are  light,  because 
that  brings  with  it  an  accumulation  of 
all.    Declare  that  you  will  never  take 
the  field  unless  the  star-spangled  banner 
of  your  country  shall  float  over  you, 
that  you  will  not  be  stigmatized  when 
dead  and  dishonoied  and  scorned  while 
you  live  as  the  authors  of  the  first  at- 
tack on  the  constitution  of  your  country. 
Its  destroyers  you  cannot  be,  you  may 
disturb  its  peace,   you  may  interrupt 
the  course  of  its  prosperity,  jou  may 
cloud  its  reputation  for  stability,  but 
its  tranquility  will  be  restored,  its  pros- 
perity will  return,  and  the  stain  on  its 
national  character  will  be  transferred 
and  remain  an  eternal  blot  on  the  mem- 
ory of  those  who  caused  the  disorder." 
He  also  ordered  the  withdrawal  of  the 
money  of  the  United  States  from  the 
United  States  Bank,  and  their  deposit 
elsewhere,  which  act  brought  down  on 
him  a  storm  of  abuse  f ron  the  friends  of 
that    institution,   and  the    excitement 
throughout  the  country  was  intense 


of 

sti 


JAO 


ZBI8H  OKLTS. 


JAO 


The  opposition,  led  bv  Webster,  Clay, 
«nd  Calhoun,  three  of  the  ablest  states- 
men the  country  ever  produced,  attem- 
pted to  force  resolutions  through  Con- 
j^ess  incondemnatiou  of  thePr^ident's 
acts,  but  they  failed.  The  President 
defended  himself  with  dignity,  ability, 
and  success,  and  carried  so  to  speak,  the 
■war  into  Af  ilea.  He  showed  the  dan- 
ger and  rottenness  of  this  moneyed  mon- 
opoly. That  it  had  attempted  to  influ- 
ence election  bv  its  money.  That  it  had 
confiocated  a  large  amount  of  dividens 
on  the  public  stocks.  That  it  did  other 
arbitrary  acts  to  its  own  aggrandizement 
and  the  injury  of  others,  and  asked  that 
an  act  be  passed  authorizing  the  sale  of 
the  public  stock,  and  that  the  notes  of  the 
bank  in  payment  of  public  dues,  be  ac- 
cepted no  longer,  and  that  all  laws  con- 
necting the  Government  by  any  of  its 
officers  with  the  bank,  be  repealed." 
80  bitter  was  the  feeling  against  Jackson 
1/V  the  friends  of  the  monopoly,  that  his 
life  \7as  attempted  by  an  assassin.  The 
oobi'ion  taken  by  Jackson  towards  the 
^auk  was  justified  by  the  denoument. 
The  bank,  left  to  its  own  resources  had 
toshow  its  hand,  which  revealed  its  un- 
soundness, audit  was  declared  insolvent 
and  went  out  of  existence  in  dishonor 
before  the  termination  of  its  charter. 
On  the  termination  of  his  second  term, 
Jackson,  like  Washington,  issued  an  ad- 
dress of  advice  to  the  American  people, 
fuU  of  patriotic  sentiments,  and  warn- 
ing against  the  dangers  of  disunion.  We 
oannot  do  better  than  give  a  portion. 
He  said  :  "What  have  you  to  gain  by 
division  and  dissention.  Delude  not 
yourselves  with  the  belief  that  a  breach 
once  severed,  may  be  afterwards  re- 
paired. If  the  union  is  severed  the 
une  of  separation  will  grow  wid- 
er and  wider,  and  the  controversies 
which  are  now  debated  and  settled 
in  the  halls  of  legislation,  will  then 
be  tried  in  the  field  of  battle  and  deter- 
mined by  the  sword.  Neither  should 
you  deceive  yourselves  with  the  hope 
that  the  first  term  of  separation  would 
be  a  permanent  one,  and  that 
nothing  but  harmony  and  concord 
would  be  found  in  the  new  asocia- 
tions  formed  upon  the  dissolution 
of  the  Union.  Local  interests  would 
still  be  found  there,  and  unchastened 
ambition.  And  if  the  recollections  of 
common  days  in  which  the  people  of  the 
United  States  stood  side  by  sic'  >  against 
the  common  foe — the  memories  of  vic- 


tories wen  by  their  united  valor,  the 
prosperity  and  happiness  th(iy  have  en- 
joyetl  unSer  the  present  constitution  , 
the  proud  name  they  boar  as  citizc-ns  in 
this  great  republic — if  all  these  recollec- 
tions and  prooff  ji  common  interest  are 
not  strong  enough  to  bind  us  together  as 
one  people,  what  tie  will  hold  united  the 
new  divisions  of  empire,  when  these 
bonds  have  been  broken  and  this  Union 
dissevered.  It  If  impossible  to  look  on 
the  consequences  that  would  inevitably 
follow  the  distruction  of  this  Govern- 
ment, and  not  feel  indignant  when  we 
hear  cold  calculations  about  the  value  of 
the  Union,  and  have  so  constantly  before 
us  a  line  of  conduct  so  well  calculated 
to  weaken  its  ties."  General  Jackson, 
now  in  his  seventieth  year  after  active 
service  of  sixty  years;  spent  mostly  in 
the  service  of  his  country,  in  both  peace 
and  war,  was  prepared  for  a  rest,  which 
Lc  nought  in  his  loved  retreat  at  the  Her- 
mitage, where  he  spent  the  eight  remain- 
ing years  of  his  life.  He  died  after  a 
short  illness  on  the  5th  June,  1845.  His 
is  a  character  hard  to  j  ustly  estimate.  If 
we  may  so  express  it,  he  was  one  of  those 
ordinary  extraordinary  men  who  are  su- 
perior to  every  emergency,  the  simplicity 
of  whose  character  seems  to  reduce  great- 
ness down  to  the  ordinary  level.  An 
able,  although  not  a  learned  lawyer.  A 
successful,  although  not  an  eloquent 
advocate.  A  sound,  rather  than  pro- 
found jurist.  A  great  and  successful 
political  leader  without  ambition  or  art. 
One  of  the  most  successful  military 
leaders  the  world  ever  saw,  without  any 
special  exhibition  of  science  skill,  or  strat- 
egy; he  seemed  to  possess  something 
greater  than  all,  an  innate  knowledge  of 
simple,  direct  and  undisguised  means  to 
encompass  his  ends,  to  whose  chivalrous 
nature  deceit  for  any  purpose,  was  not 
only  unworthy  of  a  brave  and  true  heart 
but  an  actual 'dishonor.  Trained  in  no 
school  of  philosophy  or  political  econ- 
omy, he  becomes  by  broad  common 
sense  and  intuition  the  statesman  seer  of 
this  great  nation;  enunciating  those  eter- 
nal principles  which  alone  can  insure 
constitutional  liberty  by  perpetuating 
this  great  republic,  and  which  was  its 
battle  cry  in  danger.  "The  integrity 
of  the  union  must  be  preserved."  In 
those  few  words  are  the  epitome  of 
American  statesmanship.  No  more  en- 
during monument  can  be  erected  to  his 
memory.  This  should  give  it  a  dwelling 
place  in  the  heart  of  every  trucAmerican. 


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JAO 


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JAO 


JACKSON,  JUDGE  CHARLES,  an 
able  and  distinguished  American  jur- 
ist, was  the  son  of  Jonathan  Jaclcson, 
a  prominent  and  popular  merchant  who 
had  emigrated  with  his  parents  from 
Ireland  and  settled  in  Newburyport, 
Mass.,  where  our  subject  was  born 
May  81,  1775.  Charles  was  sent  to 
Harvard,  graduating  in  1793,  and  then 
entered  the  law  office  of  Theophilus 
Parsons,  where  he  remained  for  three 
years.  He  then  established  an  office  of 
^is  own,  in  which  he  quickly  acquired 
a  lucrative  practice  and  an  enviable  rep- 
utation for  a  young  man.  In  1803  he 
removed  to  Boston  and  immediately 
took  rank  with  the  leading  members  of 
the  profession  in  that  cultivated  city. 
He  then  entered  into  partnership  with 
Judge  Samuel  Hubbard  and  their  bus- 
iness was  said  to  have  been  the  most 
lucrative,  up  to  that  day,  in  New  Eng- 
land. In  1813  he  was  chosen  a  judge 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Massachu- 
setts, which  office  he  held  for  ten  years 
and  then  resigned  on  account  of  health. 
In  1820  he  was  a  leading  member  of  the 
convention  which  amended  the  State 
Constitution,  and  in  1833  was  one  of 
tiie  commissioners  to  revise  the  general 
statutes  of  the  State.  He  published  a 
treatise  on  Pleadings  and  Practice  in 
Real  Actions,  besides  contributing  other 
valuable  matter  to  American  jurispru- 
dence. He  died  in  Boston,  Decembw 
18. 1855. 

JACKSON,  CHAS.  T.,  an  eminent 
American  electrician  and  one  of  the  first 
scientists  of  the  day,  was  bom  in  Ply- 
mouth, Mass.,  June  21, 1805,  and  is  of 
Irish  descent.  He  early  developed  both  a 
passion  and  talent  for  scientific 
mvestigation  and  while  still  a  mere 
boy  entered  the  office  fif  his 
relative.  Dr.  James  Jacksoa.  and 
./pursued  the  study  of  medicine  &nd  af- 
terwards received  his  degree  from  Har- 
vard. Prior  to  this  he  made  a  minor- 
alogical  and  geological  survey  of  No^a 
Scotia  in  company  of  Francis  Alger,  of 
Boston,  which  they  published  with  a 
map  showing  the  geological  strata  of 
that  region.  In  1829  he  went  to  Eu- 
rope to  pursue  his  studies,  which  were 
pnncipally  made  in  Paris  and  which  he 
finished  by  a  pedestrian  tour  through 
Switzerland,  Piedmont,  Lombardy, 
Tyrol,  Bavaria  and  Austria,  and  also 
visited  the  principal  cities  of  Italy  and 
made  special  geological  explorations  in 


Sicily  and  Auvergne  in  France.  In 
1882  he  returned  home  bringing  witb 
him  philosophical  apparatus  and  elec- 
tric instruments.  Amongst  the  passen- 
gers  was  Prof.  Morse,  and  in  a  discus- 
sion on  the  possibilities  of  correspond- 
ence by  electricity,  Dr.  Jackson  asserts 
tnat  he  then  and  there  developed  and 
explained  the  peculiar  plan  among  oth- 
ers of  the  American  Telegraph  patented 
in  1840  by  Prof.  Morse,  and  that  in  the 
spring  of  1884  he  constructed  and  suc- 
cessfully worked  it  in  presence  of  Fran- 
cis Alger  and  others,  but  that  he  did 
not  consider  it  as  of  practical  use  until 
the  invention  of  the  sustaining  battery 
by  Daniel  in  1837,  which  furnished  a 
long  continued  current  of  uniform 
strength.  A  controversy  arose  in  1887 
between  Jackson  and  Morse  on  their 
respective  claims  to  the  invention,  and 
the  evidence  was  used  in  subsequent 
trials  on  this  much  contested  and  du- 
bioiis  question.  Dr.  Jackson  did  not 
give  much  attention  to  the  practice  of 
medicine,  his  mind  was  of  too  active 
and  analyzing  a  character  to  be  content 
with  its  unchanging  duties,  and  he 
abandoned  it  as  a  profession  after  a  few 
years  to  devote  himself  toscientiflcpur- 
suits.  In  1836  he  was  appointed  State 
Geologist  of  Maine  and  subsequently  of 
Rhode  Island  and  New  Hampshire, 
and  made  geological  surveys  of  each  of 
those  States,  which  were  published 
with  illustrated  charts.  He  also  sketch- 
ed out  a  plan  for  a  geological  survey  of 
New  York,  which  was  adopted,  and  ia 
1844  he  explored  the  Lake  Superior  re- 
gion of  Michigan  and  published  an  ac- 
count of  its  great  mineral  resources.. 
He  visited  it  the  following  year  and  op- 
ened mines  of  copper  and  discovered 
mountains  of  iron  ore.  In  1847  he  was 
appointed  by  the  United  States  to  sur- 
vey the  Government  lands  in  the  Lake 
Superior  region,  and  spent  two  years 
in  that  work,  when  in  a  change  of  ad- 
ministration at  Washington  the  posi- 
tion was  turned  over  to  some  greedy 
office  seeker.  The  results  of  his  labora 
were  published  in  1850, 1  vol. ,  800  p.  Dr. 
Jackson  was  also,  without  doubt,  not 
only  the  discoverer  of  Anaesthetics,  for 
which  he  was  awarded  the  prize  by  the 
French  Academy  (2,500  francs),  but 
also  of  its  applir>ation  to  surgical  oper- 
ation, for  which  the  prize  wt.s  awarded 
to  Dr.  Morton.  In  1852  a  memorial 
was  presenteil  to  Congress  sigied  by  148 
physicians  it  Boston  and  v  Icinity,  as- 


JAO 


mUSU  CEUSB. 


JAO 


Borting  that  the  discovery  was  due  ex- 
clusively to  Dr.  Jackson.  Dr.  Jackson 
receivea  for  his  valuable  discoveries  to 
medicitl  science  orders  and  decorations 
from  France,  Prussia,  Sardinia,  Swe- 
den and  Turkey.  His  scientific  discov- 
eries have  been  many  and  valuable,  and 
he  was  an  honored  member  of  many  sci- 
entific societies  of  Europe  and  America 
and  a  valuable  contributor  to  "Scientflc 
Journals"  at  home  and  abroad.  Among 
his  works  are:  ''Chemical  researches  on 
the  cotton  plant,  the  tobacco  plant,  In- 
dian corn,  and  on  88  varieties  of  Amer- 
ican grapes,  "A  Manual  of  Etheriza- 
tion with  a  History  of  its  Discovery," 


JACKSON,  DR.  JAMES,  an  emi- 
nent American  physician,  was  a  young- 
er brother  of  Judge  Charles  Jackson, 
■was  bom  in  Newburyport.  Oct.  8, 
1777,  and  was  educated  with  his  broth- 
er Charles  at  Harvard,  where  he  grad- 
uated in  1796  and  then  entered  theofiQce 
of  Dr.  Holyoke  of  Salem,  where  he  re- 
mained two  years  studying  his  profes- 
sion In  1802  he  went  to  London  and 
took  the  position  of  dresser  in  St. 
Thomas'  Hospital,  while  he  attended 
the  lectures  at  both  that  and  Guy's 
Hospital,  remaining  abroad  about  two 
years.  On  his  return  he  practiced  his 
profession  in  Boston.  In  18iO  he  was 
chosen  professor  of  clinical  medicine 
in  Harvard,  and  about  this  time  in  con 
section  with  Dr.  Warren  he  brought 
about  the  establishment  of  an  Asylum 
for  the  Insane  at  Somerville  and  the 
Massachusetts  Oeneral  Hospital  at  Bos- 
ton, of  which  he  was  the  first  physi- 
cian. In  1812  he  waij  made  Professor 
of  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Medi- 
cine at  Harvard,  and  was  for  many 
J  ears  President  of  the  Massachusetts 
[edical  Society.  He  was  author  of 
numerous  medical  works  and  papers. 
Among  them, '  *The  Brunonian  System," 
"On  the  Medical  Effects  of  Dentition," 
1812,  "On  Cow-pox  and  3mall-pox," 
"On  Spotted  Fever  "  1816,  "On  Spas 
modic  Cholera,"  Syllabus  of  Lectures," 
"Text  Book  of  Lectures,"  1826,"  "Let- 
ters to  a  Young  Physician,"  1866,  &c. 
besides  an  eulogy  on  Dr.  John  C.  War- 
ren, 1816,  and  "a  Memoir  of  his  son, 
James  Jackson,  Jr.,"  1826.  In  1886 
he  resigned  his  professorship  and  other 
positions  and  confined  himself  to  his 
private  practice.    He  died  in  Boston, 


August   27,  1867,  full  of  years  and 
honors,  and  greatly  lamented. 

JACKSON.  PATRICK  TRACT,  an 
eminent  American  merchant,  was  th& 
third  son  of  Jonathan  Jackson  and  a 
younger  brother  of  Judge  Charles  and 
Dr.  James  Jackson,of  whom  see  above. 
He  was  also  born  in  Newburyport, 
Mass.,  the  home  of  his  Irish  parents, 
Aug.  14,  17S0.  He  received  a  solid 
education  and  at  the  age  of  15  he  en- 
tered the  business  house  of  Wm.  Bart> 
lett,  a  merchant  of  his  r-itive  tovrn. 
Here  he  remained  some  years,  but  at 
length  established  himself  m  Boston  and 
engaged  in  the  India  trade  with  singu- 
lar good  fortune,  acquiring  large  inler- 
est.  In  1812,  in  company  with  his 
brother-in-law  Francis  C.  Lowell,  he 
engaged  in  the  project  of  establishing 
cotton  mills  end  of  introducing  th& 
power  loom.  Lowell  had  been  in  Eng- 
land investigating  as  far  as  in  his  pow- 
er, but  the  process  and  machine  was 
kept  a  secret.  Jackson  and  himself 
succeeded  however  in  inventing  a  model 
from  which  Paul  Moody  constructed  a 
machine,  and  in  1818  they  built  their 
first  mill  at  Waltham,  near  Boston, 
which  is  claimed  to  have  been  the  first 
in  the  world  that  combined  all  the  op- 
erations of  converting  raw  cotton  into- 
finished  cloth.  In  1821  Jacksoii  or^n- 
ized  the  Merrimack  Manufacturing  Co., 
and  made  large  purchases  of  lanu  on 
the  Merrimack  River  adjoining  the- 
Pautucket  Canal,  where  a  number  of 
mills  were  erected.  This  settlement 
proved  the  germ  of  the  busy  city  of 
Lowell.  A  few  years  afterwards  he- 
formed  another  company,  wno  erected 
a  number  of  mills  in  the  same  vicinity, 
and  in  1880  he  procured  a  charter  for  a 
railroad  between  them  (Lowell)  and 
Boston.  He  superintended  the  con- 
struction of  the  road,  which  was  com- 
pleted in  1836,  and  was  said  to  be  the 
most  perfect  of  its  kind  then  in  Amer- 
ica. His  interests  now  were  immense, 
both  in  extent  and  value,  but  the  disas- 
trous financial  crisis  of  1887  which 
caused  almost  universal  bankruptcy, 
proved  too  much  for  him  and  his  mag- 
nificent fortune  was  swept  away  in  a 
few  months.  His  valuable  services 
were  however  appreciated,  and  he  was 
offered  important  trusts  in  connectioa 
with  those  great  manufacturing  inter- 
ests. His  mind  was  broad  and  gener- 
ous like  his  race,  and.  never  became- 


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-aelfish  and  warped  in  a  greed  for  wealth, 
but  he  ever  manifested  a  great  interest 
in  the  welfare  and  advancement  of  his 
operatives,  and  labored  zealously  for  the 
promotion  of  their  moral  and  intellec- 
tual improvement.  He  died  Aug.  27, 
1867  universally  lamented. 

JAMESON,  MRS.  ANNA,  (nee 
Murph\),  one  of  the  most  cultivated  and 
-versatile  of  female  writers,  was  bom  in 
Dublin,  May  19, 1797.    Her  father  was 

{>ainter  in  ordinary  to  the  Princess  Char- 
otte,  and  from  him  she  inherited  her 
taste  and  knowledge  of  art.  In  her  27th 
year  she  married  Mr.  Jameson,  barris- 
ter, who  soon  after  received  a  govern- 
ment appointment  in  Canada,  to  which 
province  they  came.  Their  tastes  and 
characters  proved  uncongenial  they 
separated.  She  returned  to  Europe  and 
soon  after  made  a  tour  of  France,  Italy 
.  and  Germany,  and  published  her  Urst  pre 
tenteous  work,  "Diary  of  an  Ennuiee,' 
anonymously,  (1726.  This  was  follow- 
ed by  'The  lives  oi  Poets  in  1829  2  vol. 
"Lives  of  Celebrated  Female  Sovereigns 
1881  2  vol  "Characteristics  of  Wo- 
men," 2  vol.  containing  a  criticism  of 
female  characters  in  Shakespeare, 
"Beauties  of  the  Court  of  Charles  II," 
"Visits  and  Sketches  at  Home  and 
Abroad. "  She  made  another  visit  to  the 
New  World  in  1836  travelling  through 
Canada  and  a  portion  of  the  United 
States,  and  published  "Winter  Studies 
and  Summer  Rambles  in  Canada,"  8  vol. 
1838,  followed  by  "Pictures  of  Social 
Life  in  Germany,"  2  vol.  In  1840,  she 
produced  a  translation  ol  the  "Life  and 
•Genius  of  Rubens,"'  by  Dr.  Waagen, 
followed  by  "Memories  of  early  Italian 
Painters,  and  "Progress  of  Painting  in 
Italy  from  Ciambue  to  Basaano,"  1845, 
which  she  afterwards  enlarged  and  pub- 
lished in  1859.  "Memories  and  essays  on 
literature  and  Social  Morals,'  appeared 
1846.  Her  most  elaborate  work  in  this 
line  appeared  in  1848,  "Sacred  and  Le- 
gendary Art,"  2  vol.  800  p.  In  1850,  her 
"Legends  of  the  Monastic  Orders,"  was 

Sublished,  and  in  1852,  "Legends  of  the 
[adonna,"on  which  work  she  spent 
many  years.  In  those  works  she  has  trac- 
ed the  progress  of  sacred  art,  the  highest 
and  most  enobling,  and  analyzed  tlio 
grand  conceptiras  of  the  great  masters 
sliowing  their  re.ntionship  to  the  symbol- 
leal  form  in  which  they  sought  to  embody 
their  inspired  thoughts.  Her  works  are 
much  increased  in  interest  and  value, 


bv  the  beautiful  and  skillful  etchings 
of  many  of  the  pictures  referred  to 
the  work  of  her  own  hand,  making  them 
one  of  the  most  valuable  contributions 
to  art  literature  ever  published.  Among 
her  other  works  not  named,  are  "Com- 
mon place  book  of  Thoughts,  Memories 
and  Fancies,"  1854,  "  Sisters  of  Charity 
at^ome  and  Abroad,"  "The  History  of 
Our  Lord  as  illustrated  in  Art,"  &c. 
She  died  in  London,  March,  17,  1850. 

JARLATH  SAINT,  First  Bishop  of 
Tuam,  was  son  of  Loga  of  the  noble 
house  of  Conmacnie  and  was  bom 
about  the  year  500.  He  is  said  to  have  been 
founder  of  the  Cathedral  of  Tuam,  an- 
ciently called  Tuam-de-Gauland.  It 
was  afterwards  dedicated  to  his  mem- 
ory, and  is  called  St.  Jarlath's  still. 
Ware  says  that  St.Jarlath  wasadesciple 
of  Beniguus,  from  whom  he  received 
holy  orders.  He  is  said  to  have  been 
fon'd  of  field  and  military  sports  when  a 
young  man  and  much  praised  for  his 
skill  and  sagacity  and  looked  upon  as  a 
promising  young  warrior.  Tf  is  said  also 
that  he  was  moved  to  a  religious  life 
by  a  young  maiden,  the  daughter  of  a 
neigbooring  chief,  to  whom  he  was 
deeply  attached.  She  said  to  him  on 
hearing  his  declarations  of  love,  "I  re- 
spect and  admire  you  Jarlath,  but  I 
am  pledged  to  be  the  spouse  of  Our  Di- 
vine Master,  to  His  services  have  I 
vowed  my  life  and  virginity,  for  to  en- 
joy him  in  heaven  is  far  preferable  to 
any  fleeting  vanity  of  the  world.  Give 
your  heart  to  him  also,  as  I  have  done, 
and  ther  we  may  indeed  realize  in  time 
what  love  and  happiness  means."  They 
both  embraced  religious  lives  with  the 
hope  that  they  would  be  united  in  Hea- 
ven. After  a  regular  preparation  he 
received  ordination  nnd  founded  the 
Monastery  of  Clounfois,  near  Tuam.  It 
soon  became  celebrated  as  a  school  of 
learning,  and  had  for  its  scholars  many 
holy  and  learned  men,  amoncst  them 
St.  Brendan  Abbott,  of  Clonfert,  and 
St.  Cohnan,  Bishop,  of  Cloyne.  He 
afterwards  built  a  Monastery  at  Tuam, 
about  the  year  545.  He  died  about  560. 
He  was  author  of  religious  works,  and 
also,  it  is  said,  of  a  prophecy  concern- 
ing his  successors. 

JARVIS,  JOHN,  an  eminent  painter 
and  staincr  on  glass,  was  born  in  Dub- 
lin in  1749  and  practised  his  art  In  that 
city  for  some  years.    He  finally  remov- 


JOH 


miSH  CELTS. 


JOH 


ed  to  London  where  he  became  distin- 
guished for  his  artistic  skill.  Among 
others  of  his  work  are  the  west  windows 
of  New  College,  Oxford.  He  died  in 
1804. 

JEFFERSON,  JOSEPH,  the  cele- 
brated American  actor  who  became  fa- 
mous by  his  rendition  of  Dion  Boucica- 
ult's  play  of  Rip  Van  Winkle,  is  of  Irish 
descent  by  his  mother  at  least,  who  was 
a  well  known  and  popular  actress,  (Mrs. 
Burke).  He  was  born  in  Philadelphia, 
November  20, 1829,  and  early  developed 
dramatic  talent,  became  popular  as 
a  comedian,  but  it  was  when  he  made 
l^e  above  roll  his  own  by  making  it  an 
original  and  masterly  creation,  that  he 
won  recognition  as  a  great  actor,  which 
has  been  fully  endorsed  by  the  critics 
and  people  of  America,  Great  Britain  Ire- 
land and  Austra  lia.  He  has  acquired 
a  handsome  fortune  and  spends  his 
winter  on  his  plantation  in  Louisiana 
and  his  summer  when  not  on  the  road 
at  his  beautiful  home  in  New  Jersey. 
He  has  also  fine  abilities  as  a  painter, 
which  he  cultivates  at  home,  adorning 
his  parlors  with  the  work  of  his  hands. 
He  has  a  son  who  is  following  the  pro- 
fession of  his  father. 

JERVAS,  CHARLES,  the  most  dis- 
tinguished artist  of  his  day  in  Britain, 
was  born  in  Ireland  about  1('76,  and 
studied  his  art  under  Sir  QoflEery 
Kneller  and  afterwards  in  France  and 
Italy.  On  his  return  to  England  he  was 
recognized  as  at  the  head  of  his  art  in 
that  country,  and  was  greatly  patroniz- 
ed although  his  merits  were  strong'y 
questionea  in  his  own  day.  Pope,  who 
was  his  pupil  praised  hiir.  extravagant- 
ly, while  Lord  Oxford  says  that  "the 
badness  of  the  age's  taste  and  the  dearth 
of  good  masters  placed  Jervas  at  the 
head  of  his  profession."  He  undoubt- 
edly had  some  commanding  uualities, 
with  perhaps  serious  defects.  He  died 
in  London  1789. 

JOHN,  surnamed  "DeSacro  Bosco," 
the  most  celebrated  mathematician,  of 
his  age  (thirteenth  century),  was  accor- 
ding to  Stanihurst,  Harris  and  other 
writers,  born  in  Ireland  at  Holy-wood, 
near  Dublin.  He  taught  principally  in 
Paris,  and  was  partial  tothephiloHophy 
of  Aristole.  He  wrote  many  treatises, 
particularly  one  upon  the  Globe,  which 
was  much  esteemed  and  read  for  many 


years  in  the  public  schools,  besides  math' 
ematical  works,  and  a  law  breviary. 
He  died  in  Paris  in  1257,  and  was  buri- 
ed in  the  cloisters  of  the  Maturins. 

JOHNSON,OTHERWI8E  JOHNST- 
ON CHARLES,  a  novel  wi ' ter  of  the  last 
centunr  was  born  in  Ireland  about  1740, 
and  afler  completing  his  studies  was 
called  to  the  Bar,  but  on  account  of  a 
defect  in  hearing,  he  had  to  confine 
himself  to  chamber  practice.  In  1782, 
he  went  to  Calcutta  where  he  became 
editor  and  proprietor  of  a  newspaper. 
His  novels  are  spirited  and  full  of  pun- 
gent satire,  the  characters  having  been 
generally  drawn  from  real  life.  His- 
principal  ones  are  Chrystal,  or  the  ad- 
ventures of  a  Guinea,  and  the  Ravine. 
He  died  about  the  year  1800. 

JOHNSON  JOHN,  a  distinguished' 
citizen  of  Ohio,  was  born  in  County 
Tyrone,  Ireland,  in  1808,  and  emigrated 
to  the  United  States  with  his  parents  in 
1824  and  settled  in  Ohio,  He  devoted 
himself  mainly  to  agriculture,  but  being 
a  man  of  ability,  he  was  elevated  by  his 
fellow  citizens  to  positions  of  trust  and 
honor.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Ohio 
Senate,  of  the  Constitutional  Convention 
and  was  a  representative  in  Congress  in 
1851-2-3. 

JOHNSON  WILLIAM,  a  talented 
American  lawyer  and  politician,  was 
born  in  Ulster,  Ireland,  in  1819,  and 
emigrated  with  his  parents  to  Ohio 
when  a  child,  received  as  good  an  edu- 
cation as  his  neighborhood  afforded, 
and  adopted  the  profession  of  the  law, 
and  was  honored  by  his  fellow  citizens 
with  the  most  prominent  local  honors. 
In  1862,he  was  elected  to  Congress,  fill- 
ing the  position  with  ability.  He  died 
May  8rd,  1866. 

JOHNSTON  SIR  JOHN,  son  of  Sir 
William,  succeeded  his  father  as  Major- 
General,  in  1774,  and  on  the  breaking 
out  of  the  Revolutionary  war,  he  con- 
tinued in  the  service  of  the  British  Gov- 
ernment. In  1777,  he  defeated  General 
Herkimer,  at  Fort  Stanwix,  but  in 
1780  was  himself  defeated  by  Gen. 
Van  Rensselaer,  at  Foxes  Mills,  He 
was  appointed  Governor  of  Upper  Can- 
ada in  1796,  and  died  in  1798. 

JOHNSTON  JOHN,  a  man  of  talent 
and  a  leading  merchant  in  the  North- 


^1   i'i 


:%: 


'■\l: 

V') 

('■■ 

II 

1     .''■ 

1 

JOH 


IBISn  CKLTS. 


JOH 


West,  was  bom  near  the  Giant's  Cause- 
way, Ireland,  in  1763.  He  was  the 
son  of  wealthy  and  cultivated  parents, 
but  his  love  of  libertjr  and  adventure  led 
him  to  America  during  the  Presidency 
«f  Washington,  of  whom  he  used  te  say 
with  pride,  that  he  had  taken  him  by 
the  hand.  After  many  adventures  in 
Oanada  and  the  United  States,  he 
settled  at  Sault  St.  Marie,  Michigan, 
in  1798,  as  a  merchant  and  trader.  He 
there  married  the  daughten)f  an  Indian 
Chief,  celebrated  for  herMntelligence 
AD.d  beauty.  In  ^he  war  of  1814,  his 
property  wasplundijred,  in  consequence 
of  whicb  he  went  heme  to  Ireland,  and 
after  selling  his  patrimonial  estates  re- 
tmmed  to  the  home  of  his  choice,  where 
he  remained  until  his  d&'^th,  honored 
and  respected.  He  was  th?  author  of 
Bome  interesting  jpapers  on  Tndian  his- 
tory. His  daughter,  also  noiod  for 
beauty,  was  educated  in  Europe,  and 
became  the  wife  of  Henry  B.  School- 
craft, the  well-known  historian. 

JOHNSTONS  JOHN  HENRY,  a 
distinguished  vocalist  and  comic  actor, 
was  bom  in  1760,  inTipperary,  Ireland. 
Early  in  life  he  enlisted  in  a  regiment  of 
Irish  Dragoons  and  soon  attracted  the 
notice  of  the  officers  by  his  wit  and 
vocal  talents.  The  Colonel  kindly 
granted  him  his  discharge  and  encour- 
aged him  to  develop  his  powers.  He 
first  made  his  appearance  on  the  Dub- 
lin stage,  where  he  was  well  received. 
He  next  tried  London,  and  after  some 
time  entered  on  an  engagement  in  Cov- 
«nt  Garden,  where  he  soon  became 
eminently  popular  and  recognized  as 
the  head  in  his  peculiar  rolls.  He  died 
in  1828. 

JOHNSON  SIR  WILLIAM,  a  cele- 
brated colonial  officer  and  Indian  or- 
ganizer, was  bora  at  Warrentown, 
County  Down,  Ireland,  in  1716,  and 
was  the  younger  son  of  an  Irish  county 
gentleman.  Christopher  Johnson.  He 
received  a  good  education  and  was  in- 
tended for  a  mercantile  life,  but  some 
difficulty  with  his  parents  In  regard  to 
the  lady  of  his  choice  determined  him 
to  seek  a  home  and  fortune  in  America. 
His  uncle,  Admiral  Sir  Peter  Warren, 
who  though  his  wife  a  Miss  De  Lancy. 
of  New  York,  had  acquired  large  pos- 
sessions in  the  colonies,  mainly  on  the 
banks  of  the  Mohawk,  which  he  had 
increased    by    purchase,  finding    his 


nephew  about  to  set  Out  for  the  New 
World,he  offered  him  the  entire  manage- 
ment of  his  estates,  which  he  desired  to 
colonize  and  improve.  The  offer  being 
a  liberal  one  young  Johnson  accepted. 
In  1788  Johnson  established  his  head- 
quarters on  a  tract  of  this  land  on  the 
Mohawk,  about  24  miles  from  Schen- 
ectady, which  his  uncle  had  named 
Warrensburgh.  Johnson  early  per- 
ceived the  advantage  to  be  derived 
from  trade  with  the  Indians  and  of  cul- 
tivating their  confidence  and  friend- 
ships. These  latter  he  soon  earned  by 
his  honorable  course  in  his  dealings 
with  them,  and  was  well  rewarded  by 
their  preference  to  deal  with  him.  He 
always  treated  them  with  perfect  far- 
ness  and  honesty,  and  Invaribly  refused 
to  trade  with  them  when  under  the  in- 
fluence of  liquor,  nor  yield  to  them 
anything  he  had  once  refused.  This 
course  added  to  his  easy  and  dignified 
manners,  his  respect  for  their  'national 
feelings  and  customs  and  his  adoption 
even  of  some  of  their  styles  of  dress  to- 

g ether  with  uniform  kindness,  won  for 
im  their  admiration  and  deepest  at- 
tachment, and  the  infiuence  he  ac- 
quired over  them  was  greater  than  that 
ever  possessed  by  any  other  white  man. 
He  soon  acquired  a  thorough  know- 
ledge of  their  language  and  of  all  the 
surrounding  dialects,  and  was  adopted 
by  the  Mohawks  as  one  of  the  tribe  and 
hamed  Sachem  or  Chief.  DifflcuHies 
arising  between  the  Indian  Commis« 
sioners  and  the  tribes,  which  becoming 
serious  they  were  forced  to  resign, 
upon  which  Gov.  Clinton  appointed 
Johnson,  Colonel  of  the  Six  Nations,  to 
the  great  satisfaction  of  the  tribes.  In 
1746  he  was  appointed  Commissary  of 
New  York  for  Indian  affairs,  and  as 
such  he  organized  his  red  associates  for 
their  raids  in  the  French  war.  In  1748 
he  was  given  the  command  of  the  colo- 
nial troops  for  the  defense  of  the  New 
York  frontier  and  exhibited  great  en- 
ergy, ability  and  foresight  in  preparing 
for  the  campaign.  The  peace  of  Alx- 
la-Chapelle  however,  happily  closed  the 
struggle,  and  the  settlers  on  both  sides 
were  relieved  from  the  bloody  results 
of  a  war  in  which  savages  were  allied 
to  each.  In  1750  he  was  appointed 
a  member  of  the  Provincial  Council. 
It  appears  that  the  Government  Con- 
tractor and  Indian  agent  were  known 
in  those  days  as  well  as  in  our  own,  and 
men  were  as  anxious  to  superintend 


JOH 


IBISH  CELTS. 


JOH 


(he  dealings  of  the  colonies  with  their 
Indian  benificariesas  now,  and  evident- 
ly for  the  same  reason — peculation. 
This  led  again  to  a  new  board  of  Indian 
Commissioners,  which  the  Indians  re- 
sented, and  it  was  fast  culminating 
through  quarrels  between  the  colonists 
and  Indians,  to  open  hostilities.  The 
authorities  urged  Johnson  to  effect  a 
reconciliation,  and  in  1763  with  full 
power  for  the  purpose  he  met  the  Coun- 
cil of  the  Six  Nations  at  Onondaga, 
and  succeeded  in  allaying  the  trouble 
and  quieting  the  storm,  but  declined  to 
have  anything  more  to  do  with  Indian 
affairs.  His  residence  which  was  op- 
posite Warrenburgh  on  the  Mohawk 
was  a  large  strong  stone  building, 
which  he  strongly  fortified  in  1743, 
against  the  possibility  of  French  invas- 
ion, and  the  main  building  still  stands 
in  good  preservation  three  miles  west 
of  .the  village  of  Amsterdam.  In  1754 
he  represented  New  York  in  the  impor- 
tant Congress  )f  Albany,  and  was  the 
most  influential  factor  in  the  great 
council  held  with  the  Indians  on  that 
occasion,  and  in  which  they  strongly 
insisted  that  he  should  again  be  ap- 
pointed to  have  charge  of  their  affairs. 
At  the  Council  of  Alexandria,  April, 
1755,  he  was  sent  for  by  Braddock  and 
commissioned  by  him  sole  superinten- 
dent of  the  affairs  of  the  Six  Nations 
their  allies  and  dependants,  and  was  also 
made  a  Major-General  by  the  Council 
and  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  forces 
destined  to  be  employed  against  Crown 
Point.  This  confidence  was  well 
grounded,  for  at  the  head  of  the  colo- 
nial forces  Johnson  set  out  in  Septem- 
ber, and  meeting  the  French  and  their 
dusky  allies  under  Baron  Dieskau,  at 
Lake  George,  he  inflicted  on  them  a 
disastrous  defeat,  completly  overthrow- 
ing their  designs,  saving  Oswego  from 
attack  and  possible  capture,  and  the 
colonies  from  ravages  of  their  French 
and  Indian  enemies,  and  gave  hope 
and  confidence  to  the  colonies  after  the 
disastrous  defeat  of  Braddock  on  the 
Monongahela.  For  these  services  John- 
son received  the  thanks  of  Parliament, 
was  voted  £5,000  and  created  a  baronet 
01  Great  Britain.  In  March.  1756,  he 
was  c'tmmissioned  bv  George  II.  as 
Colonel,  Agent  and  sole  superintendent 
of  the  Six  Nations  and  other  Northern 
Indians,  with  a  salary  of  £600,  paid 
out  of  the  English  Treasury,  which  po- 
sition he  held  lutil  his  death.     In  the 


war  of  1756-7,  he  was  foiled  In  his  at- 
tempts to  relieve  Oswego  and  Fort 
William  Henn^  with  his  ^rces,  noainly 
composed  of  Indians.  In  1758.  he  was 
engaged  on  the  assault  on  Fort  Ticon- 
deroga  led  by  Arbercrombie  in  which 
that  commander  was  repulsed.  He 
also  took  part  with  his  Indians  in  the 
expedition  against  Fort  Niagara  in 
1758,  led  by  General  Prideaux,  as  se- 
cond in  command,  Prideaux  having 
been  killed  in  one  of  the  assaults,  John- 
son assumed  the  command  and  contin- 
ued the  seige  with  great  skill  and  ener- 
§y.  A  large  force  under  General  Au- 
ry  sent  to  its  relief,  he  met  and  de- 
feated, after  which  the  garrison  sur- 
rendered at  discretion.  The  following 
year  he  was  again  in  the  field  with 
General  Amherst  and  was  present  at 
the  capitulation  of  Montreal  and  the 
surrender  of  the  entire  Canadian  Pro- 
vince to  British  Arms  in  1750.  John- 
son was  rewarded  by  a  grant  of  100,000 
acres  of  land  north  of  the  Mohawk, 
known  as  the  "Royal  Grant."  In  1763, 
his  influence  over  his  Indian  friends 
again  saved  the  British  power  from 
great  disasters,  for  it  prevented  the 
great  body  of  the  Six  Nations  from  join- 
ing in  the  conspiracy  of  Pontiac,  who 
organized  a  grand  plan  of  simulta- 
neously attacking  all  the  British  posts 
on  the  line  of  the  great  lakes  from 
Macknaw  to  Oswego.  In  1764,  Sir 
William  erected  Johnson  hall,  a  wood- 
en structure  still  standing  near  the  vill- 
age of  Johnstown,  which  had  already 
been  laid  out.  The  new  village  thrived 
and  numerous  settlers  took  up  the 
lands,  attracted  bv  the  popularity  of 
Johnson  and  his  liberal  treatment.  Sir 
William  himself  gave  great  attention  to 
agriculture  and  imported  the  best  stock 
in  sheep,  horses  and  cattle  from  the 
mother  country.  He  lived  in  the  style 
of  an  Irish  country  gentleman  and  was 
unbounded  in  his  hospitality.  He  con- 
tinued bis  supervision  over  the  Indians 
up  to  his  death,  and  made  his  last 
treaty  with  them  in  1768.  He  married, 
shortly  after  coming  to  America,  Cath- 
erine Wisenburgh,  a  country  girl  oi 
German  extraction,  who  died  in  a  few 
years,  leaving  three  children,  a  son,  Sir 
John,  who  succeeded  to  his  father's  es- 
tates and  title,  and  two  daughters.  He 
is  also  said  to  have  afterwards  married 
"  Molly"  Brant,  sister  of  Joseph  Brant, 
the  great  Mohawk  chief,  who  lived 
with  him  for  many  years  and  up  to.hii 


'■.^' 


JON 


IRISH  CELTS. 


JOR 


death.They  were  probably  married  after 
Uie  Indian  fashion  "wbich  was  not  recog- 
nized as  le^l,  where  whites  were  m 
question.  He  had  eight  children  bv 
her,  whom  he  provided  for  in  his  will. 
He  died  July  11,  1778,  in  the  midst  of 
the  excitement  preceding  the  Revo- 
lutionary war. 

JOHNSTON,  WILLIAM  FREAME, 
a  prominent  legislator  and  lawyer  of 
Pennsylvania,  was  born  at  Greenbuiy, 
in  that  State,  of  Irish  parents.  He  studi- 
ed law,  was  admitted  to  the  Bar,  and 
won  reputation  for  financial  ability. 
Became  interested  largely  in  the  Iron 
and  Salt  interests  of  the  State,  and  was 
elected  Governor  in  1849.  He  died  at 
Pittsburg,  October,  1872. 

JONES,  CHARLES  W.,  a  distingu- 
ished American  statesman  and  lawyer, 
of  Florida,  >.  so  born  at  Ballybriggan, 
near  Dublin,  ire  land.  In  1834,  and  came 
to  the  United  States  with  his  parents  in 
1844,  He  received  only  the  ordinary 
education  which  the  children  of  the 
struggling  emigrant  can  at  best  receive, 
and  Rarly  in  life  had  to  earn  his  support 
by  the  labor  of  his  hands.  He  learned 
a  trade,  but  he  had  a  desire  for  more 
knowledge  and  cultivation,  so  inherent 
in  the  Irish  character,  and  possessing  an 
apt  and  inquiring  mind  and  much  nat- 
ural ability,  he  soon  made  up  for  the 
lack  of  school  instruction,  and  quickly 
became  possessed  of  more  than  an  ordin- 
ary education.  In  1854  he  settled  in 
Pensacola,  Florida,  studied  law,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in  1857,  soon 
won  practice  and  distinction  by  his  abil- 
ity and  thoroughness,  and  also  became 
prominent  as  one  of  the  ablest  of  the 
Democratic  leaders.  He  ran  foj  Con- 
gress in  1872  as  a  Democrat,  but  was 
defeated  and  the  same  year  was  a 
member  of  the  Democratic  National 
Convention.  He  served  in  the  State 
Legislature,  and  in  1874  was  elected  to 
the  United  States  Senate  as  a  Conser- 
vative Democrat,  and  re-elected  iu  1881. 
He  is  a  man  of  acknowledged  ability,  as 
well  as  being  a  thorough  Irishman, 
taking  a  strong  interest  in  the  Land 
League  agitation,  and  all  matters  relat- 
ing to  Ireland's  welfare. 

JONES.  HENRY,  M.  R.  0.  S.,  atal- 
ented  Irish  poet  and  dramatist,  who 
wrote  under  the  non  de  plume  of  Cav- 
endish, was  born  in  1720,  and  like  most  of 


the  Irish  literati,  drifted  to  London,  to 
find  a  profitable  market  for  his  talents. 
He  was  the  author  of  a  number  of  pop- 
ular plays,  and  a  poet  of  no-mean  parts. 
He  died  in  1770, 

JONEb,  MASON,  a  brilliant  Irish 
orator  was  born  about  1835,  and  reciv- 
ed  his  education  at  the  Dublin  Univer- 
sity, where  he  became  noted  for  his  or- 
atorical powers.  He  served  in  the  Ital- 
ian war  against  Austria,  which  resulted 
in  th«  unification  of  Italy.  He  travelled 
through  the  United  States  during  the 
early  part  of  the  war  of  the  Rebellion, 
delivering  lectures  principally  on  emin- 
ent men  although  some  were  in  advocacy 
of  the  abolition  of  slavery.  He  sustained 
his  high  reputation  in  his  American  ei:- 
forts  and  was  everywhere  recognized  as  a 
master  of  the  art  of  oratory.  He  after- 
wards entered  Parliament  as  a  liberal 
Irish  member,  but  died  before  he  reach- 
ed the  prime  of  ife.  He  undoubtedly 
had  no  living  superior  in  the  power  to 
electrify  and  captivate  his  hearers  by 
intense  and  brilliant  bursts  of  eloquence. 

JORDAN,  MRS.  DOROTHY,  one  of 

the  most  celebrated  of  actresses,  renown- 
ed alike  for  beauty  and  talents,  was  born 
in  Waterford,  Ireland,  in  1763.  She- 
was  the  daughter  of  an  Irish  gentleman 
named  Captain  Bland.  After  the  death, 
of  her  father,  who  it  appeared  left  his 
family  without  means.  Miss  Bland  ad> 
opted'^the  stage  as  a  means  of  supporting 
herself  and  mother.  Her  first  appear- 
ance was  in  Dublin,  in  the  character  of 
Phoebe  in  "As  you  like  it,"  which  prov- 
ed a  success,  she  also  during  the  engage- 
ment gained  considerable  applause  as  ft. 
juvenile  tragedian.  After  some  time  she 
went  to  England  and  made  an  engage- 
ment in  the  York  Theatre  under  the- 
name  of  Miss  Jordan,  which  continued 
three  yeara.  She  next  made  her  debut 
in  London  in  the  part  of  Peggy  in  the 
"Country  Girls"  with  immense  success, 
and  thenceforward  she  appeared  in  all 
the  leading  rolls  with  increasing  appl- 
ause and  reputation.  She  lived  for  some 
years  in  great  splendor,  but  became  in- 
volved in  debt  and  trouble,  so  that  the- 
latter  years  of  her  life  is  left  in  doubt 
and  obscurity,  owing  to  having  to  hide 
from  the  harpies  of  the  law.  Her  the- 
atrical career,  however,  was  one  of  the 
most  brilliant  and  successful  of  any  ac- 
tress, who  Jippeared  on  the  English 
I  stage.      Her    style    of    acting    wa» 


a  GEN.  T, 
3  J.  FITZ 


t,  t 


PLATE  18. 


II    I 


JOT 


IBISn  CELTS. 


KAN 


remarkablti  in  those  days  for  its  nat- 
uraliless  and  freedom  from  allstaginess 
and  received  the  highest  praises  from 
the  best  judges.  As  a  woman  she  was 
noted  for  her  kindness  of  heart,  and  un- 
selfish devotion  to  the  best  interests  of  her 
family,  although  it  is  said  that  her  life 
was  not  free  from  reproach.  She  died 
about  the  year  1820. 

JOY,  OR  JOYCE,  MOST  REV. 
WILLIAM,  Archbishop  of  Tuam,  an 
able  Irish  divine  of  the  fifteenth  cen- 
tury, was  elevatei  to  the  See  of  Tuam 
May  17,  1485,  whicn  See  he  governed 
for  sixteen  years,  with  ability  and  zeal. 
He  died  December  28,  1601,  his  next 
Celtic  successor  being  the  celebrated  and 
learned  "Maurice  de  Portu,"  (OFihely) 
one  of  th(^  ablest  divines  of  the  age. 

JOYCE,  JEREMIAH,  a  dissenting 
minister  and  a  man  of  extensive  erudi- 
tion, was  born  in  Ireland,  1764.  After 
completing  his  education  and  joining 
the  ministry  he  went  to  England,  the 
only  resort  in  those  days  for  Irishmen 
who  desired  to  make  literature  their 
profession.  In  1794,  he  was  one  of 
the  persons  accused  uf  high  treason, 
but  was  not  brought  to  trial.  He  was 
the  principle  compiler  of  Gregory's  and 
Nicholson's  Encvclopedias  and  author 
of  many  scientific  works,  among  which 
were  dialogues  on  chemistry,  letters  on 
natural  philosophy,  &c.,  &c.  He  died 
in  1816. 

JOYCE  ROLAND,  brother  of  the 
Cardinal,  also  a  Dominican,  was  ele- 
vated to  the  See  of  Armagh  in  1318, 
over  which  he  presided  for  upwards  of 
eiglit'  years,  when  he  resigned  in 
March,  1821. 

JOYCE,  THOMAS,  CARDINAL  of 
St.  Sabina,  a  learned  Irish  Dominican 
divine  and  scholar,  was  a  pupil  of  Al- 
burtus  Magnus  and  a  contemporary  of 
St.  Thomas  of  Aquinas.  Three  brothers 
of  this  family  were  members  of  the  Do- 
minican Order  and  renowned  for  their 
fenius  and  Icarnlne,  two  havine  becL 
•rimates  of  Ireland,  and  our  subject  a 
Cardinal,  elevated  to  the  college  in  1805 
by  Pope  Clement  V.  Haruiman,  of 
Qalway,  gives  a  history  of  the  family. 

JOYCE  WALTER,  brother  of  the 
foregoing.  Archbishop  of  Armagh  in 
1806,  was  a  member  of  the  Dominican 


Order  and  was  noted  on  the  continent 
for  his  great  learning  and|  piety.  He 
was  consecrated  to  the  primacy  of  Ire- 
land at  Ostemo  in  1306,  by  the  Cardi- 
nal Bishop  Nicholas.  He  resigned  hia 
See  after  five  years  and  settled  in  a  con- 
vent of  his  order  at  Genoa,  where  he 
devoted  himself  to  study  and  contribut- 
ed largely  to  the  literature  of  his  time. 

KANE,  PAUL,  the  most   veri?atae 
and  distinguished  of  Canadian  artists, 
was  the  son  of  Michael  Kane,  an  Irish- 
man who  accompanied  George  Siraco 
to  Western  Canada.  He  settled  in  York 
(Toronto)  where  our  subject  was  born 
in  1810.    The  surroundings  of  a  new 
settlement  were  not  well  calculated  to 
foster  artistic  tastes.  The  stem  necessities 
of  life  without  flavor  or  ornament,  were 
what  the  comparatively  rich  as  well  as 
the  poor,  alone  valued,  and  when  there- 
fore our  growing  artist  sought  to  devel- 
op his  natural  tastes  at  school,   he  was 
looked  upon  as  beings  inclined  to  squan- 
der valuable  time.    The  passion  of  art 
was,  however,  strong  in  the  boy,  and  al- 
though at  first  put  to  work  in  a  cabinet 
shop,  which  in  uncultivated  Canada  of 
that  day,  was  neither  a  school  for  taste 
nor  art,  yet  he  sought  to  increase  the  beau 
ty  of  the  wares  by  ornamentation.      la 
the  meantime  he  became  better  inform- 
ed of  the  nature,  extent  and  develope- 
ment  of  art.by  reading  everything  in  that 
line  which  he  could  reach,  and  he  de- 
termined to  revel  in  the  contemplation 
of  the    work    of   the  great   masters 
some  day,  and  draw  from    them  in- 
spiration and  skill.    His  father  promis- 
ed to  assist  him,  and  our  young  artist 
sought  the  United  States  as  a  prepara- 
tory field  where  he  might  increase  his 
means  and  experience.       His  father, 
however,  was  unable  to  give  the  desir- 
ed help,  and  our  aspiring  artist  strug- 
f;led  to  accumulate,  and  at  last  sailed 
rom  New  Orleans  for  Marseilles,   in 
1841.    He  spent  four  years  in  Europe 
studying  and  copying  the  great  masters, 
and  visiting  all  the  great  galleries  of 
Europe.    He  also  made  excursions  to 
Asia  and  Africa,  and  returned  in  his 
84th  year,  with  a  mind  enlarged, refined 
and  cultivated.    With  the  true  instincts 
of  a    creative  artist,    he   determined 
to  devote  his  skill  to  illustrate  a  field  pe- 
culiar to  America,  namely,  that  relatins  ; 
to  Indian  life  and  customs.    With  thS 
wild  child  of  the  American  forest  *  he 
had  been  familiar,  from  his  infancy. 


•ifei, 


14 


KAN 


IRISn  CELTS. 


KAV 


He  therefore  crossed  the  Continent, 
traversed  the  vast  prairies  and  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  navigated  the  Col- 
umbia River,  explored  Puget's  Sound, 
in  fact  every  spot  where  anything  new 
or  striking,  relating  to  the  Indians 
might  be  seen,  His  pencil  and  brush 
were  constantly  engaged  in  sketching 
chiefs,  medicine  men,  women,  games, 
dances,  rites,  costumes,  hunting  scenes 
and  the  ^rand  scenery  wnich  surround- 
ed the  wilr  hildr**'  *  *^*  tnroat  Wo 
returned  to  i^rc 
George  Sinn,  r. 
Bay  Conipanv.  >;>■ 
mission  to  pait 


tht  forest.     He 

la  1818,  and  Sir 

yernorof  Hodson 

h  isx  a  dozen  com- 

lii.  itJ2  the  Legisla' 


ture  of  Ottawa  gave  hb  a  i  order  to 
execute  a  series  of  Indian  pi,;tures  for 
the  Parliamentary  Library  of  Ottawa, 
and  which  are  now  the  most  interesting 
feature  of  art  in  that  Capitol.  He  pub- 
lished a  most  interesting  account  of  his 
wanderings,  "Among  the  scenery  and 
tribes  of  the  North  West,"  dedicated 
to  the  Honorable  G.  W.  Allan,  who 
possesses  a  splendid  collection  of 'Kane's 
paintings.  Many  of  his  works  have 
been  chromo-lithographed  in  Europe, 
and  are  ver^  popular.  His  eye  sight 
at  length  failed  him,  and  he  was  sorrow- 
fully compelled  to  relinquish  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession,  for  which  he  had 
made  so  many  sacrifices,  and  endured 
80  many  privations.  He  died  February 
20,  1871. 


KANE,  SIR  ROBERT,  one  of  the 

most  eminent  of  living  chemists  and 
scientists  was  born  in  Dublin  1810.  He 
early  devoted  himself  to  chemical  stud- 
ies, and  in  1830  obtained  a  prize  for  the 
best  essay  on  the  "Pathological  condit- 
ion of  the  fluids  in  Typhus  Fever."  In 
1832  he  received  the  degree  of  M.  D. 
from  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  the 
same  year  established  the  Dublin  Jour- 
nal or  medical  science.  In  1841,  he 
published  his  first  part  of  Elements 
of  Chemistry,  the  third  part  appearing 
in  1843,  and  it  was  almost  universally  ad- 
opted as  a  text  book  in  the  United  King- 
doms and  the  United  States.  In  1844, 
he  published  "Industrial  Resources  of 
Irelpnd.  In  1847  the  Ro^al  Academy 
awarded  him  the  Cunningham  Gold 
Medal  for  useful  discoveries  in  chemis- 
try. In  1846  he  was  knighted.  In  1849 
he  was  appointed  President  of  Queen's 
College,  Cork.  Among  his  other  works 
is  "Elements  of  Pracucal  Pharmacy," 


1831,  besides  many  valuable  papers  to 
scientific  societies  and  journals. 

KAVANAGH,  EDWARD,  an  able 
Irish  American  lawyer  and  politician,  of 
Maine,  was  born  in  1795,  and  after 
completing  his  education  adopted  the 
profession  of  the  laiv,  and  was  for  a 
number  of  years  in  ^he  State  Legisla- 
ture and  afterw%rds  represented 
his  state  in  Congress  from  1831,  to 
1835,  when  he  was  appointed 
Minister  to  Portugal,  where  he  re- 
mained till  1841.  In  1842  he  was 
one  of  the  commissioners  to  settle  the. 
North- West  boundary,  and  was  acting 
Governor  of  Maine  in  1843,  and  died  at 
Newcastle,  Maine,  January,  20,  1844. 

KAVANAGH,  JULIA,  one  of  the 
most  talented  and  pleasing  of  female 
writers,  was  bom  at  Thurles,  Ireland, 
in  1824.  She  resided  for  many  years 
in  France,  with  her  parents,  where  she 
was  principally  educated,  and  where 
she  produced  many  of  her  popular  and 
charming  novels,  which  are  read  ^and 
admired  equally  in  Great  Britain,  France 
and  America,  and  rank  with  the  stand- 
ard works  of  the  imagination.  Among 
her  most  popular  works  are  'Nathalie, 
'Madeline,'  'Daisy  Burns,' , 'Grace  Lee,' 
'Rachel  Gray,'  'Adale,'  '^ueenMab,' 
•Sybil's  second  love,'  'Sylvia,'  and  'Be- 
trice.'  She  is  also  the  author  of  many 
miscellaneous  works,  Historical,  Bio- 
graphical, &c.,  including  'Woman  in 
France  in  the  18th  century,'  'French 
Women  of  Letters,'  'English  Women ^ 
of  Letters,'  &c.  &c.  She  died  in  France 
in  1877. 

KAVANAGH  LAWRENCE,  an 
able  and  prominent  citizen  of  Nova 
Scotia,  who  protested  against  Catholic 
disabilities  in  that  colony  and  refused 
to  take  the  oath  required  under  the 
British  Constitution  against  trans-sub- 
stantiation. He  was  returned  to  the 
assembly  at  Cape  Breton  in  1821,  but 
refused  to  take  the  oath.  He  was  again 
elected  and  in  the  meantime  agitated 
Catholic  rights,  and  drawing  up  a  pe- 
tit; -n  in  conjunction  with  Lawrence 
O'C.  Doyle,  presented  it  to  the  As- 
sembly  and  agitated  it  throughout  the 
colony.  It  was  supported  by  Judge 
Haliburton  and  Mr.  Uniacke  in  the 
assembly.  The  test  was  abolished 
and  Mr.  Kavanagh  took  his  seat  in 
1827.    This  was  a  colonial  precedent 


EEA 


misn  CETLTS. 


KEA 


for  O'Connell  and  Catholic  emancipa- 
tion in  tlie  mother  countries. 

KAVANAUGH  SIR  HENRY,  a 
celebrated  military  officer,  -vpas  born  in 
Ireland  about  1780.  He  went  to  the  con- 
tinent to  prosecute  his  studies  and  af- 
terwards entered  the  army  of  Austria. 
He  became  chief  of  the  military  de- 

Eartment  of  the  Council  of  War,  Cham- 
erlain  to  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  and 
a  Baron  of  Hungary,  and  was  held  in 
the  highest  esteem  by  the  government 
which  he  served. 

KAVANAUGH  HUBBARD  H.,  a 

prominent  Methodist  bishop  and  divine 
of  the  United  States  of  Irish  descent, 
was  born  in  Clark  county,  Kentucky, 
January  14, 1802.  His  parents  were 
in  humble  circumstances  and  his  school- 
ing limited.  At  the  age  of  fifteen  years 
he  was  apprenticed  to  a  printer.  He 
early  developed  an  aptitude  for  study 
and  soon  acquired  a  fair  education  and 
a  large  stock  of  information.  He  pos- 
essed  also  the  genius  of  his  race  for  ora- 
tory, and  before  he  was  twenty  years 
of  age,  he  was  licensed  as  a  Methodist 
preacher  and  the  next  year  joined  the 
Kentucky  Annual  Conference  and  was 
given  an  extensive  mission,  200  miles  in 
length  with  twenty-five  stations  to  be 
visited  within  the  month.  After  hold- 
ing many  important  trusts  amongst  his 
brethern,  he  was  elected  a  bishop  of 
the  southern  branch  of  the  Methodist 
Churchin  1854  and  is  held  in  high  es- 
teem by  his  co-religious. 

KEALLACHAN,  King  of  Munster, 
A.  D.,  920,  was  a  brave  and  skillful 
prince.  He  defeated  the  Danes  in  sev- 
eral engagements  and  swept  them  from 
his  province,  but  became  a  prisoner  by 
the  bad  faith  and  deception  of  Sitrick 
one  of  the  most  unprincipled  and  able 
of  the  Danish  invaders.  This  Danish 
chief  or  king  made  proposal-i  for  an  al- 
liance by  mannage,  and  when  Keal- 
laclian  came  with'  a  small  body  of  at- 
tendants to  the  place  of  meeting,  he 
was  made  prisoner,  not  however  with- 
out a  struggle.  The  perfidy,  however, 
proved  the  death  of  Sittrick  and  the  de- 
struction of  the  Danes,  for  the  forces  of 
the  province  under  the  command  of 
Gsneral  MacKeefe,  prince  of  Fear- 
moihe,  an  able  officer,  immediate- 

ly marched  to  the  rescue.  He  met  the 
enemy  near  Armagh,  and  totally  de- 


feated them,  but  the  regal  prisoner 
had  previously  been  removed  to  Dun- 
dalk,  twenty  miles  distant,  and  put  on 
board  the  Danish  fleet.  The  Munttev 
generals  had,  however,  provided  for 
such  an  emergency  by  fitting  out  their 
fleet,  which  under  the  command  of 
Fionn  Prince  of  Desmond,  soon  appear- 
ed before  the  Danish  fleet.  The  Irish 
fleet,  although  inferior  in  number  and 
force,  made  up  for  the  deficiency  by 
desperate  valor,  and  the  most  bloody 
fight  which  overtook  place  on  the  Irish 
coast,  then  occurred.  The  Irish  com- 
mander, Fionn,  bore  down  on  the  Dan- 
ish Admiral's  flag-ship  in  which  was 
Sittrick  c  his  royal  prisoner  fastened 
to  the  mast.  .  -^inst  desperate  odds  he 
boarded  th  ec  .  /  and  succeeded  in 
reaching  the  mf,  to  which  the  king 
was  tied,  I  cui  ',  the  cords  with  his 
sword,  li.or..3d  liim.  He  was  exhaust 
ed  how  . .  b,  ihe  heroic  efforts  which 
had  accc  m.  V  ^n*  d  the  valorous  deed, 
and  hp  feU  covered  with  wounds. 
Fionfff  who  succeeded  him  in  com- 
mand, :  *g  the  overpowering  odds 
against  him,  and  the  danger  of  recap- 
ti'./e  of  th?  king,  resolved  on  a  desper- 
ate expedient  to  insure  victory  to  his 
people,  and  security  to  his  king.  Be- 
holding Sitrick,  who  was  the  soul  and 
inspiration  of  the  Dines,  pressing  for- 
ward at  the  head  of  his  men  and  en- 
couraging them  br  his  valor.  Fiongall 
advanced  against'  him  personally,  and 
coming  in  close  coi^tact  with  him,  he 
suddenly  seized  him  aronnd  the  body 
and  sprang  with  him  into  the  sea.  Two 
other  chiefs,  Seagda  and  Conall,  in- 
spired by  this  heroic  example,  seized 
the  two  brothers  of  Sitrick,  Lor  and 
Magnus  and  followed  their  chief.  All 
perished,  but  the  Danes  became  demor- 
alized by  the  los'  of  their  king  and  the 
reckless  valo"  of  the  Irish,  abandoned 
the  flght,  and  all  the  vessels  which  were 
free  escaped.  Keallachan  after  resting 
his  forces  proceeded  to  free  his  pro- 
vince of  the  remainder  of  the  enemy 
and  defeated  them  in  two  other  battles, 
one  near  Limerick  and  the  other  near 
Cashel.  He  died  shortly  afterwards 
greatly  regretted. 

KEANJ:.  LIEUTENANT  LORD 
JOHN,  K.  C.B.,  an  able  and  gallant 
officer  in  the  British  service  was  bora 
at  Belmont,  county  Waterford,  Ireland 
1781.  He  entered  the  army  as  an  En- 
sign in  his  thirteenth  year,  and  flrst  dis. 


iii'^l 


'f 


m' 

i(k^i''' 

■i  *.  1 

Hi 

>  V 

vfUr 

'  ^ 

■-k-  ■ 

■^■1 

KEA 


IRISH  CELTS. 


KEA 


tinguished  himself  in  E^j^t  as  aid  to 
Lord  Cavan  ;  rose  by  brilliant  conduct 
to  be  Colonel  of  the  94th  foot,  serving 
■with  distinction  on  the  Continent,  and 
at  length  r  isina:  to  the  rank  of  Major 
General,  in  the  Spanish  Campaigns. 
He  accompanied  the  expedition  agamst 
Ntjw  Orleuns  under  General  Packen- 
ham,  as  second  in  command,  and  fell 
snverely  wounded  on  that  memorable 
occasion,  Januarys,  1815.  From  1823 
to  '30  he  was  Governor  of  Jamaica,  and 
afterwards  served  in  India  during  the 
Afghan  War,  where  he  distinguished 
himself  bythe  capture  of  the  fortress  of 
Ghuznee,  till  then  deemed  impregnable. 
For  these  services  he  receivBa  from  the 
East  India  Company  a  pension  of  £2,- 
000  and  was  created  a  peer  of  tho  Realm 
in  1889.    He  died  in  1844. 

KEARNEY  ABBE,  a  heroic  priest, 
was  bom  in  Ireland  about  1758,  re- 
ceived his  education  in  France  and  was 
there  raised  to  the  priesthood.  He  was 
in  Paris  at  the  breaking  out  of  the  Re- 
volution and  remained  th6re  when 
nearly  all  others  had  fled,  and  in  con- 
stant danger  of  the  guillotine.  He  was 
present  with  the  Abbe  Edgeworth  at 
the  execution  of  the  unfortunate  Louis 
XVI.,  but  without  special  permission 
and  being  known  to  the  king  gave  him 
all  the  consolation  in  his  power.  The 
two  Irish  priests  who  braved  death  to 
offer  the  last  consolations  to  the  doom- 
ed monarch  were  advised  after  the  exe- 
cution to  quickly  and  quietly  withdraw, 
which  they  did,  and  escaped  from  dan- 
ger although  not  without  pursuit  by  the 
sans-culottes — Abbe  Kearney  was  sub- 
sequently arrested,  and  passed  three 
years  in  the  Temple,  but  fortunately 
escaped  death.     On  the  fall  of  Robes 

1)iero  he  was  released.  On  the  explos- 
on  of  the  Infernal  Machine,  intended 
to  destroy  Napoleon,  he  was  again  ar- 
rested, and  confined  in  the  Temple, 
simply  because  he  was  known  to  be  a 
friend  of  the  Bourbons,  and  in  fact  on 
the  supposed  discovery  of  every  con 
spiracy  against  the  governing  power, 
he  seems  to  have  been  arrested  as  a 
matter  of  course,  only  to  be  released 
again,  as  he  never  had  the  least  con- 
nection with  anj — attending  alone  with 
the  greatest  siraplicity  of  life  to  his 
priestly  duties  After  the  restoration 
he  was  appointed  president  of  the  Irish 
College  in  Paris,  m  which  city  he  died 
in  1827. 


KEARNEY  COMMODORE  LAW- 
RENCE,  a  distinguished  Americaa 
naval  officer  of  Irish  panentage,  was 
bom  in  Perth  Amboy,  New  Jersey, 
November  30th,  1789.  He  entered  the 
navy  at  an  early  age,  and  was  a  mid- 
shipman in  1809.  When  the  war  with 
Great  Britain  broke  out  in  1812,  he  was 
First  Lieutenant  of  the  Enterprise, 
which  was  unfortunately  wrecked  on 
her  first  cmise.  After  the  war  he  distin- 

f:uished  himself  in  clearing  the  West 
ndies  and  the  Gulf  coast  of  pirates, 
chasing  them  into  their  secret  strong- 
holds and  utterly  scattering  them,  tn 
1832  he  became  a  captain,  and  was  in 
command  of  the  East  India  Squadron 
in  1841  and  greatly  forwarded  Ameri- 
can interests  in  China.  He  was  made 
a  commander  in  1866,  and  died  at  his 
home  on  November  29,  1868. 


KEARNEY  DYRE,  an  Irish  Ameri- 
can patriot  of  the  Revolution,  was  born 
about  1740,  and  was  an  early  and  de- 
termined advocate  of  colonial  resistance 
to  British  oppression.  He  represented 
his  state  (Delaware)  in  the  Continental 
Congress  during  its  last  years  of  exis- 
tence, and  was  a  man  of  much  ability 
and  influence. 

KEARNEY   GENERAL  PHILIP, 

one  of  the  most  dashing  of  American  ca- 
valry officers,  was  born  in  New  York,  of 
Irish  parents  in  1815.  Served  under 
Scott  in  Mexico  where  he  greatly  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  gallantry  and 
his  daring  cavalry  charges  upon  the 
powerfully  supported  batteries  of  the 
enemy  on  the  advance  towards  the  city 
of  Mexico,  in  one  of  which  attack  he 
lost  an  arm.  He  served  as  a  volunteer 
in  the  Franco-Austrian  war  and  was 
with  the  French  at  the  battles  of  Ma- 
genta and  Solferino.  During  our  own 
civil  war  he  early  distinguislied  him- 
self and  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
Major-General.  He  was  killed,  unfor- 
tunately, at  the  battle  of  Cbantllly, 
1862,  vhile  leading  his  men  with  liis 
usual  gall.:  olry  and  daring.  He  is  said 
to  have  been  a  magnificent  horseman, 
and  his  appearance  in  a  charge  with 
the  light  of  battle  flashing  from  his 
eyes  and  his  sword,  held  between  his 
teeth,  as  it  often  was  on  account  of  ids 
single  arm,  while  he  led  his  men 
through  paths  of  danger  to  glory,  was 
both  grand  and  ini>piriug 


EEA 


IBI8H  CELTS. 


EEL 


f         ill 


KEARNEY  GENERAL  STEPHEN 
TV.,  a  distinguished  American  officer  of 
Irish  descent,  was  jborn  in  New  Jersey 
1794.  He  served  gallantly  in  the  war 
of  1813,  and  distinguished  himself  in 
the  war  with  Mexico  as  the  conqueror 
of  New  Mexico,  was  Military-Qovemor 
of  California  in  1847  of  Vera  Cruz 
andafterwards  of  the  city  of  Mexico  in 
1848.    He  died  the  same  year. 

KEARY,  ANNIE,  one  of  the  most 
talented  and  elegant  female  writers  of 
the  present  century,  and  not  less  con- 
spicuous for  the  unselfishness  of  her 
character,  her  great  practical  benevol- 
ence, and  the  Christian  beauty  of  her 
life,  was  a  native  of  Ireland,  where  she 
was  educated  and  early  developed  those 
graceful  talents  with  which  she  was 
endowed,  and  which  has  since  charmed 
thousands  of  delighted  readers.  Among 
her-  works  of  the  imagination  are 
"Castle  Daly,"  "Janet's  Home."  "Old- 
bury,"  "Clemency  Franklin"  and  "A 
Doubling  Heart."  She  was  one  of  the 
most  gifted  and  valued  oi  the  contri- 
butors to  "Macmillans  Ma^zine." 
She  was  also  the  author  of  historical 
and  educational  works  of  great  merit, 
besides  charming  tales  for  the  young. 
Among  those  the  "Heroes  of  Asgard," 
the  joint  work  of  herself  and  sister,  is 
said  to  be  the  best  epitome  of  northern 
mythology  published.  "Early  Egyp- 
tian History,"  "The  Nations  Around," 
being  a  descriptive  of  those  people  sur- 
rounding the  Israelites.  Her  life  was 
filled  with  good  works,  and  devoted 
with  an  unselfish  and  ceaseless  devo- 
tion to  the  assistance,  elevation  and 
Christian  refinement  of  the  poor,  the 
needy,  the  disheartened  and  the  strug- 
gling of  the  world  around  her,  especi- 
ally those  of  her  own  sex.  Everyone 
who  came  in  contact  with  her  was 
charmed  by  the  sweet  simplicity  of  her 
character.  She  seemed  to  exist  only 
to  do  good.  She  died  in  1879,in  the  prime 
of  life,  deeply  regretted  by  thousands 
who  knew  her  only  by  ner  works, 
which  still  give  us  the  sweet  oder  of 
the  virtues  which  beautified  her  life. 

KEATING,  GEOFFRY,  an  Irish  di- 
vine and  historian  of  Norman  Irish 
de&ccnt,  born  about  1560,  and  on  ac- 
count of  the  unsettled  state  of  Ireland 
tind  the  persecutions  of  Catholics  by 
Elizabeth,  went  over  to  France  to  ac- 
quire liis  education,  and  received  the 


degree  of  doctor  in  theolo^.  He  wrote 
a  history  of  Ireland.  His  history  has 
been  mucL  criticised  on  account  of  his 
insertions  of  legendary  lore,  not 
qualified,  and  which  some  of  his 
thoi  ghtless  translators  put  down  as  of 
history,  and  which  undoubtedly  the 
author  never  intended  as  such, 
any  more  than  Homer  did  his  actions 
of  the  gods,  but  which  were  founded 
in  historical  facts  only  metaphorically 
embellished.  Dr.  Keating  died  about 
1630. 

KELLY,  EDWARD,  a  brave  and 
heroic  officer  of  the  British  Life  Guard, 
and  known  as  Waterloo  Kelly,  was 
born  on  the  Curragh  of  Kildare,  about 
1770.  He  entered  the  British  Army 
and  served  with  distinction  during  the 
peninsular  campaigns,  where  he  gained 
an  enviable  reputation  for  bravery.  On 
the  afternoon  of  Saturday  June  15, 1815 
when  Wellington  was  moving  to  the 
position  intended  to  be  occupied  on  the 
ever  memorable  field  of  Waterloo,  the 
British  rear  were  severely  pressed  by 
the  li^ht  cavalry  of  Marshal  Ney. 
The  Life  Guards  brought  it  up,  and 
Kelly  was  the  rear  of  his  troop.  Lord 
Uxbridge,  afterwards  Marquis  of 
Ayrlesey,  with  his  regiment,  7th  Hus- 
sars, were  skirmishingon  the  flanks  in 
the  rear.  Suddenly,  Kelly  heard  an  un- 
usual shouting,  and  lookmg,  saw  Ux 
bridge  alone  in  the  middle  of  the  road, 
shouting  and  gestulating  as  if  in  great 
anger,  he  also  saw  that  his  troop  of 
skirmishers  were  bom  down  by  super- 
ior numbers,  and  retreating,  and  alar^e 
body  of  lancers  forming,  apparently 
for  the  puropse  of  attac^g  the  rear. 
Kelly,  seeing  the  danger,  gafioped  back 
and  said:  "My  Lord,  no  time  is  to  be 
lost.  That  regiment  is  forming  and 
will  be  on  us  presently,  return  with  me, 
and  I  will  halt  the  life  guards  and  we 
will  charge  under  your  orders. "  Do  so  I 
Do  sol  said  the  Earl.  Kelly  leaped 
across  the  ditch  and  took  a  short  cut  to 
his  troop,  there  bein^  an  angle  in  the  road 
at  this  point,  and  arriving  at  his  troop  he 
cried  out:  "Haiti  They  immediately 
obeyed.  The  Major  who  commanded 
the  rear  squadron,  and  who  was  the  su- 
perior of  Kelly,  said:  'Who  cries  halt'. 
'I,'  cries  Kelly,  'Look,  Lord  Uxbridge 
is  being  overpowered,  and  that  boclv  of 
Lancers  is  forming  to  bear  down  o^  us 
in  close  column.'  'The  Life  Guard  must 
continue  their  march.      The  Huzzars 


■t 


''i'K-- 


<\  ^'   :>.; 


KEL 


miSH  CELTS 


EEL 


are  to  cover  the  retreat,  not  we,'  said  the 
Major."  "But observe  the  danger,  unless 
those  fellows  are  broken.  The  safety 
of  our  army  depends  upon  us.'  'That  s 
notour  business.  Forward  t  said  the  Ma- 
jor. Kelly  impressed  with  the  absolute 
necessity  of  prompt  action,  and  indig- 
nant at  the  unreasonable  prudence  of 
his  superior  offlcer,  and  feeling  too  for 
the  reputation  of  the  Regiment,  he  cried 
out  with  a  voice  like  thunder:  "Life 
Guards,  halt  1"  and  was  again  obey- 
ed. Rising  himself  in  his  stirrups 
and  holding  his  sword  to  the 
utmost  stretch  upward,  with  flaring  eyes 
he  cried  out  again  in  a  voice  which 
made  his  men's  hands  intii.  ctively 
reach  for  their  swords,  while  he  brand- 
ished his  own.  'Men,  will  you  follow 
me.'  With  a  cheer  and  a  wheel  they 
responded,  and  were  soon  at  the  side 
of  Uxbridge.  The  Lancers  were  al- 
ready moving  on  them.  Uxbridge  and 
Eelly,  placing  themselves  at  the  head  of 
the  Guards  charged  down  on  the  advanc- 
ing Lancers  with  such  impetuosity  and 
valor  as  to  break  through  them  and  shat- 
ter them  to  pieces,  Kelly  killing  the  Colo- 
nel with  bis  own  hand.  He  was  warmly 
thanked  by  Lord  Uxbridge  for  his  tim- 
ely aid,  and  again  resumed  his  place  at 
the  rear  of  the  still  retiring  army.  In  this 
encounter  Kelly  had  a  narrow  escape 
from  death.  The  instant  after  his  suc- 
cessful struggle  with  th0  Polish  Colonel 
he  was  attacked  by  a  lancer,  whose 
lance  he  shattered  by  a  powerful  l)Iow, 
but  the  lancer,  quick  as  lightning  drew 
his  sword  and  as  they  were  each  in  rap- 
id motion  passing  each  other,  the  Pole, 
with  a  backward  sweep  struck  him 
on  the  back,  cutting  his  cartridge 
box,  which  was  of  heavy  silver,  in  two, 
but  Kelly  escaped  without  a  scratch. 
The  box  was  not  in  its  proper  place, 
and  how  it  happened  so  was  as  follows; 
The  order  for  change  of  base  that  morn- 
ing was  very  sudden,  and  Kelly  finding 
his  cartridge  box  out  of  order  borrowed 
that  of  a  brother  officer  who  was  sick. 
Kelly  was  a  large  man,  while  the  sick  of- 
ficer was  a  small  one.  In  the  hurry  of 
]eaving,and  the  excitement  of  the  march, 
Kelly  did  not  notice  that  his  cartridge- 
box,  instead  of  being  in  its  place,  was 
near  his  shoulder-blade  and  fortunate- 
ly in  a  position  to  save  his  life.  He 'so 
distinguished  himself  the  following  day 
at  Waterloo  that  he  was  ever  after- 
wards known  in  the  army  as  "Waterloo 
Kelly.  ".He  afterwards  accompanied  the 


celebrated  cavalry  officer  Lord  Comber* 
mere  to  India,  as  Chief  of  Staff,  where  he 
died.  That  Kelly  had  a  true  Irish  heart, 
as  tender  as  it  was  heroic,  may  be 
learned  from  the  fact  that  his  death 
was  attributed  to  grief  for  the  death  of 
his  son,  a  gallant  young  officer,  who 
preceded  him  but  a  short  time.  His 
talents  and  character  were  held  in  the 
highest  estimation  by  his  brother  officers 
and.his  death  was  sincerely  lamented. 

KELLY  :HUGH,  a  dramatist  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  bom  in  1789, 
near  the  lakes  of  KUlamey,  Ireland. 
He  received  such  an  elementary  edu- 
cation as  the  children  of  the  poor  could 
in  those  days  acquire  in  Ireland,  and  in 
his  youth  was  apprenticed  to  a  trade. 
He  afterwards  entered  an  attorney's 
office  and  hia  spare  hours  were  devoted 
to  writing  in  both  prose  and  poetry  for 
the  press.  His  success  as  an  author 
gave  him  the  means  to  prosecute  his 
studies  and  he  entered  the  Temple  and 
was  called  to  the  bar  in  1774.  He  was 
however  more  noted  for  his  literary 
work  than  for  his  legal  efforts. 
Amongst  his  dramatic  works  are  the 
comedies  of  "False  delicacy,"  "A 
Word  to  the  Wise,"  "The  School  for 
Wives,"  "  The  Romance  of  an  Hour," 
"Clementina  a  Tragedy,"  "  Thepsis 
and  other  Poems,"  "  Louisa  Mildmay 
and  the  Babbler."    He  died  in  1777. 

KELLY  JAMES,  a  talented  Irish 
American,  was  bom  about  1760,  and 
held  many  important  positions  in  his 
state  (Pennsylvania),  and  represented 
her  with  ability  in  the  United  States 
Congress  from  1805  to  1809. 

KELLY  JOHN,  one  of  the  aLjest  of 
American  politicians,  was  bom  in  New 
York  city,  April  21,  1821,  of  Irish  par- 
ents. He  received  an  ordinary  educa- 
tion and  learned  the  trade  of  a  mason. 
He  was  gifted  with  fine  natural  abili- 
ties and  becoming  interested  in  politics, 
he  had  a  chance  to  exhibit  them.  He 
soon  became  a  leading  local  politician 
and  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  gr(  at 
Tammany  Society.  In  1854  he  ■was 
elected  to  Congress  and  was  re-elecied 
to  the  thirty-fifth  Congress,  and  in  It  68 
was  elected  High  Sheriff  for  the  cily 
and  country  of  New  York;  perhaps  the 
most  lucrative  position  in  the  United 
States.  He  still  remains  the  power  in 
the  Tammany  Society  which  althougb 


EEL 


misn  CELTS. 


EEL 


antagonized  on  all  sides,  still  exerts  a 
powerful  influence  on  the  results  of 
elections,  and  which  defeated  by  its  de- 
fection, the  election  of  Tilden  to  the 
Presidency  of  the  United  States.  Kelly 
has  been  subjected  to  many  and  bitter 
denunciations,  but  whatever  faults  may 
be  charged  to  the  Tammany  Society,  its 
methotLs  or  some  of  its  members,  it 
is  patent  that  Kelly  himself  can  be 
ch  ""ged  with  no  wrong,  peculation  or 
deceit,  that  the  integrity  of  his  per- 
sonal character  is  above  reproach,  and 
he  is  universally  conceded  to  be 
an  able  and  fearless  p|olitician 
with  all  the  characteristics  of 
a  great  and  successful  leader. 

KELLY  MICHAEL,,  a  composer  and 
singer  of  talents,  was  born  in  Dublin 
in  1762,  and  early  displaved  a  taste  for 
music.  He  stuaied  under  the  best  in- 
structors of  his  native  city,  among 
whom  was  Rouzzini.  He  afterwards 
went  to  Naples  and  completed  his  stud- 
ies under  Finaroli  and  Aprili.  He  ap- 
peared upon  the  Italian  stage  with  dis- 
tingmshed  success.  He  also  appeared 
in  Germany  and  was  for  some  time 
employed  by  the  emperor  Joseph.  In 
1787,  he  made  his  first  appearance  at 
Drury  Lane  theatre  in  Lionel  and 
Clarisso  with  great  applause.  Among 
his  many  compositions  are  "  The  Cas- 
tle Spectre  "  and  "  Blue  Beard."  He 
also  published  a  volume  of  very  inter- 
esting reminiscences.    He  died  in  1826. 

EELLY  ;PATRICE,  L  L.  D.,  one 
of  the  most  distinguished  scholars  and 
mathematicians  of  Great  Britain  or 
Ireland,  was  born  in  Ireland  in  1756. 
and  early  distinguished  himself  in  col- 
lege by  his  extensive  and  thorough 
mastery  of  all  the  branches  of  human 
knowledge.  He  resided  and  labored 
most  of  his  life  in  England,  and  was  a 
constant  and  valued  contributor  to  lit- 
K>.  ary  and  scientific  journals.  Among 
hl»  published  works  are  "  A  Practical 
Introduction  to  Spheres  and  Nautical 
Astronomy,"  "Astronomical  Computa- 
tions,''"Metrology,  or  an  Exposition 
on  Weights  and  Measures,"  besides 
many  others;  bat  his  great  work  was  the 
"Universal  Cambist,"  which  was  con- 
sidered the  most  valuable  contribution 
to  the  literature  of  the  day,  and  a  stan- 
dard authority  on  all  subjects  treated. 
All  his  works  are  noted,  not  less  for  the 
soundness  of  bis  positions,  and  the  uni- 


form reliability  of  his  facts,  than  for  the 
simplicity  and  clearness  with  which  he 
handles  every  subject  touched  upon. 
He  died  at  Bri^rhton,  England,  April 
6th,  1842.  in  the  87th  year  of  his  age. 

KELLY  ROBERT.  L  L.  D.,  a  dis- 
tinguished American  niorchant,  lawyer 
and  pliilanthropist  of  Irish  descent, 
was  born  in  New  York  city,  December 
1898,  and  graduated  at  Columbia  Col- 
lege 1826  at  the  head  of  his  class.  He 
entered  the  mercantile  firm  of  his 
brothers  John  and  William  as  a  part- 
ner, but  retired  in  1837  to  give  more 
attention  to  education  ai^d  public  af- 
fairs. He  was  mainly  instrumental  ia 
founding  the  Free  Academy,  was  Presi- 
dent of  the  Board  of  Education, and  Re- 
gent of  the  State  University,  besides  pro- 
minently connected  ,r'*t\  other  educa- 
tion institutions.  He  was  u '  "holar  of  fine 
attainments,  and  master  of  many  lan- 
guages. He  was  City  Chamberlain  at 
the  time  of  his  death,  April,  1856 

KELLY  WILLIAM,  brother  of  the 
foregoing,  was  bom  in  New  York  city 
in  1807.  Their  father  dying  in  1825, 
the  two  older  brothers  John  and  Will' 
iam,  while  yet  minors  had  manage- 
ment of  an  extensive  mercantile  busi- 
ness, and  were  known  as  "  The  Boy- 
Merchants."  John  died  in  1836,  and 
the  other  brothers,  William  and  Robert, 
retired.  William  became  a  leading  far- 
mer and  President  of  the  State  Agricul- 
tural Society  and  was  prominently  con- 
nected with  many  leading  interests  in  the 
State.  He  was  a  state  senator  in  1855 
and  Democratic  candidate  for  Governor 
in  1850.  He  died  abroad,  January, 
1872. 

KELLY,  WILLIAM  D.,  a  promin- 
ent and  able  American  statesman  and 
i}olitician  of  Irish  extraction,  and  wide- 
y  known  by  his  advocacy  of  protection 
by  a  high  tariff,  for  American  industry, 
was  b^m  in  Philadelphia,  April  12, 
1814,  and  received  a  good  fundamental 
education.  He  first  entered  a  printing 
oflice,  but  gave  it  up  to  learn  the  jew- 
elry trade  and  after  completing  his 
time  went  to  Boston  where  he  worked 
as  a  journeyman  for  five  years.  Jj  the 
meantime  he  improved  his  roin'>  by 
reading  and  study,  and  returKii.,;  to 
Philadelphia  he  entered  a  law  <  ifice 
and  was  after  n  brief  but  eai-nest  course 
admitted  to  the  Bar.     He  Improved  his 


.  "ii 


■*'!:;■ 


KEL 


IRISH  CELTS. 


KEN 


^.1;,"^| 


spare  time  by  writing  for  the  press  on 
live  issues  and  soon  acquired  a  reputa- 
tion for  ability.  His  first  entry  into 
politics  was  in  the  line  of  his  profession 
as  prosecuting  attorney  for  the  city 
and  county  of  Philadelphia,  to  which 
position  he  was  elected  for  a  second 
term  and  he  then  became  Judge  of  the 
Court  of  Common  Pleas  in  that  city, 
which  position  he  held  for  ten  years. 
He  was  sent  as  a  delegate  to  the  Repub- 
lican Convention  in  1860,  and  was 
elected  to  Congress  from  the  Fourth 
district  of  Pennsylvania  and  has  been 
re-elected  successively  for  eleven  terms 
which  makes  a  continuous  service  of 
twenty  two  years.  He  is  one  of  ^lie  re- 
cognized leaders  of  his  party  in  the 
House,  and  the  great  advocate  of  a  high 

Protective  tariff,  or  the  "American 
ystem,"  as  it  is  called,  and  which  was 
first  advanced,  and  advocated  by  Ma- 
thew  Carey,  the  Irish  patriot,  who 
settled  in  Philadelphia,  and  who,  with 
a  powerful  array  of  facts  and  figures, 
demonstrated  the  wisdom  of  this  policy. 
His  descendants  are  still  its  great  ex- 
ponents, and  Kelly,  from  the  same  hive, 
one  of  his  ablest  political  children.  The 
signs  of  the  times  are  that  it  will  be 
the  prominent  political  issue  whch  will 
divide  the  great  American  parties  in  the 
next  National  struggle,  or  at  least  in 
the  near  future.  Kdly  is  very  popular 
in  his  district  and  is  identified  with 
many  of  the  great  industries  of  the 
state. 

KELLY  WILLIAM,  an  able  Irish 
American  statesman,  was  born  about 
1775,  settled  in  Louisiana  soon  after 
its  acquisition.  He  soon  earned  dis 
tinction  in  the  polit!  s  of  the 
state  by  his  ability  and  eloquence,  and 
represented  Louisiana  successively,  in 
the  House  in  the  sixteenth,  and  the  Sen- 
ate of  the  United  States  in  the  seven- 
teenth Congress. 

KELSO,  THOMAS,  a  successful 
American  merchant  andphilantrophist, 
born  in  Ireland,  and  came  to  the  Unit- 
ed Stotcs  with  bis  parents  and  settled  in 
Baltimore,  where  he  afterwards  engag- 
ed lu  mercantile  business,  and  became 
very  wealthy.  He  was  also  a  shnreholder 
ana  director  of  the  Philadelphia  and  Bal- 
timore K.  R.  Co.  ,-President  of  the  Equ- 
itable Insurance  Co.,  Director  aud  Vice 
President  of  the  National  Bunk  of  Bal- 
timore.   He  was  also  a  prominent  and 


influential  member  of  the  Methodist 
Church  and  donated  over  $120,000  in 
founding  the  Kelso  Orphans  Home  for 
that  body,  besides  many  other  charit- 
able bequests.    He  died  July  28,  1818. 

KENEALY  EDWARD, V,  H.-D.  C. 
L.,  a  celebrated  British  barrister  and 
scholar,  was  bom  in  Cork,  Ireland  in 
1819.  He  was  a  popular  translator  of 
songs  and  was  familiar  with  thirteen 
languages.  He  became  widely  known 
as  being  the  chief  advocate  of  the 
claimaint  in  the  Tichborne  case.  He 
was  editor  and  proprietor  of  the  Eng- 
lishman, a  paper  of  strong  liberal  senti- 
ments.   He  died  in  1880. 

KENRICK,  MOST  REV.  FRAN- 
CIS  PATRICK,  one  of  the  most  emin- 
ent of  American  Catholic  Prelates,  was 
bom  in  Dublin,  December  8,  1797.  He 
received  a  classical  education  in  the 
schools  of  his  native  city,  and  at  the  age 
of  eighteen  went  to  Rome  to  complete 
his  studies,  with  the  intention  of  em- 
bracing a  religious  life.  He  spent  two 
years  there  in  ,the  house  of  the  Lazar- 
ists,  and  four  years  in  the  college  of  the 
Propaganda,  where  he  was  ordained 
priest.  In  1821  he  came  to  the  United 
States,  having  been  recommerded  on 
account  of  his  distinguished  scholar- 
ship, to  the  charge  of  a  seminary  just 
established  at  Bardstown,  Kentucky. 
Here  he  remained  nine  years,  attending 
not  only  to  his  seminary  duties,  but 
also  engaged  in  missionary  labor  in  the 
scattered  missions  of  the  vast  diocese. 
In  1828,  under  the  signature  of  "Omi- 
cron,"  he  published  a  reply  to  the 
Rev.  Dr.  Blackburn,  who  had  attacked 
the  Catholic  doctrine  of  the  Eucharist 
under  the  signature  of  Ome^.  June 
6, 1880,  he  was  consecrated  Bishop  of 
Arath  "in  partibus  infidelium"  and 
co-adjutor  to  Dr.  Conwell,  Bishop  of 
Philadelphia.  On  the  death  of  Bishop 
Conwell,  ,1842,  Dr.  Kcnrick  became 
his  successor.  During  the  "No  Noth- 
ing" riots  of  1844,  which  so  disgraced 
Philadelphia,  he  published  an  address 
counselink    all    Catholics  to  preserve 

f)eace  ana  to  avoid  all  possible  occas- 
ons  of  trouble,  and  but  for  his  exer- 
tions, the  gross  outrages  committed  by 
those  destructive  bigots  would  have 
met  a  bloody  retribution.  About  this 
time  he  e8tal)lishcd  the  theological  sem- 
inary of  St.  Charles  Borromeo  in  Phil- 
adelphia and  established  many  impor- 


KEN 


nilSH  CELTS. 


EER 


-\ 


tant  institutions  for  the  alleviation  of 
human  miseries  including  a  Magdelene 
Asylum.  In  1851  Bishop  Kenrick  was 
transferred  to  the  Arch-Episcopal  See 
of  Baltimore,  succeeding  Archbishop 
Eccleston,|and  was  at  the  same  time  ap- 
pointed Apostolic  legate  to  preside  over 
the  first  plenary  council  ever  held  in 
America,  and  which  convened  at  Balti- 
more, May,  1853.  In  1859  the  See  of 
Baltimore  was  confirmed  in  its  primacv 
of  honor,  which  gives  its  prelate  preced- 
ence over  all  others  in  Ajnerica,  unless 
some  special  honor  is  conferred  on 
some  other  prelate,  such  as  the  Cardina- 
late.  During  the  Civil  war  and  at  its  in- 
ception Dr.  Kenrick  impressed  upon 
his  people  their  obligations  and  duties 
towards  the  Government  and  its  laws 
and  justly  constHuted  anthorities,  and 
perhaps,  fur  the  reason  that  he  was  in 
a  community  of  strong  southern  sym- 
pathies— he  preceded  his  principal  re- 
ligious services  by  public  prayers  for 
the  President  of  the  United  States  aud 
all  public  authorities,  and  continued 
this  custom  up  to  his  death.  Dr.  Ken- 
rick was  an  indefatigable  worker,  a 
{)rofound  thinker,  and  the  ablest  theo- 
ogical  writer  yet  produced  by  the 
American  Church.  His  works  in  this 
department,  are  considered  classical  in 
America  and  are  used  as  text  books  in 
many  seminaries.  They  are  also  high- 
ly esteemed  in  Europe.  .  His  principal 
works  are  Dogmatic  TTieolofflr,  4  vol- 
ume, 800,  1841-3,  Moral  Theology, 
8  volume,  800  p.  "The  Primacy  of 
the  Apostolic  See  Vindicated,"  1844. 
"The  Catholic  Doctrine  of  Justification 
Vindicated  and  Explained,"  1841. 
"Treatise  on  Baptism,"  1848.  ''Vin- 
dication of  the  Catholic  Church,"  1849. 
A  translation  of  the  New  Testament 
and  a  large  portion  of  the  Old  one,  on 
which  he  was  still  engaged  at  the  time 
of  his  death,  besides  various  papers  for 
reviews,  etc.    He  died  July  8,  1868. 

KENRICK,  MOST  REV.  PETER 
RICHARD,  an  eminent  and  learned 
Catholic  divine  of  the  church  in  Ameri- 
ca, was  born  in  Dublin  in  1806.  He 
was  educated  in  the  Irish  college  of 
Maynooth,  where  he  remained  for  some 
time  as  prefect  and  professor,  and  was 
then  ordained  priest.  Shortly  after- 
wards he  came  to  America  and  went  on 
the  mission  in  Philadelphia,  where  his 
brother  Francis  was  co-adjutor  bishop. 
Father  Kenrick    employed    h^s  spare 


time  here  in  literary  labor,  translating, 
editing  and  writing  religious  works, 
and  was  made  one  of  the  vicar  Gener- 
als of  the  Diocese.  When  Bishop  Ro- 
sati,  of  St.  Louis,  on  account  of  grow- 
ing weakness,  was  seeking  a  co-adjutor, 
ho  fixed  upon  Father  Kenrick,  who 
was  soon  after  consecrated  Bishop  of 
Drasa  in  paribus  and  co-adjutor  to  the 
See  of  St.  Loui,"  with  the  ri^ht  of  suc- 
cession, Nov.  30th,  1841.  Two  years 
afterwards,  by  the  death  of  Bishop 
Rosati,  he  became  bishop  of  St.  Louis, 
and  in  1847  archbisliop.  The  arch- 
bishop has  been  an  indefatigable  work- 
er, and  the  great  See  of  St.  Louis  is 
filled  with  uie  labor  of  his  hands. 
Schools,  colleges,  seminaries,  hospitals, 
asylums  of  all  kinds  and  for  every 
human  misfortune  have  been  establishea 
under  his  fostering  care.  It  is  even 
said  that  he  has  been  in  all  those  years 
practically  his  own  secretary,  keeping 
and  regulating  all  the  accounts  ana 
affairs  of  this  great  diocese.    He  is  a 

Sfreat  lover  of  science  and  his  only  re- 
axation  from  the  onerous  duties  of  his 
sacred  office  have  been  principally 
given  to  such  studies  and  investigations. 
He  is  a  man  of  extensive  and  profound 
Jaarning.  He  has  now  been  over  fifty 
years  a  priest  and  forty-one  years  a 
bishop,  and  is  still  vigorous  and  full  of 
energy.  The  last  few  years  he  has  had 
a  co-adjutor  in  the  accomplished  and 
eloquent  Bishop  Ryan,  but  he  promises 
to  live  many  years  yet,  an  ornament  to 
the  Irish  race  and  to  the  Catholic  church 
in  America. 

KERFOOT,  JOHN  BARRETT,  L 
L.  D.  ,a  distinguished  American  episcopal 
divine,  was  born  in  Dublin,  Ireland, 
March,  1,  1816,  came  to  America  with 
his  parents,  and  was  educated  at  St. 
Paul's  College,  N.  Y.,  where  he  gradu- 
ated in  1834,  and  soon  after  entered  the 
episcopal  ministry.  He  was  president 
of  St.  James  College,  Md.,  from  1842  to 
1846  and  of  Trtnity  College.  Hartford 
from  1S64  to  1866,  which  latter  year  he 
was  made  bishop  of  Pittsburg.  He  has 
been  prominently  connected  with  edu- 
cational institutions  of  his  church,  and 
is  the  author  of  many  addresses  and 
sermons.  He  stands  high  with  h<a 
brethren. 

KERNAN,  FRANCIS,  an  able  Am- 
erican Stateman  and  lawyer,  is  of  Irish 
descent;  born  in  Btuben  county,  New 


jiif.- 


m 


KIA 


misn  casLTS. 


KIC 


York,  January  14,  1817,  graduated  at 
Georgetown  College  and  adopted  the 
profession  of  the  law,  in  which  he  has 
acquired  a  commanding  position.  He 
has  held  various  public  offices  and  was 
elected  to  Congress  in  1861,  and  after- 
ward? 0  the  United  States  Senate  from 
New  York,  and  is  held  in  the  highest 
esteem  for  his  ability  and  integrity. 

KEVIN,  SAINT,  a  holy  abbot  and 
bishop  who  was  cotemporary  with  St. 
Patrick.  He  was  born  in  498  and  was 
baptized  by  St.  Cronan,  and  placed  by 
his  pious  parents,  who  were  of  high  rank 
under  thetuition  of  a  pious  Briton, 
named  Petrocus,  who  came  to  Ireland 
to  profit  by  its  institistions  of  learning. 
He  was  afterwards  under  the  charge  of 
some  holy  anchorites,  Dogain,  Lochan 
tnd  Euua,  with  whom  he  perfected 
himself  in  the  study  of  the  holy  scrip- 
tures, after  which  he  took  the  monastic 
habit.  He  subsequently  founded  the 
monastery  of  Glendeloch,  which  after- 
wards grew  up  to  be  a  large  and  religi- 
ous city  and  See  and  which  in  1216 
was  annexed  to  Dublin.  The  situation 
of  this  church  and  abbey  is  one  of  the 
most  picturesque  that  can  be  imagined, 
and  here  still  may  be  seen  the  ruin  of 
its  seven  churches,  its  celebrated  school 
and  abbey  and  the  two  round  towers. 
8ome  of  the  legends  regarding  this 
saint  are  immortalized  in  verse,  especi- 
ally one  by  Moore,  when  the  saint  flees 
from  the  unfortunate  love  of  a  beauti- 
ful maiden  to  a  dangerous  retreat  in  the 
side  of  a  cliff  over  the  lake,  now  called 
8t.  Kevin's  Bed,  and  when  on  awaking 
from  his  sleep  he  finds  her  looking  into 
his  eyes,  and  impulsivelv  pushing  her 
away  she  falls  into  the  lalce.  St.  Kevin 
lived  to  a  great  age,  and  his  school  be- 
came celebrated  and  extensive,  long  be- 
fore his  death.  He  was  succeeded  by 
his  nephew.  Bishop  Tihba.  He  died  in 
618,  and  his  festival  is  kept  June  8rd. 

KIARAN  SAINT,  founder  of  the 
celebrated  Abbey  of  Clonmacnois,  the 
mngniflcen*^  ruins  of  which  still  attest 
its  greatness.  Oursaint  was  born  about 
614  in  the  roign  of  the  monarch  Tua- 
thal,  and  belonged  to  the  Sept  of  the 
Arads.  His  fatlier  Boetius  was  a  car- 
penter, and  the  son  for  that  reason  was 
called  Mac  Steir— i.  e.  son  of  the  Arti- 
ficer. He  received  his  education  at  the 
school  of    Bt.   Fiuean,  University  of 


Clona''d.  After  completing  his  educa- 
tion lit.  Kiaran  for  a  time  retired  to  a 
cell  or  hut,  in  a  solitary  place  on  the 
bankr.  of  the  Shannon,  the  spot  where 
he  afterwards  built  his  great  monastery 
and  school  of  learning.  It  is  said  that 
Diarmid,  afterwards  Monarch  of  Ire- 
land, who  was  a  fugitive  in  his  youth, 
found  with  our  Saint  a  secure  retreat 
from  his  enemies,  and  while  here  he 
planned  with  his  protector  the  future 
monastery  which  he  vowed  to  endow 
when  he  succeeded  to  his  rights.  The 
monarch  fulfilled  his  promise  to  the 
letter,  and  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
schools  and  monasteries  then  in  the 
world  arose  around  the  hut  of  the  her- 
mit. In  the  height  of  its  fame  and  pros- 
perity it  is  said  to  have  contained  nine 
churches  with  two  round  towers,  and 
over  3,000  students  from  all  parts  of  the 
Christian  world  were  within  its  halls. 
For  a  thousand  years  it  was  the  burial 
place  of  kings,  and  it  was  extended  and 
enriched  by  their  endowments  and 
monuments  many  times.  It  waa 
plundered  during  the  intestine  and 
Danish  wars,  and  afterwards  in  the 
Norman  invasions,  until  at  last  it  was 
utterly  ruined  by  worse  than  barbaric 
hands.  Our  saint  died  a  year  after 
completing  his  great  work  in  549,  and 
his  feast  is  kept  on  the  9th  of  Septem- 
ber, and  is  yet  celebrated  with  great  de- 
votion by  pilgi-ims  who  still  flock  to 
this  ancient  shiine 


KICKHAM,  CHAS.  J.,  an  Irish  pa- 
triot poet  and  writer  of  talent,  wa» 
born  in  the  county  of  Kilkenny  in  1828. 
He  early  in  life  devoted  his  talent  to 
he  cause  of  his  country  and  freedom, 
and  was  rewarded  by  an  arbitrary  im- 

Erisonment  by  its  oppressors,  for  his 
old  words  for  constitutional  rights, 
that  Janus  faced  fraud,  which  on  one 
side  guards  English  freedom  and  on  the 
other  supports  Irish  oppression.  Besides 
poems  of  merit  ho  is  the  author  of  a 
number  of  works  of  fiction  written  in  a 
patriotic  vein.  He  continued  his  liter- 
ary labors  to  the  last,  although  for 
some  years  prior  thereto,  ho  luvfc  been 
afflcted  by  the  almost  entire  loss  of  his 
sight.  His  last  words  were  consonant 
with  his  life:  "Let it  be  known  that 
I  die  in  the  Catholic  faith,  that  I  die 
loving  Ireland,  only  wishing  that  I 
couldhave  done  more  for  her.  He  died 
August  22,  1882. 


KIL 


iniSH  CELTS 


KIL 


m 


KILDARE.  JAMES  FITZGERALD. 
Earl  of  an  Irish  patriot,  and  one  of  the 
most  refineci  gentlemen  of  the  age,  was 
born  in  Ireland,  in  1723,  and  after  com- 
pleting his  education  traveled  on  the 
continent.  After  returning  to  Ireland 
he  determined  to  erect  a  magnificent 
city  residence  in  Dublin,  as  he  conceived 
it  to  be  the  duty  of  the  nobility  to  beau- 
tify their  own  capital.  In  1746  he  mar- 
ried Lady  Emilia  Lennox,  sister  to  the 
Duke  ot  Richmond,  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  becuties  of  the  day.  In  1753 
the  earl  took  a  leading  part  in  oppos- 
ing the  designs  of  the  English  ministry 
in  attempting  to  get  parliamentary 
recognition  of  the  right  of  the  King  of 
Englivnd  to  dispose  of  the  surplus  then 
in  the  Irish  exchequer,  amounting  to 
£77,500.  His  action  in  the  matter  made 
him  very  popular  and  a  medal  was 
struck  in  commendation,  representing 
the  earl  sword  in  hand,  guarding  a  sum 
of  money  heaped  upon  a  table,  from 
the  clasp  of  a  hand  reaching  from  a 
cloud,  with  the  motto  "Touch  not  says 
Kildare."  The  earl  resided  in  Ireland 
almost  constantly,  either  in  his  splendid 
Dublin  residence  or  one  of  his  country 
seats.  In  1766  he  was  created  Duke  of 
Leinst'jr.  He  was  a  member  of  both 
the  English  and  Irish  House  of  Lords, 
and  performed  his  duties  in  every  rela- 
tion of  life  with  rare  dignity,  and  fideli- 
ty. It  was  said  of  him  that  no  man 
ever  understood  his  part  "in  society 
better  than  he  did.  He  was  conscious 
of  his  rank,  and  upheld  it  to  the  utmost, 
but  he  was  remarkable  for  the  dignified 
but  attractive  politeness  of  his  manners, 
loved  justness  and  respected  the  rights 
of  all.  He  was  a  strong  and  unwaver- 
ing supporter  of  the  rights  and  inde- 
pendence of  his  country,  and  opposed 
the  union  to  the  last.    He  died  in  1804. 

KILIAN,  SAINT,  apostle  of  Fran- 
conla,  was  a  native  of  Ireland.  He  left 
Ireland  with  two  companions,  Colonat, 
a  priest,  and  Totan,  a  deacon,  and  came 
to  Rome,  by  the  way  of  Flanders  and 
Germany.  Having  been  presented  to 
Pope  Conon,  and  the  holy  father  find- 
ing him  full  of  zeal  and  learning,  ap- 
!)omted  him  to  preach  the  gospel  to  the 
nfldels  of  Franconia.  Going  thither 
with  his  companions,  he  converted  the 
Duke  Gospert,  and  great  numbers  of  his 
subjects,  and  fixed  his  See  at  Wirtzburg, 
of  which  he  was  the  first  bishop.  Not- 
ker  in  his  martyrology  says  "In  a  dis- 


trict of  Austria,  where  stood  a  castle  of 
New  Frani;e,  nay  a  city  us  in  the  Ten- 
tonic  dialect,  Wirtsburg  situate  near  the 
river  Meuse,  signifies  the  martyrdom 
of  St.  Kilianus,  the  first  bishop  of  that 
city,  and  that  of  his  two  diciples, 
Colonatus,  a  presbyter,  and  Totanus,  a 
deacon.  They  came  from  Ireland,  the 
island  of  the  Scots.  By  the  authority 
of  the  apostolic  See  they  preached  the 
gospel  to  the  people  of  that  district,"  and 
Cardinal  Bellarmini  also  alludes  to  him 
as  an  Irish  monk  and  apostle  of  the 
Eastern  Francks.  The  cause  of  his 
martyrdom  was  that  learning  that 
Gospert's  wife,  whom  he  married  when 
a  pagan,  had  been  his  brother's  wife, 
Kilian  insisted  on  a  separation,  which 
so  enraged  the  woman  that  she  insti- 
gated the  assassination  of  Kilian  and 
his  companions,  July  8,  689,  on  which 
day  their  feast  is  kept. 

KILLEN.  WILLIAM,  Chief  Justice 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Delaware  and  a 
revolutionary  patriot,  was  born  in  Ire- 
land, and  emigrated  to  America  in  his 
youth.  His  talents  and  industry  secured 
him  friends  and  he  was  enabled  to 
acquire  a  liberal  education  for  those 
early  days.  His  progress  in  mathema- 
tics was  rapid  and  he  first  adopted  sur- 
veying as  a  profession,  and  held  the  office 
of  county  surveyor  for  several  years. 
He,  however,  ultimately  a. "opted  the 
profession  of  the  law,  and  soon  gained 
a  large  and  lucrative  practice,  especi- 
ally in  land  cases.  He  took  part  in  the 
discussions  of  the  great  questions  which 
agitated  the  country,  and  was  an  earnest 
and  able  defender  of  the  peoples  rights. 
After  the  Declaration  of  Independence 
he  became  Chief  Justice  of  the  State, 
and  in  1798  Chancellor.  He  was  held 
in  high  esteem  both  for  ability  and  in- 
tegrity. 

KILMAINE.  CHARLES  J.,  Field 
Marshal  of  France,  a  distinguished 
and  able  leader  of  the  French  army,  was 
born  at  Dublin  about  1750,  and  entered 
the  French  army  in  1765.  He  served 
with  distinction  under  Lafayette  in 
America,  and  in  1793  became  a  briga- 
dier-general. He  greatly  distinguished 
himself  in  the  Vendean  and  Italian 
campaigns,  especially  at  the  battle  of 
Jamappes.  In  1797  he  was  appointed 
general-in-chief  of  the  army  for  the  ia 
vasion  of  England,  which  for  an  Irish 
man  nothing  could  have  been  more  ao 


is"*! 


Mm 

IF*'''  -ir'H 


b^-*, 


EIR 


XHISH  CELTS. 


KIR 


•Ceptable.    He  died  in  Paris,  Dec.  15, 

1799,  in  the  midst  of  a  glorious  career. 

KING,  ROBERT  EDWARD,  second 
son  of  the  Earl  of  Kingston,  Vicount 
Xorton,  a  distinguished  general  of  the 
British  army,  was  born  in  the  county  of 
Roscommon.  Ireland,  Aug.  1773. 
After  completing  his  education  he  en- 
tered the  army  and  soon  became  noted 
for  capacity  and  courage,  and  distin- 
guished himself  on  various  occasions, 
rising  to  the  rank  of  Lieutenant- 
'General.    He  was  created  a  baron  in 

1800,  and  a  Vicount  in  1806,  and  died 
in  1845. 

KING,  DR.  WILLIAM,  a  celebrated 
Iiish  divine  of  the  established  church, 
was  born  in  county  Antrim,  Ireland, 
and  entered  the  ministry  as  chaplain  to 
the  archbishop  of  Tuam;  he  afterward 
was  bishop  of  Derry  and  archbishop  of 
Dublin.  He  is  chiefly  remembered  by 
treatise  "De  Origine  Mali" — The  Origin 
of  Evil — which  produced  a  wide  extend- 
ed controversy  into  which  Boyle  and 
Leibnetz  entered.  He  was  also  author 
of  discourses  on  predestination.  He 
died  in  1729. 

KINGSMILL,  COL.,  a  distinguished 
Irish  Canadian,  was  the  son  of  an 
•officer,  and  was  born  in  Kilkenny,  in 
1794.  He  was  educated  in  Kilkenny 
•college,  and  entered  the  army  ■/  in 
•early  age.  He  saw  his  first  re  v;.  ;:  iU 
the  desperate  camp ;-.i;<^us  of  th-^  Pe/iS'i 
sular,  having  been  engaged  jU,  T:.:  .-3 
Vedras,  Badajoz,  in  the  pusses  of  the 
Pyrenees,  and  on  many  other  desperate 
occasions,  and  won  promotions  by  his 
bravery.  His  regiment  (66th)  for 
awhile  guarded  Napoleon  at  St.  Helena, 
He  at  length  resigned  and  came  to 
Canada,  and  in  the  rebellion  of  '87  he 
took  a  prominent  part.  He  was  after- 
wards perninnently  connected  with  its 
military  and  held  positions  of  trust  and 
•honor,  until  his  death  in  1876. 

KIRKPATRICK,  WILLIAM,  a 
talented  soldier  and  legislator  was 
jorn  in  Ireland  iu  1753,  and  at  an  early 
age  went  to  India  to  seek  his  fortune. 
By  perseverance  talents  and  industry, 
he  firraduully  r^te  to  honor  and  distin- 
tic  a.  flUing  the  most  important  posi- 
tions in  hou\  civil  and  military  life,  and 
At  the  time  of  his  death  was  a  major 
ijenfral.    He  gave  to    the  press  Bio- 


Eraphies  of  Persian  poets,  Selection  of 
etters  Oi  Tipoo,  Baib,  &c.    He  died  in 

1812. 

KIRWAN,  AUGUSTIN.  a  gifted 
and  eloquent  Irish  divine,  was  Warden 
of  Galway,  a  clerical  title  which  con- 
ferred on  the  holder  semi  apostolic  func- 
tions. It  was  the  cause  of  a  great  deal 
of  jurisdictional  dispute  during  the 
course  of  several  hundred  years,  with 
the  archbbishop  of  Tuam,  until  abol- 
ished in  1881,  when  Galway  was  ele- 
vated into  a  full  See  or  bishoprick.  Our 
subject  was  bom  in  1725,  and  received 
his  education  principally  in  Salamanca, 
Spain,  where  he  was  ordained  priest  in 
1747,  by  Bishop  Gonpo^ez,  of  Arilia. 
He  returned  to  Ireland,  und  was  noted 
for  every  virtue  which  can  adorn  the 
priestly  character.  In  1783  he  was  ele- 
vated to  the  warden  ship  of  Galway, 
where  he  ruled  with  ^reat  zeal  until 
1791,  when  he  died,  amidst  the  univer- 
sal lamentations  of  bis  (  k.  ople. 

KIRWAN,  DANIEL  JOSEPH,  a 
well  known  New  York  ioiu'nalist,  was 
born  in  Newtonbtary,  Ireland,  1848, 
and  came  to  the  United  States  at  an 
early  age,  and  been  *i'>  connected  with 
the  New  York  pr  having  been  at- 
tached to  <'  Woil<^  Tribuno  and  Her- 
ald. He  V  s  iho  auf  aor  of  "Palace  and 
Hovel,"  and  was  «  koen  and  forcible 
writer.    He  died  Nov.  25,  1875. 

KIRWIN,  RICHARD,  a  celebrated 
geologist,  minerologist  and  chemist, 
of  Galway,  Ireland,  born  about  1650.  He 
studied  in  Dublin  and  completed  his 
education  at  St.  Omers.  He  soon  ac- 
quired a  high  reputation  for  scientific 
knowledge  and  became  a  member  of 
the  Royal  Society,  and  of  many  conti- 
nental "scientific  bodies;  and  president 
of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy.  Among 
his  works  are  elements  of  rainerology, 
geological  essays,  logic,  metaphysical 
essays,  &c.    He  died  In  1812. 

KIRWIN,  WALTER  BLAKE,  a 
celebrated  pulpit  orator,  was  born  in 
Galway,  Ireland,  about  1754,  and  was 
educated  at  St.  Omers  and  Louvain, 
became  a  priest  and  w»u»  chaplain  to 
the  Neapolitan  Embasaador  In  1787. 
Being  ambitious  and  somewhat  vain  of 
his  powers,  he  became  discontented 
with  his  humble  lot  as  a  poor  Irish 
priest,  and  having  some  trouble  with 


II- 


KNO 


IRISH  CELTS. 


LAO 


■}kt 


tioa  of 
died  in 


gifted 
VV^arden 
ch  con- 
ic func- 
eat  deal 
ing   the 
rs,  with 
til  abol- 
Noa  ele- 
k.    Our 
received 
amanca, 
priest  in 
!  Arilia. 
as  noted 
lorn  the 
was  ele- 
Galway, 
eal  until 
e  univer- 


lEPH,  a 
ilist,  was 
id,  1848, 
es  at  an 
ted  with 
been  at- 
and  Her- 
alace  and 
forcible 


elebrated 

chemist, 

650.  He 

eted  his 

soon  ac- 

scientiflc 

eml)er  of 

II  y  oonti- 

jresident 

Among 

nerology, 

aphysical 

AKE.  a 
born  in 
and  was 
Louvain, 
inplain  to 
in  1787. 
at  vain  of 
contented 
loor  Irish 
ible  with 


his  superiors  in  1787  he  conformed  to 
the  established  church  and  was  ap- 
pointed to  a  living  in  Dublin.,  and  short- 
ly afterwards  made  dean  of  Kildare. 
As  a  pulpit  orator  he  is  said  to  have 
had  no  equal  amongst  hiscotemporanes 
of  the  English  Church.  He  died  in 
1805. 

KNIGHTLY  THOMAS,  a  distinguish, 
ed  scholar  and  autlior  of  varied  parts, 
was  born  in  Dublin,  October,  1789, 
graduated  at  Trinity  College  in  that 
city  and  adopted  literature  as  a  profes- 
sion. He  went  to  London  early  in  his 
carreer  and  assisted  T.  Crofton  Croker 
in  the  "Fairy  Legends  of  Ireland."  He 
afterwards  edited  and  published  a  ser- 
ies of  text  books,  including  histories  of 
Rome,  Greece  and  England.  "Out- 
lines of  History,"  "  Mythology  of  An- 
cient Greece  and  Italy,"  "History  of 
India,"  "  Scenes  and  Events  of  the 
Crusades,"  "  Fairy  Mythology,  "besides 
editing  the  works  of  Virgil,  Horace, 
Ovid  and  Sallust.  Life  and  poems  of 
Milton,  and  "  The  Shakespeare  Ex- 
positor." His  text  books  were  exten- 
sively used  in  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land and  even  in  the  United  States.  He 
died  December,  1873. 

KNOX,  HENRY,  a  major  general  in 
the  war  of  the  American  revolution, 
was  born  in  Boston,  of  Irish  parents,  in 
1760,  and  after  receiving  the  ordinary 
English  education,  he  became  a  book- 
seller in  his  native  town.  The  troubles 
with  the  mother  country  early  engaged 
his  attention,  and  he  was  one  of  the 
boldest  and  most  outspoken  in  de- 
nouncing the  aggressions  of  the  Eng- 
lish government.  The  call  to  arms  saw 
voung  Knox  at  the  front,  and  we  find 
him  as  a  volunteer  at  the  battle  of 
Bunker  Hill.  For  his  services  in  plan- 
ing the  capture  of  much  needed  artillery 
which  were  on  the  Canadian  frontiers, 
he  was  entrusted  bv  Congress  with  the 
command  of  that  uepartment  with  tlie 
rank  of  brigadier  general.  He  took  a 
distinguished  part  in  the  battles  of 
Trenton,  Princetown,  Gcrmnnlown  and 
M(  nniouth,  and  contributed  largely  to 
tlie  capture  of  C-'ornwallis,  and  for  gal- 
lant services  was  raised  to  the  rank  of 
major  general.  In  17N5  he  succeeded 
Gen.  Lincoln  as  Secretary  of  War,  and 
after  flllinsr  that  posiiion  with  honor 
and  crc'Ui,  he  obtained  a  reluctant  ron- 
eeut  to  retire  to  private  life.    In  17U8, 


when  our  relations  with  France  were- 
becoming  critical,  he  was  called  upon 
to  take  a  command  in  the  army,  but 
trouble  having  been  happily  avoided, 
he  returned  to  private  life.  He  died  at 
Thomastown,  Maine,  in  1806.  In  pri- 
vate life  he  was  affable  and  unasuming, 
as  a  public  officer  thorough  and  capable, 
as  a  soldier  of  unsurpassed  daring. 

KN0WLE8,  JAMES  SH  IIIDAN, 
one  of  the  greatest  of  modern  (i  miatists, 
was  the  son  of  James  Knowles,  a  tal- 
ented teacher,  elocutionist  and  lexico- 
grapher of  Cork,  who  was  a  cousin  of 
R.  B.  Sheridan.  Our  subject  was  born 
in  Cork  in  1784,  and  removed  to  Lon- 
don wit!i  his  father.  He  early  exhibit- 
ed dramatic  tastes,  and  at  the  age  of 
twelve  coi  i^osed  a  play  which  was 
represented  by  his  school-mates  with  ap- 
plause. In  1806  he  made  his  first  ap- 
pearance on  the  stage  at  Dublin.  He 
afterwards  taught  elocution  at  Belfast 
and  Glasgow,  but  created  no  sensation. 
He  also  wrote  several  plays  and  a  vol- 
ume of  poetry,  but  it  was  not  until  ho 
produced  his  Caius  Gracchui2  at  '3el- 
fast,  in  1815,  that  his  great  dran.atio 
powers  were  recognized.  In  .'820  his 
Virginius  was  produced  at  Drury  Lana, 
and  at  once  made  famous  by  the  master- 
ly rendition  of  Macready  in  Eiixl nd 
and  Forrest  in  America,  and  otiil  holds 
its  position  as  one  of  the  most  power,  nl 
of  tracedies,  especially  as  presei'ti^d  b/ 
McCullough.  Knowles  himse/f  ip- 
peared  in  some  of  his  plays,  and  u.r.de  a 
successful  tour  of  the  United  Sti\l  os. 
His  dramatic  w '•ks  were  publisheii  in 
3  vols.,  1843.  1  1845  he  abandoned 
the  stage  froi  onscientious  scruples, 
as  being  injur  s  to  sound  morals,  and 
first  devoted  uunself  to  literature,  but 
eventually  jomed  the  Baptists  aud  be- 
come a  rehp  >us  preacher  and  author. 
He  died  Nov.  !>0th,  1883.  Among  his 
other  prii  I'lI  works  are  "Willium 
Tell,"  "'J  Beggar's  Daughter  of 
Bethna  Creen,"  "Alfred  the  Great," 
"The  Hunchback,"  "The  Wife  Chase," 
"Womens"  Wit,"  "The  Maid  of  Maricu- 
dorpt,"  "Love,"  "John  of  Prooida," 
"Old  Maids,"  "The  Rose  of  Aragou" 
and  "The  Secretary" — novels— "Henry 
Fortescue"  and  "George  Lovell,"  and 
some  religiou'i  tracts  which  have  not 
added  to  his      iUtation. 

LACY,  MAURK^E,  Marshal,  Count 
de,  a  celebrated  military  commander  of 


■:«:■?" 


LAL 


miBH  CELTS. 


LAL 


Austria,  and  son  of  the  succeeding,  was 
bom  in  Russia  in  1725,  and  entered  the 
service  of  Austria,  at  an  early  age,  in 
which  country  he  received  the  principal 

1)art  of  his  education.  He  rose  rapid- 
y  by  his  merit,  and  contributed  largely 
to  the  victories  of  Breslau  in'lT57  and 
Hochkirchin  1758,  and  was  made  Field- 
Marshal  for  great  and  conspicuous  ser- 
vices and  a  count  of  the  Empire.  Maria 
Theresa  also  made  him  a  member  of 
the  Aulic  Council,  and  he  was  honored 
by  other  enviable  distinctions.  He  died 
in  1801. 

LACY,  MARSHAL  PETER,  Count 
•de,  one  of  the  mof t  distinguished  gen- 
erals of  his  age,  was  bom  m  Ireland  in 
1678,  and  at  'an  early  age  engaged  in 
attempts  to  relieve  his  country  of  its 
heartless  opprassors.  His  flrat  foreign 
service  was  in  France,  whither  so 
many  of  his  gallant  countrymen  had 
preceded  him,  winning  fortune  and 
fame  by  their  unequalled  bravery  and 
military  skill.  Lacy  soon  earned  a 
brilliant  reputation  and  his  services  and 
sword  were  successively  given  to  Po- 
land Austria,  and  other  governments, 
ind  he  everywhere  distinguished  i-jm- 
self  '7  his  skill  and  daring,  Peter  the 
Great  of  Russia  at  length  secured  his 
eervices,  and  his  genius  secured  the 
victorv  of  Pultowa  in  1709.  He  re- 
peatedly punished  the  Turks,  and  took 
from  them  ?ome  oi"  iheir  strongholds, 
notably  Azov.  In  1733  he  swept  across 
Finland,  .securing  it  to  the  Russian 
crown,  and  performed  many  other  no- 
table services  under  I'liter  and  Cather- 
ine, who  appointed  him  Governor  of 
Livonin  with  almost  royal  power.  He 
died  in  1751. 

LAFFAN,  Sir  Joseph  De  Courcy,  an 
eminent  physician  aua  brother  to  the 
Catholic  Archbishop  of  Cashel  (Robert), 
was  born  in  C'>;shel  In  1786,  and  after 
completing  his  education  took  up  the 
profession  of  medicine  and  afterwards 
received  an  appointment  in  the  army. 
He  became  successively  physician  to 
the  forces  and  physician  in  ordinary  to 
his  Royal  Highness,  the  late  Duke  of 
Kent.  For  his  eminent  skill  and  ser- 
vices ho  was  created  a  biironet  in  1838. 
Professionally  he  was  without  a  superior 

LALLY,  THOMAS  ARTHUR. 
Count  de  and  baron  of  Tollcndal,  Ire- 
land, was  u  nephew  of  the  first  Cou'^t 


Dillon,  and  one  of  the  bravest 
and  most  heroic  of  modern  soldiers, 
was  born  in  Dauphine,  1702. 
He  began  his  military  career  in  one  of 
the  Insh  regiments  in  the  service  of 
France,  commanded  by  his  uncle, 
greatly  distinguishing  himself  at  the 
sieges  of  Kehl,  M^nin,  Ypres  and 
Fames,  and  especially  at  the  great 
battle  of  Fontenoy,  which  was  won  by 
the  gallantry  of  the  Irish  troops.  He 
afterwards  supported  the  "Pretender" 
in  Scotland,  and  participated  in  several 
battles,  and  finally  at  the  unfortunate 
one  of  Culloden.  After  many  narrow 
escapes  in  Ireland  and  England  he 
reached  France.  In  1756  he 
was  appointed  commandant  of  the 
French  possessions  in  the  East 
Indies,  with  plenary  powers  and 
the  rank  of  Lieutenant-  General. 
On  his  arrival  there,  at  the 
end  of  April,  1758,  war  was  declared 
with  the  English,  over  whom  he  ob- 
tained a  series  of  successes,  but  was  at 
length  repulsed  before  Madras,  and 
being  left  with  insufficient  men  and 
means,  ultimately  besieged  in  Pondl- 
cherry  upon  which  he  had  been  com* 
pelled  to  fall  back.  With  less  than  one 
thousand  men  (700)  he  here  resisted  the 
whole  English  army  of  many  times  his 
numbers  (20,000),  supported  by  14 ships 
of  war,  for  several  months,  and  only 
surrendered  when  reduced  to  the  last 
extremity.  Januaiy  11th,  1761.  He 
scon  after  obtained  his  release  and  re- 
turned to  France,  where  he  was  arrest- 
ed ana  wild  charge  of  treason  and  con- 
demned by  a  base  tribunal.  Thus  was 
he  rewarded  by  a  corrupt  and  ungrate- 
ful government  for  all  his  exertions, 
privations  and  toils.  To  hide  its  own 
criminal  neglect  in  failing  to  sustain 
the  heroic  defenders  of  its  colonies, 
it  arrests  the  hero  wiio  earned 
more  than  a  victor's  crown,  by  des- 
perate bravery,  indurance  and  skill. 
The  infamy  of  its  act  was  complete  by 
leading  him  to  the  scaffold  gagged,  so 
as  to  prevent  him  from  addressing  the 
people.  He  was  executed  May  9th, 
1766.  Louis  XVI  afterwards  annulled 
the  sentence  and  restored  his  family  to 
all  their  honors,  but  could  not  restore 
the  life  of  the  heroic  vicMni,  or  wipe 
away  the  stain  of  infamy  from  an  un- 
grateful and  wicked  government. 

LALLY,  TOLLENDEL    T.    GER- 
ARD, Marquis  of,  son  of  the  foregoing, 


LAN 


ntlBH  CELTS. 


LEE 


OERr 

•egoiiig, 


a  celebrated  French  statesman,  histor- 
ian and  j)03t,  was  born  in  Paris,  1751, 
and  was  ignorant  of  his  parentage  until 
the  eve  of  his  father's  execution;  he 
immediately  devoted  himself  to  the  es- 
tablishing of  his  rights  and  good  name. 
His  efforts  were  finally  crowned  with 
success  in  1778,  "ough  the  last  judicial 
form  was  never  completed  in  conse- 
of  the  troubles  of  the  times.  In  1783, 
however,  he  obtained  possession  of  his  es- 
tates. In  1789  he  was  a  deputy  of  the 
Noblesse  to  the  Estates  General, and  was 
one  of  the  most  popular  members  of 
that  body,  when  it  changed  its  name 
to  the  National  Assembly,  and  com- 
menced the  construction  of  a  constitu- 
tion. In  the  fruitless  labors  to  this  end 
Le  was  an  able  supporter  of  Lafayette, 
but  despairing  both  of  the  monarchy 
and  the  constitution,  he  retired  with 
Necker  in  September,  1790,  and  pub- 
lished an  address  to  the  French  people. 
After  the  insurrection  oi  the  10th  of 
August,  1792,  he  was  arrested  by  the 
Jacobins,  but  escaped  the  massacre  of 
September,  and  withdrew  to  England, 
where  as  a  royalist  and  a  writer  in  the 
interest  of  the  emegres,  he  enjoyed  a 
email  pension  from  the  government. 
On  the  proclamation  io^  moderate  meas- 
ures by  the  First  Corisul  in  1801,  he  re- 
turned to  France,  but  took  no  part  in 
l>ub)\c  affaira  till  after  the  restoration, 
when  he  became  a  member  of  the  privy 
council,  and  in  thai  capacity  accom- 
panied Louis  XVIII  to  Ghent  during 
the  hundred  days.  After  the  second 
restoration  he  was  made  a  peer  of 
France.  He  remained  true  to  constitu- 
tional principles  and  resisted  the  at- 
tempts of  the  Bourbons  to  resume  arbi- 
trary power.  He  died  shortly  before 
the  revolution  of  1830.  His  writings 
form  several  volumes  and  are  of  con- 
siderable repute. 

LANSDOWN,  WILLIAM  PETTY 

(Fitzmaurice)  IMarquis  of,  and  Second 
Earl  of  Shelburne,  a  general  ofticer  in 
the  army,  and  a  distinguished  states- 
man in  llie  reign  of  George  III.,  was 
born  in  1737  in  Ireland.  After  holding 
prominent  positions  under  the  Govern- 
ment in  1768  and  1760.  he  was  dis- 
placed in  1768,  and  remained  in  opposi- 
tion until  1782,  when  he  was  appointed 
Secretai-y  of  State  for  foreign  af- 
fairs. On  the  death  of  the  Marquis  of 
Rockingham  ho  succeeded  him  as  Pre- 
mier, but  was  soon  afterwards  ousted 


by  the  combined  efforts  of  Fox  and 
North.  He  died  in  1805.  He  was  also 
one  of  those  to  whom  the  letters  of 
Junius  were  attributed. 

LAOGARE,  son  of  Niall.  the  Great 
was  the  first  christian  Monarch  of  Ire- 
land. He  ascended  the  throne  A.  D.,428, 
on  the  death  of  Dathy.  It  was  during  his 
reign  that  St.  Patrick  came  to  Ireland 
with  his  Apostolic  mission.  Laogare  did 
not  immeaiately  embrace  Christianity, 
his  Queen  and  family  having  been  first 
converted.  His  reign  was  a  peaceful 
one,he  having  had  but  one  war  that  with 
the  King  of  Leinster,  about  tribute. 
Laogare  was  defeated  and  made  a  priso- 
ner, and  the  unwilling  tribute  was  abol- 
ished. He  was  killed  by  lightning  in 
Kildare,  A.  D.,  463. 

LECKY,  WM.  E.  HARTPOLE,  an 

able  and  learned  philosophical  writer 
of  the  modern  school,  was  born  near 
Dublin,  Ireland,  1838,  and  graduated 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  1859.  In 
18*^1  he  published  anonymously  "The 
Leaders  of  Public  Opinion  in  Ireland." 
He  traveled  extensively  on  the  conti- 
nent and  then  settled  m  London.  In 
1865  he  surprised  the  learned  world  by 
his  "History  of  the  Rise  and  Influence 
of  the  Spirit  of  Rationalism  in  Europe," 
written  in  elegant  style  and  exhibiting 
extensive  research  and  deep  study. 
This  was  followed  by  the  "History  of 
European  Morals  from  Augustus  to 
Charlemagne,"  All  his  works  are 
translated  into  German,  and  some  are 
used  as  text  books  in  their  universities. 
He  is  also  author  of  a  paper  read  before 
the  Royal  Institution  on  the  Influence 
of  the  Imagination  in  History. 


LEE,  COL,  DE,  one  of  the  most 
prominent  officers  of  the  Irish  brigades 
ui  the  service  of  France,  under  Louis 
XIV.  He  first  served  in  Ireland  against 
the  adherents  of  the  Prince  of  Orange, 
and  went  to  France  with  Mountcashel's 
brigade.  He  succeeded  Col.  Daniel 
O'Brien  in  the  command  of  the  regi 
nient  of  Clare.  He  had  also  command- 
ed what  was  known  as  the  Queen  of 
England  Regiment  (Dragoons),  and 
also  Mountcushel's  on  the  death  of  that 
olllcer.  He  took  part  in  many  of  the 
famous  victories  gained  by  the  armies 
of  Louis,  and  everywhere  oistinguished 
himself  by  his  daring  and  gallantry. 


LEP 


nUSH  CELTS. 


LEV 


He  ranked  as  a  general  officer  and  was 
inferior  to  but  few  in  military  ability. 

LELAND,  JOHN,  a  celebrated  Irish 
dissenting  divine,  was  a  native  of 
Dublin,  born  in  1691.  He  wrote  several 
works  in  refutation  of  the  irreligious 
and  deistical  writings  of  the  day,  and 
was  held  in  high  respect  for  learning 
and  ability,  especially  by  his  Presby- 
teiian  brethren.    He  died  in  1760. 

LELAND,  DR.  THOMAS,  a  divine 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  bom  in 
1733,  at  Dublin,  and  was  educated  at 
Trinity  College.  In  1763  he  became 
professor  of  oratory  in  that  institution. 
He  wrote  The  History  of  Ireland,  Life 
of  Philip  of  Macedon,  ADesertation  on 
the  Principles  of  Human  Eloquence, 
and  translated  the  orations  of  Demos- 
thenes and  Eschines,  besides  sermons, 
&c.    He  died  in  1785. 

LEPROHON,  MRS..  (Rosanna  Ele- 
nor  Mullins),  a  talented  female  writer 
of  Canada,  was  born  about  1830,  at 
Montreal,  of  Irish  parents,  and  gave 
evidence  at  an  early  age  of  that  high 
order  of  talents  that  afterwards  distin- 
guished her.  At  the  age  of  fourteen 
she  became  one  of  the  most  popular 
contributors  of  the  Literary  Garland, 
published  bj^  Jno.  Lovell,  of  Montreal. 
Her  tales  written  even  at  that  age  have 
^..  grace  and  finish  which  place  them 
among  the  choicest  literature  of  Can- 
ada, especially  "Ida  Beresford,"  which 
was  also  published  in  French.  Among 
her  other  works  of  tictionare  "Florence 
Fitz  Harding"  and  "Eva  Huntington," 
which  are  not  excelled  for  literary 
mer.t  by  any  of  her  American  cotem- 
poraries.  She  also  contributed  largely 
to  American  periodical  lilelrature,  ana 
her  productions  were  read  with  a 
healthy  pleasure.  In  1860  she  assisted 
in  conducting  the  Family  Herald,  and 
about  this  time  wrote  her  celebrated 
Canadian  tale  of  the  "Manor  House  of 
de  Yilloini,"  which  shows  Canadian 
manners,  habits,  tastes  and  customs, 
prior  to  the  American  revolution.  It 
18  a  work  not  only  valuable  as  a  liternrj- 
eHoi't,  but  still  more  aa  a  faithful 
record  of  manners,  customs  and  times  of 
a  period  which  has  passed  forever 
away,  and  although  treating  of  a 
people  in  the  wilderness,  it  otwns  to  our 
gaze  scenes  full  of  the  heroic,  the  ro- 
mantic and  the  true,  and  a  cidtivation 


which  might  shame  our  own,  by  lt» 
charming  simplicity  and  its  innate  no* 
bility.  Mrs.  Leprohon  not  only  excelled 
as  a  writer,  but  she  was  a  musical 
artist  of  rare  excellence  and  a  superior 
linguist. 

LESLIE   CHARLES,    son    of  the 

Protestant  Bishop  of  Clogher,  was  bom 
in  Ireland,  in  1650,  and  became  a  min« 
ister  of  the  Established  church.  He 
was  an  author  of  some  repute  in  con* 
troversial  works,  but  being  an  out- 
spoken adherent  of  the  Stuarts  he  re- 
ceived no  church  advancement.  He 
died  in  1733. 

LETT,  WM.  PITTMAN,  an  author 
and  writer  of  talent  in  Canada,  is  a 
native  of  Wexford  ,  Ireland,  and  emi- 
grated with  his  father  to  Canada  ia 
1820.  He  received  as  good  an  educa- 
tion as  the  country  afforded  in  that  early 
day  at  Bytown,  now  Ottawa,  and  Mon- 
treal. He  early  became  connected  with 
the  press  and  his  facile  pen  is  equally 
at  home  in  prose  or  verse,  while  the 
characteristic  wit  of  his  race,  he 
possesses  in  no  small  degree.  He  is  the 
author  of  humorous  letters  under  the 
non  de  plume  of  Sweeney  Ryan,  and 
"Recollections  of  Bytown  and  its  Inhabi- 
tants." The  following  verses  will  givo 
some  idea  of  his  poetic  talent,  while 
the  sentiments  are  such  as  every  true 
Irishman  must  admire : 

Come  let  us  in  this  far  off  land, 

From  Erin's  sea  girt  shore; 

Onn  blood,  one  race,  in  union  stand 

Round  memories  of  yore. 

To  day  we'll  gently  level  down 

The  barriers  that  divide, 

And  close  together,  hand  in  hand 

Stand  brothers',  side  by  side. 

We  ask  not  what  may  be  your  name,. 
Come  to  us  whence  you  may; 
We  ask  not  by  what  path  you  came, 
Or  whence  you  kneel  to  pray. 
Your  common  birtluight  of  the  land 
Is  all  we  ask  to  scan; 
To-day  we  offer  friendship's  hand 
To  every  Irishman. 

LEVER,  CHARLES,  one  of  the 
most  popular  and  piolific  of  modern 
novelist-j,  was  bo'n  in  Dublin,  Aug. 
31,  1806.  Ho  received  his  eihication 
partly  in  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and 
partly  on  the  continent.    He  at   first 


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adopted  the  profession  of  medicine, 
having  taken  bis  degree  at  Gottingen, 
and  was  attacned  to  the  English  Lega- 
tion at  Brussels,  as  physician.  He, 
however,  resigned  his  position  and  came 
to  Dublin,  where  for  some  time  he 
edited  the  Dublin  University  Magazine. 
His  first  published  novel  of  any  pre- 
tentions was  Harry  Lorreqner,  which 
■was  received  with  unbounded  delight 
and  opened  that  brilliant  literary  car- 
reer which  lasted  for  thirty  years,  an 
includes  a  whole  library  of 'the  most 
popular  and  amusing  flctio-a  produced 
in  our  times,  including  "Charles 
O'M"  -,  the  Irish  Dragoon,"  "Bar- 
,..^,"  "Jack  Hinton,"  "Con. 
rjre^an,"  "Kate  O'Donoghue,"  "Tom 
Burke  of  Ours,"  Davenport  Dunn," 
"Gerald  Fitzgerald,"  "Lord  Kilgob- 
bin,"  "Maurice  Tiernay,"  "That  Boy  r>f 
Norcotl's,"  "Arthur  O'Leary,"  Sec. 
Lever  spent  most  of  his  time 
in  France,  and  died  at  Trieste  in 
1872. 

LEVEROUS,  THOMAS,  an  Irish 
divine  and  confessor,  was  bishop  of 
Kiklare.  He  refused  to  take  the  oath 
of  spiritual  supremacy  under  Elizabeth, 
and  although  an  aged  prelate,  was  ex- 
pelled from  his  See  and  had  to  teach 
school  in  Limerick  to  support  himself. 
He  died  in  1577. 

LEWIS,  JOHN  TRAVERS,  L  L. 

D.,  a  distinguished  Canadian  divine,  of 
the  Episcopal  church,  is  a  native  of 
Cork,  where  he  was  born  in  1826.  He  en- 
tered Trinity  College  Dublin,  where  he 
graduated  as  senior  moderator  in  ethics 
and  logic.  He  was  gold  medalist  and 
obtained  the  degrees  of  D.  D.  B.  D. 
and  L  L.  D.  He  received  ordination 
in  his  21st  year  and  soon  after  came  to 
Canada.  He  first  ministered  in 
Hawl-esbury  and  next  in  Brockville. 
In  1802  he  was  elected  bishop  of  the 
new  Diocese  in  Ontario,  and  took  up 
residence  in  Kingston,  and  afterwards 
in  Ottawa.  He  is  the  author  of  "The 
Church  of  the  New  Testament."  "The 
Piimitive  Mode  of  Ordaining  Bishops," 
"Does  the  Bible  Require  l{etransla- 
tion,"  and  other  works  of  high  repute 
amongst  his  bretliren.  He  is  undoubt- 
edly one  of  the  ablest  and  most  scholar- 
ly of  his  churchmen  in  Canada. 

LINCOLN,  MOST     REV.   RICH- 
ARD, Archbishop  of  Dublin,  was  born 


in  Dublin,  about  1700,  and  was  educat- 
ed on  the  continent  and  embraced  the 
religious  life,  although  full  ol  danger  in 
his  native  land.  He  returned  to  Ireland 
and  administered  to  his  persecuted  peo- 
ple in  the  midst  of  the  uncertainties  of 
an  ever  threatening  penal  code.  He  was 
elevated  to  the  See  of  Dublin  in  1757, 
and  issued  many  noted  pastorals  in  the 
interest  of  peace  and  good-fellowship 
with  all,  recommending  due  submission 
and  allegiance  to  authority,  recommend- 
ing prayers  for  the  King  and  that  a 
solid  and  lasting  peace  might  be  had, 
and  the  effusion  of  christian  blood 
be  avoided.  He  also  had  some  clashing 
of  authority  with  the  Regular  Orders, 
which  matters  were  adjusted  in  Rome, 
and  the  privileges  of  the  Orders  closely 
niarked  and  defined.  He  died  Decem- 
ber, 1762,  and  was  buried  in  the  family 
vault,  St.  James  church-yard,  Dublin. 

LIVINUS,  SAINT  and  MARTYR, 
Colgan  says  he  was  Bishop  of  Dublin, 
and  Meyerus  calls  him  Archbishop  of 
Scotia  (Ireland).  He  was  of  royal  de- 
scent, and  born  in  Ireland  in  the  reign 
of  Coleman  Rimhe.  He  early  embraced 
a  religious  life  and  for  some  time  lab- 
ored in  Britain,  and  after  a  few  j^ears 
returned  to  Ireland  and  became  Bishop 
of  Dublin.  He  at  length  left  his  Sf;e  in 
charge  of  an  Arch-Deacon  "  Sylo- 
anus,"  and  went  to  the  continent,  where 
he  preached  with  great  Zealand  success, 
converting  many.  He  was  put  to  death 
bv  the  Pagans,' November  12,  033,  at 
Escha,  in  the  low  counties.  His  life 
was  written  by  Boniface,  Archbishop 
of  Mentz,  Masseus  and  Molandus  ii: 
the  Lives  of  the  Saints  of  Flanders'  give 
similar  accounts,  and  Bale  speaks  of 
bis  writings.  Benedict  XIV,  in  a  decree 
dated  Jufy  1st,  1747  calls  him  Bishop 
of  Dublin. 

LOCHRANE,  OSBORN  A.,  a  dis- 
tinguished American  jurist  and  orator, 
was  born  in  County  Armagh,  Ireland, 
August  22,  1829.  While  pursuing  his 
studies  at  college  he  was  noted  for  his 
fiery  eloquence,  and  having  indulged 
in  a  public  dispute  gave  voice  to  vio- 
lent denunciations  against  English  mis- 
rule in  Ireland.  His  father  to  save  him 
from  threatened  arrest  placed  him  on  a 
vessel  bound  for  New  York,  v/here  he 
arrived  December  21, 1846.  He  at  length 
found  his  way  to  Athens,  Georgia, 
where  he  was  engaged  in  a  drug  store. 


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when  he  delivered  a  lecture  on  temper- 
ance which  attracted  attention  by  its 
eloquence  and  elegance,  and  he  became 
noted  as  the  boy -orator.  Here  at  the 
suggestion  of  Chief  Justice  Lumpkin 
he  commenced  the  study  of  law,  devot- 
ins  his  evenings  to  the  task,  and  was 
a(Huitted  to  the  Bar  when  twenty  years 
of  age.  In  1850  he  opened  an  office  in 
Savannah,  where  he  formed  a  law  part- 
nership with  Henry  G.  Lamar,  a  distin- 
guished lawyer,  whose  daughter  he 
married.  He  soon  acquired  a  brilliant 
reputation  and  a  large  practice,  and  in 
1851  was  raised  to  the  bench  of  the 
Macoi:  Circuit.  In  1855  he  removed  to 
Atlanta,  and  in  1870  was  appointed 
Jud^e  of  f  he  Circuit,  and  in  1871  Chief 
Justice  of  the  State.  He  however  re- 
signed after  a  short  time  preferring  tc 
engage  in  tlie  active  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession to  which  his  brilliant  talents  are 
so  admirably  adapted.  He  probably 
stands  at  the  head  of  the  Bar  in  his 
state,  aud  his  efforts,  many  of  which 
have  been  published  in  pamphlqt  form 
are  greatlv  admired  for  their  classic 
beauty  and  eloquence. 


LOFTUS.  GENERAL  WILLLOI, 
a  distiuguished  officer  in  the  British 
army,  was  born  in  Ireland  in  1752,  and 
entered  the  army  at  an  early  age,  was 
at  different  times  a  member  of  both  the 
Irish  and  English  Parliaments.  He 
died  in  1881.  He  served  with  (Hstinc- 
tion  on  the  continent  and  in  various 
other  places,  and  rose  by  skill  and  bril- 
liant conduct  to  be  a  General. 


LOGAN,  CONELIUS  A. .  a  talented 
Irish  American  actor,  dramatist  and 
anthor,  was  born  of  Irish  parents  in 
Baltimore  in  1780,  and  was  educated 
at  St.  Mary's  College.  After  leaving 
school  he  made  several  trips  to  Europe 
as  supercargo.  He  afterwards  took  up 
journalism,  first  in  Baltimore  and  then 
in  New  York  city.  Possessing  drama- 
tic talent  and  taste  he  tried  the  stage 
and  displayed  considerable  aptitude  and 
power,  and  also  produced  several  suc- 
cessful dramas.  He  was  also  the  author 
of  poems  of  merit,  the  most  noted  of 
which  is  "The  Mississippi."  In  1840 
he  removed  to  Cincinnati.  He  was  the 
fatlier  of  the  celebrated  actresses  "Eli- 
ca  and  Cecilia  Logan,"  and  also  of 
••0Uve,""Mr8.  Sykes.'' 


LOGAN,  DR.  GEO.,  an  able  Ameri- 
can statesman  and  patriot,  was  a  grand- 
son of  James  Logan,  first  actinc  gover- 
nor of  Pennsylvania,  and  was  Dom  in 
Philadelphia  Sept-  9.  1758.  After  com- 
pleting his  preliminary  education  he 
studied  medicine  iu  Edinburg,  and  re- 
turned home  in  1779.  He  served  in  the 
Pennsylvania  legislature  several  terms, 
and  was  a  strong  supporter  of  Jefferson 
and  the  "Republican"  party.  In  1798, 
when  a  rupture  seemed  imminent  with 
France  Logan  went  to  Paris  as  a  volun- 
teer peacemaker,  and  was  savagely  de- 
nounced by  the  Federalists  for  so  doing, 
who  secured  the  passage  of  an  act, 
known  as  the  "  Logan  Act,"  making  it  a 
misdemeanor  for  a  private  citizen  to 
take  part  in  a  controversy  between  a 
foreign  power  aud  the  United  States. 
Dr.  Logan  was  elected  XJ.  S.  Senator  for 
a  full  term  in  1801,  and  iu 
1810  he  again  went  to  Europe  (Eng- 
land) in  the  interests  of  peace.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  Philosophical  Society 
and  of  the  Board  of  A  griculture,  and  u 
the  author  of  valuable  scientific  papsrs. 
He  died  at  Stentpn  April  9,  1821. 

LOGAN,  JAMES.an  able  and  learned 
man,  was  born  in  Irelnnd  in  1674,  and 
wh'^n  a  boy  was  put  as  an  apprentice  to 
a  lihen  draper.  H!s  spare  moments  he 
assiduously  spent  in  acquiring  knowl- 
edge and  soon  became  proficient  in 
Latin,  Greek,  Hebrew,  Italian  and 
Spanish,  besides  an  extensive  knowledge 
of   mathematics.    In  1699  he  accom- 

Eaniied  Wm.  Venn  to  Philadelphia  as 
is  secretary,  and  afterwards  filled  the 
office  of  colonial  secretary,  commissioner 
of  property,  and  governor  of  the  prov- 
ince. He  was  author  of  several  learned 
works,  and  his  "  Experimenta  Melete- 
mata  de  Plantarum  Generatione  is  a 
treatise  of  much  reputation.  He  died 
near  Philadelphia  in  1751. 

LOGAN,  GEN.  JOHN  A.,  an  able 
and  prominent  American  soldier  and 
statesman,  was  born  in  Jackson  county, 
111.,  Feb.  9, 1826.  His  father,  Dr.  John 
Logan,  was  a  native  of  Ireland,  wiio 
emigrated  to  the  United  States  in  1828, 
and  settled  in  Illinois  soon  after.  John 
A. 's  early  education  was  attended  to  at 
home,  the  facilities  for  schooling  I  ains 
in  his  early  day,  both  precr  rious  and 
meagre.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the 
Mexican  war  he  volunteeitd  as  a  pri- 
vate, was  chosen  a  lieutenant  in  the 


LOG 


nUSH  CKLT8. 


LOG 


First  Illinois  Infantiy,  and  served  witli 
distinction  during  the  war,  part  of  the 
time  as  Adjutant  of  the  Regiment.    On 
returning  from  the  war  he  commenced 
the  study  of  the  law.    In  1846  be  was 
elected  clerk  of  Jackson  County.    In 
1852  he  graduated  from  the  law  depart- 
ment   of    the  Louisville    University, 
was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  commenc- 
ed the  practice  of  his  profession.  In  the 
fall  of  the  same  year  he  was  sent  to  the 
legislature,  and  the  following  year  be- 
came prosecuting  attorney  of  the  third 
Judicial  District,  which  he  held  till  1857. 
He  was  a  Presidential  elector  on  the 
Buchanan  ticket;  in  1856  and  1858  he 
was  elected  to  Congress  as  a  Douglass 
democrat  and  re-elected  in  1860,  and 
supported  Stephen  A.  Douglass  for  the 
Presidency  that  year.     On  the  election 
of  Lincoln  he,  however,  declared  his 
purpose  of  shouldterin^  a  musket  if  nec- 
essary to  have  him  inaugurated,  and 
in  Julv,  1861,  he  took  part  in  the  disas- 
trous batMe  of  Bull  Run.  having  attach- 
ed himself  to  Col.  Richardson's  regi- 
ment as  it  marched  to  meet  the  enemy, 
and  was  one  of  the  last  to  abandon  the 
field.    After    the   battle  he   returned 
home,  resigned  his  seat  in  Congress 
and  organized  the  81st  Illinois  Infantry, 
believing  he  could  serve  his  country 
in  the  field  to  more  advantage  than  in  the 
halls  oflegislation.    His  first  encounter 
with  the  enemy  was  at  Belmont  in  [No- 
vember, when  he  led  a  successful  charge 
and  had  a  horse  shot  under  him.  He  was 
engaged  with  his  regiment  at  Fort  Henrv, 
and  at  Fort  DonaTson  he  was  severely 
wounded  while  gallantly  leading  the  as- 
sault.   He  reported  for  duty  again  to 
Gen.  Grant  at  Pittsburg  Landing,  and 
March  6th,  1863,  was  made  Brigadler- 
Oeneral  of  Volunteers.    In  the  move- 
•  ments  nround  Corinth  he  took  an  active 
part,  and  subsequently  at  Jackson,  Ten- 
nessee, was   in  command,  protecting 
railroad  communications.  He  was  asked 
by  his  constituents  to  stand  again  for 
Congress,  but  he  declined,  saying,     "I 
have  ei.tcred  the  field  to  die  if  nece&sary 
for  this  government,  and  never  expect 
io  return  to  pcnocful  pursuits  until  the 
object  of  this  war  of  preservation  has 
become  an   established  fact."    In  the 
Northern   Mississippi    campaign  Gen. 
Logan  commanded  the  8rd  Division  of 
the  17th  Armv  Corps,  under  Gen.  Mo- 
Phersoc,  exhibiting  a  skill  and  bravery 
which  stamped  him  as  a  born  soldier, 
and  justly  secured  for  him  promotion 


as  Major-General  dating  from  Nov., 
1863.  He  participated  with  his  com- 
mand in  the  battles  of  Port  Gibson,  Ray- 
mond, Jackson  and  Champion  Hill.  In 
the  campaign   before    Vicksburg   he 

freatly  distinguished  himself,  and  on  the 
5th  of  June  headed  the  assault,  his 
column  being  the  first  to  enter  the  cap- 
tured city,  and  he  was  appointed  Its 
Military  Governor.    In  Nov.,  1863,  he 
was  placed  in  command  of  the  15th 
Army  Corps,  and  in  the  spring  follow- 
ing he  joined  Qen.   Sherman  on  his 
move  into  Georgia.  •  At  the  battle  near 
Reseca  he  led  the  advance  and  repulsed 
Hardee  at  Dallas,   capturing  the  works 
of  the  enemy  at  Kenesaw  Mountain.  At 
the  desperate  fight  at  Atlanta,  Julv,  22, 
Logan  greatly  distinguished  himself, and 
when  the  gallant  McPherson  fell  Logan 
succeeded   him   in   command  of   the 
Army  of  the  Tennessee.    After  the  fall 
of  Atlanta,  Sept.  1st,  1864,  Logan  went 
home  and  took  a  prominent  part  in  the 
^ ' -jsidential  campaign  in  Illinois.    He 
iri joined  his  troops  at  Savannah  after 
Sherman's  "march  to  the  sea,"  and  re- 
mained in  active  duty  till  after  the  sur- 
render of  the  Confederate  leader.  Gen. 
Jos.  E.  Johnson.    As  soon  as  active 
duty  was  over  he  resigned  and  was  of- 
fered the  mission  to  Mexico,  which  he 
declined.    In  1866  he  was  elected  to 
Congress,  and  was  one  of  the  managers 
iir  the  impeachment  trial  of  President 
Johnson.    In  1866  he  was  re-elected, 
and  was  made  chairman  of  the  commit- 
tee  on  military  affairs  and  secured  the 
passage  of  the  act  for  the  reduction  of 
the  army.   He  was  re-elected  for  a  third 
time  to  the  House,  but  before  Congress 
met  he  was  chosen  U.  S  Senator  from 
his  native  state  for  the  term  commenc- 
ing March  4,  1871,  and  was  chairman 
of  the  committee  on  military  aifairs  of 
that  IxKiy  during  most  of  his  terra.  His 
moat  noted  efforts  during  his  term  of  of- 
fice was   the  defense    of    Gen.  Grant 
against  an    attack    of  Chas.  Sumner 
June  8,  1872.  reply  to  Senator  Gordon 
on  the  Euklux  in  Louisiana,  Jan.  18, 
1875.    He  failed  to  secure  a  re-  election 
in  1876,  a  popular  current  having  set  in 
against  the  ultra  views  of  the  Republi- 
can "arty,  and  after  the  expiration  of 
the  senatorial  term,  ending  March  8, 
1877,  he  resumed  the  practice  of  the 
law,  opening  an  ofllce  in  Chioago.    He, 
however,  was  again  returned  as  a  sena* 
tor  in  1878  and  took  his  seat  March  18, 
1870,  and  on  the  following  June  made 


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his  great  speech,  "Ou  the  Power  of  the 
GovernmeDt  to  enforce  United  States 
Laws."  Gen.  Logan  is  a  man  of  strilting 
personal  appearance,  of  soldierly  pres- 
ence, dark  complexion,  w  ith  jet  black 
hair,  and  strongly  defined  features,  giv- 
ing an  impression  of  CTeat  energy  and 
determination,  which  n  is  reputation  so 
well  sustains.  He  is  a  forcible  and  elo- 
quent speaker, full  of  ma^netism.flre  and 
earnestness,  endowed  with  all  the  great 
qualities  of  a  leader  of  men.  In  1855 
he  married  Miss  May  S.  Cunningham, 
a  lady  of  superior  accomplishments  and 
CeUic  like  himself.  She  has  taken  an 
active  part  in  advancing  the  political 
aspirations  of  her  husband,  attending  to 
his  large  correspondence,  receiving  and 
entertaining  his  friends,  and  attracting 
them  by  her  brilliant  social  qualities. 

LOGAN  OLIVE,  (Mrs.  Svkes),  a 
sister  of  Elizu,  the  popular  and  talented 
American  actress,  and  daughter  of  Cor- 
nelius A.  Logan,  was  born  in  New  York 
in  1841.  Like  her  sisters  she  too  made 
her  appearance  on  the  stage,  first  in 
Philadelphia  in  1854.  She  went  to  Eng 
land  to  pursue  a  course  of  study  at  a  fe- 
male college,  and  while  there  contribut- 
ed to  periodicals — both  in  Engiish  and 
French — and  produced  two  novels.  She 
returned  home,  and  in  1S64  appeared  at 
Wallack's,  N.  Y.,  in  a  play  of  her  own 
"Eveleen."  and  made  a  starring  tour  of 
the  States.  In  1868  she  retired  from  the 
stage  to  devote  herself  to  litprature  and 
the  cause  of  woman's  rights  and  kindred 
"advanced"  ideas.  She  has  published 
a  couple  volumes  of  "Lectures  and  Es- 
says, and  has  acted  as  Paris  correspon- 
dent to  American  papers  and  periodi- 
cals. She  has  spent  much  of  her  lime 
of  late  years  in  France  and  also  in 
Wales,  where  her  husband,  WirtSykea, 
is  American  Consul.  As  an  actress  she 
never  reached  the  prominence  of  her 

gifted  sisters,  but  as  a  writer,  aside  from 
er  hobbies,  she  displays  considerable 
ability  and  culture. 

LOMBARD,  PETER,  a  learned  Irish 
divine,  antiquarian  and  historian,  was 
born  in  Waterford  about  1550.  He  was 
educated  at  Westminster  under  Cam- 
den, where  he  distinguished  himself. 
He  completed  his  education  at  Louvaln, 
and  there  received  the  Doctor's  Cap.  He 
was  for  a  time  provost  of  tlio  Cathedral 
of  Canterbury,  and  afterwards  was  ap- 
pointed Archuishop  of  Armagh  and  pri- 


mate of  all  Ireland.  He  was  also  dom* 
estic  prelate  to  the  Pope,  Clement  VIII, 
and  died  in  Rome  in  1625.  He  wrote 
in  Latin  a  commentary  on  the  History 
of  Ireland,  which  was  printed  in  Lou- 
vain  in  1632,  just  after  his  death.  He 
must  not  be  confounded  with  Peter 
Lombard,  who  was  Archbishop  of  Paris 
about  1160. 

LONDONDERRY.CHARLES  WIL- 
LIAM STEWART,  Marquis  of,  and 
half  brother  of  Lord  Castlereagh,  an 
able  BriHsh  diplomat  and  soldier,  was 
born  in  Dublin  May  18, 1778.  He  early 
joined  the  army  and  served  on  the  Con- 
tinent during  .the  wars  6f  the  French 
Revolution.  In  1801  he  accompanied 
Abercrombie  to  Egypt,  and  the  same 
year  was  elected  to  Parliament;  l)ecame 
aide-de-camp  to  the  King,  and  in  1803 
Under  Secretary  of  the  war  department. 
He  distinguished  himself  under  Sir 
John  Moore  in  Spain,  1808-9,  and  was 
Adjutant-General  to  Sir  Arthur  'Welles- 
ley  (Wellington),  and  for  gallantry  at 
Talavera  and  other  desperate  battles  he 
received  the  thanks  of  Parliament,  and 
the  order,  of  the  Bath.  He  was  sent  as 
ambassador  to  Berlin  in  1818  and  tx> 
Vienna  in  1814,  and  was  a  member  of 
tlie  "  Vienna  Congress"  in  1815.  In  the 
meantime  he  became  lieutenant-general 
and  Baron  Stewart.  In  1822,  on  the 
death  of  his  brother,  he  succeeded  as 
Marquis  of  Londonderry,  and  in  1828 
was  made  Earl  Vane  and  Viscount  Sea- 
ham  in  the  peerage  of  the  United  King- 
dom. He  was  made  a  full  General  m 
1887  and  a  Knight  of  the  Garter  in  1852. 
He  died  in  London  March  6,  1864.  He 
is  the  author  of  a  "History  of  the  Pen- 
iusular  War,"  1801-'13,  and  edited  the 
"Correspondence  of  Lord  ('u3tlereagh," 
his  brother.  He  was  a  man  of  much 
public  spirit,  and  in  developing  the  vast 
estate  of  his  wife  in  Durham  he  con- 
structed at  his  own  expense  the  harbor 
of  Seaham. 

LONDONDERRY,ROBERT  STEW- 
ART, Marquis  of,  an  ahle  but  unwTu- 
pulous  British  stutesinan,  better  known 
as  Lord  Castlereagh,  and  who  possesHcs 
the  unenviable  notoriety  of  being  tlie 
tool  of  the  English  Governmi-nl  in 
bringing  about  tlie  denationalizuiion  of 
his  country  by  the  act  of  Union,  was, 
born  in  Ireland  in  17t!0,  and  completed 
his  education  at  St.  John's  college,  Can- 
terbury.   In  his  twenty-first  year  he- 


LOV 


IBI8H  CELTS. 


LOW 


was  returned  to  the  Irish  Parliament  as 
member  for  the  County  of  Down.  He 
commenced  his  political  career  as  a  par- 
liamentary reformer  and  a  defender  of 
Irish  rights,  but  it  was  not  long  before 
he  joined  the  opposite  party.  In  1797 
he  was  appointed  Chief  Secretary  to  the 
Viceroy  of  Ireland,  and  commenced  his 
scheme  for  the  demoralization  of  the 
Irish  Parliament  by  intimidation  and 
bribery,  which  ended  in  the  suicide  of 
the  nation.  Hewasafittool — brilliant, 
talented,  brave  to  rashness,  full  of  im- 
petuosity, and  unscrupulous  to  the  last 
degree  in  the  use  of  means  to  accom 
plish  his  ends,  and  of  fine  personal  ap- 
pearance he  combined  all  the  requisities 
to  successfully  accomplish  his  bad  de- 
signs. On  the  accomplishment  of  the 
Union  he  entered  the  English  Parlia- 
liient,  and  in  1805  was  Minister  of  War, 
and  afterwards  in  1807,  but  having  a 
disagreement  with  Canning,  which  re- 
sulted in  a  duel,  he  resigned  in  1809.  In 
1811  he  became  head  of  the  foreign  de- 
partment, and  was  looked  upon  as  one 
of  the  ablest  and  most  promising  Eng- 
lish statesmen.  In  1814  he  was  pleni- 
potentiaiy  extraordinary  to  the  Con- 
gress of  Vienna,  which  decided  the  fate 
of  Europe.  He  continued  in  place  at 
the  head  of  the  foreign  department  up 
to  the  time  of  his  death,  and  would  un- 
doubtedly have  reached  the  acme  of 
an  English  statesman's    ambition,  thQ 

Eremievship,  had  he  not  put  an  end  to 
is  own  existence  in  a  fit  of  insanity  on 
the  12th  of  August,  1822— a  fitting  ter- 
mination to  one  who  instigated  the  na- 
tional suicide  of  his  own  country. 

LONG,  ST.  JOHN,  a  celebrated 
medical  practitioner,  was  a  native  of 
Limerick  who  acquirrd  great  fame  in 
London  for  his  success  in  curing  con- 
sumption and  other  chronic  diseases 
He  suffered  considerable  persecution 
from  the  jealousy  of  the  regular  frater- 
nity, (not  being  a  regular  graduate)  hav- 
ing been  twice  put  on  his  trial  for  the 
death  of  patients.  On  each  occasion, 
however,  he  had  had  the  testimony  of 
over  fifty  persons  of  the  highest  stand- 
ing in  society,  who  appeared  in  his  fa- 
vor. Ho  acquired  a  lai*ge  fortune,  but 
died  at  the  early  age  of  86  years.in  1884. 
He  published  "Discoveries  in  the  Art 
of  Haling." 

LOYELL.  JOHN, the  most  enterprising 
and  suceesaf  ul  of  Canadian  pubUshers, 


is  a  native  of  Ireland,  who  built  by  his 
tact,  energy  and  foresight,  in  the  midst 
of  mrny  obstacles,  a  great  publishing 
house,  and  sustained  for  mai.y  years  the 
only  literary  periodical  worthy  of  the 
name  published  in  the  English  language 
in  Canada,  the  "Literary  Garland," 
whose  contributors  were  mostly  Irish* 
Canadians,  such  as  Mr.  Moodie,  Mr. 
Naill,  Mrs.  Leprohon.  Mr.  Lovell  has 
established  branches  of  his  house  at 
Rouse's  Point  on  the  American  line  and 
in  Toronto,  The  original  house  being 
in  Montreal. 

LOVER,  SAMUEL,  a  witty  and 
talented  novelist  and  song  writer,  was 
bom  in  Ireland  in  1797.  He  first  gave 
his  attention  to  painting  and  gained  some 
reputation  as  an  artist,  exhibiting  at 
the  Royal  Academy  in  1833.  During 
this  time,  however,  his  pen  was  not  idle, 
and  he  published  his  first  literary  ven- 
ture in  Dublin,  "Lesrends  and 
Shrines  of  Ireland,"  with  illustrations 
sketched  by  himself,  which  was  well  re- 
ceived and  brought  to  the  author  both 
reputation  and  money.  This  was  fol- 
lowed by  a  second  series  'published  in 
London  in  1834.  He  afterwards  per- 
manentlv  took  up  his  residence  in  Lon- 
don, and  was  a  popular  contributor  to 
the  literature  of  the  day,  besides  pro> 
ducing  some  of  the  most  witty  and  po- 
pular novels  in  the  English  language, 
among  them  "Handy  Andy,  one  of  the 
mostmughable  and  witty  of  novels.  He 
also  acquired  'a  wide  reputation  as  a 
song  writer,  producing  Rorv  O'More, 
MoUyBawn,  Low-backed  Car,  Molly 
Carew,  and  other  popular  Irish  songs. 
He  paid  a  visit  to  the  United  States  in 
1847,  and  wa>  well  received.  He  died 
in  1868. 

LOWE.  SIR  HUDSON,  a  prominent 
British  soldier  and  better  known  by  his 
connection  with  Napoleon,  as  governor 
of  St.  Helena  during  his  entire  impris- 
onment on  that  island,  was  born  in 
Galway  July  21, 1769.  He  entered  the 
armv  and  sei'ved  on  the  continent  and 
in  Egypt,  and  distinguished  himself  on 
the  Peninsular,  also  served  in  Naples 
and  Sicily;  took  pHrt  in  the  conquest  of 
the  Ionian  Isles  and  became  their  first 
governor;  was  employed  in  secret  mis- 
sions to  Portugal  and  Sweden,  and 
participated  in  the  battl^  of  Bentzen. 
He  carried  to  London  the  first  news  of 
the  abdication  of  Napoleon,  and  was 


M 

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LUT 


misn  CELTS. 


LYN 


made  a  Knight  and  promoted  to  be  a 
Maior-General ;  was  Quartermaster-Gen- 
eral of  the  army  of  the  Netherlands  the 
following  year,  but  was  removed  by  the 
Duke  of  Wellington.  He  was  after- 
wards appointed  to  take  charge  of  the 
prison  of  Napoleon,  as  Governor  of  St, 
Helena,  and  the  manner  in  which  he 
I)erfonnecI  his  task  has  been  almost 
universally  denounced  for  its  stringency 
and  want  of  feeling.  He  wrote  a  de- 
fense of  bis  conduct  in  French  in  1880, 
and  a  "History  of  the  Captivity  of 
Napoleon  from  his  Journal "  was  pub- 
lished in  1853.  After  the  death  of  Na- 
poleon he  served  in  India,  and  became 
a  Lieutenant- General  in  1820.  He  died 
July  10,  1844,  in  London. 

LUCAN,  Earl  of  (George  C.  Bing- 
ham), a  gallant  soldier  in  the  British  ser- 
X     N  vice,  was  born  in  1800  at   Castlebar, 

Ireland,  and  is  of  the  same  family  as 
•  the  celebrated  Irish  patriot,  Patrick 
Sarsfleld.  Our  subject  early  entered 
the  army,  and  became  Colonel  of  the 
17th  Lancers.  He  commanded  a  divi- 
sion in  the  Crimea,  and  participated  in 
the  gallant  charge  at  Balaclava  where 
he  greatly  distinguished  himself. 

LUCAS,  CHARLES,  an  Irish  phy- 
sician and  patriot,  was  born  in  1713, 
and  after  completing  his  education  in 
,  Dublin  he  adopted  the  profession  of 

medicine.  He  early  took  an  active 
interest  in  the  affair',  of  his  country,  and 
became  a  member  of  the  Irish  Parlia- 
ment, where  he  distinguished  himself 
as  an  able  and  ardent  upholder  of  Irish 
rights  and  a  strong  oponcnt  of  govern- 
ment schemes.    He  aied  in  1771. 

LUGADH-LAIGHIS,  a  celebrated 
soldier  of  the  province  of  Leinster,  was 
born  about  A.  D.  100.  He  defeated 
the  King  of  Munster  in  several  bloody 
encounters  and  compelled 'him  to  sue 
for  peace.  He  was  rewarded  by  large 
tracts  of  lands  in  the  Queen's  Connty, 
which  his  descendants,  the  O'Mordhais 
or  O'Moore;  held  till  the  days  of  Eliza- 
beth. 

LUTTREL,  SIMON,  a  brave  and 
able  Iiish  officer.  He  commenced  his 
military  career  by  taking  up  arms  in 
support  of  JamesII,  and  went  to  France 
with  his  regiment  after  the  defeat  of 
that  cause  and  the  treaty  of  Limerick. 
He  became  Colonel  of  the  Queen's  Re- 


giment of  Infantry,  and  gained  honor- 
able mention  for  skill  and  daring  on 
various  occasions  from  1691  !to  '96,  ris- 
ing to  the  ranks  of  general  officer.  He 
participated  in  many  of  the  famous  vic- 
tories, which  rendered  French  arms  so 
glorious  in  the  days  of  Louis  XIV,  and 
to  the  results  of  which  Irish  valor  so 
largely  contributed. 

LYNCH,  ..RCHBISHOP,  a  distin- 
guished  Catholic  divine  and  prelate, 
of  the  Province  of  Ontario,  Canada, 
was  bom  near  Clones,  county  Mona- 
ghan,  Ireland.  After  completing  his 
eclesastical  ed  ucation  he  joined  the  order 
of  the  Lazerists  and  was  sent  to  Amer- 
ica on  the  mission,  his  first  field  being 
Texas,  where  the  labors  of  a  true  mis- 
sionary were  not  only  necessaty  but  la- 
borious to  the  last  degree.  He  visited 
Rome  severa  times  in  connection  with 
his  duties,  find  ij  the  mean  time  es- 
tablished a  House  of  his  order  at  Niag- 
ara. In  1859  he  was  appointed  coadju- 
ter  to  Bishop  de  Charbonel  of  Toronto, 
and  the  following  year  succeeded  to  the 
See.  In  1862  he  again  visited  Rome  and 
was  made  a  prelate  assistant  to  the  Pon- 
tificial  throne.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  Vatican  Council  and  supported  the 
dogma  of  Papal  Infalibility  from  the 
first.  In  1870  Toronto  was  raised  to  a 
metropolitan  see  and  he  became  arch- 
bishop of  the  province  of  upper  Cana- 
da. The  archbisliop  is  a  very  istrone 
advocate  for  total  abstainancc,  and  al- 
ways took  a  prominent  part  in  all  dis- 
cussions in  which  the  interests  of  the 
church  or  morality  were  concerned.  He 
was  a  great  patron  of  learning,  and  un- 
der his  administration  institutions  of 
learning  sprang  up  and  were  fostered, 
in  'his  archdiocese,  and  the  child  of 
genius  was  sure  to  receive  encourage- 
ment and  help  when  needed  from  me 
benevolent  prelate. 

LYNCH,  DON  PATRICK,  a  fam- 
ous commander,  both  by  sea  and  land, 
of  the  Republic  of  Chill,  and  probably 
the  ablest  which  the  South  American 
Republics  have  as  yet  produced,  was 
the  son  of  an  Irish  emigrant  who  set- 
tled in  Chili,  and  who  .acquired  wealth 
and  distinction  as  a  merchant,  Our  sub- 
ect  was  born  at  Santiago  in  1824,  and 
egan  his  naval  cateer  at  the  age  of  Id 
years,  when  he  accompanied  the  expedi- 
tion which  was  sent  ty  Chili  in  1887  to 
liberate  Peru  from  the  tyranny  of  Santa 


l: 


LYN 


IBIBH  CBLT8 


LTN 


Crux,  a  Bolivian,  who  had  seized  the 
Peruvian  government  and  annexed  it 
to  Bolivia  with  the  ultimate  design  of 
establishing  himself  on  a  throne  over 
both.  Our  youthful  hero  served  on  the 
sloop  of  war  Libertad,  and  he  exhibited 
so  much  intelligence  and  pluck  that  the 
Chilian  government  sent  him  to  Eng- 
land for  a  naval  training.  He  served 
under  Admiral  Ross  in  the  war  against 
China  on  board  the  frigate  Calliope, 
commanded  by  a  brother  Celt,  Sir 
Thomas  Herbert.  While  in  the  British 
service  he  was  repeatedly  complimented 
for  gallantry  and  skill,  and  during  his 
stay  visited  all  the  celebrated  ports  of 
the  Mediterranean  and  many  naval  sta- 
tions throughout  the  world,  and  being 
a  close  observer  and  a  thorough  student 
he  became  highly  cultivated  and  exten- 
sively informed  on  all  the  sciences  of 
peace  and  war.  In  1847  ho  returned  to 
Chili  and  entered  \  he  navy  as  a  lieuten- 
ant, and  in  1850  was  in  command  of  a 
fHgate.  In  1854  he  retired  from  the 
service,  desiring  a  more  active  life,  en- 
tering into  the  political  and  business 
life  of  the  Republic,  and  exerting  a 
powerful  influence  in  public  affairs.  In 
1865,  when  trouble  again  arose  between 
Spain  and  her  old  colonies  Lynch  again 
entered  the  naval  service,  was  made 
Governor  of  Valparaiso,  organizer  of 
the  National  Guards,  and  commander 
of  naval  defences.  His  skill,  enterprise 
and  genius  soon  placed  the  Republic  in 
a  state  of  security.  In  1872  he  was  made 
Minister  of  Maritime  A£Fairs.  In  1879 
Peru  and  Bolivia,  forgetful  of  the  good 
offices  which  Oiili  had  repeatedly  per- 
formed for  them  when  in  di.stress,  and 
influenced  by  bad  advisers,  who  un- 
doubtedly had  sinister  puqxtses  of  their 
own  to  work  out,  declared  war  against 
O.ili.  In  this  war  Lynch  has  taken  a 
prominent  part  from  the  first;  and  it  has 
been  mainly  through  his  policy,  plans 
and  exertions  that  It  resulted  so  glori- 
ously for  Chili.  He  it  was  who  "carried 
the  war  into  Africa,"  and  although  the 
Chilians  were  inferior  in  numbers  they 
were  superior  in  dlMcipliue,  and  by  the 
energy  and  skill  of  Lynch  in  a  orief 
time  exclusive  masters  ot  the  coast.  He 
it  was  who  planned  the  expedition 
against  the  northern  part  of  Peru, 
which  was  the  great  base  of  supplies  to 
the  allies.  Placing  his  fleet  in  a  favor- 
able position  he  entered  the  country, 
which  up  to  that  time  had  not  tasted 
the  ravages  of  war.    With  a  small  body 


of  disciplined  men  he  overrawed  the 
whole  country,  cutting  off  and  capturing 
supplies  and  taking  cities  of  ten  thous- 
and inhabitants.  He  traversed  through 
the  whole  country,  and  at  length  reach- 
ed  the  main  army,  which  was  about  in- 
vesting Lima.  He  took  a  prominent 
part  in  the  battles  of  Miraflores  and 
Chonilles  where  the  Chilians  defeated 
nearly  twice  their  numbers;  the  Peru- 
vians being  strongly  posted  and  40,000 
strong,  well  supplied  with  all  the  mo- 
dern  appliances  of  war.  Lima,  the 
capital,  and  Caliao,  the  strongest  fort- 
ress in  South  America,  now  fell  into 
the  hands  of  the  victors  as  the  results 
of  those  victories,  and  the  war  was  prac- 
tically ended.  Lynch  was  subsequent- 
ly appointed  commander-in-chief  of  the 
army  of  occupation,  with  civil  as  w«ll 
militarv  powers.  He  established  order 
throughout  the  occupied  territory,  and 
supported  the  administration  of  justice 
and  law.  He  also  favored  the  re-estab- 
lishing of  a  |new  government,  with 
which  they  naight  make  a  treaty,  and 
which  might  be  strong  enough  to  carry 
out  its  obligations.  Calderon,  a  prom- 
inent Peruvian,  called  a  government 
into  existence,  and  Lynch  gave  it  sry- 
port  and  supplied  it  with  a  certam 
amount  of  arms,  which  he  at  length 
discovered  were  being  used  bygueml- 
las  with  whom  Calderon  was  conniv- 
ing,,for  a  sudden  massacre  of  the  Chili- 
ans. Lynch  acted  promptly,  placed 
Calderon  under  arrest,  and  stamped  out 
the  plot  and  plotters.  This  act  called 
down  a  storm  of  denunciation  on  Lynch 
by  interested  legislators  and  diplomats 
in  the  United  States  and  elsewhere,  and 
efforts  were  made  to  have  the  United 
States  interfere;  but  the  action  of  Lynch 
was  lustifled  by  national  law,  and  he 
stood  by  his  acts  in  a  determine  and 
fearless  manner.  Lvnch  is  stili  master 
of  the  situation  ana  stands  where  his 
talents  and  great  abilities  entitle  him, 
the  most  conspicious  figure  in  South 
America,  and  the  leader  In  anew  era  of 
developement  and  prosperity  for  the 
Spanish  American  States.  i 


LYNCH,   CAPT.    HENRY  B.,    a 

talented  and  daring  officer  of  the  British 
navy,  was  born  in  Ireland  in  1798.  Dis- 
tinguiuhed  for  explorations  in  Africa, 
and  on  the  Dead  Sea  and  commanded 
the  British  squadron  in  India.  He  died 
in  Paris  in  1878. 


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LYN 


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LYNCH,  SIR  HENRY,  an  Irish 
lawyer  of  eminence,  whose  father 
was  also  a  prominent  lawyer  and  mem- 
ber of  the  Irish  parliament  at  the  time 
of  the  rebellion  of  1640.  Our  sublect 
was  born  in  County  Oalway  about  1630, 
and  having  adopted  the  law  soon  be- 
came distinguished  for  his  learning  and 
eloquence,  and  rose  to  the  bench  as  one 
of  the  barons  of  the  exchequer.  He  died 
about  1708. 

LYNCH,  REV.  JOHN,  and  able  an 
learned  Irish  divine,  was  bom  in  Oal- 
way about  1620.  After  completing  his 
education  on  the  continent  he  became 
a  priest,  and  afterwards  ai*chdeacon  of 
Tuam.  In  1663  he  was  obliged  to 
abandon  his  native  land  and  he  settled 
in  France,  where  he  devoted  his  time 
between  priestly  labor  and  writing  in 
defense  of  his  injured  country.  Among 
otber  works  he  published  is  a  folio  vol- 
ume entitled  "Cambrensis  Eyersus," 
1662.  He  wrote  under  the  name  of 
* '  Gratianus  Lucius. " 

LYNCH,  JOHN,  a  prominent  poli- 
tician of  Maine,  of  Irish  descent,  bom  at 
Portland  February  16,  1826,  received 
an  ordinary  education  and  entered  a 
merchantile  houie,  was  honored  by  his 
fellow  citizens  with  places  of  trust  and 
was  elected  to  Congress  in  1864,  where 
he  was  noted  for  ability  espicially  in  fi- 
nancial matters. 

LYNCH,  RT.  REV.  PATRICK 
NIESEN,  D.D.,  third  Roman  Catholic 
bishop  of  Charleston,  was  born  in  Ire- 
land 1817,  emigrated  to  South  Carolina 
with  his  parents,  who  settled  in  Che- 
aaw,  on  the  Pee  Dee  river,  in  1819.  On 
the  advice  of  Bishop  England  the  young 
aspirant  for  eclesinstical  labors  was 
Kent  to  the  seminary  of  St.  John  the 
Baptist  at  Charleston.  So  close  was  the 
application  of  the  young  student  that 
he  injured  his  healln  and  was  reluctant- 
ly compelled  to  return  home,  where  the 
fresh  air  and  plenty  of  out  door  occu- 
pation soon  established  his  natural  vig- 
or, and  he  developed  into  that  fine  com- 
manding physical  presence  which  ever 
afterwardB  distinguished  him.  Having 
recuperated,  he  again  resumed  his 
studies  at  St,  John's,  and  ultimately 
went  to  Rome,  where  he  entered  the 
College  of  the  Propni^anda.  There  he 
4istingiiished  himseli  by  his  superior 
ability,  and  graduated  with  high  honors, 


taking  the  degeee  of  Doctor  of  Divioi> 
ty.  He  was  still  under  the  canonical 
age  for  ordination,  but  was  ordained  in 
the  Eternal  city  in  1840,  and  immedi- 
afterwards  returned  to  Charleston  and 
was  stationed  in  the  cathedral,  where 
he  coatinued  to  perform  the  work  of 
the  ministry  till  the  death  of  Bishop 
England  and  the  consecration  of  Bish- 
op Reynolds  in  1844.  By  Bishop  Rey- 
nolds he  was  appointed  pastor  of  St. 
Mary's  church,  principal  of  the  Colle- 
giate Institute  and  vicar-general  of  the 
diocese.  The  positions  he  held  for  up- 
ward of  ten  years,  till  the  death  of 
Bishop  Reynolds  in  1866,  when  he  be- 
came administrator  of  the  vacant  see. 
On  March  14, 1868,  he  was  consecrat- 
ed bishop  of  the  diocese.  The  civil 
war  proved  very  disasterous  to  his  flock 
and  the  bishop  spent  much  of  his  time 
North  in  the  interest  of  his  distressed 
church.  He  lectured  and  preached  es- 
pecially in  the  East  very  extensively, 
and  became  very  popular  as  an  eloquent 
and  learned  lecturer  and  preacher.  He 
was  troubled  for  a  number  of  years 
with  a  paiuf  ul  and  dangerous  disease, 
which  his  physicians  said  required  rest 
and  a  sedentary  life,  but  the  bishop 
could  not  remam  idle  while  any  duty 
remained  unfulfilled,  and  to  do  this  re- 
quired constant  labor  and  trial.  In  1877 
be  underwent  a  painful  surgical  opera- 
tion which  ga^e  but  temporary  relief. 
He,  however,  continued  his  labors  and 
his  trouble  becoming  exceedingly  pain- 
ful and  dan^rous  he  at  last  consented 
to  go  to  Florida  for  rest  and  a  change  of 
air.  Rest  however  came  sooner  than 
expected,  for  before  he  could  complete 
his  preparations  his  strength  gave  way 
and  he  gradually  sank  tilfhe  died  Sun- 
day February  26,  1882.  He  was  the 
author  of  theolo^cal  and  scientific  pa- 
pers, and  participated  in  the  Vatican 
Council  supporting  the  doctrine  of  in- 
falibility. 

LYNCH,  THOMAS,  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence, was  of  Irish  parentage,  born  in 
South  Carolina  in  1749.  Was  sent  to 
England  to  complete  his  education  and 
commenced  the  study  of  the  Jaw  in  the 
Tempi  In  1772  he  returned  home  and 
was  sent  as  a  delegate  to  the  Continen- 
tal Congress,  being  one  of  the  youngest 
members  of  that  famous  body.  Fail- 
ing health  making  a  change  of  climate 
necessary  he  embarked  in  a  vessel  for 


LYN 


IBIBH  CELTS. 


MAO 


iSua- 
the 

PB- 

tican 
Ifin- 


St.  Eustatia  in  1779.    The  ship  was 
never  heard  of  after  leaving  port. 

LYNCH,  THOMAS,  a  patriot  of  the 
American  Revolution,  was  born  in  Ire- 
land, emigrated  to  the  United  States 
and  settled  in  South  Carolina  at  an 
•early  day.  He  took  a  prominent  part 
in  denouncing  British  assumption,  and 
was  a  delegate  to  the  Continental  Con- 
fess from  1774  to  1776  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  son,  the  signer  of  that 
name. 

LYNCH,  COM.  WM.  P.,  a  talented 
American  naval  oflScer  of  L'ish  descent 
born  in  Virginia  in  1801.  In  1858  he 
conducted  an  official  survey  of  the 
Dead  sci  and  the  Jordan.  In  1861  he 
Attached  himself  to  the  fortunes  ot  his 
state  and  was  appointed  commander  in 
the  Confederate  navy.  He  died  in 
1865. 

LYNDHURST,  JOHN  SINGLE- 
TON COPLEY,  LORD,  a  distinguish- 
ed jurist  and  le^slator  of  Great  Britain 
wau  a  son  of  Copley  the  Irish  American 
painter  and  was  bom  in  Boston,  Mass., 
May  21,  1772.  He  went  to  England 
with  his  mother  in  1774,  his  father  being 
already  there  practicing  his  profession. 
Our  subject  graduated  with  high  hon- 
ors at  Cambridge  in  1794,  and  became 
a  fellow  of  Trinity  college.  He  visited 
America  to  see  about  the  recovery  of 
his  father's  property  which  had  been 
hypothecated  by  an  agent,  but  failed, 
for  which  reason  the  family  remained  in 
England.  Our  subject  was  called  to 
the  bar  in  1802,  and  soon  won  distinc- 
tion. In  lbl3  he  was  a  sergeant-at-law, 
and  chiuf -justice  of  Chester  in  1817.  He 
entered  Parliament  as  a  Tory  in  1818, 
aud  was  knighted  and  made  solicitor- 

feneral  in  1819;  was  counsel  of  George 
V  in  the  trial  of  Queen  Catherine,  1820, 
and  became  aitoruey-ceneral  in  1828; 
represented  Cambridge  m  Parliament  in  i 
18:^6,  and  was  made  master  of  the  rolls. 
In  1827  he  was  appointed  Lord  Chan- 
•cellor  and  raised  to  the  peerage  as  Bar- 
on Lyudburst.  Was  chief  !>aron  of  the 
Exchequer  in  1880,  and  high  steward 
of  Cambridge  university  in  1840.  He 
died  in  London  October  12,  1868.  His 
character  is  sullied  by  bigotry,  which 
he  exhibited  by  opposing  Catholic 
emancipation,  and  its  narrowness  equal- 
ly shown  in  his  political  principles— 
an  ultra  Tory,  the  son  of  a  patriot. 


LYON.  MATTHEW,  an  able  and 
distinguished  American  patriot  and 
statesman,  w«s  bom  in  County  Wick- 
low,  Ireland,  in  1746,  and  emigrated  to 
America  with  his  parents  in  1759.  He 
received  a  fair  education  which  he  im- 
proved by  observation  and  study,  aud 
was  early  a  strong  opposer  to  British 
claims.  When  the  war  of  the  Revolu- 
tion broke  out  he  took  the  field  and 
held  positions  of  trust  and  importance 
during  the  great  struggle,  among  them 
paymaster  of  the  Northern  army.  In 
1778  he  was  secretary  to  the  governor 
of  Vermont,  and  ot  the  same  time  clerk 
of  the  court  of  compensation.  When 
the  war  closed  he  settled  in  Vermont, 
and  there  founded  the  town  of  Fair- 
haven,  where  he  erected  saw  and  grist 
mills  and  established  ar  iron  foundry 
and  shops,  besides  issuliig  a  joum'U 
called  the  Farmers'  Library,  and  mai- 
uf actured  his  paper  from  bass  wood.  He 
was  assistant  judge  of  the  couuty,  and 
represented  the  new  town  for  many 
years  in  the  legislature.  He  represent- 
ed the  state  in  Congress  from  1799  to 
1801,  and  gave  tr.e  vote  that  made  Jef- 
ferson president,  his  first  term.  He  alsc 
had  a  difflculty  on  the  floor  of  Congress 
during  hi3  first  term  with  Roger  Gris- 
wold,  of  Connecticut,  which  his  politi- 
cal and  personal  enemies  tried  to  use  as 
a  lever  to  have  him  expelled,  but  failed. 
He  was  re-elected  by  his  constituents 
for  another  term,  and  after  its  expira- 
tion removed  to  Kentucky,  where  he 
was  immediately  sent  to  Congress,  and 
where  he  remuiued  continually  till  1811. 
After  his  retirement  he  petitioned  Con- 
gress to  refund  him  a  fine  of  which  he 
was  mulcted  in  a  prosecution  under 
the  alien  and  sedition  laws,  for  over 
$1,000,  in  1799,  and  it  was  while  in  pris- 
on that  he  was  first  elected  to  Congress. 
It  was  not,  however,  till  many  years 
after  his  death  (July  4,  1840)  that  jus- 
lice  was  done  by  re-imbursing  his  fam- 
Uy. 

MAC  AED,  MALACHI,  Archbishop 
of  Tuam  in  1818.  He  was  a  man  of 
profound  erudition.  He  wrote  works 
religious  and  historical  in  Irish,  accord- 
ing to  Ware  who  saw  the  manuscripts. 
He  lived  to  a  great  age,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Thomas  O  Carrol. 

MAOANALLY,  DANIEL  R.,  D. 
D.,  a  prominent  and  talented  American 
Methodist  divine,  ot  Irish  descent,  was 


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MAO 


IBISn  CELTS. 


MAO 


bom  in  1810,  and  after  preliminaTj  stu- 
dies was  licensed  as  a  preacher,  and  be- 
came prominent  for  ability  and  power. 
He  at  length  assumed  the  editorship  of 
the  St.  Louis  Christian  Advocate,  and 
exhibited  much  journalistic  ability. 

McARTHUR  WILLIAM,  M.  P., 
a  prominent  and  popular  British  mer- 
chant and  philanthropist  and  Lord  May- 
or of  London,  1881,  was  bom  in  Derrj', 
Ireland,  and  was  the  son  of  a  Methodist 
minister.  Having  developed  great  capa- 
city for  business  he  left  Derry  for  Lon- 
don and  soon  achieved  success.  In  18G7 
he  was  elected  one  of  the  Sheriffs  of 
London  and  Middlesex,  and  in  1868  he 
was  elected  M.  P.  for  Lambeth  in  the 
Liberal  interests,  and  was  re-elected  in 
1875  and  1880.  He  is  most  liberal  and 
munificent  as  a  public  man,  and  is  a 
philanthropist  in  the  widest  sense,  en- 
joying the  most  unlimited  confidence  of 
the  people  of  the  great  city  of  his  adop- 
tion. 

MACARTIN,  SAINT,  a  disciple  of 
St.  Patrick  and  flrst  Bishop  of  Clogher, 
was  a  descendant  of  the  kingly  family 
of  the  Arads.  He  was  one  of  the  early 
followers  of  St.  Patrick  and  gave  up  all 
things  to  devote  himself  to  the  work 
of  salvation.  His  great  master  was  his 
model,  and  he  exhibited  in  his  life  Chris- 
tian virtues  little  if  any  less  wonderful. 
He  was  placed  by  him  over  the  See  of 
Clogher.  which  he  governed  for  many 
years  with  great  wisdom  and  prudence. 
He  appears  to  have  had  the  power  of 
working  miracles  in  an  extraordinary 
degree,  of  which  tradition  has  handed 
down  many  example^;.  He  died  in  the 
early  part  of  the  sixth  century 

MACARTNEY,  GEORGE,  eari  of 
an  English  statesman  and  diplomat  of 
great  address  and  ability,  was  born  in 
County  Antrim.  Ireland,  in  1727.  He 
graduated  at  Trinity  college,  Dublin,  in 
1759,  and  for  a  while  acted  as  tutor  to 
the  sons  of  Lord  Holland.  In  1764  he 
was  sent  as  envoy  extraordinary  to  Rus- 
sia, and  in  1760  oecame  secretaiy  to  the 
Lord  Lieutenant  of  Ireland.  In  1775 
he  was  appointed  governor  of  Grenada 
and  Sobago,  and  from  1792  to  '95  was 
engaged  in  his  famous  mission  to  China, 
an  account  of  which  was  published 
by  the  secretary  of  the  Embassy,  Sir 
George  Stanton,  and  which  secured 
great  and  valuable  concessions  to  for- 


eigners in  trading  with   the  Celestial 
Kingdom.    He  died  in  1806. 

McAULEY.     CATHERINE,     the 

saintly  foundress  of  the  Sisters  of  Mercy,, 
was  bom  Sept.  29.  1787  at  Stormans' 
town  House,  near  Dublin,  Ireland.  Her 
parents,  who  were  pious  and  exemplary 
Catholics,  belonged  to  the  wealthier 
classes.  They  died  while  Catherine  was 
a  mere  child.  The  children,  after  the 
death  of  their  parents,  fell  under  the  in- 
fluence of  Protestant  relatives.  Cather- 
ine, when  about  sixteen  years  of  age, 
was  adopted  by  distant  relatives  named 
Callaghan,  who  were  so  bigoted  in  their 
religious  notions  that  they  would  not  al- 
low a  religious  picture  or  crucifix  In 
their  house.  Catherine,  however,  never 
forgot  the  early  lessons  of  her  pious 
parents,  and  as  her  mind  developed,  re- 
ligion became  the  all  important  object 
of  existence.  She  placed  herself  under 
the  direction  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Murray, 
afterwards  Archbishop  of  Dublin,  and 
made  her  first  communion,  although 
encountering  considerable  opposition, 
which  she  met  with  sweetness  but  firm- 
ness, allowed  nothing  to  interfere 
with  the  faithful  performance  of  her 
religious  duties.  The  beauty  and  just- 
ness of  her  character  won  the  hearts  and 
admiration  of  her  foster-parents,  even 
over  all  their  preiudices  against  her  reli- 
gion, and  she  had  the  great  happiness  of 
seeing  them  both  die  in  the  faith  of  their 
as  well  as  her  fathers.  When  her  fos- 
ter father  died  he  made  her  his  heir,  say- 
ing he  felt  sure  the  large  fortune  he  be- 
aueathed  to  her  would  be  put  only  to- 
le  best  of  uses.  At  this  time  she  was 
a  woman  of  distinguished  presence,  tall, 
graceful,  of  the  most  refined  and  ele- 
gant manners,  auburn  hair,  dark  blue 
eyes,  a  faultless  complexion  and  a  face 
remarkable  not  only  for  great  beauty 
but  made  still  lovelier  by  the  sweetness^ 
amiability  and  intelligence  of  its  expres- 
sion. One  may  well  conceive  that  with, 
such  quLlitles  and  a  large  fortune  she 
might  have  shone  as  a  queen  in  society, 
but  a  higher  vocation  was  hers.  The 
goodness  with  which  God  had  adorned 
her  heart  happily  was  not  warped  by  the 
allurements  of  wealth  and  fashion,  but 
went  out  to  all  of  God's  creatures,  es- 
pecially to  the  poor  and  the  orphan. 
Perhaps  her  sympathy  was  more  espe- 
cially directed  to  the  homeless  servants 
of  her  own  sex,  for  whom  no  especial 
provision  was  made  by  any  existing 


MAC 


IBISH  CELTS. 


MA.0 


charity.  The  splendid  home  left  to  her 
by  her  fo8tcr;father  "  Cooloclc  House" 
Boon  became  a  house  of  refuse  for  the 
worthy  unfortunates.  Desiring  to  do 
the  greatest  amount  of  good  with  tlie 
means  she  possessed  slie  sold  Coolock 
House,  and  purchasing  a  more  ample 
piece  of  ground  in  a  semi-rural  part  of 
the  city  she  erected  thereon  a  large 
building  and  established  there  a  free 
school  and  a  temporary  home  for  poor 
servants  out  of  employment.  This  was 
in  July,  1824.  At  first  she  had  no  idea 
of  founding  a  religious  order  or  of  em- 
bracing a  religious  life  under  any  spe- 
cial rule  or  vow.  But  the  conventual 
spirit  |;ir.dually  and  imperceptibly  in- 
fused Itself  mto  the  hearts  ana  minds  of 
Miss  McAuley  and  her  companions,  as 
it  already  shone  forth  in  their  works. 
They,  therefore,  generously  resolved  to 
cut  the  last  ties  which,  bound  them  to 
the  world  and  consecrate  themselves  by 
vow  to  the  service  of  God  in  t^'•,  good 
work  which  they  were  doing.  1  o  carry 
out  this  intention  Catherine  and  two  of 
her  companions  entered  the  novitiate  of 
the  Presentation  Convent,  Dublin,  and 
after  one  year's  probation  were  profetRed 
en  December,  12, 1U81.  Catherine  was 
then  appointed  superior  cf  her  house  by 
the  Archbishop.  Seven  other  compan- 
ions, who  carried  on  the  house  during 
her  absence,  were  professed  the  follow- 
ing month,  receiving  the  religious  habit 
of  the  new  order  of  the  Sisters  of  Mercy. 
One  of  those  ladies  is  still  living,  head 
of  a  house  in  one  of  the  Southern 
States.  The  three  principal  objects  the 
saintly  foundress  had  in  establishing 
her  order  were  the  education  of 
tha  poor,  the  visitation  and  atten- 
tion of  sick  at  their  own  homes, 
(a  want  which  had  not  been  pro- 
vided for  in  any  of  the  previous  charit- 
able orders)  and  the  protection  of  wom- 
en of  gooii  character  in  distress.  When 
what  was  known  as  the  first  cholera — 
1882— broke  out  in  Ireland  it  was  ex- 
tremely fatal.  The  Sisters  of  Mercy, 
under  their  heroic  foundress,  established 
themselves  in  the  cholera  hospital  of 
Dublin,  and  labored  day  and  night  un- 
til the  fatal  epidemic  ceased  its  ravages. 
She  also  induced  the  Dublin  authorities 
to  open  all  the  public  hospitals  to  the 
visitation  of  any  of  the  charitable  orders 
who  might  wish  to  visit  them.  Our 
saintly  subject  was  not  only  eminently 
pious  but  she  was  eminently  practical. 
Tlie  women  who  found  a  safe  retreat  in 


her  home  were  not  only  instructed  in 
all  the  duties  and  obligations  to  which' 
their  state  of  life  might  subject  them, 
but  they  were  trained  to  do  well  and 
economically  all  the  necessary  practical 
duties  of  every  day  life,  and  were  spe- 
cially instructed  in  that  line  to  which, 
they  intended  to  look  for  a  living,  and 
were  also  aided  in  finding  fit  and  re- 
munerative employment.  Among  her 
earliest  friends  was  Daniel  O'Connell 
and  his  family,  and  it  was  his  custom 
every  Christmas,  when  in  Dublin,  to 
preside  at  the  Christmas  dinner  which 
she  gave  to  the  poor  children  of  Dublin. 
The  good  work  the  new  Order  accom- 
plished soon  became  widely  known. 
Many  young  ladies  of  distinction  joined 
the  order,  and  the  mother-house  was- 
continually  appealed  to  from  all  parts 
of  Great  Britain  as  well  as  Ireland  to 
establish  branches.  During  Mother 
McAuIey's  lifetime  ten  bouses  wera 
established  in  Ireland  and  two  in  Eng- 
land, and  in  the  course  of  40  years  over 
two  hundred  convents  of  fli3  Order, 
numbering  8,000  sisters,  have  been  es- 
tablished amongst  English  speaking^ 
Catholics  all  over  the  world.  In  Ire- 
land, during  the  first  thirty  years  of  it» 
existence,  over  three  and  one-half  mil- 
lion ($3,500,000)  dollars  were  expended 
in  the  cause  and  sustenance  of  the  poor. 
Such  a  work,  under  God's  blessing, 
could  only  be  accomplished  by  ceaseless- 
labor  and  solicitude,  and  this  at  length 
told  on  the  health  of  our  devoted  and 
saintly  sister.  On  the  14th  of  Nov. 
1841,  she  breathed  her  pure  spirit  into- 
the  hands  of  its  creator,  eager  to  be- 
unitedto  that  Master  whom  she  had 
served  so  valiantly,  and  surrounded  by 
her  weeping  sisterhood,  whom  she 
blessed  and  encouraged  to  continue  th& 
good  work  as  long  as  suffering  human- 
ity needed  their  labors  and  sacrifices. 

McCABE,  WILLIAM  BERNARD, 
an  able  Irish  historian  and  journalist,' 
was  bom  in  Dublin  November  28, 1801. 
He  was  early  engaged  on  the  Irish  press 
and  was  parliamentary  reporter  for  the 
Chronicle  and  Herald  for  many  years, 

Sinine  a  high  reputation  for  accuracy. 
1861  he  became  editor  of  the  Weekly 
Telegraph,  a  Catholic  paper  in  Ireland, 
and  has,  since  1826,  written  extensively 
for  magazines — essays,  novels,  transla- 
tions from  Greek,  German  and  Italiun, 
and  is  the  author  of  a  Catholic  history 
of  Ireland  and  other  valuable  works. 


'J 

I 


..^•1 


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4e 


M 


MAO 


IRISH  OKLTB. 


MAO 


McBRIDE.  JOHN  R.,  a  distinguish- 
ed citizen  of  Oregon,  was  born  in 
Franklin  county,  Alissouri,  of  Irisli  pa- 
rents, August  22,  1882,  and  removed 
-with  liis  |.  arents  to  Oregon  in  1846.  He 
received  a  fair  education,  and  in  1854 
-was  chosen  superintendent  of  public 
schools  in  that  territory.  He  was  ad- 
mitteil  to  the  bar  in  I860  and  in  1867  he 
was  appointed  a  member  of  the  conven- 
tion which  formed  a  state  constitution, 
was  chosen  to  the  state  senate  on  its 
adoption  and  in  1882  was  sent  to  Con- 
gress. 

MAC  CAGHWELL,  HUGH,  a 
learned  Irish  prelate  and  primate  of  all 
Ireland  in  1626,  was  a  native  of  county 
Down.  He  received  his  education  at 
the  University  of  Salamanca,  Spain, 
where  he  earned  the  highest  regard  by 
his  humility,  piety  and  learning,  ae 
joined  the  Frauciscan  order  and  was  in- 
strumental in  founding  the  Irish  Fran- 
•ciscan  College  of  Louvain,  over  which 
he  presided  with  great  zeal  and  success. 
He  was  afterwaros  appointed  Superior 
general  of  his  order  at  Rome  and  pro- 
fessor of  divinity  in  the  convent  of 
Ara-Caeli.  Pope  Paul  III  held  him  in 
the  highest  esteem  and  in  1626  made 
him  ercli  bishop  of  Armagh.  He,  how- 
■ever,  died  in  Rome  as  he  was  preparing 
to  visit  his  chiir^,  September  22,  1626, 
and  Is  Interred  m  the  church  of  St.  Isi- 
dore, Rome. 

McCAINE.  ALEXANDER,  an  able 
American  Methodist  divine,  was  bom 
^n  Tipperary,  Ireland,  about  1775,  eml- 
gi-ateu  to  America  in  1791,  became 
a  Methodist  minister  in  1797,  and  ac- 
quired prominence  and  influence  by  his 
zeal  and  eloquence.  He  was  promi- 
uent  in  advocating  lay  representation 
and  in  1829  caused  considerable  agita- 
tion by  his  work  "  History  and  Mystery 
•of  Methodist  Episcopacy.'^'  which  called 
forth  Bishop  Emory's  "  Defence  of  oiu* 
Fathers."     lie  rcnuincd  one  of  the 

Sromineut  leaders  of  his  church  till  his 
eath,  June  1,  1886. 

McCALL,  EDWARD  R.,  a  dlstin- 

Suished  American  naval  officer  of  Irish 
escent,  was  bom  in  Charleston,  South 
Carolina,  Augusts,  1790;  entered  the 
navy  early  as  a  midshipman  and  be- 
came a  first  lieutenant  about  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  war  of  1812.  Was 
second  in  comraaud  of  the  Enterprise 


when  she  encountered  the  British  ship 
Boxer,  and  succeeded  Captain  Barrows 
when  he  was  carried  down  mortally 
wounded.  He  was  successful  in  making 
the  enemy  strike  her  colors,  and  was  pre- 
sented by  Congress  with  a  gold  medal 
for  his  giallantr/  on  the  occasion.  He 
became  a  full  captain  in  1885,  and  died 
at,  Bordentown,  N.  J.,  July,  81. 1858. 

McCANDLESS,  JUDGE  WILSON, 
a  prominent  politician  and  jurist  of 
Pennsylvania,  of  Irish  parents,  was 
bom  m  Pittsburgh,  Penn.,  June  10, 
1810,  and  was  educated  at  the  Western 
University,  studied  hiw,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  practice  in  1881.  He  soon 
earned  a  reputation  for  ability  and  elo- 
quence and  secured  a  large  practice, 
and  also  became  prominent  as  a  Demo- 
cratic politician.  In  1859  he  was  ap- 
pointed U.  S.  District  Judge,  which  po- 
sition he  filled  with  ability.  He  was 
held  in  the  highest  esteem  by  all  classes 
of  his  fellow  citizens,  and  ranked  with 
the  ablest  men  of  his  native  state.  He 
died  June  80. 1882. 

McCARROLL,  JAMES,  a  talented 
Canadian  poet  and  writer,  was  bora  in 
county  Longford,  Ireland,  August  8, 
1816,  and  there  received  a  classical  ed- 
ucation. He  came  with  his  mother  and 
family  to  Canada  in  1881  and  they  set- 
tled in  the  wilds  of  Upper  Canada.  Our 
subject,  liowever.  had  no  taste  for  the 
wilderness  and  he  soon  sought  a  more 
genial  atmosphere.  He  began  to  con- 
tribute to  the  Provincial  journals  in 
Erose  and  verse,  and  his  talents  soon 
rought  him  into  notice.  He  became 
connected  with  i>er(Klicals  and  newspa- 
pers in  all  capacities  trom  editor  and  pro- 
I)rietor  to  literary  critic.  In  the  mean 
time  he  produced  popular  stories, 
among  .them  the  "  The  Kew  Guager," 
" The  Adventures  of  a  Night,"  "The 
New  Life  Boat,"  besides  poems  of  merit. 

McCarthy,  hon.  dalton,  an 

able  Canadian  politician  and  lawyer, 
was  bora  in  Dublin,  where  he  received 
his  early  education.  He  emigrated  to 
Canada  with  his  parents  while  yet  a  boy 
and  after  completing  his  education  en- 
tered on  the  study  of  the  law  and  was 
admitted  to  the  Upper  Canadian  bar, 
where  he  has  won  an  enviable  position 
by  ills  great  ability.  In  1876  he  was 
elected  to  represent  Cardwell  in  the 
Canadian  parliament,  and  still  contin- 


MAC 


miSB  CELTS. 


MAO 


nroN,  an 
J  law;^er, 
Ireceived 
ated  to 
Pet  a  boy 
Ition  en* 
land  was 
lian  bar, 
1  position 
I  be  was 
In  the 
contin- 


ues a . .  .  o^r  of  that  body.  His  first 
effort  thek  i  establiHhed  his  reputation 
as  a  parliameutnrian  of  whom  great 
things  may  be  expected.  He  is  a  sup- 
porter of  the  John  A.  McDonald  policy. 

Mo  CARTHY,  JONATHAN,  a 
prominent  politician  of  Indiana,  was  of 
Irish  extraction,  born  in  Tennessee,  and 
first  engaged  in  merchantile  pursuits. 
His  abifity  soon  attracted  the  attention 
of  his  fellow  citizens  and  he  was  elected 
to  positions  of  honor  and  trust,  and  rep- 
resented his  state  in  Congress  from 
1881  to  1887.  He  soon  after  removed 
to  Iowa  where  he  died  in  1855. 

MAC  CARTHY,  NICHOLAS,  an 
eloquence,  Irish  divine  and  pulpit  or- 
ator, was  born  in  Dublin  in  1769,  and 
went  .with  his  father,  who  was  of 
noble  descent,  and  settled  in  France, 
where  they  secured  that  peace  and  safety 
denied  them  in  their  own  land.  Our  sub- 
lect  studied  with  the  intention  of  em- 
bracing a  religious  life,  and  was  or- 
dained priest  in  1814,  and  four  years 
afterwards  joined  the  Jesuits.  He  be- 
came a  celebrated  preacher  and  was  a 
Eower  throughout  Prance  and  Italy  for 
is  unequalled  eloquence  and  pathos, 
and  stood  unrivalled  as  a  pulpit  orator, 
in  his  day.    He  died  at  Anney  in  1888. 

Mccarty,  lieutenat  gen- 
eral JUSTIN,  (Count  Mountcashel) 
an  able  and  gallant  Irish  soldier.  He 
early  distinguished  himself  in  the  ser- 
vic  of  his  country's  rights,  and  followed 
in  the  footsteps  of  the  confederate 
chieftains.  He  was  a  lieutenant  gener- 
al under  James  II,  and  distinguished 
himself  in  Ireland  in  1688-9.  In  the 
beginning  of  the  year  169U  he  went  to 
France  with  his 'brigade  in  exchange 
for  French  troops  sent  to  Ireland.  This 
brigade  consisted  of  three  re^ments; 
Mountcashel's,  O'Brien's  and  D.iJion's 
each  consisting  of  sixteen  companies  of 
one  hundred  men  each.  They  greatly 
distinguished  themselves  in  bavoy, 
whither  they  were  ordered  on  their  ar- 
rival. MacOarty  was  fatally  wounded 
wliilo  leading  his  brigade  in  one  of 
their  famous  charges  during  the  tirst 
ctvmpaign  in  Savoy,  and  died  shortly 
afterwards  at  Bauxe,  at  the  threshold  of 
a  military  career  of  great  prondso. 

MAC  CARTY,  OWEN,  a  gallant 
and  distinguished  Irish  officer  who  par- 


ticipated in  many  of  the  glorious  victo- 
ries won  by  Irish  valor  in  France  in  the- 
reign  of  Louis  XIY,  was  a  native  of 
Athlone.  He  defended  the  cause  of 
James  II  in  Ireland  and  went  to  Franco 
after  the  treaty  of  Limerick  1695,  he- 
was  Lieutenant  Colonel  of  the  Athlon 
regiment,  and  afterwards  won  by  gal- 
lantry the  rank  of  a  general  officer. 

McCAUL,  DR.  JOHN,  L  L.  D.,  one 
of  the  most  learned  and  distinguished 
classical  scholars  of  Canada,  was  bom 
in  Dublin,  Ireland,  in  1807,  was  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  college  Dublin,  where 
he  graduated  with  the  highest  honors 
and  became  one  of  the  examiners,  and 
classical  tutor.  In  1885  became  to- 
Canada  as  principal  of  the  Upper  Can- 
ada college,  and  in  1842  accepted  the 
position  of  principal  of  King's  college 
and  professor  of  classic  "\  literature, 
logic,  rhetoric  and  belle  letters.  Still 
latter  he  was  named  president  and  vice- 
chancellor  of  the  University  of  Toronto. 
In  1879  he  was  superanuated,  but  as 
none  could  be  found  to  fill  his  place 
with  equal  success  he  was  recalled  and 
still,  1882,  fills  the  position  with  undi- 
minished ability  and  power.  Among 
his  many  acquii'ements  the  Doctor  is  an 
able  musician  and  a  composer  of  great 
merit.  In  1845  he  established  the  To- 
ronto Philharmonic.  In  1860  a  vocal 
society,  and  in  1875  a  new  Philharmon- 
ic, in  all  of  which  he  was  president.  He 
has  also  published  works  on  Roman 
inacriptions  and  early  Christian  epi- 
taplis,  of  great  ability  and  credit. 

McCLENE,  JAMES,  an  Irish  Amer- 
ican patriot  of  the  Revolution  bom, 
about  1760,  distinguished  himself  by 
his  ardor  in  the  cause  of  the  colonies, 
and  represented  his  state  in  the  Conti- 
nental Congress  from  1778  to  1780. 

McCLINTOCK,  SIR  FRANCIS 
LEOPOLD,  LL.  D.,  a  celebi-aied  ex- 
plorer and  scientist,  was  bom  at  Dun- 
dalk,  Ireland  in  1819,  and  entered  the 
British  navy  at  the  age  of  twelve.  He 
accompanied  Sir  John  Ross  in  his  arc- 
tic expedition  in  search  of  Sir  John 
Franklin  in  1850,  and  at  this  time  made 
his  famous  sledge  journey  of  nearly 
eight  hundred  miles,  along  the  north 
shore  of  Perry  sound:  and  was  promot- 
ed the  following  year  to  the  post  of 
commander,  and  sent  on  the  (  pedi- 
tion   under  charge  of    Sir    LawatcU 


U     'tf 


t 
1 


"1  ■ 
I 

r 
) 

a 


I    f  ■ 


MAO 


ndsn  CELTS. 


MAO 


Belcher.  He  it  was  who  rescued  Capt. 
McClure  from  his  ice  bound  imprison- 
ment of  three  years  near  Melville  Is- 
land, after  which  he  (McClure)  pushed 
•on  and  made  his  celebrated  northwest 

Sassage,  McClintock,  after  relieving 
[cClure,  became  himself  icebound  and 
had  to  abandon  his  own  bhip  and 
.others,  butsavedone  and  returned,  1854. 
In  1857  he  took  command  of  the  expi- 
>ditiou  dispatched  by  Lady  Franklin  to 
discover  the  fate  of  her  '^ husband,  and 
for  the  results  of  which  he  leceived 
great  praise.  In  1860  he  was  knighted 
for  his  services,  and  in  1861  was  com- 
missioned to  survey  a  route  for  a  north 
Atlantic  telegraph.  In  1871  he  became 
a  rear  admiral,  and  in  1872  was  placed 
in  charge  of  the  Portsmouth  dock- 
yard. He  is  the  author  of  the  "Voy- 
age of  the  Fox  in  the  Arctic  Seas  to 
ducovei  the  fate  of  Sir  John  Franklin," 
.1880. 

McCLOSKEY,  DR.  JOHN,  a  learn- 
ed Irish  American  divine  and  scholar, 
was  born  in  Ireland  in  1817,  and  came 
to  the  United  States  at  an  early  age 
with  his  parents.  Having  a  vocation 
for  the  priesthood,  he  entered  Mt.  St. 
Mary's  college  in  1880,  and  pursued  his 
•classical  and  theological  studies  t^ere. 
He  was  raised  to  the  priesthood  in  1840 
by  Bishop  Hughes,  and  returned  to  the 
college  as  one  of  the  faculty,  in  4844 
ihe  became  vice-president.  He  was 
elected  president  m  1871.  In  1877  he 
resigned  the  presidency  in  favor  of  Dr. 
Watterson,  but  |reF.umed  it  again  when 
Dr.  Watterson  was  elevated  to  the  epis- 
•copacy.  Dr.  McCloskey  was  an  able 
theologian  and  a  man  of  fine  general 
culture  entirely  devoted  to  his  life 
work,  which  was  training  voun<»  eccle- 
siastics for  their  high  mission.  He  died 
in  the  discharge  of  his  noble  and  self- 
bacriflcir'f  duties,  December,  24,  1880. 

McCI-OSKEY,  CARDINA  L  JOHN, 

^n  eminent  Catholic  .prelate,  and  the 
first  American  bishop  ever  raised  to  the 
Roman  dignity  of  Cardinal,  was  born 
March  10,  1810,  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  of 
Irish  parents,  who  had  emigrated  from 
Derry.  After  mastering  the  rudiments, 
at  the  age  of  twelve  ne  was  sent  to 
Mount  St.  Mary's,  Emmittsburg,  where 
he  completed  his  classical  course,  and 
after  earnest  deliberation  and  prayer  he 
auade  choice  of  the  ecclesiastical  state 
.and  entered  the  seminary  of  Emmitts- 


burg. January  IS.  1884.  he  was  raised 
to  the  priesthood  in  St.  Patrick's  Cathe- 
dral, New  York  City.  He  then  went 
to  Rome  and  continued  his  studies  for 
two  more  yeara,  and  then  made  a  tour 
of  Europe.  He  retur-'od  home  in  1888, 
and  was  appointed  pastor  of  St.  Joseph's 
church.  New  York  City,  and  in  1843 
became  Rector  of  St.  Joseph's  Theolog- 
ical Seminary.  In  1844  he  was  conse- 
crated Bishop  of  Axiern  and  co-adjutor 
to  Bishop  Hughes  of  New  York,  whose 
diocese  then  embraced  the  states  of  New 
York  and  New  Jersey.  He  still  con- 
tinued in  St.  Joseph's  parish  while  aid- 
ing Bishop  Hughes  in  his  apostolic  func- 
tions. In  1847  the  State  of  New  York 
was  sub-divided  into  different  Sees  and 
Bishop  McCloskey  was  assigned  that  of 
Albany,  very  soon  the  new  See  was  filled 
with  his  good  works.  A  jplendid  cath- 
edral church  arose,  second  to  none  in 
the  United  States,  while  academies, 
schools,  hospitals,  uad  other  beneficent 
works  multiplied  over  the  whole  dio- 
cese. On  the  death  of  Archbishop 
Hughes  in  1864  Dr.  McCloskey  was 
transferred  to  New  York,  and  became 
Archbishop  of  that  great  province, 
which  he  hafi  administered  for  nearly 
twenty  vears  with  distinguished  ability, 
zeal  and  discretion.  He  has  held  num- 
erous synods  and  has  brought  the  ad- 
ministrative regulations  of  his  diocese 
to  the  highest  state  of  canonical  perfec- 
tion. In  1869  he  was  present  at  the 
great  Ecumenical  Council  of  the  Vati- 
can, opened  by  Pppe  Pius  IX.  at  Rome, 
and  was  there  distinguished  by  his 
learning,  zeal  and  the  soundness  of  his 
doctrine,  supporting  the  promulgation 
of  the  apostolic  doctrine  of  Papal  In- 
falilility  from  the  first,  andinsisnngou 
its  timeliness  and  necessity.  March  15, 
1875,  he  was  named  a  Cardinal  Priest, 
und  r  the  title  of  Sancta  Maria  Supra 
Minervam,and  a  few  months  afterwards 
the  insignia  of  his  new  dignity  was 
conferred  upon  him  in  his  Cathedral  in 
New  York  City.  The  great  Cathedral, 
which  his illustriouspredecessor.Biehop 
Hughes,  commenced  in  New  fork,  and 
which  the  breaking  out  of  the  great 
Rebellion  put  a  temporary  stop  to,  was 
renewed  by  the  Cardinal  in  happier 
times,  and  at  length  brought  to  com- 
pletion at  a  cost  of  several  millions  of 
dollars.  It  is  the  greatest  ecclesiabtieal 
structure  in  the  New  World.  On  the 
death  of  Pius  IX.  the  Cardinal  was  call- 
ed to  the  Conclave  at  Rome;  but  before 


MAC 


IRISH  CELTS. 


MAO 


e  was  raised 
rick's  Cathe- 
e  then  -went 
i  studies  for 
made  a  tour 
lome  in  1838, 
if  St.  Joseph's 
and  in  1842 
ph'sTheolog- 
Q  was  conse- 
nd  coadjutor 
York,  whose 
states  of  New 
He  still  con- 
sh  while  aid- 
postolic  f  unc- 
af  New  York 
^rent  Sees  and 
jsignedthatof 
r  See  was  filled 
jplendid  cath- 
d  to  none  in 
le   academies, 
her  beneficent 
le  whole  dio- 
if   Archbishop 
:cCloskey  was 
:,  and  became 
eat    province, 
red  for  nearly 
ruished  ability, 
has  held  num- 
ought  the  ad- 
of  his  diocese 
uonical  perfec- 
tresent  at  the 
_of  theVati- 
is  IX.  at  Rome, 
lished  by  his 
.ndness  of  his 
promulgation 
of  Papal  In- 
,ud  insisting  on 
iy.    March  15, 
jardinal  Priest, 
Maria  Supra 
iths  afterwards 
7  dignity   was 
is  Cathedrul  in 
.'eat  Cathedral. 
lecessor.Biehop 
'ew  STork,  and 
of  the  great 
J  stop  to,  was 
lal  in  happier 
lught  to  com- 
•al  millions  of 
it  ecclefiabtieal 
lorld.    On  the 
•dinalwascall- 
me;  but  before 


he  arrived  there  the  work  of  appointing 
a  successor  to  the  Chair  of  Peter  was 
happily  concluded  without  interference 
or  influence  from  any  earthly  power, 
and  the  most  illustrious  Leo  XIII,  wore 
the  Fisherman's  Ring.  On  his  Inst  visit 
to  Rome  the  Cardinal  was  unfortunate- 
ly attacked  with  malarial  fever  from 
the  effects  of  which  he  has  never  re- 
covered. His  health  is  still  precarious, 
but  if  the  prayers  of  liis  people  may  re. 
store  him  to  health  then  '^e  may  hope 
that  he  will  guide  his  people  yet  many 
years  before  ne  is  called  to  the  reward 
of  the  faithful  servant. 

MAC  CONN-LUGHAIDHE,  a  cele 
brated  monarch  of  Ireland,  was  a 
nephew  of  Art  and  son  of  Save,  after- 
wards wife  of  OilioU  Olum,  King  of 
Munster.  He  was  at  flrst  only  a  judge 
of  the  province  of  Ulster,  and  was  oe- 
pi'ived  of  hisolBcebyArt,  the  monarch. 
He  withdrew  into  Albania  (modern 
Scotland),  and  there  established  a  colony 
over  which  he  placed  his  son,  Faha 
Canan,  ancestor  of  the  Campbells,  Mc- 
Allens  and  other  illustrious  Scotch  fam- 
ilies. After  some  time  he  formed  an 
alliance  with  a  British  prince,  and  re- 
ceiving assistance  from  him  he  landed 
'^n  the  coast  of  Galway  with  a  consider- 
ali  'e  force  and  being  joined  by  a  numer- 
ous body  of  adherents  and  clansmen, 
he  marched  to  meet  the  monarch.  Art. 
A  bloody  battle  was  fought  near  Athen- 
ry,  eight  miles  from  Galway.  Art,  the 
monarch.  Forgo,  Kin^  of  Connaught, 
and  eight  sons  of  OihoU  Olum,  King 
of  Munster,  were  killed  and  the  Royal 
Army  was  defeated.  MacConn  had 
himself  proclaimed  King  of  Ireland,  A. 
D.  334.  He  was  afterwards  defeated 
and  expelled  from  Tara  by  Cormac 
Ulfada,  son  of  Art,  and  retired  to  Muns- 
ter, where  he  was  said  to  have  been  as- 
sassinated by  a  druid. 

McCONNELL,  FELIX  G.. a  talented 

Eolitician  and  lawyer  of  Alabama,  was 
orn  in  Tennessee  of  Irish  parents  in 
1810  received  an  ordinary  educatiovi 
and  was  apprenticed  to  a  trade.  Ho 
was,  howevci',  possessed  of  much  more 
than  ordinary  talents,  and  improved  his 
spare  time  in  cultivating  them,  subse- 
quently he  took  up  the  study  of  law  and 
was  aamitted  to  the  bar  ,  where  he 
qui';kly  distinguished  himself.  He  was 
elected  to  Congress  in  1848  and  re-elect- 
ed in  1840,  but  subsequently  put  an  end 


to  his  life  September,  1846,  in  a  fit  of 
mental  aberration.  , 

McCORMACK,  CHARLES,  anjrish 
lawyer  and  miscellaneous  writer  of  tal- 
ent, was  born  in  1744.  He  is  the  author 
of  histories  and  other  valuable  contribu- 
tions to  the  literature  of  the  period.  He 
died  in  1807. 

Mccormick,  gyrus   h.,  the 

celebrated  inventor  of  the  first  re«!ly 
successful  reaping  machine,  wiis  of 
Ulster  Irish  extraction  and  was  born  in 
Virginia  in  1809.  His  father  as  early  as 
1816  had  invented  a  reaping  machine 
which  however,  seems  not  to  have  met 
any  great  success.  In  1831  our  subject 
succeeded  in  constructing  one  which  is 
the  foundation  of  all  the  present  ma- 
chines, and  which  was  perfect  enough 
to  be  a  great  success.  He  patented  it  in 
1834  and  has  since  greatly  improved  it, 
making  i^,  a  thing  of  life  beauty  and 
marvelous  utility  and  stiil  the  most  po- 
pular of  any  in*  use.  McCormick  won 
many  gold  medals,  botli  in  Europe  and 
America,  and  his  worses  in  Chicago  are 
the  most  extensive  of  the  kind  in  the 
world.  He  is  n  public-spirited  citizen, 
and  has  been  ^  eiy  liberal  in  endowing 
schools  and  religious  institutions. 

McCULLAGH,  JAMES,  an  eminent 
Irish  mathematician,  was  born  in  1809, 
and  early  developed  great  mathematical 
powers.  He  confined  himself  mostly  to 
abstract  investigations,  and  was  tlie 
author  of  works  of  merit  and  original- 
ity.   He  died  in  1847. 

MAO  CULLINAN,   CORMAC,     a 

celebrated  Irish  prelate,  king  and  author 
who  fiourisbcd  in  the  early  port  of  the 
tenth  century.  He  was  King  of  Muns- 
ter and  Archbishop  of  Cashel,  and  also 
the  author  of  the  famous  "Psalter  of 
Caffiiel,"  one  of  the  beet  known  of  the 
crfIv  Irish  MSS.  Ware  mys  that  his 
works  were  highly  esteemecf,  and  that 
he  was  well  versed  in  the  science  of  the 
age  and  the  antiquities  of  hif>  country. 

McCULLOUGH,  JOHN,  one  of  the 

freatcst  of  tragic  actors,  was  born  in 
relatul  in  1837,  aud  came  to  America 
when  a  mere  boy  (13  years)  to  seek  his 
fortune.  This  urave  boy  arrived  in 
Philadelphia — that  port  at  which  so 
many  thousands  of  his  coUiitrymei;  for 
upwards  of  two  centuries  had  entered 


.  <l 


Itlittt 


-.1 


MAC 


HUSH  CELTS. 


HAO 


the  New  World,  and  who  by  their  valor 
and  magpanimity — more  than  all  others 
together — built  up  this  great  free  re- 
public, and  stamped  upon  it  the  genius 
and  inspiration  of  the  matchless  Celtic 
race — with  onlv  37  cents  in  his  posses- 
sion but  full  of  hope,  knowing  tlmt  the 
generous  race  from  which  he  sprung 
were  as  the  leaves  of  the  forest  in  the 
new  land,  and  that  where  they  were  a 
generous  helping  hand  would  always  be 
Rtretched  out.  As  the  boy  passed  along 
the  streets,  trusting  to  that  Providence 
whicli  had  already  preserved  him  from 
inuiiy  dangers,  be  saw  the  name  McCul- 
lough  on  a  store  and  with  a  national  in- 
stinct sought  the  owner  as  being  pro- 
bably nearer  to  him  than  any  other  in 
this  strange  land.  It  proved  correct  for 
in  him  lie  found  not  only  a  friend  but 
also  a  distant  relative,  who  cared  for 
him  and  secured  him  employment  in  a 
furniture  shop.  Here  our  future  tra- 
gedian founa  a  fellow  Celt  named 
Burke,  who  was  much  given  to  drama- 
tic spouting,  and  as  those  were  the  days 
in  which  the  mighty  Forrest  electrified 
the  stage  by  the  force  and  inspiration 
of  his  undoubted  powers,  one  may  con- 
ceive the  energy  with  which  the  youth- 
ful aspirers  of  drematic  fame  gave  vent 
to  their  overcharged  feelings.  McCul- 
lough,  in  whom  a  genuine  spark  of  true 
dramatic  fire  lay  donnant,  soon  took  the 
contagion,  ana  the  glorious  "pit"  of 
the  dramatic  past  saw  our  youthful 
artist  drinking  intbf>  clangers  and  glories 
of  the  stage.  As  soon  as  he  was  able 
to  bear  the  expense  he  joined  a  drama- 
tic club,  and  he  also  succeeded  in  occa- 
sionally appearing  in  public  as  a 
"super,"  engaged  at  the  standard  price 
of  25  cents  a  night.  His  aptiuule  for  the 
stage  soon  attracted  the  attenlioi)  of 
managers,  and  after  a  counle  of  years 
he  became  a  member  of  the  stock  com- 
pany of  the  old  Arch  street  theatre.  He 
now  gave  close  attention  and  study  to 
his  chosen  profession,  atid  rapidly  ad- 
vanned  in  power  and  capacity,  fllJing 
the  most  iiwportant  parts  with  great  cre- 
dit and  success.  In  his  22d  year  he  won 
the  approbation  of  Edwin  Forrest,  then 
the  great  exemplifler  of  the  tragic  drama, 
who  asked  McOulough  to  travel  with  liim 
as  liis  pria'.ipal  support.  He  accepted  and 
won  applause  but  little  less  than  his 
great  master.  A  warm  attachment  sprang 
up  between  them,  arising  partly  from  a 
mutual  admiration  of  each  other's  gen- 
ius and  power.    He  accompanied  For- 


rest to  California  in  1867,  and  there  shar^ 
ed  the  honors  with  him.  Forrest  not 
certain  that  he  would  again  appear  odp 
his  return  to  the  east  McCullough  re« 
mained  in  San  Irancisco,  and  appeared 
to  overflowing  and  enthusiastic  houses. 
In  1869  he  became  sol?  lessee  and  mana- 
ger of  the  new  California  Theatre,  in 
which  he  was  very  succescful  and  wcs- 
subsequently  joined  by  Lawrence  Bar- 
rett, who  also  became  very  popular  in 
California.  Subsequently  McCullough* 
came  east  and  starred  with  gratifving 
success,  and  in  1878  oi)ened  the  Olym- 
pic Theatre  in  St.  Louis,  where  he  ap- 
peared as  Coreolanus  with  unbounded 
applause.  He  is  still  starring,  and  is 
received  everywhere  by  crowa«d  houses- 
with  rapturous  applause.  In  all  the 
great  creations  of  Shakespeare  he  un- 
doubtedly to-day  stands  at  the  head  of 
his  proteSoion.  He  is  ^re-eminently^ 
gifted  with  all  the  requisities  of  a  tragic 
actor,  a  magnificent  phvsique,  witli  a 
face  unrivalled  perhaps  by  any  of  the 
peat  actors  who  ever  trod  the  stage,  and 
IS  powerf  ul,arti8tic,dignifled  and'natural 
in  his  conceptions  of  the  grt:nd&<<t  drama- 
tic characters.  In  the  depth,  breadth, 
compass  and  Intensity  uf  his  tragic 
power  he  stands  confessedly  without  a 
rival  to-day,  and  it  may  be  doubted  if 
he  ever  had  one  either  in  •  ancient  or 
modeiu  times. 

MACDONALD.  STEPHEN,  mar- 
shal of  France  and  duke  of  Torento, 
was  born  in  1765  at  Sedan  of  Irish  (not 
Scotch,  as  set  down  in  some  biogra- 

§hies)  parents  who  had  -emigratea  to> 
'ranee  to  escape  from  the  oppisssion 
of  their  country.  He  entered  tlie  ai  my 
at  an  early  age  and  gradually  rose  tO' 
well  earned  rank  and  honors,  and  for 
distinguished  br.tvery  at  the  battle  of 
Jemmappea  1702,  he  succeeded  in  gain- 
ing tliij  liead  of  hio  regiment.  In  1795 
he  wasn^ude  i\  geii?''al  of  divisions  for 
the  singular  .^eat  of  capturing  a  fleet 
with  a  lind  p.rmy.  This  was  the  Dutch, 
tleet  which  Uecitme  ice-bound  at  Malial. 
In  1798  bd  distinguisned  himself  in 
Italy,  b'.;l  having  joined  Moreau  in  his 
opposition  to  the  ;;jrowing  power  and 
influence  of  Napoleon,  Macdoniild  was 
allowed  to  remain  inactive  when  Napo- 
leon became  tlta  ruling  influence.  In. 
1809  he  was,  however,  again  put  in  the 
field  and  sustained  his  formt^  reputation 
by  his  activity  and  ability  and  was 
made  a  marshal  and  duke  of  Torento. 


PLATS  IS. 


tl  RT.  REV.  R.  V.  WHELAN. 
e  MOST  REV.  J.  B.  PURCELU 


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MAO 


He  took  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  Rus- 
sian campaign  of  1812  and  sustained 
the  falling  fortunes  of  Napoleon  up  to  the 
peace  of  Campo  Formo  and  his  abdica- 
tion, witli  great  skill,  tireless  energy  and 
unflagdng  devotion;  exhibiting  all  the 

aualities  of  a  great  general  ana  earning 
le  unqualified  praise  and  admiration 
of  his  great  commander.  He  died  in 
1840. 

McDonnell,    sir  richard 

GRAVES,  L  L  D. ,  a  distinguished  schol- 
ar, lawyer,  explorer  and  statesman,  was 
born  in  Dublin  in  181S,  and  educated 
at  Trinity  College,  of  which  his  father 
was  Provost.  He  studied  law  and  was 
called  to  the  Irish  bar  in  1888  and  to  the 
English  bar  in  '40.  He  was  appointed 
Chief- Justice  of  British  Ouiena,  Africa, 
in  1848,  and  Governor  in  '47,  and  con- 
ducted many  successful  explorins  ex- 
peditions into  the  interior  of  Africa; 
was  Governor  of  St.  Vincent  in  1853 
and  of  South  Australia  m  1856,  where 
he  also  pushed  explorations  of  discov- 
u'y  especially  on  Murray  River.  He 
was  made  Lieut-Goy.  of  Nova  Scotia  in 
1866  and  of  Hong  Kong  in  1865.  and 
stands  high  for  administrative  ability. 

Mcdonough,  JOHN,  a  distin- 
guished American  merchant  of  great 
wealth,  was  bom  in  Baltimore,  of  Irish 
parents,  and  after  getting  his  start  in  life 
settled  in  New  Orleans  wuere  he  develop- 
ed a  great  and  prosperous  business  and 
acquired  immense  wealth.  He  left  the 
bulk  of  his  property  to  be  divided  be- 
tween the  cities  of  his  birtJi  and  adop 
tion.  He  died  in  1860,  aged  seventy- 
two  years. 

McDUFFIE,  GEORGE,  an  eloquent 
and  able  American  statesman  and  ora- 
tor, was  born  in  Columbia  county, 
Georgia  in  1778,  of  Irish  parents.  He 
at  ilrtit  received  but  an  ordinary  educa- 
tion and  after  securing  sufficient  mians 
by  clerking,  hi'  entered  South  Carolina 
college  where  ho  graduated  in  1818  and 
was  shortly  afterwards  admitted  to  the 
bar.  He  was  a  member  of  the  legisla- 
ture for  some  years  and  gained  a  repu- 
tation for  oratory.  He  was  sent  to 
Congress  in  1821,  where  he  remained 
fourteen  years,  when  he  was  elected 

governor  of  the  state.  He  was  an  ar- 
ent  and  eloquent  advocate  of  state 
rights  and  ably  supported  Calhoun  and 
Bayne.    In  1848  he  was  elected  to  the 


tJnited  States  Senate,  but  had  to  r^ ' 
sign  on  account  of  ill-health,  the  result 
of  a  wound  which  he  received  in  a  duel 
with  Col.  Cummins.  He  was  a  worthy 
compeer  of  his  two  Celtic  contempor- 
aries and  was  almost  equally  famed  for 
eloquence.    He  died  Ik^arch  11th,  1857. 

I 
MAC  ELLIGOT,  GEN.  ROGER,  a 
eallant  Irish  officer  was  born  about 
1660.  He  early  distinguished  himself 
in  the  wars  oi  his  country  and  was 
commandant  of  the  city  of  Cork  in  1690 
which  he  gallantly  defended  against  the 
Duke  of  Marlborough,  but  was  com- 
pelled to  capitulate  to  a  greatly  superior 
force.  After  the  treaty  of  Limerick  he 
went  to  France  and  commanded  the 
regiment  of  Clancarthy  and  participat- 
eain  the  glories  of  the  Irish  brigade. 
He  became  a  general  officer  and  was 
distinguished  like  his  Irish  compeers  for 
bravery  ahd  dash,  and  was  hela  in  high 
esteem  in  thi<  country  of  his  exile,  and 
well  sustained  by  a  brilliant  career 
the  reputation  of  Irish  Celtic  bravery 
and  Military  skill. 

Mcelroy,  dr.  george  b.,  an 

able  and  distinguished  Methodist  divine 
of  Michigan,  was  born  at  Pittsburgh, 
Penn.,  of  Irish  parents,  in  June  1824. 
His  parents  being  poor,  our  subject  had 
to  labor  with  his  father  at  an  early  aee. 
He  had,  however,  a  strong  desire  for 
knowleage  and  acquired  much  by  his 
industry,  and  at  the  age  of  eighteen  he 
commenced  study  for  the  ministry  of 
the  Methodist  .church.  His  first  at- 
tempt to  preach  after  receiving  his 
charge  was  a  complete  failure  from  em- 
barrassment. In  186 1  he  became  a  pro ' 
fessor  in  Madison  college,  Penn.,  and 
held  the  chair  of  mathematics  and  na- 
tural science.  He  next  was  connected 
with  the  North  Illinois  Institute,  where 
he  remained  five  years.  In  1864  he  re- 
turned to  Penn..  and  had  charge  of  the 
Alleghany  Seminary,  Pittsburgh,  and 
fro^  there  he  went  to  Adrian  to  take 
the  chair  of  mathematics  in  Adrian 
College.  In  1774  he  became  president 
of  the  same,  which  position  he  still  re- 
tains. Dr.  McEIroy  is  considered  one 
of  the  ablest  representatives  of  his 
church  in  the  United  States. 

Mcelroy,  rev.  JOHN,  a  leamed 
and  zealous  Catholic  divine,  was  bom 
in  Inniskillin,  Ireland,  in  1782,  and 
came  to  American  in  1808.   He  made 


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his  studies  at  Georgetown  College, 
where  he  was  orduined  priest  in  1817. 
He  was  for  sometime  stationed  in  Bos- 
ton and  built  there  the  church  and  col- 
lege of  the  Immaculate  Conception.  He 
was  one  of  the  Catholic  chaplains  who 
accompanied  the  American  army  to 
Mexico  and  was  highly  esteemed  by 
the  soldiers  for  his  zeal  and  energy.  He 
was  af terwanis  stationed  in  Frederick, 
Md.,  where  he  also  built  a  beautiful 
church.  He  lived  to  the  great  age  of 
ninety -five  years,  dying  September  12, 
1877. 

MAC  FIRBESEY,  GELA8IUS,  a 
poet  and  historian  of  eminence,  flourish- 
ed about  1260.  He  is  the  author  of  a 
chronicle  of  his  times,  besides  poems, 
etc.,  the  manuscripts  of  which  are  still 
in  continental  libraries. 

McFLIN,  FLORENCE,  Archbishop 
of  Tuam,  A.  D.,  1250.  He  was  cele- 
brated for  his  learning  and  his  pro- 
found knowledge  of  cannon  law.  He 
wab  a   great  patron  of  learning  and 

Skvt  lectures  himself  in  the  schools, 
e  died  at  Bristol,  England,  A.  D., 
1266. 

MAC  GAHAN,  JOHN,  a  noted 
American  journalist  and  war  corres- 
pondent, was  born  in  St.  Louis,  of 
Irish  parents,  in  1846,  and  adopted  the 
profession  of  journalism.  On  tlie  in- 
ception of  the  Franco-Prussian  war  he 
became  war  correspondent  of  the  New 
York  Herald,  and  was  with  the  army 
of  Bourbiaki  on  its  defeat  and  retreat 
into  Switaerland,  which  he  graphically 
described.  He  afterwards  accompan- 
ied the  Russian  army  in  the  expedition 
to  Khiva  although  against  the  '^  ublished 
order  of  the  Russian  authorities,  and 
his  bock  "  Campaigning  on  the  Oxus," 
gives,  probably,  the  only  consistent  re- 
cord of  the  war.  Subsequently  he 
joined  the  expedition  to  the  north  polo 
on  the  "Pandora"  and  gives  us  his 
experience  "Under  the  Northern 
lights. "  In  1875  he  severed  his  con- 
nection with  the  Herald  and  joined  the 
stnff  of  the  London  Daily  News,  and  in 
the  interests  of  that  paper  visited  the 
centre  of  war  in  Turkey  and  gave  the 
reading  public  the  daily  records  and 
varying  fortunes  of  that  war,  excit- 
ing the  sympathie'<  and  indignation  of 
the  English  people  by  his  accounts  of 
the  BulgariaD    outrages.     MacGahan 


became  master  of  the  French,  German 
and  Russian  languages,  and  quite  pro- 
ficient in  Spanish,  Turkish  and  B  ;,^ 
rian-  He  was  a  keen  observer  and  be- 
came thoroughly  acquainted  with  the 
world  in  various  phasis ;  with  versaiMe 
powers  and  cosmopolitan  instincts  le 
early  adapted  himself  to  the  silun  on 
in  which  he  found  himself,  and  with 
an  easy  confidence  that  knew  no  Fuch 
word  as  fail,  he  ever  succee<led  in  es- 
tablishing himself  in  amicable  relations 
with  those  around  him.  He  died  in 
Constantinople  June  10,  1878,  on  the 
threshold  of  a  brilliant  career. 

McGEE,  THOMAS  D'ARCY,  a  cele- 
brated orator,  statesman,  poet  and  pat- 
riot, was  bom  at  Carlingi'ord,  County 
Louth,  Ireland,  April  13,  1825.  His 
mother,  who  was  a  lady  of  superior 
mind  and  attainments,  although  dy- 
ing when  our  subject  was  quite  young, 
left  such  an  impression  of  her  pres- 
ence and  worth  on  his  mind  that  he 
cherished  her  memory,  as  of  yesterday, 
to  the  hour  of  his  death.  His  educa- 
tion was  limited  to  what  the  ordinary 
day  schools  of  Wexford  could  affora. 
The  boy,  however,  had  a  poetic  mind, 
not  of  the  sentimental  but  of  the  heroic 
kind,  an  ardent  paission  for  knowledge 
and  was  also  nn  ea^er  explorer  of  history. 
Having  relatives  ^in  America,  and  ad- 
miring the  patriots  and  institutions  of 
the  great  Republic,  he  determined  to 
cast  nis  fortunes  in  the  new  land,  and 
in  company  with  a  sister  he  came  to  the 
United  States  in  his  seventeenth  year. 
After  a  short  visit  to  his  aunt  in  Provi- 
dence he  went  to  Boston  June,  1842. 
At  this  time  the  Repeal  movement  was 
warmly  agitated  in  this  country.  The 
4th  of  July  came  and  the  poetic  ima- 
gination and  patriotic  heart  of  the  young 
exile  was  in  a  blaze  of  enthusiasm  at 
the  scene  around  him.  Being  present 
at  a  gathering  of  his  countrymen,  who 
were  celebrating  v/ith  speechesand  song 
the  glorious  day,  he  stepped  to  the  front 
on  a  call,  and  with  his  fresh  enthusiasm 
he  burst  like  a  metoft:  on  the  astonished 
hearers,  encbantin^the  multitude  by 
the  brilliancy  of  lira  eloquence,  and 
gained  for  himself  the  title  of  the  "boy 
orator. "  A  few  days  afterwards  he  was 
offered  a  position  on  the  Boston  Pilot, 
and  in  less  than  two  years  became  its 
editor-in-chief,  being  then  but  19  years 
of  age.  This  was  the  insane  period  of 
Native-Americanism,    and  the  young 


as  I 
of  I 
of  : 


r 


MAC 


miBH  CELTS. 


MAO 


• 


years 
fiod  of 
lyouDg 


editor  with  pcu  and  voice  denounced 
this  anti-Republican  viper,  and  Puritan 
New  England  echoed  with  his  scathing 
denunciations  df  its  vile  offspring.  In 
the  Repeal  agitation  McGee  also  took  a 
leading  part,  and  so  much  ability  did  he 
display  in  his  editorials  on  the  Irish 
question,  that  they  attracted  attention 
in  the  ola  country,  and  even  the  great 
O'Connell  paid  him  a  public  tribute  of 
praise.  About  this  time  he  was  invited 
to  tak  editorial  charge  of  the  Dublin 
Freeman,  one  of  the  ablest  papers  in 
Ireland,  which  he  accepted  and  immedi- 
ately started  back  for  the  old  land, being 
then  only  twenty  years  of  age.  The 
course  of  the  Freeman  becoming  too 
mild  for  him  in  the  agitation  of  the 
times,  and  being  offered  a  place  on  the 
Irish  Nation,  the  organ  of  the  Young 
Ireland  party,  he  accepted,  and  cast  his 
fortunes  with  the  brilliant  but  unfortu- 
nate leaders  of  that  party.  Perhaps 
no  paper  ever  had  so  brilliant  a  staff  of 
editors,  Duffy,  Davis,  Mitchell.  Devin, 
Reilly  and  McGee,  wnile  it  drew  to  it- 
self the  brightest  and  most  enthusiastic 
children  of  genius  throughont  Ireland 
as  contributors.  The  patriotic  poetry 
of  Davis  stirred  and  thrilled  the  heart 
of  Ireland  as  never  before,  .md  the 
most  sluggish  Irish  blood  felt  its  in- 
fluence, while  the  fervid  eloquence  of 
its  brilliant  young  orators  which  was 
echoed  in  its  columns,  inspired  hope  and 
exaltation.  They  proved,  however,  but 
ephemeral  visions.  The  effort  for  in- 
dependence which  followed  was  pre- 
mature, and  disastrous  failure  followed. 
McGee  escaped  from  Ireland,  and  once 
again  cast  his  fortunes  in  the  land  of 
freedom.  He  arrived  in  New  York  on 
the  10th  of  October,  1848,  and  on  the 
26th  of  the  same  month  appeared  the 
first  number  of  the  New  York  Nation. 
McGee,  sore  from  disappointment  and 
defeat,  made  a  great  and  unjust  blun- 
der in  attempting  to  explain  the  cause 
which  led  to  the  failure  of  the  rising  by 
charging  it  to  the  unpatriotic  opposi- 
tion of  Irish  prelates  and  priests.  As 
the  Irish  people,  both  at  home  and 
abroad,  were  from  the  first  divided  as 
to  the  policy  of  the  movement,  nearly 
half  and  that  the  staider,  believing 
with  O'Co.inell  that  peaceful  means 
unitedly  pursued  would  succeed,  the 
charge  againsj  the  Irish  clergv  was  un- 
just. Bishop  Hughes  immediatelv  took 
up  their  defense  and  maintained  that 
their  action  in  the  premises  was  both 


just  and  patriotic  and  saved  from  indis- 
criminate slaughter  those  who  had  no 
means  of  either  offense  or  defense.  Mc- 
Gee stoutly  maintained  his  charge,  and 
the  controversy  being  somewhat  acri- 
monious the  result  injured  McGee's 
standing  and  influence  with  the  best 
portion  of  his  countrymen  in  A  merica 
and  his  paper  was  injured  accordingly. 
In  1850  he  started  the  "American  i'elt" 
in  Boston,  but  afterwards  removed  it  to 
Buffalo  and  eventually  to  New  York 
City.  The  tone  of  the  new  journal  was 
more  conservative;  difliculties  and  dis- 
aster seemed  to  have  toned  down  the 
fiery  impetuosity  of  his  more  youthful 
aspirations  and  to  bring  deeper,  more 
mature  and  unbiased,  thoughts  to 
the  solution  of  political  questions  and 
policies.  He  admitted  the  rashness 
and  prematurity  of  the  movements 
of  the  Young  Ireland  party,  and  the 
dangers  of  the  political  theories  by 
which  they  were  governed,  and  not  be- 
cause he  loved  liberty  less  but  feared 
license.  The  American  Celt  acquired 
a  large  share  of  popularity,  and  was 
foremost  in  i>rojecting  works  for  the 
social  well  being  of  the  Irish  race  at 
home  and  abroad.  The  colonization 
scheme  which  has  since,  under  the  sup- 
ervision of  Bishops  Ireland,  Spaulding 
and  others,  done  such  good  work  was 
first  projected  by  McGee,  and  well  on 
towards  a  thorough  organization  and  a 
substantial  realizution,  when  it  was  de- 
nounced by  Bishop  Hughes,  who  for 
some  not  well  defined  reasons  opposed 
I  u.  McGee  was  undoubtedly  sound  and 
i  correct  in  his  policy  and  had  it  been  un- 
I  itedly  supported  and  practically  carried 
j  out  at  that  early  day,  untold  benefits 
would  have  been  confe.red  on  the  Irish 
immigrant  and  the  Irish  race  in  Amer- 
ica. This  opposition  together  with,  per- 
haps, financial  difficulties,  led  McGee 
in  1857  to  accept  an  invitation  of  the 
Irish  in  Montreal  to  come  to  reside 
amongst  them.  They  presented  him 
with  sufficient  real  estate  to  entitle  him 
to  be  eligible  to  Parliament,  and  after  a 
hot  contest  they  successfully  elected 
him.  During  this  time  he  started  a  pa- 
per, the  New  Era,  and  also  applied  him- 
self to  law,  and  after  a  due  course  was 
admitted  to  the  Lower  Canadian  Bar. 
His  position  in  the  Canadian  Parlia- 
ment was  at  first  apparently  an  nnoma* 
lous  one,  and  would  have  been  full  of 
difficulties  to  a  man  whosa  principles 
were  not  well  defined  and  firmly  grotuid- 


!!i: 


? 


:'3 


"I 
♦ 


MAC 


niisn  CELTS. 


MAO 


ed.    A  reputed  revolutionist  and  an  ar- 
dent lover  of  the  rights  of  his  native 
land  he  had  'been  supported  by  the 
"Rouge"  party  of  Lower  Canada.    But 
this  revolutionist,  while  he  still  ardent- 
ly loved  and  desired  the  liberty  of  his 
native  land,  had  grown   wise  in  the 
crucible  of  adversity,^  and  had  become 
thoroughly    conservative,    recognizing 
his  first  duty  as  beins:  to  Ood  and  the 
eternal  principles  which  should  guide 
human  actions  as  inculcated  by  the  gos- 
pel and  divine  authority.    This  mgh 
plane  of  statesmanship  to  which  he  had 
elevated  himself    produced   its    legi- 
timate results,  and  he  soon  won  the  es- 
teem of  all  his  constituents,  in  fact  the 
Protestant  element  which  first  bitterlv 
opposed  him  became  his  warmest  ad- 
mirers, and  he  was  re-elected  to  his  seat 
for  three  consecutive  terms,  afterwards, 
without  opposition.    But  it  vfoa   not 
bv  principle   alone    that   McGee  won 
place  and  fame;  it  was  still  more  by 
masterly  abilities  and  breadth  of  states- 
manship that  he  won  a  place  above  all 
his  Canadian  cotemporaries.    He  com- 
pleted the  patriotic  work   which  his 
brother  Celt.  Robert  Baldwin,  had  com- 
menced, and  we  might  say,  perfected  it 
in  detail.  Baldwin  roused  the  Provinces 
to  the  assertion  of  constitutional  rights 
and  self  government,  McGee  advancing 
a  step  further  and  securing  a  consolida- 
tion of  all  into  one  Dominion.    In  1865 
McGee's  constituents  in  Montreal  pres- 
ented him  with  a  substantial  mark  of 
their  high  esteem  in  the  shape  of  a  beau- 
tiful residence  in  that  city.     In  1862  he 
became  President    of  the    Executive 
Council  and  was  also  Acting  Provincial 
Secretary.    In    1867  he   was   sent  to 
Paris  as  one  of  the  Canadian  Commis- 
sioners to  the  great  Exposition,    and 
afterwards  travelled  over  portions  of 
the  continent.    At   this  time  he   was 
Minister  of  Agriculture  and  Emigration 
and  before  he  returned  home  he  took  a 
leading  part  in  the  deliberations  which 
the   representatives   of   the  Canadian 
government  had  with  the  "home  gov- 
ernment" in  regard  to  the  scheme  of 
confederation  which  McGee  had    de- 
veloped, and  advocated  throughout  the 
Provinces.    The  project  was  sanctioned 
and  perfected,  and  the  "Dominion  of 
Canada"  was  boin.    McGee  was  offered 
a  seat  in  the  Cabinet  but  he  declined, 
preferring  to  allow  a  fellow  Celt  from 
Kova   8cotia    have  the  seat.    In  the 
meantime  McGee'A  modified  course  on 


the  Irish   question   had  offended  the 
more  extreme  and  radical  of  the  Irish 

Ktriots,  and  his  denunciations  of  the 
inians,  especially  those  who  advocated 
the  invasion  of  Canada,  made  for  him 
among   the  secret  organizers   of  that 
party  deadly  enemies.   By  them  he  was 
denounced  as  a  traitor  to  his  country 
and  its  causd,  and  his  personal  charac- 
ter was  bitterly  attacked  regardless  of 
truth  or  faMty.    They  succeeded   in 
inducing  Barney  Devlin,  an  able  Mon- 
treal advocate,  to  contest  McGee's  seat 
in  Parliament,  and  a  bitter  and   accri- 
monious  contest  followed.    McGee  was 
returned  but  not  by  the  majority  of 
his  countiymen,  and  took  his  seat  in  the 
first  parliament  of  the  Dominion  govern- 
ment.   The  anxieties,    irritations,    la- 
bors and  sorrows  of  these    vears   at 
length  impaired  his  health,  and  confined 
him  for  some  three  months  to  his  room. 
Here  away  from  the  vortex  of  political 
life  and  the  ever  seething  caldron  of 
striving  ambition,  the  great  poetic  mind 
of  McGee  had  ample  room  for  reflection 
and  retrospection.    Still  in   the   very 
prime  of  life  he  could  look  back  over  a 
long  and  checkered  career,  a  quarter  of 
a  century  of  political   strife  in  three 
countries.    In  two  his  hopes  and  am- 
bitions disappointed,  but  not  devoid  of 
consolation  and  glory  even  if  marred  by 
mistakes.    In  the  last  success,  but  not 
devoid  of    bitterness  and  sorrow.  He 
seems  to  have  said  to  himself,  "And 
what  is  all  this  worth !"    The  good  God 
who  governs  the  Universe,  and  without 
whose  consent  even  the  sparrow  does 
not  fall,  will  attend  to  the  affairs  of 
Nations;  and  right  their  wrongs  and 
give  them  good  rules  and  just  laws 
without  bringing  bitterness  and  sorrow 
to  any  human  heart  if  each  will  only  do 
the  will  of  the  Father,  and  be  not  soli- 
citous about  the  things  of  this  world." 
McGee's  mind  was  eminently  religious 
and   poetic,  and  it  seems  always    to 
have  been  the  dream  and  desire  of  his 
heart  to  cultivate  the  grand,  sublime 
and  true  in  thought  and  give  exprcnsion 
to  them  in  fit  words  rather  than  to  strive 
for  the  ambitious  things  of  eiirt  h.  Such, 
however,  was  not  his  fate,  and  even  had 
he  lived  it  is  not  likely  that  he  would 
have  been  able  to  carry  out  his  desires. 
Be  that  as  it  may  the  band  of  the  as- 
sassin cut  short  all  future  purposes,  and 
Thos  D'Arcy  McGee,  one  of  the  bright- 
est genius  of  thiH,  or  any  other  age,  fell 
by  the  btillet  of  a  skijlkiug  murderer 


HAG 


IBIBH  CKLT8. 


MAO 


April  7th,  1867,  just  after  leaving  the 
Parnament  House,  Ottawa,  after  hav- 
ing delivered  one  of  bis  characteristic 
speeches.    The  career  of  this  remark- 
aule  man,  from  its  outset  as  a  boy,  was 
unique  and  striking.    As  an  unknown 
boy  he  came  to  America,  not  even  hav- 
ing the  advantages  of  a  collegiate  edu- 
cation and  only  that  training  and  ex- 
perience which  could  be  had  in  those 
days  in  an  unimportant  town  in  Ireland. 
Yet  although  but  just  seventeen,  he  leaps 
AS  it  were,  to  aii  important  position  in 
the  cultivated  city  of  Boston,  and  de- 
velopcs  a  pover,  as  s   t.'ong,  able,  vigor' 
ous  and  classical  wriier  that  placed  him 
with  the  best  in  the  land.     Yet  it  was 
but  the  unaided  development  of  a  mind 
of  an  intellectual  giant.    Neither  did 
the  promise  of  the  boy  fail  in  the  fully 
developed  man.    As  a  statesman,  ora- 
tor, poet  or  writer  he  has  had  few  equals. 
In  everything  he  undertook  the  master- 
hand    was    visible.    A  vast   fund   of 
knowledge  on  every  conceivable  sub- 
ject was  supplemented  by  an  inexhaus- 
tible command  of  language,  chaste,  beau- 
tiful, felicitous  and  pointed,illumined  by 
a  brilliant  imagination,filled  with  poetic 
fancies.    It  is  not  strange,  therefore, 
that  while  he  excelled  in  all  these  pub- 
lic qualities  which  make  men  famous 
he  was  also  unrivalled  as  a  conversa- 
tionalist, overflowing  with  wit,  humor 
and  anecdotes,  and  consonant  with  this 
was  bis  wonderful  popularity  as  an  af- 
ter-dinner speaker  in  which  he  was  unap- 
approachable,  but  while  these  qualities 
gave  softness  to  bis  character  they  did  not 
take  away  from  the  intenseness  of  his 
oratory,  or  the  bread<<h,    massiveness 
and  solidity  of  his  political  views.  How 
he  had  won  the  admiration  of  his  fel- 
low chizcns  of  Canada  who  had  anta- 
gonized him  at  first  may  be  judged 
from  the  following  which  was  read  at 
a  St.  Andrew's  society  celebration  after 
his  death : 

"  Ah  I  wad  that  he  were  here  the  nicht. 
Whose  tongue  was  like  a  faerie  lute. 
But  vain  the  wish,  McGe^t  thy  might 
Lies  low  in  death — thy  voice  is  mute. 
He's  gone — the  noblest  of  us  a'— 
Aboon  a'  care  o'  worldly  fame. 
An'  who  so  proud  as  he  to  ca' 
Our  Canada  his  hame. 

The  gentle  maple  weeps  an'  waves 
Above  our  patriot-statesman's  heed 
But  if  we  prize  the  licht  he  gava 


We  11  bury  feuds  of  race  and  creed 
For  this  he  wrocbt,  for  this  he  died. 
Ah!  for  the  love  we  bear  bis  name 
Let's  live  as  britbers,  side  by  side. 
In  Canada,  our  hame  " 

McGEOOHEQAN,    ABBE    J.,    a 
learned  and  patriotic  Irish  priest  and 
historian  was  bom  at  MuUigar,  in  the 
province  of  Leinster,  Ireland,  1698.  His 
father  was  a  comfortable  farmer,  and 
his  boy  desiring  to  devots  himself  to  re- 
ligion was  sent  by  him  to  the  College  of 
Kbeims,  France,  asunder  the  "glonous" 
constitution  of  England  Catholic  edu> 
cation  was  felony  in  Ireland  in  those 
days.    At  college  the  young  Irish  stu- 
dent  distinguished  himself,   and   oh* 
tained  the  first  prize  in  the  general  ex- 
amination in  theology.    He  was  then 
ordained  and  continued  in  the  college 
for  some  time  afterwards.    In  1786  he 
came  to  England  as  chaplain   to  an 
English  gentleman,  and   during    this 
time  he  was  able  to  travel  in  Ireland, 
and  visited   his  native   place.      The 
country  in  those  days  was  in  a  wretch- 
ed  condition.     The  laws  were  prind- 
pally  under  the  administration  of  a  bru- 
tal  soldieiy,  and  when  not.  of  a  not  less 
brutal  ana  unjust  magistracy.    In  fact 
they  were  then,  as  the  illustnous  Burke 
describes  them,  "As  well  calculated  to 
oppress,  impoverish  and  degrade  a  peo- 
pie   and  debase  within   them  human 
nature  itself,  as  ever  proceeded  from 
the  perverse  ingenuity  of  man."     And 
this  develish  ingenuity  of  a  government 
which  has  not  succeeded  in  its  designs 
by  a  contest  of  valor  vs.  valor  (for  the 
brave  and  honorable  are  never  cruel), 
but  by  perjury  and  violated    treaty, 
were  not  sausfled  with  a  relentless  tyr- 
er  ly  over  ^er  prostrate  foe.  but  she 
poured  out  infamous  calumnies  against 
the  beople  whom  they  would  have  de- 
graded if  they  could,  to  justify  them- 
selves  and  their  infamy.    But  the  ex« 
lied  brethren  of  this  same  people  were 
at  this  time  bnilding  up  on  the  Conti- 
nent  a  heritage  of  glory  and  heroism, 
as   unrivalled  as  it  is  immortal,  and 
which  hurled  back  the  fiendish  lies  of 
the  oppressors  of    their  country  into 
their  teeth,  as  they  did  their  most  val- 
iant armies  on  the  Continent,  when  they 
snatched  from  the  English  crown,  and 
made  worthless  and  empty,  by  the  vic- 
tory of  Fontenoy,  the  title  of  "King  of 
France."    One  may  well  conceive  the 
feelings  of  this  patriotic  priest  as  he 


m 

■I 


■m 


-:  -m 


MAC 


nuSH  CELTS 


MAC 


trod,  after  an  absence  of  twenty  years, 
the  loved  hills  of  his  native  land,  and 
beheld  the  misery  and  humiliation  of 
her  children,  in  so  sad  a  contrast  with 
the  glc.y  and  honor  their  brethern  were 
achieving  in  the  land  of  their  exile.  He 
returned  to  France  and  became  chap- 
lain of  the  Irish  brigade.     It  was  while 
in  this  position,  and  mixing  with  its 
chivalrous  soldiers  the  O'Briens   and 
Dillons,  the  Purcells  and  Cusacks,  the 
Butts  and  Sarsflelds,  that  our  historian 
determined  to  write  the  history  of  his 
country  and  rescue  her  glorious  annals 
f rom  tne  poisoned  and  lying 'pens  of 
her  enemy.      He    wrote  his  work  in 
French,  and  in  the  libraries  of  the  Con- 
tinent, rich  with  Irish  MSS.,  he  found 
the  ample  material  which  compose  it. 
He  dedicated  it  to  the  "Irish  Troops  in 
the    Service    of     France."     In  this 
work  be  tells  us  the  astonishing  fact, 
taken  from  the  rolls  of  the  army,  which 
asan  officer  of,  he  had  the  amplest 
means  of  knowing,  that  during  a  period 
of  flftv  years  preceding  the  time  he 
wrote  bis  history,  nearly  500,000  Irish- 
men had  been  enrolled  in  the  French 
army  1    Who  can  calculate  the  political 
efleqt  which  this  vast  number  of  men, 
unrivalled   for    bravery   and  dash   in 
battle,  must  have  had  on  the  condition 
of  Europe;  many  of  the  brilliant  victor- 
ies gained  by  French  arms  in  the  time 
of  Louis  XIV.  are  undoubtedly  due  to 
them,  and  it  was  in  those  years  of  al- 
most continued  aud  desperate  warfare, 
more  than  any  other,  that  the  condition 
and  division  of  modern  Europe  were 
defined  and  solidified.      Another  (juery 
also  presents  itself,  viz  :     What  influ- 
ence had  this  strong  stream  of  Irish 
blood    whicn    disseminated   itself   in 
Fmnce  in  that  and  the  succeeding  gen- 
erations down  to  the  fall  of  Napoleon, 
which   aggregated  more    than    twice 
the    above    numbers ;  had     on     the 
character     of    the    French    nation ; 
and  who  are  the  descendants  of  this 
vigorous  race  in  France  to-day  ?      The 
Abbe  died  in  1750,  greatly  regretted  by 
his  countrymen  in  France,  and  is  buried 
in  Paris. 

MAC  GEOGHEGAN  CHAS.,  one  of 
a  distinguished  line  of  Idsh  patriots 
and  soldiers,  was  a  native  of  West- 
meath.  He  learned  the  art  of  war  in 
France  and  with  his  father  and  six 
brothers  he  fought  with  distinction 
agains  William  of  Orana^e  in  Ireland. 


Five  of  the  brothers  fell  In  this  war, 
while  two,  Anthony  and  Charles  went 
to  France  and  distinguished  themselves 
in  the  Irish  brigades.  They  left  be- 
hind them  worthy  descendants,  one  of 
whom,  Alexander,  son  of  Charles, 
greatly  distinguished  himself  in  India 
while  in  command  of  the  regiment  of 
Italy,  having  won  the  battle  of  Yanda- 
vichia  against  a  much  superior  force  of 
English. 

MAO  GEOGHEGAN,RICHARD,the 
heroic  defender  of  the  castle  of  Dun- 
boy,  and  a  fit  companion  of  Leonidas, 
the  Spartan,  was  one  of  the  Irish  chief- 
tans  who  fought  under  O'Neill,  prince 
of  Tyrone,  and  O'Donnell,  prince  of 
Tyrconnell.  This  castle  was  on  the 
coast  of  Munster  and  important  as  a 
means  of  communication  with  the 
Spanish.  Mac  Geoghegan  occupied  it 
with  one  hundred  and  fifty -three  men. 
The  Lord  Deputy  Carew  determined  to 
reduce  the  place  and  invested  it  with 
over  six  thousand  men.  He  was  com- 
pelled to  open  trenches,  and  at  length 
established  a  battery  within  one  hund- 
red and  forty  paces  of  the  castle.  Hav- 
ing at  length  effected  a  wide  breach,  he 
attempted  to  carry  it  by  assault,  but  was 
repuL<^.  After  more  effective  can- 
nonading another  assault  was  made  and 
repulsed  with  heavy  loss,  cannonading 
was  again  resumed  after  which  a  third 
stomifng  party  rushed  through  the 
breach,  but  were  gallantly  expelled 
again  by  the  heroic  little  garrison.  The 
English  now  kept  an  incessant  cannon- 
ade on  the  castle  from  five  o'clock  in 
the  morning  till  nine  o'clock  at  night, 
increasing  the  breach  and  ruin  of  the 
castle  very  materially.  This  was  con- 
tinued the  next  day  till  one  in  the  aft- 
ernoon when  a  more  powerful  and  des> 
perate  assault  than  any  previously 
made  was  commenced.    Every  inch  of 

frround  from  the  breach  was  desperate- 
y  contested  and  night  came  and  still 
this  band  of  heroes  were  not  vanquish- 
ed, but  their  valliant  leader  was  desper- 
ately wounded.  Morning  came  and 
the  assault  was  about  being  re^sumed. 
The  English  pretending,  however, 
to  be  desirous  of  sparing  a  useless  sac- 
rifice of  life  offered  to  let  the  gar- 
rison march  out  if  tbey  would 
surrender  the  castle.  Those  who 
were  left,  being  without  their  leader 
and  seeing  no  hope,  were  about  agreeing 
to  the  proposition,  but  the  dying  leader 


•  I 


MAO 


IRISH  CBLTS. 


MAC 


k  ia 


hearing  of  it  refused  to  give  his  con- 
sent and,  seeing  the  English  enter  in 
crowds,  he  snatched  a  burning  brand, 
and  although  exhausted,  attempted  to 
reach  a  barrel  of  powder  and  involve 
all  in  common  ruin,  rather  than  sur- 
render. He  was  prevented  by  Captain 
Power,  one  of  his  men,  who  toolc  him 
in  his  arms,  when  he  was  inhumanly 
stabbed  by  one  of  the  English  soldiers. 
This  siege  lasted  fifteen  days  and  cost 
the  enemy  over  six  huudrca  men  killed. 
McGeoghegan's  estimate  of  his  enemy 
was  correct,  for  of  the  gallant  remain- 
der of  the  band  who  submitted  to  the 
perfidious  Saxon  not  one  escaped  death. 
This  took  place  under  Elizabeth,  A. 
D.,  16Ct. 

McGRADY,  REV.  JAMES,  a  fa- 
mous Prsbyterian  divine  and  pulpit  or- 
ator, was  born  in  Ireland  about  1765, 
came  to  America  and  settled  in  Ken- 
tucky, where  he  soon  became  famous 
for  his  zeal  and  eloquence.  He  became 
the  leader  of  what  are  now  known  as 
the  Cumberland  Presbyterian  church, 
a  kind  of  independent  organization, 
and  was  held  in  high  repute  by  that 
body. 

MAC  HALE,  MOST  REV.  JOHN, 
Archbishop  of  Tuam,  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  and  patriotic  of  Irish  prelates, 
was  born  at  Tobernaven,  county  Mayo, 
Ireland,  March,  6,  1791.  His  early  ed- 
ucation was  received  clandestinelly  from 
the  "  hedge  schoolmaster,"  it  being 
unsafe  even  as  late  as  his  early  days, 
for  the  Catholic  teacher  to  practice  his 
avocation,  although  the  more  burbar 
ous  penal  ItiMs  had  been  repealed.  He 
learned  the  rudiments  of  the  classics  at 
Castlebar,  and  in  1807  he  entered  the 
Catholic  college  of  Maynooth;  religious 
bigotry  having  been  so  far  modified  or 
christianized  at  this  time  as  to  sanction 
Catholic  public  education.  He  here 
gave  evidence  of  the  great  talents  and 
vigor  which  afterwards  so  distinguished 
him  in  life.  Before  reaching  the  can- 
onical age  he  had  finished  his-  priestly 
studies  and  was  ordained  ^by  dispensa- 
tion. He  was  immediately  after  made 
assistant  professor  of  dogmatic  theolo- 
gy in  his  alma  mater,  and  some  few 
years  afterwards  became  professor  of 
that  chair.  The  young  theologian  did 
not  however  confine  himself  exclusively 
to  the  collegiate  duties.  A  mind  ardent 
and  i>atriotic  as  his  could  not  be  sUent  in 


the  face  of  an  enslaved  country  and  a 

{)roscribed  and  basely  malign;jd  relig- 
on.  He  took  up  the  pen  in  advocacy 
of  both.  In  his  day  the  Established 
church  in  Ireland  had  able  and  learned 
divines,  many  of  whom  too  were  very 
bigoted  and  inclined  to  be  intolerant, 
and  with  a  government  at  their  back 
which  liJid  striven  for  three  hundred 
years  to  destroy  the  faith  and  wipe  out 
the  religious  traditions  of  the  great  body 
of  the  Irish  race,  it  is  not  to  be  wonder- 
ed that  they  felt  strong  and  aggressive 
even  in  polemical  warfare,  hopeful  and 
desirous,  too.  to  crush  by  reason,  what 
the  government  failed  to  destroy  by 
force.  The  result  was  an  ocean  of 
"anti-popish  pamphlets  and  books  from 
doughty  champions  of  every  caliber 
who  desired  to  share  in  the  glory  of  de- 
stroying "Jesuitism"  in  Ireland.  Our 
young  theolo^an  was  not  slow  to  give 
a  reason  for  tlie  faith  that  was  in  him 
in  a  series  of  newspaper  articles,  under 
the  name  of  Hierophilos,  answering  in 
a  clear,  powerful  and  convincing  man- 
ner all  the  charges  and  objections 
of  his  adversaries.  He  also  became  a 
strong  advocate  of  Irish  rights  and  es- 
pecially Catholic  rights,  and  soon  be- 
came widely  known  and  admired  as  an 
able  and  valiant  Irish  leader.  In  1825 
he  was  named  co-adjutor  Bishop  of 
Killala.  About  this  time  he  produced 
his  able  and  timely  work  on  "The  Evi- 
dences and  Doctrines  of  the  Church," 
and  which  added  to  his  reputation  as  a 
sound,  acute  and  learned  theologian; 
but  his  increasing  duties  did  not  deter 
him  from  ably  supporting  O'Connell  in 
the  battle  for  Catholic  emancipation.  In 
1834  he  was  raised  to  the  Archepiscopal 
See  of  Tuam,  and  although  he  attended 
to  the  multifarious  duties  of  his  great 
office  with  scrupulous  exactness  and  un- 
ceasing attention,  yet  his  ereat  and  pat- 
riotic heart  went  out  to  all  Ireland,  and 
his  pen  was  maintaining  with  unan- 
swerable arguments  and  burning  words 
the  rights  of  the  people,  and  exposing  to 
the  gaze  of  the  world  the  wretched  re- 
sults of  laws  made  only  in  the  interest 
of  the  oppressors  and  administered  too 
often  with  the  utmost  barbarity.  O'Con- 
nell styled  him  the  "  Lion  of  the  Fold 
of  Judah.  The  death  of  the  Liberator, 
the  disruption  of  the  Irish  patriots  and 
the  disasters  of  the  Rebellion  of  '48,  led 
by  the  brilliant  but  unfortunate  Young 
Ireland  party,  together  with  the  famine 
which  made  ruin  and  desolation  almoBt 


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MAO 


Xnidll  CBLTS. 


MAO 


universal,  brought  untold  aneuish  to 
the  loving,  fatherly  heart  of  toe  great 
prelate.  His  noble  spirit,  however, 
-worthy  of  the  great  race  in  which  alone 
he  took  earthly  pride,  rose  equal  to  the 
emergency.  It  never  faltered,  or  failed, 
or  lost  hope.  A  true  soldier  of  his 
Divine  Master  and  a  good  shepherd  he 

Suarded,  consoled  and  sustained   his 
ying  flock.    Night  and  day  he  roent 
himself  in  ministering  to  the  spiritual 
and  temporal  wants  of  his  starving  peo- 
ple, and  while  unable  to  save  them  from 
*he  relentless  hand  of  death,  he  often 
rescued  them   from    the   more   cruel 
temptations  of  the  heartless  geducer,  who 
held  before  their  famished  eyes  bread — 
bread  as  a  barter  for  faith  I    Neither 
-was  his  pen  idle  in  the  midst  of  this 
avalanche  of  evils,  df  troubles,  and  of 
accummulated  labors.    He  exposed  to 
the  eyes  of  the  world  the  true  cause  of 
the  manifold  evils  that  afflicted  his  coun- 
try and  tore  away  from  the  face  of  the 
oppressor  the  thick  veil  of  hypocrisy, 
dissimulation,  frr:,ud  and  deceit    with 
which  it  sought  to  cover  it.    He  ar- 
raigned him  before  the  bar  of  public 
opinion,  convicting  him  before  the  na- 
tions as  the  hideous  prophet  who  fore- 
told the  disaster  he  had  planned,  and 
•who  glutted  in  secret  over  the  destruc- 
tion his  wicked  inhumanity  had  caused, 
while  with  a  more  than  heai-tless  bar- 
barity he  sought  to  blacken  and  render 
Infamous    the   victim,    by    distorted 
facts  and  deliberate  falsehood.    John, 
Archbishop  of  Tuam,  was  a  signature 
-which  the  friends  of  Ireland  hailed  with 
delight,  and  which  now  continually  ap- 
peared in  advocacy  of  questions  ofvital 
importance  to   the  Irish   people — the 
PoorLaws,  Tithes,  National  Eaucatioa 
Bepeal,  Tenant  Rights— in  fact  every 
question  which  affected  the  Irish  race 
was  taken  up  by  him  and  analyzed  and 
rigorously  supported  or  denounced  as 
the  case  might  warrant.  His  criticisms, 
always  honest  and  in  the  interest  alone 
of  the  people,  were  universally  received 
as    correct  conclusions    on   the   sub- 
ject matter   discussed,    and  endorsed 
as  national    and   patriotic,  the   peo- 
ple having    an    abiding    faith    that 
"  John  of  Tuam  "  was  beyond  the  wiles 
and  deceptions  of  the    enemy.    The 
great  prelate  and  patriarch  wielded  the 
XMWtoral  staff    for  more  than  half  a 
oentury,  and  although  he  left  his  coun- 
try still  struggling  for  liberty,  he  had  the 
consolation  to  bwold  great  and  benefi- 


cent changes  in  her  condition.  He 
attended  all  the  great  councils  of  the 
Church  in  his  day,  including  the  Vati- 
can Council,  at  which  time  he  was  the 
oldest  Bishop  by  consecration  in  the 
world.  He  addressed  this  council  mora 
than  once  during  the  session,  and  was 
the  first  to  promulgate  its  decrees  in  Iro> 
land.  He  continura  to  labor  at  his  pas- 
toral duties  to  the  last,  and  performed 
all  the  duties  of  hiis  pastoral  office  in 
his  great  See  to  within  one  year  of  his 
death,  never  having  asked  for  a  coadju- 
tor till  that  time,  t^ing  then  in  his  nine- 
tieth year.  He  died  Nov.  7,  1881,  at 
the  great  age  of  91  vears,  with  a  mind 
unimpaired,  clear,  keen  and  vigorous  to 
the  last,  and  blest  up  to  his  last  sickness 
with  corresponding  bodily  vigor.  In 
him  Ireland  lost  one  of  the  greatest  and 
most  disinterested  of  patriots  and  most 
illustrious  of  prelates. 

MoHENRY,  JAMES,  an  Irish- Amer- 
ican patriot  of  the  Revolution  was  bom 
about  1766,  received  a  liberal  education 
and  studied  medicine.  On  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  war  he  volunteered  and 
served  with  honor  en  the  staff  of 
Washington  and  afterwards  on  that  of 
Lafayette,  and  represented  his  state 
nihlaryland)  in  the  Continental  Congress 
from  1783  to  '86  ;  was  a  member  of  the 
convention  which  formed  the  Federal 
Constitution,  and  signed  that  instru- 
ment.  Was  appointed  Secretary  of 
War,  which  office  he  held  till  1801,  but 
was  dismissed  by  Mr.  Adams  for  op* 
posing  his  alien  and  sedition  policy  and 
other  like  measures.  He  was  held  in 
the  highest  esteem  for  integrity  and 
ability  Dv  all  his  cotemporaries. 

McINTIRE,  RUFUS,  a  brave  and 
talented  citizen  of  Maine,  was  of  Irish 
descent,  bom  in  that  state  in  1784;  re* 
celved  a  fair  education,  and  eamed 
enough  by  teaching  school  and  other 
industry  to  make  his  way  through  Dar* 
mouth  College.  He  graduated  in  1807, 
and  then  entered  a  law  office  and  was 
admitted  to  practice  about  the  time  war 
was  declared  a^inst  Great  Britain.  He 
immediately  offered  his  bervices,  and 
was  appointed  a  Captain.  He  served 
along  the  frontier  till  the  close  of  the 
war,  and  distinguished  himself  by  his 
bravery  on  every  occasion.  At  the  close 
of  the  war  he  renewed  the  practice  of 
his  profession,  and  on  Maine  assuming 
state  powers  he  became  a  meml^er  of  the 


MAO 


ntlSH  0KLT8. 


MAO 


ewar 
He 
and 
erved 
the 
|y  hig 
close 
ce  of 
iming 
of  the 


first  legislature.  In  1826  he  was  sent  to 
Congress,  where  he  remained  continual- 
ly for  ten  years,  and  was  on  thecommis- 
non  tt)  settle  the  boundaries  of  Maine. 
He  held  prominent  public  offices,  among 
them  surveyor  of  the  port  of  Portland 
besides  positions  in  connection  with 
education.  He  was  held  in  high  esteem 
\)j  his  feUow  citizens. 

MACK,  DR  THE0PHILU8,  one 
of  the  ablest  and  most  advanced  of 
Canadian  physicians,  was  born  in  Ire- 
land about  1820,  and  came  with  his 
father  to  Canada  a  few  years  after- 
wards. He  received  his  education  in 
Upper  Canada  College.  He  took  part 
in  the  patriot  war  of  1887,  and  com- 
jnandea  an  armed  schooner  in  the  de- 
fense. He  afterwards  commenced  the 
study  of  medicine,  graduated  in 
the  United  Stales  in  1848,  and  com- 
menced the  practice  of  hia  profession 
at  St.  Catherines.  He  is  said  to  have 
been  the  first  man  who  treated  female 
ailments  surgically  in  Canada,  and  was 
abreast  of  his  profession  in  this  regard, 
adding  valuable  information  to  this 
«cience  by  his  operations  and  skill,  but 
meeting  a  bitter  opposition  by  the  old 
fogy  element  of  his  profession.  He 
also  brought  into  a  just  notoriety  the 
valuable  curative  properties  of  the  St. 
Catherine  mineral  waters,  and  under- 
took to  build  a  hotel  and  sanitarium,  so 
that  proper  accommodation  and  treat- 
ment might  be  had  by  those  who  de- 
sired to  profit  by  the  virtues  of  its  wat- 
ers. He  received  the  appointment  of 
Professor  cf  Materia  Medica  in  the 
Buffalo  College  of  Medicine.  He  also 
established  a  marine  and  general  hos- 
pital at  St.  Catherines,  after  failing  to 
get  government  assistance  for  the  pro- 
ject. He  sustained  for  ten  years  this 
important  and  needful  institution  by  the 
assistance  of  the  people  on  both  sides  of 
the  line,  when  the  government  ':^me  to 
'  his  aid  and  placed  it  on  a  permanent 
basis.  In  1874  he  established  the  first 
training  school  for  nurses  which  British 
America  yet  had.  He  was  undoubtedly 
the  most  foreseeing  and  progressive  as 
well  as,  perhaps,  the  ablest  of  his  pro- 
fession which  Canada  has  as  yet  pro- 
duced. 

MoKEAN,  THOMAS,  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Indepen* 
dence  and  an  eminent  American  Judge, 
was  bom  in  the  Irish  .settlements  in 


Chester  County,  Pennsylvania,  of  Irish 

{>arents  in  1784,  and  after  a  course  of 
iterarv  and  professional  studies  was  ad. 
mitted  to  the  bar  at  Mie  age  of  twenty* 
one  years.  He  commenced  his  political 
career  in  1762  when  he  was  elected  a 
meml)er  of  ths  Assembly  from  thecoun> 
tv  of  Newcastle.  He  was  a  member  ef 
the  Congress  which  aasemt»led  in  New 
York  in  1766  te  seek  means  of  relief  for 
the  colonies  from  the  grievances  under 
which  they  were  suffering,  and  was  one 
of  the  boldest  members  of  that  body. 
In  1774  he  was  appointed  a  delegate  to 
the  general  Congress  from  the  lower 
counties  in  Delaware,  and  was  the  only 
man  who  vdthout  intermission  was  a 
member  diiring  the  whole  period  of  its 
existence.  Of  this  body  he  was  Pr«d- 
dent  in  1781.  In  1777  he  was  appointed 
Chief  Justice  of  Pennsylvania,  and  dis- 
charged the  duties  of  his  office  with 
both  learning  and  dignity  for  twenty- 
two  years.  In  1799  he  was  elected  Gov- 
ernor of  Pennsylvania,  and  his  adminis* 
tration  continued  for  nine  years.  In 
1808  he  retired  from  public  life,  and 
died  in  1817. 


McKEON,  JOHTt,  an  able  New  York 
lawyer  and  politician,  was  bom  in  that 
state  of  Irish  parents  about  1800,  and 
received  a  libeml  education,  studied 
law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  where 
he  soon  acquired  an  honorable  position 
in  his  profession;  was  sent  to  the  legis- 
lature in  1882,  and  to  Congress  in  1886 
and  again  in  1841.  He  was  U.  S.  Dis- 
trict Attorney  for  the  Southern  District 
of  New  York  for  a  number  of  years, 
and*'was  held  in  high  esteem  for  inte- 
grity and  ability  both  as  a  jurist  and 
politician. 


McKENDRBE,  WILLIAM,  a  gal- 
lant officer  of  the  Revolution  and  a  pro- 
minent Methodist  divine,  was  of  Irish 
descent,  bom  in  Virginia  in  1757.  He 
entered  the  ministry  m  1788  and  became 
prcisfdiug  elder  of  the  Methodists  in  1766 
and  Bishop  in  1808.  He  was  one  of  the 
most  energetic  and  able  of  the  Method- 
ist ministers  of  his  day.  He  founded 
the  McKendee  College  at  Lebanon,  111., 
and  was  largely  instrumental  in  pushing 
Methodism  west  of  the  Alleghanies. 
He  was  an  eloguent  preacher  and  a 
man  of  unlA)unaed  influence  amongst 
his  brethren.    He  died  in  188S. 


MAC 


miBR  CET^TS. 


MAC 


MACKENNA,  GENERAL,  a  dis- 
tinguished Soutli  American  patriot  and 
soldier,  wns  born  in  Ireland  about  1790, 
and  emigrated  to  Cbili  just  prior  to  its 
struggle  for  independence.  When  the 
patriots  organized  under  Carrera,  Mc- 
Kenna  joined,  and  was  soon  accorded  a 
prominent  position  by  )us  bravery,  en- 
terprise and  military  knowledge.  He 
bore  a  prominent  part  in  all  the  early 
battles,  "Yerbas  Buenes,"  "San  Car- 
los," Ac,  and  when  O'Higgins succeed- 
ed Carrera  in  the  chief  command  Mc- 
Kenna  was  raised  to  the  command  of 
the  second  division.  On  March  19, 1814, 
with  his  command  he  defeated  a  greatly 
superior  force  of  the  Spaniards  at  Juilo, 
■and  again  at  Membrilla.  The  misfor- 
tunes, mainly  caused  by  the  want  of 
union,  and  the  ambition  of  Carrera. 
which  overwhelmed  the  patriots  in  1814 
compelled  McKenna  to  follow  O'Hig- 
gins over  the  Andes,  and  he  aided  in  or- 
ganizing the  patriots,  who  under  O'Hig- 
gins and  Snn  Martin  crossed  the  Andes 
and  re-established  the  fallqn  fortunes  of 
the  Chilians  in  1817,  and  finally  secured 
the  independence  of  Chili  and  Peru. 
Our  subject  was  not  destined  to  take 
part  in  the  gallant  struggle,  he  having 
unfortunately  been  killeain  a  duel  with 
Luis  Carrera,  a  brother  of  the  General, 
while  they  were  organising  in  the  Ar- 
gentine Republic.  His  descendants, 
however,  are  amon^  the  most  conspicu- 
ous citizens  of  Chih  to-day. 

McKENNAN,  THOS..  a  distinguish- 
eii  politician  of  Pennsylvani!>.  of  Irish 
extiaction,  was  born  about  1790,  and 
received  a  good  education:  attracted  at- 
tention by  his  abilities,  and  after  hold- 
ing offices  of  minor  importance  was 
elected  to  Congress  in  1881,  where  he 
remained  for  four  terms,  but  was  de- 
feated in  the  great  Whig  inundation  of 
1840.  He  was.  however,  elected  the 
succeeding  term.  He  died  at  Reading, 
July  9,  1863. 

MAC  KENZIE,  DR.  ROBERT 
SHELTON,  M.  D,  LL.  D.,  D.  C.  L., 
one  of  the  most  learned  and  versatile  of 
modern  literary  men,  was  born  in  Ire- 
land, Juno  22,  1809,  He  studied  medi- 
cine, but  never  practiced  it.  He  settled 
afterwards  in  London,  and  became  one 
of  the  most  prominent  journalists  and 
writers  of  that  metropolis.  He  was  hon- 
ored with  the  degree  of  L.  L.  D.  by  the 
University  of  Glasgow  in  1834,  and  with 


D.  C.  L.  by  ©xfordin  1844.  He  final- 
ly, inr  1852,  took  up  his  residence  on  this 
side  of  the  Atlantic,  settling  first  in  New 
York  City,  then  permanenUy  in  Phila- 
delphia, and  became  connected  with  the 
Philadelphia  press.  He  is  the  author 
of  many  able  works,  both  literary  and 
scientific.  He  died  Nov.  80,  1880. 
Among  his  works  are  "Laws  of  Pales- 
tine," "Titian  and  Art  lleival,"  "Life 
of  Guizot,"  "Demi  iracy  and  its  Mis- 
sion," also  a  legal  commercial  work, 
besides  'Mornings  at  Matlock,'  "Noc- 
tes  Ambrosiane,  aud  edited  "Shiel'a 
Sketches  of  the  Irish  Bar,"  Dr.  Maginn's 
works,  &c. 

MACKEY,  JOHN  W.,  the  celebrat- 
ed Bonanza  King  and  head  of  the  great 
mining  and  banking  firm  of  Mackev, 
Flood,  O'Brien  and  Fair,  was  born  in 
Dublin  about  the  year  1835.  He  came 
when  a  child  with  his  parents  to  New 
York  City,  where  he  resided  until  the 
rich  mineral  discoveries  of  California 
attracted  attention,  and  be  followed  the 
stream  of  adventurers  to  the  Pacific 
slo[)e.  He  there  experienced  the  usual 
ups  and  downs  of  miner  life  in  this  first 
developed  field  of  America's  Eldorado. 
(About  the  same  time  two  other  New 
York  Irish  boys,  who  afterwards  be- 
came members  of  the  famous  firm  start- 
ed from  New  York  as  partners,  O'Briea 
and  Flood.)  Mackay  at  length  left  the 
Pacific  slope  for  the  Nevada  Mountain» 
and  here  he  met  James  G.  Fair,  a  min- 
ing engineer,  the  last  of  the  famous 
quartette,  and  like  the  rest  a  native  of 
tne  little  Island,  whose  children  can 
discount  the  nations  for  both  brain  and 
muscle.  Shortly  after  this  change  of 
base  these  four  men  came  together. 
Flood  and  O'Brien,  instead  of  pushing- 
into  new  fields  of  mineral  discovery,  liaa 
invested  thc!r  means  in  San  Francisco, 
and  were  fast  increasing  their  wealth  ia 
the  ordinary  channels  of  business. 
They,  however,  possessed  true  Ameri- 
can enterprise  and  were  no  strangers  to 
the  rich  possibilities  of  mineral  aiscov- 
ery,  nor  to  the  men  who  proposed  to 
them  to  invest  in  the  new  fields  of  min- 
eral wealth  in  Nevada.  The  great  firm 
was  formed,  Mackey  owning  two-fifths 
and  each  of  the  other  members  one-fifth, 
the  Comstock  ard  other  valuable  mines 
were  purchased  and  Vacated,  and  at 
length  about  1870  the  "  big  bonanza" 
was  struck  in  the  Comstock  lode.  This 
vein  is  said  to  have  yielded  the  enor- 


)f 


Hi 


MAC 


IRI8H  CETiTB. 


MAC 


mouB  amount  of  $111,000,000,  and  they 
had  other  mines  of  great  richii'^'ss.  They 
estahlishcd  the  Nevada  Bank,  und  con- 
trolled financial  concerns  of  vast  mag- 
nitude in  California.  Mackey  was 
styled  the  "Bonanza  King,"  and  the 
firm  became  a  ruling  power  on  the  Pa- 
cific slope.  Mackey  spends  much  of  his 
time  of  late  years  m  Europe,  but  still 
looks  closely  after  his  great  interests, 
and  often  visits  the  scenes  of  his  strug- 
gles and  success.  The  mental  cliarac 
ter  and  caliber  of  himself  and  family 
may  be  measured  by  the  fact  that  they 
have  acquired  a  commanding  social 
position  in  the  first  society  of  £urope, 
while  he  preserves  the  frank,  manly 
Bimplicity  which  should  always  char- 
acterize the  American.  Considering 
the  struggles,  activity  and  excitement 
of  bis  life  he  is  a  man  of  extraordinary 
cultivation,  well  read  and  aln'cast  of  the 
current  thought  and  literature  of  the 
times.  In  a  word  he  is  a  true  represen- 
tative of  the  Celtic-American  and  every 
wayworthy  of  his  great  good  fortune, 
intelligent,  frank,  manly,  courteous  and 
kind,  with  a  true  Irish  heart,and  prince- 
ly in  its  generosity.  He  is  still  in  the 
prime  of  life  and  the  vigor  of  manhood. 

MACKLIN  CHARLES,  (whose  real 
name  was  McLaughlin),  an  eminent  ac- 
tor and  dramatist,  was  bom  May  Ist, 
1690,  in  the  camp  of  James  IL,  in  the 
north  of  Ireland,  his  father  having 
atiuched  his  /orunes  to  that  embecile, 
his  wife  followed  him  to  camp  and  en- 
dured its  pilvations  rather  than  the  an- 
xiety of  separation.  After  the  Civil 
war  was  over,  the  ^)arents  of  our  sub- 
ject went  to  reside  m  Dublin,  when  the 
father  shortly  afterwards  died,  and 
where  ouf  subject  was  brought  up 
and  educated.  He  was  noted  as  a 
boy  for  his  mimicing  powers,  and  also 
for  his  reckless  daring  and  love  of  mis- 
chief, and  was  known  among  his  com- 
panions as  Wicked  Charley.  At  this 
time  and  for  long  afterwards  there  was 
a  passion  for  theatricals  in  Ireland, 
which  showed  itself  especially  both  in 
private  and  school  exhibitions.  In  a 
play,  "Tragedy  of  the  Orphan"  to  be 
given  at  an  exhibition  in  his  school,  a 
dihlculty  was  found  in  getting  the  char- 
acter of  "Moulmico,  the  heroine,"  pro- 
perly taken.  An  old  lady,  much  in- 
terested in  the  droma,  and  who  was  a 
Satron  of  the  school,  suggested  that 
LcLaughlin,  who  on   account  of  his 


pranks  did  not  stand  very  well  with  hls- 
teacher,  should  be  given  the  part.  The 
teacher  at  first  refused  because  he  did 
not  consider  liim  capable.  The  old  lady 
insiatii'g  and  agreeing  to  instruct  him 
and  get  him  up  for  the  character,  was 
allowed  to  have  her  way.,   The  boy  de- 
termined  to   disappoint   his  teacher's 
prophecy  of  %  failure,  studied  his  part 
with  great  care,  and  the  result  was  a 
complete  success.     This  decided  our 
hero  s  course,  he  determined  to  go  on 
the  stage.     Shortly  after  this  he  bor- 
rowed nine  pounds  from  his  mother's 
till,  and  with  two  companions  he  left 
for  London.       In  a  short  time  their 
money  was  exhausted,  and  one  of  the 
two  proposed  to  go  on  the  road  and  re- 
cruit by  forced  loans.  McLaughlin  and 
the  other  however,  although  reckless, 
were    not  vicious,    and    indignantly 
spurned  the  idea.     The  one  wno  pro- 
posed  it  was  some  years  afterwards 
hanged  at  Tyburn,  the  other  companion 
cast  his  fortune  in  the  army  and  rose 
to  be  a  commissioned  officer  of  distinc- 
tion, while  McLaughlin's  fortunes  we 
will  trace.     After  Uie  separation  of  the 
companions  our  hero  saw  a  dreary  pros- 
pect before  him,  a  stranger   without 
money,  friends  or  employment.    While 
beating  around  for  something  to  do  In 
the  dreary  waste  of  London,  he  fortun- 
ately came  across  an  old  servant  of  his 
mother's,  who  accosted  him  as  he  was 
aimlessly   traveling   the    street. '    Al- 
though poor  sho  offered  him  of  what 
little  she  had  until  he  could  do  better, 
and  secured  him  lodging  in  a  neighbor- 
ing public  house.     Here  he  became 
very  popular  by  his  wit,  powers  of 
mimicry  and  humorous  songn  and  the 
landlady  who  was  a  widow  seeing  the 
value  of  su(;h   an  associate  proposed 
marriage,  although  she  was  old  enough 
to  be  his  mother.      McLaughlin  seeing, 
nothing-  more  anvantageous,  accepted. 
He  soon  get  tired  of  this  sort  of  life, 
returned   to    Dublin     and    became  a 
great  favorite  with  Jhe  Trinity  College 
boys.     In  hia    twenty-first    year,   his 
uncle  who  wa^  a  captain  in  the  Qerman 
service  being  in  Dublin  on  a  visit,  our 
hero  arranged  to  accompy  him  back  to 
Germany  for  the  purpose  of  entering 
that  service.     On  arriving  in  London, 
however,  he  changed    his  mind  and 
leaving  his  uncle  he  joined  a  company 
of  HtroTling  players.  At  the  solicitations 
of  Ills  motlier  ho  again  returned  to  Ire- 
land, and  pursued  about  the  same  rou- 


3 

m 


'^4 


-J: 


MAO 


IBIBR  CELTS. 


MAO 


■tine  of  life  as  before  and  remained  for 
'flve  years.    He  again  determined  to  try 
England;  this  time  the  provinces,  as  an 
actor.    He  sailed  for  Bristol,  and  some 
.five  days  after  arriving  there,  made  his 
'first  appearance  in  the  regular  drama 
^as  Richmond,  in  Richard  III.    His  next 
five  years  was  like  a  romance.     The 
•company  to  which  he  was  attached 
roamed  through  the  provinces  and  Mc- 
Laughlin was  the  star  and  soul  of  the 
party.     He  wrote  prologues  and  epi- 
logues, songs   and   addresses,  played 
tricks,  cracked  jokes,  ani  rollicked  as 
it  were  in  all  the  luxurious  deceptions 
•of  the  drama.     McLavighlin  became 
very  popular,  not  only  on  account  of 
his  wit  and  sociable  qualities,  but  be- 
•cause  he  was  also  a  splendid  specimen 
x}f  manhood,  tall,  handsome,  and  skill- 
ful in  all  athletic  sports,  manly  and 
generous.      His  character  as    well  as 
skill  was  shown  in  a  champion  game  of 
hand-ball  between  the  Batn  and  Bristol 
•clubs  at  which  he  happened  to  be  pres- 
ent.    After  the  game  Jbad  commenced 
■one  of  the  three  champions  who  repre- 
sented Bath  sprained  his  arm,  and  the 
game  was  about  to  stop  as  no  first  class 
player  was  at  hand  to  take  his  place. 
McLaughlin,  whose  prowess  was  not 
then  known,  stepped  from  the  gallery 
and  tendered  his    services  to  fill  the 
place,  but  he  was  objected  to  by  both 
sides,  the  Bath  players  fearing  tbat  he 
.might  be  favorable  to  their  opponents. 
McLaughlin  drew  from  his  pocket  his 
ipurse  and  said,  "Qentlemen,  I  have 
four  guineas  in  my  purse,  I  am  willing 
to  stake  them  on  the  side  on  which  I 
play,  and  I  am   williog   to   play   on 
eitheil  side.  This  remov^  the  aimculty 
and  he  took  the  vacant  place  and  won. 
In  1743  he  was  engaged  by  the  mana- 
ger of  Drury  Lane.    His  first  wife  hav- 
ing died,  he  had  married  an  Irish  widow 
in  Dublin  some  months  prior  to  this 
■time  and  removed  to  London  with  bis 
wife  and  infant  daughter  in  October  of 
this  year,  and  on  the  81st  appeared  for 
the  first  time  in  Drury  Lane,  and  was 
received  with  a  fair  share  of  applause. 
About  this  time  he  changed  his  name 
to  Macklin  on  account  of  tlie  transform- 
ations his  own  name  underwent  at  the 
hands  or  rather  mouths  of  his  English 
friends.      He  trained  his  wife  for  the 
stage  and  she  appeared  in  the  early  part 
of  1780  with  gratifying  success.  About 
this  time  Macklin's  happy  ca  reer  was 
clouded  by  an  unfortunate  accident. 


He  got  into  an  altercation  with  • 
brother  actor  about  a  wig  which  he 
had  used  in  his  make-up  In  a  certain 
character  and  which  this  party  got  pos- 
session of.  He  asked  as  a  favor  that 
he  might  have  it,  as  he  was  to  go  on  the 
stage  immediately  and  Le  was  afraid 
his  part  would  be  spoiled  without  it, 
but  he  got  only  imprdence,  and  lieing 
much  excited  he  struck  at  his  opponent 
with  a  light  cane  which  was  part  of  his 
make-up.  It  by  some  means  entered 
the  eye  of  the  offender  and  he  died  next 
day  from  the  shock.  Macklin  was 
tried  and  found  guilty  of  manslaughter. 
On  his  appearance  again  he  assumed 
all  the  leading  charactera  of  the 
popular  plays,  with  distinguished  suc- 
cess. His  crowning  success  was,  how- 
ever, in  the  Merchant  of  Venice,  which 
had  long  been  neglected  for  a  travesty 
called  the  "  Jew  of  Venice "  by  Lord 
Lansdowne.  He  brought  this  out  on  Feb- 
ruary 14th,  1741,  in  an  entirely  original 
manner,  his  <  associates,  loth  Mrs.  Clive 
and  Quin  predicting  failure.  It  proved 
however  a  grand  success,  and  placed 
Macklin  at  the  head  of  his  profession  in 
its  highest  walks.  On  the  third  night 
of  its  representation,  Pope,  who  was 
then  looKed  upon  as  the  great  critic, 
was  present  in  a  box,  and  as  Macklin 
passed  him  at  the  end  of  the  third  act 
he  leaned  over  the  box  and  wb^npered. 
out  loud 

"  This  is  the  Jew 

That  Shakespeare  drew.** 

From  this  time  forward  Macklin's 
fame  increased  and  he  was  in  constant 
demand  as  a  star,  playing  sometimes  In 
the  larger  cities  of  the  provinces  and  in 
Dublin,  under  the  management  of 
Sheridan,  father  of  '  Dick .'  He  also 
trained  most  of  the  promin'^nt  actors  of 
England  in  his  day,  and  brought  out 
his  daughter  at  Covcnt  Oardenln  1751, 
asAthenais  in  Lee's  ttagedy  of  Theo« 
dorius.  She  was  received  wiih  great 
applause  and  increased  her  reputntion 
by  her  charming  representation  of  Polly 
in  the  Beggars'  Oi)era,  she  being  also  a 
very  sweet  singer.  Macklin  now  par- 
tially retired  from  thn  stage  and  opened 
a  lecture  room,  where  he  delivered 
lectures  on  the  Engliwh  drnmntisis  and 
poets.  In  1769  he  produced  his  farce 
of  Love  a  la  Mode,  which  met  with 
great  success.  Macklin  playing  Sir 
Archy  MacSwrcasm.    He  also  produced 


Wi*<- 


HAC 


HUSH  CEIiTS. 


MAO 


it  in  Dublin  and  was  received  by  his 
townsmen  with  shouts  of  a})plause.  In 
1773,  Macklin,  now  in  his  eighth-fourth 
year  made  an  engagement  with  Cole 
man  of  Covent  Garden  Theatre  to  play 
once  again  leading  Shakespearian  parts, 
but  an  actor  of  some  prominence 
named  Smith  gave  considerable  trouble 
claiming  that  he  had  an  exclusive  right 
to  play  such  parts  in  that  theatre.  Mack- 
lin however  appeared  as  Macbeth  with 
great  success,  and  some  few  nights  af- 
terwards when  about  to  play  Shylock 
Smith's  friends  filled  the  theatre  and 
made  it  impossible  for  Macklin  to  pro- 
ceed. Coleinan  then  cancelled  the  en- 
gagement and  Macklin  brought  an  ac- 
tion against  a  Mr.  James  ana  others  as 
ring  leaders  in  the  Court  of  the  King's 
Bencli  before  the  celebrated  Lord  Mans- 
field, in  which  he  got  a  verdict  for 
£1,200  damages,  £400  costs.  He  how- 
ever let  them  off  on  their  taking  £800 
worth  of  tickets  for  benefits  to  be  given 
to  Coleman,  himself  and  his  daughter. 
In  1181,  this  extraordinary  old  man 
produced  his  comedy  of  '"The  Man  of 
the  World,  which  was  remodelled  from 
one  he  had  written  some  years  previous 
and  played  the  principal  charact«r  of 
Sir  Pertinax  Mac  Sycophant  himself, 
although  then  in  his  ninety  second  year. 
The  character  is  a  long  and  arduous 
one  yet  he  played  it  with  great  success. 
He  also  appeared  in  Dublin  after  this 
in  August  1785,  in  his  "Man  of  the 
World,  and  also  as  Mac  Sarcasm  and 
Shylock,  and  for  tlie  first  time  in  his 
life  he  exhibited  the  weakness  of  age  by 
a  failing  memory.  In  1788  he  appeared 
at  Covent  Garden  as  Shylock,  and  af 
terwards  as  Mac  Sycopliant  but  his 
memonr  proved  treacherous  both  times. 
In  ,1789,  however,  he  took  his  part  as 
Shylock    and    Sir  Archy  with    grunt 

Eower  and  sMccess,  being  then  in  his 
undredth  yenr.  This  was  the  last  ap- 
pearance of  this  extraordinary  man  on 
the  stage.  He  often  frequented  the 
scenes  of  his  triumph  as  a  spectator  and 
loved  to  recount  tne  memories  of  his 
long  and  choquere*!  life.  He  died  on 
thf  nth  day  of  July,  1707,  in  full  pos- 
session of  his  mental  faculties.  He 
arose  that  morning  at  his  usual  hour 
but  shortly  afterwanls  retired  to  his  bed 
lying  down,  exclaimed,  "Let  me  go  I 
let  mo  go  I"  and  expired.  His  daugh- 
ter wlio  had  acquired  couRidcrabie  cule 
brity  (lied  in  1781  in  her  48th  year  and 
his  only  sun  in  17U0.  As  anaclur  Mack- 


lin had  great  versatility  and  undoubted 
genius.     He  was  the  first  in  order  ot 
time  of  the  great  natural  actors  of  the 
tragic  school,  and  his  personification  of 
Shylock  has  been  the  model  of  all  his- 

freat  successors.  As  a  dramatist,  judged 
y  the  plays  he  left,  abounding  as  they 
do,  in  genuine  wit  and  humor,  he  is< 
little  inferior  to  the  greatest  of  his  suc- 
cessors. 

McLANAHAN",  JAMES  X.,  an  able- 
lawyer  and  politician  of  Pennsylvania, 
was  born  in  Franklin  County  in  that 
state,  of  Irish  parents,  in  1809;  gradu- 
ated at  Dickinson's  College,  and  com- 
menced* the  study  of  law  m  1826.    He 
was  honored  by  his  fellow-citizens  witli' 
positions  of  trust,  and  was  sent  to  Con- 
gress in  1849  and  re-elected  in  1861 
where  he  was  chairman  of  the  Commit-  ' 
tee  on  the  Judiciary  and  was  Iiighly  es* 
teemed  for  inn  talents. 

McLANE,  LOUIS,  a  distinguished' 
American  statesman,  was  of  Irish  des- 
cent, born  in  Kent  County,  Delaware, 
May  27,  1784  He  entered  the  navy  as . 
a  midshipman  at  the  age  of  twelve  years, 
and  having  passed  the  regular  course  he  - 
retired  in  1801.  He  commenced  the 
study  of  the  law  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  where  he  soon  made  his  mark. 
On  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  of  1813' 
he  immediately  volunteered  and  did 
duty  at  Baltimore  and  other  points 
threatened  by  the  British.  After  the 
war  h«  resumed  the  pi-actice  of  his  pro- 
fession, and  in  1817  he  was  sent  to  Con- 
gress where  he  remained  for  ten  years, 
acquiring  distinguished  standing.  From 
thence  he  went  to  the  United  States  sen- 
ate in  1827  where  he  remained  till  1829 ' 
when  President  Jackson  sent  him  aa 
Minister  to  England.  In  1881  he  was 
called  home  to  take  a  position  in  the 
Cabinet  as  Secretary  of  the  Treasury, 
and  in  1882  was  advanced  to  the  head 
of  the  Cabinet  as  Secretary  of  State.  In 
1884  he  retired  from  the  'Cabinet,  and 
took  up  his  residence  in  Maryland,  and 
became  President  of  the  Ballimoro  and 
Ohio  railroad.  He  again  accepted  the 
mission  to  Ettgland  pending  tlie  Oregon 
boundary  question  in  1847,  and  on  his 
return  he  consented  <o  sit  in  the  state 
constitutional  convention,  representing 
Cecil  County.  He  Justly  holds  a  front 
rank  among  American  stateumen  and 
diplomatJB.  Ue  diod  in  Baltimore  in>. 
1857. 


\'"^J 


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f 

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■Ji\ 


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MAG 


HUSH  CBLT8. 


MAC 


McLaren,  edward  w..  d.  d., 

«  prominent  and  eloquent  protestant 
divine,  was  bora  of  Irish  parents  at 
Geneva,  K.  Y.,  in  1881-  was  educated 
a  Presbyterian,  and  entered  tlie  minis- 
try of  that  church  as  a  missionary  to 
South  America,  and  was  afterwards  pas- 
tor of  the  Fort  street  church  in  Detroit. 
Subseouently  he  became  an  Episcopal- 
ian aucL  was  made  a  bishop  of  that  bod^ 
in  1875,  being  appointed  for  Illinois 
where  he  still  resides.  He  is  a  man  of 
miich  independence  of  character  and 
of  liberal  mould. 

MACLISE,  DANIEL,  one  of  the 
most  talented  of  modern  artists  was 
bora  in  Cork,  Ireland,  Jan.  25,  1811. 
He  early  displayed  his  artistic  talent, 
but  was  put  to  learn  the  banking 
'business.  His  passion  for  art  growing 
with  his  growth  he  left  the  bank  in  his 
sixteenth  year  and  devoted  himself  to 
art,  in  which  he  displayed  an  uncom- 
mon versatility  of  gifts,  combining  in 
the  highest  degree  the  humor  of  thccar- 
icatunst.and  the  fire  and  soul  of  the  his- 
torical painter  blended  with  the  crea 
tivie  power  of  a  poet's  fancy.  His  fir^ 
successes  were  sketches  of  Irish  scenery 
and  roadside  pictures  of  Irish  peasantry, 
which  were  remarkable  for  their  realis- 
tic power.  He,  in  the  meantime,  de- 
voted himself  to  the  study  ef  aiatomy, 
both  no  lu  posture  and  in  the  dissect- 
ing room.  In  1828  he  went  to  London, 
was  admitted  to  the  Royal  Academy, 
gained  a  medal  in  the  Antique  and  a 
membership  iu  the  Life  School,  where 
he  also  took  a  medal  for  the  best  copy 
of  Ouido.  In  his  nineteenth  year  he 
went  to  Paris,  aad  the  next  year,  188i 
he  won  the  gold  medal  of  the  Academy 
by  his  historical  painting,  "The  Choice 
of  Hercules,"  and  from  that  time  for- 
ward devov^d  his  pencil  principally  to 
works  in  the  ]>iQ:hest  walks  of  art,  pro- 
ducing "All  Hallow  Eve,"  "Henry 
VIII.  and  Annie  Boleyn,"  "Francis  t. 
and  Diana  of  Poitiers,"  "Charles  I. 
and  Cromwell,"  "Robin  Hood  and 
Richard  Coeur  de  Lion,"  "Macbeth 
and tlu!  witches," and  "Banquet  Scene," 
"Bohemian  Gypsies,"  "Gil  Bias  dress- 
ing as  a  Cavalier,  '  "Origin  of  tlio 
Harp,"  "Alfred  in  the  Danuih  Camp,  " 
and  many  others,  besides  sketches,  il- 
lustralioiiS,  can  uturcs  innumerable, 
and  a  volume  ut  outline  portraits  of 
distinguished  literary  men  of  hL  day. 
He  was  an  Acudcmlclun,  and  declined 


the  Presidency  in  1860.  He  died  in 
1870j  as  he  was  about  to  frescoe  the 
Parliament  House. 


MACLURE,  SIR  ROBERT  JOHN, 
a  famous  navigator,  the  discoverer  of 
the  Northwest  passage,  and  the  only 
navigator  who  ever  sailed  a  ship  from 
the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  by  the  north- 
ern passage,  was  born  in  Wexford,  Ire- 
land, in  1807.  In  1840  he  joined  the 
Rose  expedition  in  search  of  Sir  John 
Franklin,  and  on  its  return  home  ho 
was  promoted  to  be  a  commander  for 
skill  and  good  conduct.  On  the  next 
Franklin  expedition  being  fitted  out  he 
was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
Investigator,  one  of  the  vessels,  and  im- 
mediately set  out  alpne  for  ihe  regions 
of  eternal  ice.  By  the  2d  of  August  he 
was  through  Behring  Straits,  and  on  the 
8th  of  that  month  he  erected  a  cairn  and 
left  a  notice  of  the  Investigator  having 
passed  and  of  the  direction  taken.  Thu 
was  near  Point  Pitt  where  they  met 
some  Esquimaux.  On  the  81st  of  the 
month  he  reached  Cape  Bathurst,  and 
continued  to  sail  in  a  northeasterly  di- 
rection. About  the  middle  of  Septem- 
ber the  vessel  became  fixed  in  the  ice  in 
Lat  73°  50'  North  and  Long.  117®  55' 
W.  On  the  22d  of  Oct.  McClure  set 
out  determined  to,-  reach  the  sea  by  a 
sledge  journey,  if|possible.  and  after 
suffering  great  fatigue  and  privations 
was  on  the  25th  of  that  month  rewarded 
by  a  view  of  the  open  passage.  Mount 
Observation,  from  which  the  glad  vision 
was  seen,  was  ^L>und  to  be  in  Lat.  73  ® 
80min.  andSOsec.  N.  Long.  114©  89 
min.  W.  After  makine  the  discovery 
the  party  returned  to  the  vessel  and 
McClure  awaited  patiently  the  time 
when  he  mig'^t  be  released  from  his  icy 
bonds;  but  summer  c>>me  and  passed 
and  winter  thrice  returr-jd  and  still 
the  vessel  was  in  bonds.  At  last  a  re- 
lief party  on  board  the  Resolute  ap- 
peared, having  discovert' 1  his  where- 
abouts by  the  Information  at  the  cairn 
near  Port  Pitt.  He  then  abandoned  th"i 
Investigator,  and  tranisferred  such  arti- 
cles and  supplies  as  might  be  needed  on 
board  the  Re>3olute  and  then  set  forward 
for  the  open  passage  which  he  safely 
passed  through  into  the  Pacific,  and 
finally  reached  England  Sept.  28,  1854. 
He  was  rewarded  by  being  commission- 
ed a  Post  Captain,  was  knighted  l)y  the 
Queen,  and  the  officers  andcrew  of  the 


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Investigator  received  a  gratuity  of  £10,- 
000.    McClure  died  in  1878. 

MAC  MAHON,  HUGH,  a  brave  and 
distinguislied  Irish  officer  wlio  went  to 
France  after  the  treaty  of  Limerick,  with 
his  regiment  (the  Charlemont)  where 
he  quicklv  earned  an  enviable  reputa- 
tion for  skill  and  bravery  and  rose  to 
prominence.  He  participated  in  many 
of  the  important  engagements  in  which 
the  Irish  brigades  so  greatly  distinguish 
ed  themselves,  and  at  length  became  a 
general  officer. 


McMAHON,  JOHN  A.,  an  able  and 
distinguished  lawyer  and  legislator  of 
Ohio,  was  bom  of  Irish  parents  in  Fred- 
erick County,  Maryland,  February  19, 
1883.  He  received  his  education  at  the 
Jesuit  College,  Cincinnati,  where  he 
graduated  in  1849,  and  in  January  '51 
entered  the  law  office  of  Clement  L. 
Yallandigham,  who  was  related  to  him 
by  marriage.  He  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  his  21st  year,  and  settled  to  prac- 
tice in  Dayton,  Ohio.  He  became  law 
partner  of  Yallandigham,  and  ably  sup- 

J)ortcd  him  in  all  his  political  campaigns 
n  Ohio.  In  1872  he  was  a  delegate  to 
the  Democratic  National  Convention, 
and  In  1876  at  the  urgent  solicitations  of 
h^s  fellow  citizens  he  stood  as  the  De- 
mocratic candidate  for  the  4th  Ohio 
District,  which  had  been  strongly  Re- 
publican, and  was  elected  to  tlie  46th 
Congress  and  twice  re-elected,  declining 
further  honors  he  retired  from  public 
life  to  practice  his  profession.  He  might 
have  received  the  nomination  for  Gov- 
«rno.  or  Ohio,  and  would  undoubtedly 
have  been  elected,  as  he  has  the  confi- 
dence of  all  classes  of  his  fellow-citi- 
zens, but  he  positively  declined.  The 
same  may  be  said  in  regard  to  the  U. 
S.  Sentitorship.  He  says  lie  is  too  poor 
to  be  a  senator,  and  although  some  of 
his  associates  in  both  the  house  and  sen- 
ate grew  rich  by  "lending"  their  in- 
fluence to  securmg  special  legislation 
McMnhon's  hands  are  clean  and  his 
vote  beyond  puruhnse.  He  is  not  only 
I)osse8sed  of  a  higli  order  of  talents,  but 
more  still  he  is  a  man  of  stainless  inte- 
grity and  great  nobility  of  character. 
As  a  lawyer  he  ranks  high,  as  a  public 
man  ho  possesses  ia  a  marked  degree 
the  higliest  confidence  and  respect  of 
his  fellow  citizens  of  all  classes  "and 
parties. 


McMAHON.  MARIE  ESME  PAT- 
RICK MAURICE,  Marshal  of  France, 
Duke  of  Magenta  and  President  of  the 
French  Republic,  and  one  of  the  most 
illustrious  of  modern  generals,  was  born 
in  Sully,  France,  June  13,  1808;  was  of 
Irish  extraction,  his  grandfather,  John 
Patrick  McManon,  naving  been  com- 
pelled to  forsake  his  native  land  with 
his  father,  Patrick  McMahon,  on  ac- 
count of  their  connection  with  the  civil 
wars  in  Ireland,  and  to  seek,  like  thous- 
ands of  his  fellow-countrymen,  his  for- 
tune in  France.  The  army  was  usually, 
if  not  their  choice,  at  least  the  readiest 
place  of  employment,  and  consequently 
we   find  during  those  years  not  only ' 
the  French  army  but  those  of    other 
continental  nations,  ti«mine  with  Irish 
names,  and  illustrated  by  Irish  valor. 
The  McMahon's  wero  among  the  most 
noted  of  the  Irish  exiles  who  rose  to  dis- 
tinction in  France.    His  grandfather 
rose  to  be  a  general  officer  and  was  made 
a  count  for  distinguished  services;  his 
father  and  uncle  were  both  general  of 
fleer,  and  they  had  cousins  of  the  same 
name  not  less  distinguished.  The  future 
marshal,  being  destined  for  the  army, 
his  preparatory  studies  under  the  eye 
of  Ids  father  were  made  in  conformity 
therewith,  and  at  the  age  of  sixteen  he 
entered  the  military  school  of  St.   Cyr, 
November,  1825.    He  was  so  well  ad- 
vanced that  he  completed  his  course  in 
less  than  two  years  and  took  his  rank 
as  a  sous  lieutenant  in  the  4th  Huzzars, 
and  joined  the  Staff  School  of  Instruc- 
tion. In  1830,  desirousof  active  service, 
ho  changed  into  the  20th  Re^iment,then 
under  marching  orders  for  Algeria  then 
the  theatre  of  war.     On  arrivmjj  there 
he  was  placed  on  the  staff   of  Gen. 
Achard,  then  in  command  of  the  French 
forces.    From  the  very  first  he  distin- 
guished himself  for  coolness  and  brav- 
ery.   Gen.  Achard  having  been  order- 
ed to  the  Low  Countries  the  following 
year  took  with  him  McMahon,  his  fav 
orite  stuff  officer,  and  we  hear  of  him 
in  1882  promoted  to  a   Captaincy  and 
decorated  with  the  order  of  St.  Leopold 
for  gallant  and  meritorious  services  at 
the  seige  of  Antwerp,     In  1836  we  hear 
of  him  again  in  Algeria  on  Mie  staff  of 
Gen.  Dainemont  and  of  his  being  sev- 
erely wounded  in  a  desperate  assault  on 
the  city  and  fortifications  of  Constan- 
tine.    For  his  conspicuous  daring  on 
tlii!^     occasion     he     was     decorated 
with    the    Cross    of    the  Legion   of 


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Honor.  Immediately  on  recovering 
from  his  injuries  he  reported  for  duty 
and  was  assigned  to  the  staff  of  Gen. 
Changarnier.  In  1840,  on  tlie  organ- 
ization of  the  ChasseuK  a  pied,  for 
the  African  service,  McMahon  was  of- 
fered command  of  the  10th  battalion, 
which  he  accepted,  and  took  a  conspi- 
cuous part  in  the  campaigns  which  sub- 
jugatpn  the  Arab  tribes,  ending  with 
the  capture  of  tlieir  great  chief  Ab  del- 
Eader.  In  1848  he  was  made  a  briga- 
dier-general and  successively  governor 
of  Tiemeen.Constantine  and  Oran.and  in 
July,  1852,  became  General  of  Division. 
In  1854  the  Crimean  war  broke  out,  and 
McMahon  was  summond  to  France  and 
appointed  to  take  command  of  the  1st 
Corps  d'Armee.  and  with  a  portion  of 
the  Allied  fleet  ordered  to  the  Baltic  to 
make  a  demonstration  on  the  Russian 
capital  from  that  quarter.  The  British 
admiral,  however,  finding  Cronstadt  too 
strongly  fortified,  retired  after  a  distant 
bombardment,  and  McMahon  was  or- 
dered to  his  future  theater  of  glory,  the 
Crimea.  Sebastopol,  the  principal  po- 
sition, and  the  key  to  the  peninsula,  was 
the  point  of  attack.  It  was  supposcii 
to  be  impregnable,  and  so  it  probably 
was  by  the  se *.  The  Allies  then  un- 
der the  command  of  Lord  Raglan,  de- 
termined to  invest  it  by  land.  The 
work  at  first  proceeded  rather  slowly, 
and  the  Russians,  un-Ier  the  cjlebrated 
engineer  Totleben,  were  constructing 
mighty  works  for  the  land  defenses.  In 
the  meantime  Raglan  wassuper^eded  by 
MarshHl  St.  Armand,  who  pushed  the 
investing  lines  of  the  Allies,  and  gained 
the  battle  of  Alma,  Sept.  20, 1854.  Pel 
lisier  soon  succeeded  St.  A^-mnnd  and 
McMahon  relieved  Canrobert  in  com- 
ma d  of  the  first  division.  Life  and 
activity  now  quickly  characterized  the 
actions  of  the  Allies.  The  battles  of  Bala 
clava  and  Inkcrinann  which  soon  fol- 
lowed, completed  die  investure,  and  the 
siege  commenced  in  earnest.  The  Win- 
tei'  of  '54  and  66  was  intensely  severe, 
the  besiegers  suffered  terribly,  especial 
ly  the  English,  or  perhaps,  we  should 
ratlier  say  the  poor  Irish  soldiers  who 
too  often  form  the  great  portion  of  the 
file  of  that  army — ten  thousand  of  whom 
died,  it  is  said,  from  want  and  exposure 
through  the  incompetency  of  their  com- 
miseariat.  During  the  summer  of  '55 
the  siege  was  carried  on  with  vigor,  and 
the  immense  works  in  their  front  wer<3 
at  length  deemed  capable  of  being  taken 


by  a  desperate  aasault.  The  greater  and 
stronger  of  the  defenses  was  Mal.ikofl, 
and  the  stormins  of  this  was  assigned  to 
the  French  under  McMahon.  Every 
preparation  being  made,  the  7th  of  Sep- 
tember was  destined  for  the&ssault,  and 
during  the  whole  of  the  memorable- 
morning  the  Allied  batteries  continued 
to  poiu'shotand  shell  on  the  doomed 
forts.  About  noon  on  that  day  the  bat- 
teries suddenly  ceased  and  the  Russiana 
were  amazed  to  see  masses  of  French 
soldiers  swiftly  advancing  up  the  slope- 
in  their  front.  Wonder  and  am.azement 
at  the  apparent  rashness  of  the  attempt, 
for  a  while  seems  to  have  kept  the  be- 
sieged silent  and  inactive,  but  it  was  of 
short  juration.  Every  gun  that  could 
be  brought  to  bear  on  the  advancing 
columns  soon  be  ched  forth  its  destruc- 
tive messenger  of  death,  the  earth  trem- 
bled beneath  the  mighty  uproar  and 
the  heavens  were  darkened  with  rolling 
clouds  of  sulphurous  vapor,  it  wasaa 
if  an  earthquake  beneath  and  a  hurri- 
cane of  death  from  above  hnd  suddenly 
burst  upon  the  advancing  columns  to- 
sweep  or  to  swallow  them  up.  But  it 
proved  unavailing;  though  many  fell  the 
columns  pushed  on  with  the  irresistible 
tread  of  fate,  and  so  well  prepared  were- 
they  to  overcome  the  obstacles  in  the'r 
way,  and  so  swiftly  did  they  lessenthe 
distance  between  themselvCvS  and  the 
enemy,  that  l^fore  a  second  dist^hargO' 
could  be  trained  upon  them  they  were 
across  the  dykeb  over  the  chevaux  de- 
frise,  scaling  the  ramoarts  and 
through  the  embrasures.  I'hen  came- 
the desperate  hand  to  hand  encounter. 
The  Russians  knew  that  if  they  lost  then 
everything  was  lost,  and  encouraced  by 
the  voice  and  example  of  their  ofiicers 
they  fought  with  a  dogged  desperation, 
but  nothmg  could  re  ist  the  impetuosity 
of  the  French.  Having  overcome,  as  if 
bymngic.  the  appalling  obstacles  which/ 
lay  in  the  path,  tlierest  seemed  easy:— 
with  the  light  of  victory  upon  their 
countenances  and  its  confident  shout 
upon  their  lips,  they  precipitated  them- 
selves like  an  avalanche  upon  the  t'c-s- 
perate  but  hop  less  foe.  who  fo?  a 
while  contested  the  ground  inch  by  inch 
with  the  sullen  energy  of  despair.  Evea 
then  so  doubtful  seemed  the  reuult  that. 
FcUisier  fearing  that  the  works  mivht 
tie  mined,  cent  word  to  McMahon  tLafr 
it  was  best  to  retire,  but  be  briefly  an- 
swered, "I  am  in,  and  here  I  will  re- 
main."   The  result  could  not  long  b» 


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doubtful.  The  Russians  at  length  be- 
gan tc  give  way,  a  dogged  retreat  soon 
becanie  a  precipitate  rout,and  the  Mala- 
koff  was  won.  The  English  and  'Ital- 
ians, who  stormed  the  Redau  at  the 
same  time,  were  not  so  successful;  they 
recoiled  before  the  terrible  reception 
they  met  and  lay  cowering  in  the  trench- 
es. McMahon  qu'ckly  perceiving  the 
situation  turned  the  captured  guns  of 
the  Malakoff  on  her  sister  fort,  and  un- 
der cover  of  his  Are  the  assault  was  re 
newed  and  the  Redan  captured.  The 
Russians  retreated  within  the  city,  but 
resistance  being  now  hopeless,  the  city 
itself  surrendered,  aud  tbd  Russian  army 
became  prisoners  of  war.  For  his  gal- 
lant conduct,  McMahon  was  decorated 
with  the  grand  cross  of  the  Le^on  of 
Honor,  and  made  a  Senator  of  France. 
Peace  was  soon  after  concluded  and 
McMahon  was  again  transferred  to  Al- 
geria as  commander-in-chief  of  the  land 
and  naval  forces  of  that  Province.  The 
Franco-Itali>in  war  against  Austria 
breaking  out  in  1856  McMahon  again 
came  to  tlie  front  as  commander  of  the 
second  corps.  Napoleon  and  Victor 
Emanuel  bemg  nominally  the  comman- 
ders of  the  allied  Army.  The  campaign 
was  short  and  decisive,  five  battles  were 
fought  in  the  short  space  of  thirty  three 
days — Montecello,  May  21,  Palestro, 
May  30,  Magenta,  June  4,  Malignano, 
June  18,  and  Solferino,  June  24.  Mc 
Mahon'b  first  great  achievement  was  at 
Magi-nta  where  he  snatched  victory 
from  the  hands  of  the  Austrians.  The 
Emperor  Napoleon  attacked  the  Aus- 
trian'' on  the  morning  of  June  4th  in 
intrenchments  around  the  village  and 
bridge  of  Magenta;  the  opposing  hosts 
were  about  equal  in  number:),  one  hun- 
dred »nd  fifty  thousand  men  each.  The 
siniirgie  was  long,  obstinate  and  doubt- 
ful, but  victory  at  lungth  ceemed  about 
to  crown  the  banner  of  the  Austrian, 
when  suddenly  MrMuhon  appeared  up- 
on the  tield,  and  swe<-ping  down  on  the 
flanks  of  the  astonished  Austrians,  broke 
through  their  column:^  and  scattered 
them  Tike  chaff.  His  appeirance,  it  is 
said,  was  not  only  a  surprise  to  the 
Austrians  but  to  Napoleon  himself,  as 
he  came  without  orders,  pushing  on 
from  his  base  at  Navgra  by  forced 
marches  and  guided  by  the  distant  din 
of  battle  which  fell  upon  his  ears  all 
t'  e  morninj;  he  hurried  forward,  ar- 
r^  'iiig  just  m  time  to  save  the  honor  of 
the^euch  arms  and  perhaps  change 


the  result  of  the  war.  The  Emperor 
expressed  his  thanks  on  the  field  of  bat- 
tle for  this  timely  aid,  and  McMahon  was 
rewarded  with  the  title  of  Duke  of 
Blagenta  and  made  a  Marshal  of  France. 
The  war  ended  with  the  battle  of  Sol- 
ferino iu  which  McMahon,  although 
not  first  in  command,  took  a  most  im- 
portant  part  in  determining  the  result. 
Over  three  hundred  and  fifty  thousand 
men  were  engaged  on  the  field  on  this 
memorable  occasion.  The  Austrians 
although  well  posted,  moved  from  their 
works  and  took  the  offensive.  They 
moved  down  on  the  Allies  with  such  im- 
petuosity that  both  wings  gave  way.the 
left  under  Victor  Emanuel  first;  but 
theirvery  impetuosity  proved  their  ruin. 
Pushing  on  too  far  they  weakened  their 
center,  which  Pellesier  and  McMahon 
perceiving  hurled  all  their  reserved 
forces  upon  it,  pierced  it,  broke  it 
to  pieces  and  utterlv  routed  it.  The 
Austrians  retreated,  leaving  in  the 
hands  of  the  victors  thirty  guns  and 
about  seven  thousand  prisoners;  but  so 
desperate  was  the  engagement  that  the 
loss  of  the  Allies  in  killed  and  wounded 
was  even  greater  than  that  of  the  Aus- 
trians, being  about  eighteen  thousand. 
In  1864  McMahon  was  Governor-Gen- 
eral of  Algeria,  but  shortly  afterwards 
resigned  and  returned  to  France.  We 
now  come  to  the  epoch  of  the  unfortu- 
nate Franco-Pi-ussiau  war  in  1871.  and 
of  it  we  may  safely  say,  whatever  else 
may  be  true  or  false,  that  France  was 
as  unprepared  for  such  a  struggle  as 
Prussia  was  the  reverse.  Success  seemed 
to  have  lulled  France,  or  rather  its  gov- 
ernment,into  an  overweaning  confidence 
of  its  power,  breeding  carelessness  and 
corruption  in  both  civil  and  military 
circles.  Prussia  on  the  contrary  was 
not  only  perfecting  her  military  re- 
sources and  discipline,  supplying  her 
armies  with  the  most  destructive  in- 
struments of  war,  but  she  had  also 
throughout  France  a  network  of  spies, 
who  had  wormed  themselves,  it  is  said, 
into  every  department  of  the  civil  and 
miliUiry  administration.  We  have.how- 
ever,  only  to  do  with  McMahon.  He 
had  command  of  ond  division  of  the 
French  army,  the  headquarters  being 
at  Metz.  Having  been  ordered  to  make 
areooiinoisance  m  force  towards  the 
German  lines  at  the  frontier.with  40,000 
men  he  proceeded  as  far  as  Woerth 
where  be  suddenly  confronted  the  ene- 
my under  the  Crown  Prince  with  about 


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four  times  his  numbers.  The  Prussians 
anticipated  an  easy  capture,  their  num- 
bers mailing  the  surrounding  him  a 
fore.&fone  conclusion  in  their  minds. 
]tfc!l)I)thon  determined,   if  possible,   to 

get  back  to  his  base  and  the  desperate 
ut  une<][ual  contest  commenced. 
The  Prussians,  by  their  vastly  superior 
numbers,  attempted  to  outflank  and 
surround  him,  but  he  defeated  all  their 
efforts  Again  and  again  he  drove  them 
back'and  cut  them  down  like  grahi,and 
el!  day  the  desperate  conflict  continued. 
McMahon  was  repeatedly  in  the  heat  of 
the  conflict,  encouraging  his  men  by 
his  presence  to  heroic  eflort.his  staff  hav- 
ing been  all  disabled  and  his  horse  shot 
under  him.  Night  at  length  gave  the 
combatants  a  rest.  McMahon  did  not 
succeed  in  opening  his  way  back  to 
Metz,  but  neither  did  the  Prussians  with 
four  times  his  number  gain  anything 
but  a  harvest  of  death.  Feeling  that  the 
attempt  to  reach  Mctz  by  the  contested 
way  would  only  entai'  a  still  greater 
loss  and  imminent  danger  of  being  en 
tirely  surrounded, McMahon  under  cover 
of  the  night  retreated  on  the  road  to 
Paris,  intending  to  unite  with  the  large 
body  of  troops  collected  there  under 
Trochee,  hoping  while  covering  the 
capital  he  would  secure  time  for  the 
concentration  of  all  available  troops  and 
be  strong  enough  to  force  a  juncture 
with  Bazaine.  The  government,  how- 
ever, fearful  that  it  would  draw  danger 
towards  the  capital,  ordered  him  on  to 
Metz,  without  re-enforcing  his  gallant 
little  army  with  a  man  or  a  gun.  Al- 
tliough  against  his  better  judgment,  he 
pressed  on  towards  Metz,  taking  the 
precaution  to  send  to  Bazaiue  full  infor- 
mation as  to  his  movements  and  suggest- 
ing the  CO  operation  which  might  be 
nectssury.  That  commander  failed, 
however,  to  make  any  diversion  in  his 
favor  for  reasons  best  known  to  him- 
self, and  McMahon  met  the  Germans  in 
overwhelming  numbers  at  Sedan.  Al- 
though they  were  six  or  seven  to  one! 
he  drew  up  his  heroic  little  army  and 
prepared  for  battle.  The  Germans, 
fearful  that  he  might  escape  from 
them  again,  hurried  on  the  conflict,  and 
then  and  there  took  place  one  of,  the 
most  bloody  and  desperate  conflicts  for 
Uie  lime  it  lasted,  which  the  world  ever 
saw.  Again  and  again  did  the  Germans 
hurl  themselv'son  the  French  lines.and 
again  and  again  were  they  driven  back 
with  horrid  slaughter.    There  stood  the 


little  army  like  a  wall  of  adamant,  en- 
cournged  by  the  example  of  their  idol- 
ized leader,  who  seemed  always  present 
where  most  needed,  and  there  they  re 
mained  seemingly  invincible,  until  their 
guiding  hero  fell,  as  was  supposed,  mor- 
tally wounded.  Knovrlng  it  was  a  use- 
less sacrifice  to  continue  the  struggle, 
agairst  such  odds,  after  the  ~fall 
of  McMahon,  they  surrendered.  In 
these  two  struggles  the  Prussians  mp.st 
have  lost  in  killed  and  wounded  mure 
than  McMahon's  entire  force,  and  al- 
though victory  was  with  the  Germans 
the  meed  of  glory  was  with  the  van- 
quished. McMahon,  now  wounded  and 
a  prisoner,  was  treated  with  great  cour- 
tesy by  his  captors,  and  when  the  pre- 
liniiinaries  of  peace  were  signed  in  March, 
1872,  he  was  released.  Although  de- 
feated his  skill  and  gallantry  was  so 
conspicuous  and  so  universally  recog- 
nized, that  contrary  to  the  usual  rule  he 
neither  lost  cou'ldence,  or  popularity, 
but  quite  otherwise.  It  was  considered, 
and  justly  too,  that  his  defenses,  both 
at  Woerth  and  Sedan,  but  added  fresh 
lustre  to  French  arms.  When  he  ar- 
rived back  again  in  France,  Paris  was 
in  the  hands  of  the  Commune,  aud  the 
Provincial  Assembly  then  at  liordeaux, 
as  well  as  of  the  universal  voice  of  the 
French  people,  caMed  upon  him  tu  take 
command  of  tlie  army,  and  giving  him 
plenary  powers,  looked  to  him  to  rescue 
them  from  the  hands  of  the  wicked. 
His  actions  were  prompt  and  decisive. 
He  drove  this  worse  than  German  ene- 
my from  the  fortification  of  Paris,  and 
entering  .ne  city  swept  this  rabble 
of  sight  forever,  arresting  over 
thousand  of  the  most  prominent, 
immediately  announced  the  restoration 
of  law  and  order,  and  counselled  mod- 
eration, prudence  and  forbearance. 
After  establishing  the  civil  power,  he  re- 
sumed his  position  at  the  hexd  of  the 
army,  and-  commenced  immediately  ita 
reorganixation.  In  May,  1878  the 
Provisional  Assembly  with  M.  Thiers, 
at  their  head,  who  was  a  kind  of  quasi- 
President  of  France,  discussed  the  for- 
mation of  a  permanent  Kepublic,  but 
after  an  exciling  debate  it  was  rejected 
byn  majority  of  only  fourteen.  Thiers, 
therefore,  resisrned  his  position,  and 
McMahon  was  immediately  called  upon 
to  succeed  him.  He  acceptetl  the  trust. 
ConflHenee  in  the  wisdom  and  stability 
of  his  government  became  universal  and 
the  era  of    prosperity   commenced  ia 


out 
ten 
He 


HcM 


nilSH  CELTS. 


McH 


it,  en- 

V  idol. 

present 

iiey  re 

til  their 

a,  mor- 

3  a  use- 

ruffgle, 

e  'fall 

id.     In 

ns  mvist 

d  more 

and  al- 

}ermaas 

the  van- 

tded  and 

■at  cour- 

the  pre- 

[1  Mnrch, 

»ugh  de- 
was   BO 

ly  recog- 

il  rule  he 

)pu1arity, 

insiderea, 

1868.  both 

ded  fresh 

en  he  ar- 

Paris  was 

B,  aud  the 

Boriieaux. 

ice  of  the 

m  to  take 

iving  him 

1  to  rescue 

i  -wicked. 

i  decisive. 

:rman  ene- 

.'aris,  and 

■abble  out 
over    ten 
[nent.    He 
■estorati'^n 
lUed  mod- 
frbearance. 
.  er,  he  re- 
)>id  of  the 
idiately  its 
1878    the 
M.  Thiers, 
d  of  quiisi- 
;d  thefor- 
,vil)lic,  but 
as  rejected 
Thiers, 
^ition,    and 
;alled  upon 
i  the  trust, 
^d  stability 
liversal  and 
menced  in 


France.  On  the  reopening  of  the  As- 
sembly in  the  fall  of  1873  McMahon  in 
bift  mi-ssace  ir.sisted  that  while  it  may 
not  be  rolicy  lodcfli  i  cly  fix  the  form 
of  srovcrnmenr,  it  wa-t  very  necessary, 
if  confidence  and  security  would 
bo  insured,  to  demand  tliat  the 
head  of  the  nation  should  have 
a  deflniti' vitality  and  positive  powers. 
Tlie  gravity  of  the  question  was  incon 
testable,  and  after  several  days  debate 
his  presidential  torm  was  fixed  upon  at 
seven  years.  All  parties  rejoiced  at  the 
result.'  Ills  administration  was  wise  and 
liberal,  and  France  prospered  almost 
magically.  The  great  war  indemnity 
whi(  h  she  agree(l  to  pay  Germany  was 
quickly  wipc.l  out,  and  France  resumed 
her  place  as  the  most  prosperous  of 
European  nations.  The  radical  ele- 
Di'-ntever  acrgressive  and  growing  more 
powerful,  insisted  on  pushing  lcgi«la- 
tion  into  channels  which  McMSion  dis- 
api)rovid.  he  at  length  resigned  before 
the  termination  of  his  term,  and  retired 
to  rest,  from  a  long  and  glorious  career, 
among  the  people  he  had  served  so  well. 

McMAHON,  WILLIAM,  D.  D.,  one 
of  the  most  eloquent  of  Methodist  di- 
vines, was  born  m  Virginia  in  1685  of 
Irish    parents,    and    was   licensed  to 

£  reach  in  his  sixteenth  year.  He  soon 
ecame  celebrated  for  bis  eloquence, 
and  was  renowned  throughout  the 
South.  He  held  important  positions 
among  his  brethetn  and  added  largely 
to  tlie  strength  and  reputation  on  his 
oliurch.    He  died  iu  Tennessee  in  1870. 

McMASTERS,  ERASTUS,  D..  son 
of  the  succeeding  and  equally  celebrated 
as  a  Presbyterian  divine,  was  born  in 
Pennsylvania  in  '1806,  graduated  at 
Union  College  in  1^27,  was  president  of 
t*outh  Hanover  College,  Indiana,  from 
1888  to  '45,  and  of  the  Miami  Univer- 
sity from  '45  to  '49,  and  Professor  of 
Theology  in  New  Albany  Seminary, 
He  is  the  author  of  several  religious 
works.    He  died  in  Chicago  in  1866. 

McM ASTERS,    GILBERT.   D.  D., 

an  able  American  Presbyterian  divine, 
was  born  in  Ireland  February  13,  1778, 
and  came  with  his  parents  soon  after  to 
the  United  States,  who  settled  in  that 

freat  hive  of  the  race,  Pennsylvania. 
le  graduated  iu  .lefferson  College  in 
180a  studied  theology  and  entered  the 
ministry  in  1808.    He  wrote  largely  for 


the  periodicals  and  published  several 
religious  works  besides  sermons  and  ad- 
dresses, which  were  held  in  high  es- 
teem by  his  brethern.  He  died  tit  New 
Albany,  Indiana,  Mar.  17,  1854. 

McMASTERS.nON.  WM.,an  able 
and  public  spirited  Canadian  statesman 
and  financier,  was  born  in  the  county 
Tvone,  Ireland,  in  1811,  and  emi- 
dned  to  Canada  shortly  after  reaching 
nS  majority.  He  immediately  engaged 
in  busmess  and  soon  by  energy,  fore- 
sight and  business  tact,  became  one  of 
the  leading  merchants  of  Toronto,  and 
more  perhaps  than  any  other  man.  first 
earned  for  it  the  reputation  of  a  busi- 
ness centre.  In  a  few  years  he  ac- 
quired a  large  fortune  for  those  days, 
his  business  extending  to  every  part  of 
Western  Canada.  In  the  meantime  he 
became  connected  with  many  promi- 
nent financial  enterprises,  was  a  director 
of  the  Ontario  Bank  and  bank  of  Mon- 
treal, President  of  the  Freehold  Loan 
and  Savings  Company,  vice-President- 
of  the  Confederation  Life  Association, 
and  connected  with  other  Insurance 
Companies.  He  at  length  transferred 
his  great  mercantile  house  to  his  ne- 
phew, and  gave  his  attention  to  hia 
financial  enterprises.  He  was  founder 
of  the  Bank  of  Commerce,  over  which 
he  presided  for  sixteen  years,  and  was 
chaiiman  of  the  Canadian  Board  of  the 
Great  Western  Railway.  In  1H62  he 
was  elected  to  the  Legislative  Council 
of  Canada  and  after  tlie  Confederation, 
which  he  advocated,  was  adopted,  he 
was  chosen  one  of  the  Senators  to  repre- 
sent Ontario.  He  was  also  a  member 
of  the  Council  of  Public  Insti-uction 
and  of  the  Board  of  the  Toronto  Uni- 
versity, and  has  been  a  munificcjnt  con- 
tributor to  Literary  institutions  in 
Canada.  In  religion  he  is  a  Baptist  and 
his  bequests  to  the  diiferent  churciies 
and  institutions  of  that  body  would  ex- 
ceed $100,000,  and  are  a  proof  of  the 
generous  Irish  blood  that  courses 
through  his  veins.  He  is  one  of  the 
most  influential  men  of  the  Dominion. 


McM0LTS3E,  NICHOLAS.  Arch- 
bishop  of  Armagh,  A.  D.  1293.  He 
was  celebrated  for  eloquence,  wisdom 
and  zeal,  and  was  the  author  of  many 
good  works  in  those  distracted  times. 


at 


:^ 


1 


■^: 


•i 


He  died  A.  D..  1303. 


MAO 


nUSR  CELTS. 


MAO 


McMURRAY,  REV.  DR.  WM.,a  tal- 
ented Canadian  Minister  of  the  Episco- 
pal Church,  was  born  near  Portadown, 
Ireland,  Sept.  19th,  1810,  and  came  to 
Canada  with  his  parents  who  settled  in 
York  (Toronto).  He  studied  under 
Dr.  Strachan  and  was  ordained  in 
1882,  and  soon  after  was  sent  as  a  mis- 
sioner  to  the  Chippewa  Indians  of  Lake 
Superior,  and  there  married  a  daughter 
of  John  Johnston  (whose  life  see).  In 
1853  he  was  delegated  to  seek  assistance 
for  Trinity  College  (Canada)  in  the 
United  States,  and  while  there  Col- 
umbia College  gave  him  the  degree  of 
D.  D.,  and  Trinity  College,  Toronto, 
the  degree  of  D.  C.  L.  In  1864  he 
went  to  England  in  the  interest  of  the 
University,  and  was  received  there  with, 
great  distinction  by  the  most  prominent 
churchmen  and  other  high  oflScials. 
Dr.  Murray  was  eminently  successful  in 
all  his  undertakings  and  ranks  high 
among  his  brethem  for  abihty  and 
scholarly  parts. 


McNEILE,  HUGH,  D  D.,  an  elo- 
qent  and  able  divine  of  the  established 
church  was  bore  at  Ballycastle,  Ire- 
land, 1795,  and  graduated  at  Trinity 
College,  Dublin  in  1815.  He  at  first 
intended  to  devote  himself  to  law  and 
entered  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  but  he  .aban- 
doned it  for  divinity  and  took  orders  in 
the  Established  church  in  1820.  His 
first  charge  was  in  Donegal,  Ireland, 
but  he  soon  received  the  appointment  of 
Rector  of  Albany,  in  England,  and  had 
already  acquired  a  fine  reputation  for 
eloquence.  He  next  received  a  call  to 
Liverpool,  and  in  1845  became  an  hon- 
orary Canon  of  Chester  and  Dean  of 
Ripon  in  1808.  He  published  several 
volumes  of  sermons,  lectures  and  papers 
on  religious  subjects,  and  ranked 
among  the  most  eloquent  preachers  of 
his  day  in  England. 


McNEMARA,  JOHN,  a  celebrated 
naval  oflicer  in  the  service  of  France, 
was  a  native  of  Munster,  Ireland.  The 
misfortunes  of  his  country  drove  him 
to  France  and  he  entered  tlie  naval  ser 
vice  of  that  country.  He  greatly  dis- 
tinguislied  himself  on  various  occasions 
and  rose  to  the  rank  of  Vice- Admiral.  He 
was  decorated  with  the  military  order 
of  St.  Louis  and  was  Governor  of 
Rochefort.    He  died  in  1747. 


McNEVEN,  WM.  JAMES.  M.  D..  a 
distinguished  Irish  patriot  and  co-labor- 
er of  the  Emmets,  was  bom  in  Gal  way, 
Ireland,  March  2d,  1763,  and  was  edu- 
cated on  the  continent,  at  Prague  and 
Vienna,  then  studied  medicine,graduat- 
ing  in  1784.  On  coming  home  he  im- 
mediately joined  the  patriotic  soc.eties 
of  Dublin,  and  was  one  of  the  most  ar- 
dent members  of  the  Society  of  United 
Irishmen,  and  was  arrested  and  impris- 
oned for  four  years.  He  then  went  to 
France  and  became  a  captain  in  an 
Irish  brigade,  In  1804  he  came  to  the 
United  States  with  Thomas  Addis  Em- 
met. He  was  appointed  professor  in 
the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons 
also  in  the  Medical  School  of  Rutger's 
College.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Medical  Council  during  the  cholera 
of  1832.  He  is  the  author  of  "Exposi- 
tion of  the  Atomic  Theory,"  "Pieces  of 
Irish  History,"  besides  editini;  some 
scientific  works.  He  died  in  New  York, 
July  13,  1841. 

McREYNOLDS,  COL.  ANDREW 
T..  a  gallant  officer  and  a  distinguished 
citizen  of  Michigan,  was  born  at  Dun- 
gannon  county  Tyrone,  Ireland,  D(  c  25, 
1808.  He  received  a  good  education 
and  in  1830  emigrated  to  the  United 
State*,  and  first  settled  at  Pittsburg, 
Penn.  He  had  a  strong  military  pen- 
chant and  was  ensign  of  the  "Du- 
quesne  Grays,"  the  first  volunteer  com- 
pany that  was  orgtinized  west  of  tlie 
Allt^hanies  after  the  war  of  1812, 
whic'  '•ompany  offered  its  services  to 
GensiHl  Scott  to  suppress  nullification 
in  South  Carolina.  In  1833  McRey- 
nolds  removed  to  Detroit,  Michigan, 
and  at  once  became  connected  with 
the  militaiy  of  the  State.  There  he 
commencea  the  study  of  the  law,  was 
admitted  to  the  Bar  in  1840  and  soon 
acquired  a  fair  practice.  On  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  Mexican  war  he  offered 
his  services  to  President  Polk,  who 
commissioned  him  a  Captain  of  Cav- 
alry in  the  United  States  army.  In 
the  war  he  greatly  distinguishccl  him- 
self by  his  bravery  and  dash  and  in  con- 
1  unction  with  Captain,  afterwards  Gen. 
'hil.  Kearney  earned  the  higliest 
f raises  and  received  the  thanks  of  the 
'resident  and  Senate  on  their  brilliant 
cavalry  charge  up  to  the  gates  of  tlie 
city  of  Mexico,  wliere  he  was  al- 
most fatally  wounded.  After  the  war 
MoReynoios  returned  to  Detroit  and  re- 


MAC 


HUSH  CELTS. 


MAD 


In 

nin- 
con- 

en. 
liest 

the 

iHUt 

the 
al- 
war 
dre- 


sumed  the  practice  of  the  law,  and  be- 
came prosecuting  attorney  of  Wayne 
county.  He  anerwards  removed  to 
Grand  llapids,  and  on  the  breaking  out 
of  the  Reuellion  he  was  commissioned 
a  colonel  and  immediately  organized 
the  "Lincoln  Cavaliy,"  which  took  the 
field  in  1861.  In  1862  he  commanded 
a  bri  ^dc  and  later  a  division.  After 
the  expiration  of  his  term  of  service, 
thre«!  years,  he  returned  to  Orand 
Rapids  and  resumed  the  practice  of  his 
profession.  He  was  appointed  United 
States  District  Attorney  for  the  West 
District  of  Michigan  and  was  the  Demo- 
cratic candidate  for  Congress  in  his 
district  in  1872.  He  still  resides  in 
Orand  Rapids  highly  honored  and  re- 
spected. 

MAC  RONAN,  THOMIAN.  an  il- 
lustrious successor  of  St.  Patrick,  was 
of  royal  descent  and  succeeded  to  the 
Primacy  aljout  636.  The  venerable 
Bede  speaks  of  him  in  reference  to  the 
controversy  about  Easter.       He  was  a 

freat  patron  of  learning,  and  equally 
istinguished  for  piety,  zeal  and  exten- 
sive knowledge.  He  died  September 
2nd,  623. 

McSPARRAN,  JAMES  D.  D.,  a 
learned  and  eloquent  divine  of  the  Es- 
tablished, church,  was  bom  in  Ireland 
about  1695,  and  after  completing  his 
education  entered  the  ministry  of 
that  church.  He  was  a  friend 
of  Bishop  Berkeley  and  at  his  sugges- 
tion came  to  America  in  1721  to  engage 
in  missionary  labor.  He  settled  in 
Narragansett,  R.  I.,  and  became  noted 
for  his  eloquence  and  zeal.  He  is  the 
author  of  a  historical  and  geographical 
treatise  called  *'  America  dissected," 
Dublin.  1758.  He  was  also  engaged  on 
an  extended  history  of  the  Colonies 
when  he  died  at  South  Kingston,  R.  I., 
December  1, 1757. 

MACULLA,  JAMES,  a  projector 
and  issuer  of  a  copper  currency  in  Ire- 
land about  1730.  He  was  a  general 
artificier  in  metals  and  the  country  suf- 
fering for  the  want  of  a  small  currency 
he  prepared  and  issued  a  copper  cur- 
rency, on  one  side  of  which 
was:  "I  promise  to  pay  the  bear- 
er or  demand  20  pence  a  pound 
for  these,"  reverse,  "cash  notes,  value 
received,  Dublin  1729,  James  Macul- 
la."    He  published  two  works  on  the 


subject  showing  its  benefits.  Dean 
Swift  endorsed  the  enterprise  as  bene- 
ficial under  proper  restrictions.  He 
issued  them  for  several  years,  copies  of 
which  are  now  very  rare. 

MADAN,  MARTIN,  a  Protestant 
divine,  was  born  in  the  North  of  Ireland 
about  1726  and  was  educated  for  the 
Bar,  went  to  England  and  shortly  af- 
terwards took  orders  and  became  a  very 
fopular  preacher  at  the  Lock  Chapel, 
n  1781  he  drew  upon  himself  a  host  of 
assailants  by  publishing  his  Thelyp- 
thora  in  which  he  excuses  polyiramy  in 
certain  cases.  He  also  published*  an 
edition  of  Juvenal  and  Persius  with 
translations,  besides  other  works.  He 
died  in  1790. 

MADDEN,  RICHARD  ROBT.,  M. 
D.,  a  talented  Irish  writer  historian 
and  traveller,  was  born  in  Dublin  in 
1798,  received  a  thorough  classical 
education  and  took  his  medical  degree. 
He  afterwards  travelled  extensively  in 
Turkey,  Asia  Minor  and  Egypt,  and 
returning  became  a  fellow  of  the  Roy- 
al College  of  Surgeons.  He  was  sent 
to  Jamaica  in  1833  in  connection  with 
the  emancipation  Act.  and  became  sup- 
erintendent of  the  Africans  in  Jamaica. 
He  was  also  commissioner  of  Arbitration 
in  the  Mixed  Court  of  Justice  in  Jam- 
aica from  1836  to  1839,  and  also  of 
Enquiry  into  the  slave  trade  on  the 
we^i;  coast  of  Africa  1840,  Colonial 
Secretary  of  Western  Australia  in  1847, 
and  Sec.  the  Loan  Fund  Board  of  Dub- 
lin  in  1850.  Among  his  works  are 
"Travels  in  Turkey,"  "West  Indies," 
"Life  of  Savonarola,"  "Galileo,"  "Lives 
and  Times  of  the  United  Irishmen," 
"Penal  Laws  against  Roman  Cathol- 
ics" and  "History  of  Irish  Periodical 
Literattu«." 

MADDEN,  DR.  SAMUEL  MOLT- 
NEUX,  an  Irish  divine,    philanthro- 

f)ist  and  scholar,  was  born  in  Dub- 
in,  December  25.  1n86,  was  educated 
in  Dublin  Unversity  and  became  a 
clergyman  of  the  Established  Church. 
He  was  the  author  of  Themistocles,  a 
tragedy  of  great  merit,  but  not  well 
adapted  for  the  stage.  A  very  curious 
work  entitled,  "Memoirs  of  the  Twen- 
tieth century,  being  letters  of  state  un- 
der George 'VI.,"  and  which  he  sup- 
pressed immediately  after  issue  .  Re- 
flections and   Resolutions    proper  for 


a* 


MAD 


UaSH  CELTS. 


MAD 


the  Oentlemen  of  Ireland,"  besides  let- 
ters on  various  subjects  of  public  inter- 
est and  poems.  He  was  also  promoter 
of  the  scheme  for  establishment  of 
premiums  in  Dublin  University  and 
gave  liberally  to  the  same.  He  was  also 
a  great  promoter  of  all  eocieties  which 
eL'ouraged  arts,  manufactures  and 
science,  and  gave  liberally  of  both  time 
and  money,  his  own  premiums  often 
amounting  to  over  $1,600  a  year.  He 
was  an  ardent  lover  of  his  country  al- 
though somewhat  bigoted  toward 
Catholics,  and  did  as  much  as  any  man 
could  do  toward  her  material  prosperty. 
He  died  December  81, 1766. 

MADISON,  JAMES,  fourth  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States  of  America, 
was  bom  March  16,  1751,  at  Port 
Conway,  the  home  of  his  mother's 
(Eleanor  Conway)^  family,  who  were 
Irish  settlers  of  Frince  Orange  Co.,  Vir- 
ginia; his  father.  Col.  James  Madison, 
was  a  wealthy  planter  of  Orange  Coun- 

Sr.  He  received  his  preliminary  educa- 
on  at  home  under  the  parish  minister, 
Bev.  Thos.  Martin,  and  graduated  in 
Princeton  College  after  a  two  years' 
course.  He  continued  his  studies  and 
pursued  a  course  of  reading  under  the 
direction  of  President  Witherspoon  for 
some  months  longer,  but  injured  his 
health  by  his  almost  ceaseless  applica- 
tion, allowing  himself  usually  less  than 
four  hours  sleep.  He  returned  home 
in  1773  to  commence  the  study  of  the 
law,  but  he  continued  to  read  extensive- 
ly in  other  branches.  The  Revolution, 
which  sooL  after  broke  out,  was  al- 
ready agitating  the  pople,  and  adding 
to  its  intensity  in  Virginia  was  a  local 
question  akin  to  it,  viz.,  the  legal  do- 
minance of  the  Church  of  England  in 
that  state  and  the  disabilities  which 
the  evasion  of  its  statutory  rights 
entailed.  Madison  entered  heartily  and 
vigorously  into  the  discussion  of  those 

Questions,  and  was  an  ardent  advocate 
f  civil  and  religious  liberty,  and  the 
equality  of  all  before  the  law.  He  re- 
peatedly appeared  in  court  in  defense 
of  Non-Conformists,  who  refused  to  be 
governed  by  stato-cburch  regulations, 
and  he  gained  great  credit  for  hismanlv 
and  vigorous  proteeU  against  such  cei- 
fish,  tmchristian  and  barbarous  enac^ 
ments.  He  was  elected  to  the  Virginia 
Convention  in  the  spring  of  1776,  and 
distinguished  himself  there  by  his  abil- 
ity, boldness  and  liberal  views.  He  pro- 


cured an  amendment  to  the  "Bill  of 
Rights"  as  originally  drawn  and  pres- 
ented by  George  Mason,  by  insertine 
the  words  "rel^ous  liberty'^  in  place  ot 
"toleration,"  which  he  deemed  not  broad 
or  emphatic  enough.  He  was  also  elect- 
ed to  the  Assembly  in  '77,  and  in  '77  was 
chosen  one  of  the  Council  of  State,  and 
in  March,  1780,  took  his  seat  in  the 
Continental  Congress  where  he  first 
gained  prominence  by  his  vigorous  op- 

Sositiontothe  issue  of  paper  money. 
[e  soon  became  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee on  foreign  relations,  and  as  such 
produced  an  able  document  for  the  use 
of  American  Ministers  in  Europe,  assert- 
ing and  sustaining  the  claims  of  the 
young  Republic  to  the  territory  between 
the  Alleghany  Mountains  and  the  Mis- 
sissippi, and  the  right  to  a  free  naviga- 
tion of  the  same.  He  was  the  princi- 
pal author  of  the  system  of  revenue 
adopted  by  the  government  in  '88,  and 
was  the  author  of  the  address  issued  by 
Congress  to  the  states  on  that  subject. 
He  also  took  a  prominent  part  in  his 
own  state  in  having  struck  from  its  sta- 
tute books  all  olegarchial  and  religious 
distinctions  and  his  "Memorial  ana  Re- 
monstrance" against  a  state  church  was 
the  ablest  paper  produced  on  the  sub- 
ject. He  was  also  prominent  in  calling 
for  a  convention  to  cement  more  in- 
timately the  Union  of  the  States,  and 
one  af  the  signers  of  the  call  of  the  con- 
vention of  1787,  which  resulted  in  the 
E resent  constitution  of  the  United  States. 
[e  was  one  of  the  prominent  figures  in 
that  convention  and  among  the  chief 
framers  of  its  glorious  constitution,  and 
perhaps  its  ablest  advocate  with  the 
pen.  He  was  a  member  of  the  first  four 
Congresses,  and  although  not  a  pro- 
minent partisan,  at  once  favored  the 
policy  advocated  by  Jefferson,  or  what 
was  known  as  the  Republican  party. 
He  was  offered  the  French  Embassy 
and  Secretaryship  of  State,  both  of 
which  he  refused.  As  the  party  lines 
became  more  defined  he  more  strongly 
identified  himself  with  the  Republican 
party,  and  as  early  as  1793  was  its  ac- 
knowledged leader.  He  was  the  choice 
of  his  party  for  President  on  Washing- 
ton declining  a  re-election,  but  refused, 
favoring  Jefferson.  During  the  ad- 
ministration of  John  Adams,  Madison 
remainwl  in  private  life,  but  was  not 
idle,  for  he  gave  birth  to  the  famous  re- 
solutions of  98,  adopted  by  the  Virginia 
legislature,   condemning    the    insane 


MAD 


nUSH  CELTS. 


MAO 


"  Alien  and  Sedition  Laws  "  passed  by 
Congress  under  the  influence  of  the 
Adams  administration.  He  was  also 
author  of  the  "  Report "  issued  in  de- 
fence of  the  "Resolutions."  which  pa- 
pers entitle  him  to  one  of  the  most  ex- 
alted places  among  American  patriots. 
The  illiberal  course  of  the  Adams  ad- 
ministration and  its  treatment  through 
its  representatives  of  such  sterling  pat- 
riots as  Thomas  Addis  Emmet  threw  the 
Irish  blood  of  the  Republic — which  al- 
ways courses  through  hearts  filled  with 
a  warm  and  generous  love  of  true  liber- 
ty— into  opposition  and  the  generous 
Democracy,  under  the  leadership  of  the 
Jeffersons,  the  Madisons,  the  Monroes, 
the  Clintons  and  the  Jacksons  swept  the 
country  and  permanently  laid  the  foun- 
dation of  that  broad  spirit  of  liberty 
that  still,  and  let  us  hope  may  ever, 
characterize  this  great  Republic.  This 
re-action  placed  Jefferson  la  the  Presi- 
dential chair,  and  Madison  became  his 
Secretary  of  State,  which  he  held  to  the 
end  of  his  term.  Madison  was  chosen 
to  succeed  him  by  an  electoral  vote  of 
128  to  63.  and  was  inaugurated  March, 
1809.  During  the  administration  of 
Madison  the  war  of  1812  with  Great 
Britain  broke  out .  It  was  the  result 
of  the  bitterness  which  filled  the  British 
soul  from  iixe  humiliating  days  of  the 
Revolution  when  she  "lost,"  as  she 
heard  it  proclaimed  in  her  own  Parlia- 
ment, "America  by  the  Irish,"  and  it 
was  the  insolent  persistence  in  claiming 
Irish  born  Americans  as  British  sub- 
jects and  forcibly  taking  them  from 
^^merican  vessels  in  the  high  seas  that 
compelled  America  in  self-defense  to  de- 
clare war,  which  entailed  upon  England 
the  ever  memorable  defeat  of  New  Or- 
leans, still  by  the  hands  of  those  same 
unconquered  and  unconquerable  Irish 
Celts.  Pending  this  war  Madison  was 
again  elected  President.  The  war  lasted 
three  years  without  any  special  results, 
unless  it  was  that  the  boasted  superiority 
of  British  skill  and  valor  on  the  high  seas 
was  successfully  disputed  ,for  the  Ame- 
rican ship  manned  mainly  by  Irish- 
Americans,  of  any  where  near  the  same 
capacitv,  was  almost  uniformly  the  vic- 
tor, and  the  most  conspicuous  instance 
in  which  it  was  otherwise  was  the 
"Shannon,"  which  sailed  from  an  Irish 

£ort,  manned  by  Irish  (unfortunately), 
during  this  war  the  English  exhibit- 
ed their  venom  by  wantonly  burning 
the  Capitol  at  Washington,  and  Uie  same 


Tory  blood  in  America  by  the  Hartford 
Convention,  which  sought  to  embarra  s 
the  government.  Madison  retired  from 
the  Presidency  March,  1807,  to  reside 
for  the  remainder  of  his  days  among  u 
people  whom  he  had  so  lotig  represent- 
ed. He  still  took  a  lively  interest  in  the 
development  of  educational  and  other 
interests  of  his  state.  In  1829  he  was 
sent  as  a  delegate  to  the  Constitutional 
Convention,  where  his  appearance  was 
hailed  with  the  greatest  satisfaction.and 
his  presence  looked  upon  as  an  honor  to 
the  Convention.  He  came  rather  to  en- 
courage and  counsel  than  to  take  a  lead- 
ing part.  This  was  his  last  public  ap- 
pearance. He  died  at  Montpelier,  June 
28,  1836.  It  is  said  of  him  that  so  ad- 
mirably well  balanced  were  his  qualities 
that  he  possessed  in  a  greater  degree  than 
any  statesman  of  his  day  the  respect  and 
esteem  of  all  his  cotemporaries. 

MAQEE,  WILLIAM,  D.  D.,  LL.D. 
Protestant  Archbishop  of  Dublin,  an 
able  but  bigoted  Irish  divine  and  schol- 
ar, was  born  in  County  Fermanagh,  Ire- 
land, March  18,  1766,  and  graduated 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin  in  1785,  was 
elected  a  fellow  in  1788  and  entered 
the  Miixistry  of  the  Established  Church 
in  1790,  he  having  to  support  himself 
in  the  meantime  by  teaching.  He  re- 
mained for  some  time  afterwards  in  Uie 
University  as  Assistant-Professor  of 
Oriental  languages  and  Professor  of 
Mathematics.  He  retired  from  those 
duties  in  1812  to  accept  a  living  and  be- 
came Dean  of  Cork  in  1814.  where  he  won 
fame  as  a  pulpit  orator.  He  was  a  man 
of  brilliant  parts  and  extensive  learning 
tarnished  however  by  a  bitter  spirit  oi 
intolerance,  not  only  agains  Catholicity 
but  almost  equally  so  against  Unitar- 
ianism.  He  was  the  author  of  a  num- 
ber of  works,  the  best  known  of  which 
was  "Atonement  and  Sacrifice,"  and 
was  noted  for  his  controvertial  encoun- 
ters. 

MAGEE,  WM.  CONNER,  D.  D., 
Protestant  bishop  of  Peterborough, 
England,  an  able  Irish  divine  and  ora- 
tor of  the  Established  Church,  was  boru 
in  Cork  in  1821;  received  his  education 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  entered 
the  Ministry  of  ue  Established  Church, 
becoming  first  a  Curate  in  Dublin.  He 
afterwards  went  to  Spain  for  his  health 
where  he  remained  for  two  years,  re- 
turning he  settled  in  Bath,  England. 


.'■■.i« 


mt 


MAG 


IRISH  CELTS. 


MAQ 


where  he  took  a  leading  part  in  the  or- 
ganizing of  the  Defence  Society  in  op- 
position to  the  Liberation  Society.     In 

1860  he  received  a  call  to  London,  in 

1861  to  Inniskillen,  in  1864  became 
Dean  of  Cork,  and  shortly  afterwards 
Dean  of  the  Chapel  Royal,  Dublin  and 
Donnellan  Lecturer.  He  has  acquired 
a  high  reputation  for  eloquence  and  has 
taken  an  active  part  in  the  debates  in 
the  House  of  Lords,  especially  on  all 

?uestions  touching  the  Established 
Jhuch,  and  especially  in  oppesition  to 
the  disestablistiment  of  the  Irish 
Church. 

MAGINNIS  MARTIN,  an  able  and 

Erominent  politician  of  Montana,  was 
orn  in  Wayne  county,  New  York  of 
Irish  parents  October  27,  1840,  and  re- 
moved with  his  parents  to  Minnesota 
when  a  child,  where  he  received  his 
education,  leaving  Hamline  University 
before  completing  his  course  to  take 
editorial  charge  of  a  Democratic  news- 
paper. On  the  breaking  out  of  the  re- 
bellion he  immediately  enlisted  as  a 
private  in  the  First  Minnesota  Infantry, 
and  was  made  Ist  Lieutenant  for  gal- 
lantry at  the  first  battle  of  Bull  Run. 
He  continued  in  uninterrupted  service 
during  the  entire  war,  bting  present  in 
almost  every  battle  cf  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac  until  September  1864  when  he 
was  transferred  to  the  Army  of  the 
Cumberland  as  Major  of  the  11th  Min- 
nesota Volunteers  where  he  served  un- 
der Qen.  Thomas  until  mustered  out 
of  service  in  July  1866.  He  earned  for 
himself  an  enviaole  reputation  for  skill 
and  bravery,  and  on  every  occasion 
behaved  in  a  soldierly  and  gallant  man- 
ner.  In  1866  he  removed  to  Montana 
and  engaged  in  mining,  and  subse- 
ouently  established  and  edited  "The 
Helena  Daily  Gazette."  He  has  been 
five  consecutive  times  elected  to  Con- 

f^ress  to  represent  that  territory,  and  is 
ooked  upon  as  one  of  the  most  promis- 
ing and  able  legislators  of  that  embrio 
State. 

MAGINN,  DR.  WILLIAM,  one 
of  the  ablest  most  versatile  and 
witty  of  modern  literary  men,  was 
born  In  Cork  in  1794,  where  his  fatlier 
conduct  3d  an  academy.  He  entered 
Trinity  College  at  a  very  early  age  and 
graduated  in  his  seventeenth  year.  For 
•  while  he  took  his  father's  place  at  the 
beadof  his  academy,  but  his  imagina- 


tive mind  and  daring  fancies  were  ill  at 
ease  under  the  never  varying  drudgery 
of  pedagogery,  even  while  here  he  how- 
ever embarked  in  periodical  writing 
and  doveloped  that  wonderful  talent 
which  he  afterwards  exhibited.  In 
1819  he  commenced  contributing  to 
Blackwood's  Magazine  for  which  he 
invented  and  sustained  the  character  of 
Morgan  O'Doherty  and  wrote  some  of 
the  most  spirited  and  attractive  papers 
that  ever  appeared  in  it.  He  was  equal- 
ly happy  in  prose  and  poetry  but 
it  was  especially  in  irony  and 
witty,  sarcastic  ridicule  that  he 
was  unrivalled.  His  mastery  over  the 
classics  was  complete  as  well  as  his 
knowledge  of  the  Irish  and  Celtic,  and 
he  often  made  use  of  his  powers  in  this 
respect  to  translate  some  of  the  best  ef- 
forts of  cotemporary  writers  into  some 
of  those  languages,  and  then  appear 
with  a  bold  and  astounding  charge  of 
plagiarism,  with  such  abihty  and  well 
sustained  earnestness  as  to  confound 
both  the  author  and  the  public.  In 
1823  he  came  to  London  and  devoted 
himself  from  thence  forward  to  general 
literature.  His  union  of  various  schol- 
arships with  his  ^reat  talent  for  popu- 
lar writing  and  his  bold  sarcastic  style 
secured  for  him  constant  employment. 
For  a  while  he  was  joint  editor  of  the 
Standard  newspaper,  but  getting  into 
some  misunderstanding  with  his  asso- 
ciates, he  abandoned  it,  and  in  1880 
founded  Fraser's  Magazine,  and  for 
some  years  sustained  the  principle  bur- 
then of  furnishing  it  with  literary  mat- 
ter. Unfortunately  like  to«>  many 
other  great  geniuses  his  habits  became  ir- 
regular and  as  he  increased  with  age  their 
Eower  over  him  increased  also,  so  that 
e  could  not  be  relied  upon  for  regular 
work.  The  consequence  was  that  being 
reckless  and  improvident  with  money  at 
his  best,  he  soon  became  involved  ia 
debt,  when  his  recourses  became  pre- 
carious from  his  Irregular  habits, 
and  in  1842  he  found  himself 
in  the  Fleet  prison  for  debt.  He  haw- 
ever  soon  obtained  his  release  through 
the  Insolvent  Debtors'  Court,  but  bis 
constitution  was  already  broken,  caused 
by  exposure  and  probably  want  of  bet- 
ter care  and  nourishment,  arising  from 
his  unfortunate  hatit,  and  he  died  of 
consumption  shortly  after  his  release. 
He  was  then  reduced  to  absolute  beg- 
gary, although  Sir  Robert  Peel  who 
was  his  friend  and  admirer,  sent  him 


roun 

self. 

he 

and 

ackt 

host) 

laws 

civi 


MAO 


IRISH  CELTS 


MAG 


relief  on  hearing  of  his  forlorn  condi 
tion,  which  however  came  hut  soon 
enough  to  supply  his  iast  wants.  His 
mind,  however,  amidst  all  the  abuse 
was  active  and  viu:orous  to  the  last,  and 
he  dictated  on  his  death  bed  the  last 
of  his  Homeric  Hymns,  the  most  pre- 
tentious of  his  serious  efforts  inverse 
Thus  died  this  highly  gifted  man  in  the 
very  prime  of  life  leaving  behind  him 
no  wt  iter  more  able  among  his  cotem- 
poraries.  As  a  master  of  the  classics 
in  its  broadest  sense  he  undoubtedlv 
was  unrivalled  in  modem  times.  It  fs 
said  of  him  that  he  wrote  Greek  and 
Latin  poetry  with  the  greatest  ease  and 
purity,  and  so  perfect  was  his  imitation 
of  the  great  classic  masters  that  the 
ablest  critics  were  deceived.  As  a  critic 
he  was  most  formidable;  armed  with 
boundless  stores  of  knowledge,  in 
science  ss  well  as  literature,  with  wit 
keen,  penetrating  and  searching,  while 
his  inventive  and  humorous  fancy  could 
transform  into  the  ridiculous  the  most 
solemn  efforts  or  melt  them  by  an  irre- 
sistible humor.  Dr.  Maginn  rivalled 
Dr.  Johnson  in  power  and  magnitude 
of  resources,  while  in  wit,  as  ordinarily 
understood,  brilliancy  of  fancy,  and  the 
thoroughness  and  extent  of  his  classical 
and  linguistic  acquirements  he  far  ex- 
celled him. 

MA6L0CHLIN,  MORIERTACH, 
King  of  Ulster  and  Monarch  of  Ireland 
vras  an  able  and  warlike  prince  of 
the  tw»,.?fth  conturv.  After  as- 
cending to  the  throne  of  Ulster  he  re- 
fused to  acknowledge  the  authority  of 
O'Connor  the  Monarch  and  successful- 
ly resisted  him  and  compelled  the  sur- 
rounding princes  to  do  homage  to  him- 
self. Alter  the  death  of  the  monarch 
he  assumed  the  national  sovereignty 
and  compelled  all  the  provinces  to 
acknowledge  his  authority,  exacting 
hostages  from  them.  He  instituted  wise 
laws  for  the  ecclesiastical  as  well  as  the 
civil  government  of  the  Kingdom  and 
was  instrumental  in  having  the  impor* 
tant  national  council  of  Kells  callea  to- 
gether, A.  D.  1153.  This  council  was 
•called  under  the  pontificate  of  Eugene 
III.,  who  sent  Cardinal  Papero  to  Ire- 
land as  legate  with  four  palliums  for 
the  four  Archbisliops  of  Armagh,  Dub- 
lin, Cashel  and  Tuam.  and  who  opened 
the  council  and  presided  at  first  with 
Christian  O'Conarchy,  bishop  of  Lis- 
more,  who  was  apostolic  legate  after 


the  death  of  St,  Malachi.  Mac  Liah 
(Gelasius),  Archbishop  of  Armagh 
(Primate).  O'Lonorgain,  Archbishop  of 
Cashel,  O'Hossin,  Archbishop  of  Tuam, 
and  Giegory,  Archbishop  of  Dublin, 
wore  present,  besides  many  bishops  and 
theologians.  This  council  seems  to  have 
been  held  open  or  prorogued  for  several 
years  and  was  convened  at  the  Abbov 
of  Mellifont  A.  D.  1157,  where  the 
monarch  and  many  princes  of  Ireland 
were  present,  when  Dunchad  O'Mclag- 
len.  King  of  Meath,  was  dethroned  and 
excommunicated.  It  is  said  that  it  was 
about  this  time  (1155)  that  Pope  Adrian 
IV.  issued  a  bull  transferring  the  sov- 
ereignty of  Ireland  to  Henry  II.  of 
England.  It  is  pretended  that  it  was 
done  to  promote  and  conserve  religion, 
and  so  it  was  placed  under  that  eminent- 
ly relidous  prince.  This  seems  so 
absurd  that  it  cannot  be  believed,  espe- 
cially as  nothing  was  said  about  it  at 
the,time  and  not  for  many  years  after- 
wards. The  possibilities  of  such  an  un- 
warranted assumption  of  power  could 
only  arise  from  the  fact  of  Adrian  him- 
seli  being  an  Englishman.  Magloch- 
lin,  jealous  of  his  authority,  at  length 
carried  his  severity  too  far  in  vindicat- 
ing it.  Eochad  ,  a  prince  of  Dalrieda, 
having  opposed  liim,  he  devastated  his 
territories  with  fire  and  sword,  but 
peace  was  restored  through  the 
exertions  of  the  primate  Gelasius 
and  OjCarroU,  prince  of  Ergal- 
lie,  who  stood  as  a  guarrantee  for  his 
friend.  The  monarch,  however,  for 
some  unknown  reasons,  seized  Eochad 
and  barbarously  blinded  him  and  exe- 
cuted the  hostages.  O'Carroll,  iustly 
enraged  at  the  crossness  of  the  insult 
and  punishment^  put  himself  at  the  head 
of  his  troops  and  entering  Tyrone  heat- 
tacked  the  monarch  unexpectedlv  and 
killed  him  and  many  of  his  nobles  A. 
D.1166. 

MAGRUDER,  PATRICK,  a  pro- 
minent  politician  of  Maryland,  was  the 
son  of  Irish  emigrants,  and  was  bora 
in  Montgomery  County  in  that  state  in 
1768;  was  educated  at  Princeton  Col- 
lege, adopted  the  profession  of  the  law 
and  soon  acquirecl  liigh  standing  by  his 
ability.  He  was  elected  to  Congress  in 
1804,  and  afterwards  was  secretary  of 
that  body  for  many  years.  In  1810  he 
settled  in  Virginia  in  the  practice  of  his 
profession  and  died  at  Petersburg  in 
1820. 


:/',f^ 


MAG 


miSH  CKLTS. 


MAG 


I 


iiii 


MAGUIRE,  ABBE  de  TXTLLES,  an 
Irish  (Mvine  and  scholar  and  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Irish  College  in  Paris. 
The  originai  foundation  was  for  the 
Lombards,  but  the  Italian  students 
having  ceased  to  resort  to  the 
estabhshmen*:,  the  trustees  confer- 
red it  upon  the  Irish  students  in  Paris 
in  July,  1676,  which  was  confirmed  by 
letters  patent.  The  buildtugs  being  in 
a  state  of  decay,  the  Abbe-s  Maguire 
and  O'Kelly  had  them  rebuilt  in  1681. 

MAGUIRE,  REV.  CHARLES,  an 
Irish  divine,  philosopher,  writer  and 
antiquarian,  was  bora  in  Fermanagh, 
in  1485.  He  was  Prebendary  of  Ar- 
magh and  Dean  of  Cloghcr,  and  was 
veiied  in  all  the  science  of  his  day.  Tie 
was  the  author  of  notes  and  comments 
on  the  ancient  MSB.,  preserved  in 
the  monasteries  of  that  city,  especially 
the  Register  of  Clogher.  Ht  wrote  tlie 
annals  of  Ireland  down  to  his  time.  In 
commenting  on  the  ancient  name  of  the 
town  he  says  it  signifies  "Golden  Stone" 
from  a  celebrated  pagan  altar  stone  or- 
namented with  gold  and  which  was 
Baid  to  give  forth  oracles  before  the 
time  of  our  Saviour.  He  says  the  stone 
was  still  preserved  in  his  day  and  stood 
at  the  right  of  the  church  dour. 

MAGUIRE  (or  MAC  GUIRE)  CONN 
Prince  of  Fermanagh,  one  of  the  ablest 
and  most  distinguished  of  the  Irish  Con- 
federate Chieftains.  He  early  took  up 
arms  in  the  cause  of  his  country  and 
religious  liberty,  and  ably  supported 
O'Neill  and  O'Donnell  in  their  long  and 
desperate  struggle,  He  battled  by  their 
side  to  the  end,  unflinchingly  support- 
lad  by  liis  brave  Ulster  retainers,  and 
laid  down  his  arms  only  to  accept  the 
faithless  promises  and  deceptive  peace 
of  the  false  invaders.  He  was  imi)li* 
cuted  by  the  perfidious  Cecil  in  his  in- 
famous charge  of  «onopiracy  and  with 
O'Neill  and.O'Donnell  passed  over  to 
France  A.  'D.  1606.  Maguire  served 
with  honor  in  the  continental  armies, 
like  so  many  thousand  of  his  country- 
men, and  was  on  his  way  to  Spain  to 
take  service  in  that  kingdom  when  he 
died  at  Geneva  A.  D.  1619. 

MAGUIRE.  JOHN  FRANCIS,  an 
able  and  patriotic  Irish  writer,  legisla- 
tor and  Journalist,  was  born  at  Cork  in 
1816;  received  a  classical  education  and 
was  called  to  the  bar  in  1848.  He,  how- 


ever, devoted  himself  to  jouraalism  and 
became  proprietor  and  editor  of  the 
"Cork  Examiner."  He  was  elected  to 
Parliament  in  1852.  and  became  a  lead« 
ing  exponent  of  Irish  interests.  He  was 
an  advanced  Liberal  in  politics,  and  on& 
of  the  most  abl3  advocates  of  "Home 
Rule."  He  was  four  times  elected 
Mayor  of  Cork,  and  was  a  man  of  em 
inently  practical  views.  He  stimulated 
the  growth  of  Tiax  in  the  south  of  Ire- 
land by  establishing  linen  mills  in  Cork. 
He  was  an  indefatigable  worker  and 
besides  his  large  amount  of  journalistic 
and  parliamentary  work  he  was  the 
author  of  the  "Pontificate  of  Pius  IX," 
',Tub  Industrial  Movement  in  Ireland," 
"The  Irish  in  America,"  "Life  of 
Father  Matthew,"  "The  Next  Genera- 
tion," a  political  novel.  He  died  in 
Cork  in  1872,  greatly  regretted,  and 
Ireland  lost  a  legislator  and  a  patriot 
eminently  practical,  disinterested  and 
honest. 

MAGUIRE.  PATRICK,  an  Irishmaa 
who  accompanied  the  first  voyage  of  dis- 
covery under  Columbus,  and  who  was 
the  first  man  who  reached  the  shore  of 
the  New  World — having  jumped  from: 
the  small  boat  into  the  water  and  waded 
to  the  land,  according  to  an  account 
published  in  Italian  in  1600  by  John- 
Baptiste  Tornitori,  a  copy  of  which  is 
in  the  St.  Louis  University  library.  The 
name  is  there  given  as  "Patricus  Ma- 
guirus,"  and  is  but  one  of  ten  thousand 
Instances  of  the  ubiquitous  character  of 
the  race  for  the  last  fifteen  hundred 
years. 

MAGUIRE,  NICHOLAS,  an  emin- 
ent  Irish  divine  and  writer,  was  bishop' 
of  Leighlin.  He  wrote  annals  and 
other  works,  and  died  in  the  early  part 
of  the  fifteenth  century. 

MAGUIRE,  ROBERT,  a  distin- 
guished  Irish  divine  of  the  Established 
Church,  was  born  in  Dublin  in  1826; 
graduated  at  Trinity  College  with  the 
highest  honors  in  1846,  and  studied  for 
the  ministry;  became  curate  of  St. 
Nicholas  in  Cork  in  1849,  and  going  to- 
England  became  vicar  of  Clerkenwell. 
1857.  He  is  the  author  of  "The  Seven 
Churches  of  Asia,"  "The  Miracles  of 
Christ,"  and  other  religious  works. 

MAGUIRE,  REV.  THOMAS,  an 
able  Irish  divine,  controversalist  and 


MAO 


IRISH  CELTS. 


MAG 


pulpit  orator,  was  a  native  of  Con- 
naught,  Ireland,  born  about  1795.  edu- 
cated for  the  priesthood,  and  after  or- 
dination was  stationed  as  a  curate  in  a 
poor  country  parish  in  the  diocese  of 
Kilmore,  County  Leitrim.  Those  were 
the  days  in  which  the  "great  Liberator" 
was  battling  for  Catholic  emancipation, 
and  as  the  moral  forces  with  which  he 
was  battering  the  bulwarks  of  bigotry 
and  hate  were  gaining  ground  and  the 
light  of  victory  was  crowning  his  per- 
sistent efforts  so,  too,  the  champions  of 
the  state  religion  and  its  intolerance 
were  on  the  alert,  and  beheld  the  ine- 
vitable with  alarm  ari  dismay.  As 
their  most  successsful  i..  id  convincing 
arguments  in  the  annihilation  of  their 
"Popish"  adversaries — the  penal  sta- 
tutes— were  about  being  swept  away,  so 
it  seemed  to  them  necessary  to  buckle  on 
their  polemical  armor.and  with  the  aid 
of  the  material  vantage  ground  still  left 
them,  to  overwhelm  by  argument  those 
whom  force  had  failed  to  conquer.  The 
co£,sequence  was  that  the  Island  was 
full  of  champions  and  challengers  who 
were  spoiling  to  annihilate  or  convert 
the  Pope  and  his  cohorts.  Among  the 
ablest  and  most  eloquent  of  those  cham- 
pions was  the  Rev.  llichard  T.  P.  Pope, 
who  was  what  might  be  called  a  latu- 
denarian  Church  of  England  divine. 
He  was  very  zealous  and  confident  in 
his  work,  and  hurled  his  polemical  de- 
fiances against  all  the  supporters  of 
"Romanism."  As  the  Catholic  bishops 
of  Ireland  were  opposed  to  public  dis- 
cussions, especially  oral  ones,  as  lead- 
ing rather  to  bitterness,  that  Christian 
charity  or  any  good  result,  so  the  most 
prominent  Catholic  doctors  were  obliged 
to  let  those  challenges  pass  unnoticed. 
Thomas  Maguire,  an  humble,  unknown 
curate  of  the  "bogs  of  Leitrim,',  as  he 
expressed  it,  took  up  the  challenge  of 
Mr.  Pope,  and  they  met  in  a  public  hall 
in  Dublin  for  a  six  days'  discussion  of 
points  of  difference.  John  Lawless 
acted  for  Father  Maguire  and  P.  A. 
Singer  for  Mr.  Pope,  in  arranging  the 

Eariiculars.  The  discussion  opened  in 
>ubliu  on  the  19th  day  of  April,  1827, 
and  lasted  six  days,  Daniel  O'Connell 
acting  as  chairman  for  Father  Maguire 
and  Admiral  Oliver  for  Mr.  Pope,  James 
Bheridan  was  the  reporter  for  the  for- 
mer aud  Phillip  Dixon  Uanly  for  the 
latter,  the  contestants  agreeing  that 
full  reports  of  the  debate  should 
be     published     with     the     endorse* 


ment  of  both  as  to  correctness.     This- 
discussion  attracted  great  attention  in 
England  as  well  as  Ireland,    and   the 
masterly  manner  in  which  the  poor  un- 
known curate  answered  the  renowned 
and  eloquent  champion  of  Protestant- 
ism.made  him  famous.  Mr,  Pope  would 
not  limit  or  confine  himself  to  a  belief 
;n  any  special  form  of  Protestantism, 
not  even  to  the  "articles."  vvhich  as  & 
Church  of    England  minister  he  had 
sworn  to  believe,  but  placing  himself 
on  what  is  called  the  "Evangelical" 
basis  he  allowed  himself  ample  latitude. 
The   young  curate,    however,  proved 
himself  at  least  equal  to  his  famous  op- 
ponent in  all  the  essential  qualities  of  a 
great  debater,  while  he  adhered  more- 
strictly  to  the  rules  agreed  upon.  That 
the  result  was  most  satisfactory  to  Mr. 
Maguire's  friends  is  evident  from  the 
fact  that  they  alone  keep  the  work  as  a 
standard  book  in  their  libraries.    Mr. 
Maguire  soon  became  noted  as  a  pulpit 
orator,  and  for  many  years  afterwards 
he  preached  the  Lenten  sermons  in  the 
principal  church  in  Dublin  and  made 
manv  converts  to  his  faith.    In  social 
life  he  was  very  popular,  abounding  in 
wit  and  anecdote.  He  was  also  a  noted 
hunter  and  a  daring  and  graceful  horse- 
man, and  highly  popular  with  all  classes 
of  his  Protestant  neiahbors.    Like  all 
of  the  patriot  priests  of  Ireland  he  entered 
ardently  into  all  questions  looking  to  the 
welfare  of  his  people  and  the  civil  and 
religious  freedom  of  his  country,  and 
was  prominent  in  the  r<«'nvass  of  the 
celebrated  Clare    election  of  1828,  in> 
which  O'Connell  was  elected  to  parlia- 
ment,    and     refused     to    take    the 
test  oath,  which  forced  indirectly  the- 
act  of  Catholic  emancipation  the  follow* 
ing  year.    Father  Maguire  ably  and 
earnestly  supported   CrConnell  in  his- 
life  lon^  efforts  for  Repeal  of  the  Union. 
He  retamed  all  his  brilllAnt  qualities  up- 
to  his  death,  and  was  one  of  the  best 
known  and  popular  of  patriot  priests. 
His    "Lenten   Lectures,"  or  sermons,, 
which  are  of  a  controversial  nature^ 
have  been  published  in  book  form  in* 
Ireland  and  America,  aud  are  an  able 
exposition  of  the  claims  of  the  ancient 
Church,  and  is  of  standard  authority. 

MAHAN,  DENNIS  HART,  L  L. 
D.,  one  of  the  ablest  of  American  civil 
and  military  engineers,  was  of  Irish  ex- 
traction, born  in  New  York  City,  April 
2, 1802.    After  completing  his  preftm- 


I 


->^;  :.•-■■ 


MAH 


nasn  celts. 


MAH 


inary  studies  he  took  up  medicine,  but 
succeeding  in  securing  a  West  Point 
cadetship  he  entered  the  military  aca- 
demy in  1810,  graduating  in  1824  at 
the  lieud  of  his  class.  This  placed  him 
in  the  Engineer  Corps,  but  he  was  re- 
tained at  West  Point  as  assistant  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  and  ( ngineering 
until  1826  when  he  was  sent  to  Europe 
•on  professional  duty,  viz. :  to  s^udy  u^ 
all  that  was  valuable  and  new  in  the 
engineering  and  military  circles  of  the 
old  world.  lie  remained  for  four  years, 
being  fifteen  months  of  that  time  in  the 
•engineering  school  at  Metz.  Returning 
home  he  was  appointed  Professor  of  the 
Department  of  Civil  and  Military  En- 
gineering, which  he  held  up  to  the  time 
of  his  death,  Sept.  16, 1871.  He  was 
'Of  a  nervous  temperament,  and  during 
his  later  years  subjected  to  fits  of  melan- 
choly, in  one  of  which  he  jumped  from 
the  steamer  Mary  Powell  into  the  Hud- 
■8on  River  as  he  was  on  his  way  to  New 
York  City  to  consult  his  physic'an,  and 
was  drowned.  His  reputation  in  his 
profession  was  world-wide,  and  his 
works  are  of  the  highest  authority  on 
all  matters  treated.  Among  them  are 
"Field  Fortifications,"  "Military,  Mift- 
ing  and  Siege  Operations,"  "Perman- 
ent Fortifications,"  "Course  of  Civil 
Engineering,"  "  Advance-guard,   Out- 

Eost  and  Detachment  Service  of  Troops, 
esides  many  other  valuable  additions 
to  science. 

MAH  AN,  MILO,  D.  D.,  brother  to 
the  foregoing,  a  talented  divine  of  the 
Episcopal  church,  was  born  at  Suffolk, 
Va.,  May  24,  1819,  and  received  his 
education  at  St.  Paul's  College,  Flush- 
lug.  On  completing  his  literary  course 
he  studied  for  the  ministry,  and  re- 
ceived his  functions  in  1845.  In  1851 
he  became  Professor  of  Ecclesiastical 
History  in  the  Episcopal  Theological 
Seminary,  New  York;  in  1804  rector  of 
St.  Paul  s,  Baltimore.  He  is  the  author 
of  "The  Exercise  of  Faith,"  "History 
of  the  Church,"  "Reply  to  Colenso,^' 
and  other  works.  He  died  Sept.  8, 1870. 

MAHEH.  RE^'".  JAMES,  a  distin- 
guished Irish  Catholic  divine,  controver- 
sialist and  writer  of  the  early  part  of 
the  present  century,  was  a  parish  priest 
•of  Carlow.  He  early  became  distin^ 
guished  for  his  able  and  bold  advocacy 
«f  both  the  civil  and  religious  rights  of 
the  Irish  people.    His  scathing  review 


of  Archbishop  Whately's  advocacy  of 
of  the  ''Nunnery  Inspection  Bill, "one of 
those  periodical  ebullitions  of  defeated 
bigotry  in  Great  Britain,"  is  perhaps  un- 
equalled in  the  whole  range  oj  contro- 
versial literatu^'e.  He  was  also  a  preach- 
er of  great  eloquence  and  commanding 
presence.  His  letters  were  published 
in  Dublin  in  1877,  edited  by  Dr.  Moran, 
Bishop  of  Ossory.  who  was  a  relative, 
as  was  also  Cardinal  Cullen.  In  his 
defense  of  the  conventual  life  he  says 
that  two  of  his  sisters  and  eighteen  of 
his  nieces  are  members  of  religious  or- 
ders, which  is  the  best  indication  of  the 
religious  character  of  the  Irish  people. 

MAHON,  GEN.  STEPHEN,  a  brave 
and  skillful  officer  in  the  English  ber- 
vice,  was  born  in  county  Roscommon, 
Ireland,  Feb.  6, 1768;  entered  the  army 
and  gradually  rose  by  meritorious  ser- 
vices on  the  Continent  and  elsewhere 
until  he  attained  the  rank  of  Lieutenant- 
General.    He  died  May,  1828. 

MAHONE,  GEN.  WILLIAM,  a  dis- 
tinguished politician  and  statesman  of 
Virginia  and  known  a:  "the  ^reat  Re- 
adjustor,"  is  of  Irish  extraction,  bom 
at  Southampton,  Virginia,  in  1827,  and 
received  his  education  at  the  Virginia 
Military  Institute,  where  he  graduated 
in  1847.  He  adopted  the  profession  of 
civil  engineer  and  was  engaged  on  the 
construction  of  the  Norfolk  and  Peters- 
burg railroad.  On  the  breaking  out  of 
the  great  Rebellion  he  supported  the  ac- 
tion of  his  State,  and  was  prominent  in 
the  capture  of  the  Norfr>lk  Navy  Yard. 
He  organized  and  commanded  the  Sixth 
Virginia  Regiment,  and  participated  in 
almost  all  the  great  battles  against  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac,  and  earned  a 
fine  reputation  as  a  brave  and  skillful 
officer,  gradually  rising  until  he  was  a 
Major-General  in  1864,  and  commanded 
a  corps  in  Hill's  division.  After  the 
war  he  returned  to  the  practice  of  h' ! 
profession,  and  became  President  of  the 
trunk  lines  from  Norfolk  to  Tennessee. 
About  this  time  he  entered  actively  into 

Eolitics,  and  became  widely  known  bv 
is  famous  manipulation  of  party  poli- 
tics by  which  he  succeeded  In  ou^ting 
the  Democratic  party  from  the  control 
of  the  state,  by  a  combination  of  Re* 
publicans  and  disaffected  Deuiociats, 
who  were  called  "Re-adiustors,"  and 
who  succeeded  to  the  fall  of  1888  in 
maintaining  their  control,   when  the 


lulvocacy  of 
iBill,"oneof 

of  defeated 
s  perhaps  un- 
;e  oj  contro- 
,lso  a  preach- 
commanding 
■e  published 
J  Dr.  Moran, 
3  a  relative, 
len.  In  his 
life  he  says 

eighteen  of 
religious  or- 
cation  of  the 
[rish  people. 

lEN,  a  brave 
English  ber- 
Roscommon, 
red  the  army 
ritorious  ser- 
id  elsewhere 
f  Lieutenant- 
328. 

,LIAM.  adis- 
statesman  of 
the  §reat  Re- 
raction,  born 
,  in  1827,  and 
the  Virginia 
he  graduated 
profession  of 
raged  on  the 
k  and  Peters- 
caking  out  of 
ported  the  ac- 
prominent  in 
c  Navy  Yard, 
ided  the  Sixth 
lurticipated  in 
)  against  tho 
nd  earned  a 

and  skillful 
ntil  he  was  a 
d  commanded 

.  After  the 
•acticeof  h'l 
resident  of  the 
to  Tennessee. 
1  actively  into 
ly  known  by 
)f  DHrty  poll- 
in  ousting 
n  the  control 
jation  of  Re- 
Deiuociats, 

ustors,"  and 
''  of  1888  la 
when  the 


MAL 


IRISH  CELTS 


.^lAL 


Democrats  again  succeeded  in  oarryin"; 
the  state.  Malione  was  elected  to  the  IT 
8.  senate  in  1881  for  a  full  term,  and 
has  exhibited  con!^i(1cl'able  talents  as  a 
btatesman  and  political  manager. 

MALACIII,  King  of  East  Meath, 
afterwards  andononarch  of  Ireland,  A. 
D.  840,  was  nephew  of  Conquovar,  the 
monarch.  He  defeated  the  Danes  in 
two  bloody  battles,  in  which  they  lost 
upwards  of  2,500  men,  with  Saxold 
their  leader.  Turgesius,  son  of  the 
King  of  Denmark,  who  was  head  or 
King  of  the  Danes  in  Ireland  at  this 
time  and  called  himself  King  of  Ireland 
thought  it  politic  to  court  the  friendship 
of  Malachi.  but  being  largely  re-enforc- 
ed from  the  nortliern  hive  tie  aimed  to 
subvert  the  government  of  the  King- 
dom and  to  introduce  Danish  laws  and 
to  place  his  adherents  in  power.  Hav- 
ing insulted  Malachi  by  demanding  his 
daughter  Melcha,  who  was  a  most  beau- 
tiful maiden,  as  a  concubine,  the  Dane 
already  having  a  wife,  Malachi  dissem- 
bled and  hid  his  indignation,  but  with 
great  celerity  and  secretness  organized 
his  people,  oetermined  to  wipe  out  the 
insult  by  the  extermination  of  the  Dan- 
ish plunderers.  On  the  very  day  on 
which  his  daughter  was  to  be  presented 
to  the  Danish  tyrant  he  sent  her  with 
an  attendance  of  fifteen  beardless  young 
warriors.disguised  as  maidens,  who  had 
instructions  to  seize  and  secure  the  in- 
sulter  alive,  and  leave  the  rest  to  Mala- 
chi. They  seized  Turgesius  and  tied 
him  with  cords,  while  at  the  given  sig- 
nal Malachi  with  his  troops  poured  into 
the  ciistle  and  put  the  Danes  to  the 
sword.  Turgesius  was  kept  in  chains 
for  a  few  days,  was  denounced  by  Mal- 
achi for  his  tyranny,  cruelty  and  in- 
sults, and  made  aware  of  the  general 
disaster  which  had  so  suddenly  fallen 
upon  his  people,  and  was  then  con- 
demned to  be  throwr  -'iito  Lake  Ainnin 
wliere  he  perished.  Malachi's  success- 
ful effort  was  tue  signal  for  a  general 
rising,  and  the  Danes  were  swept 
froni  the  Island.  Malachi  by  universjil 
consent  was  declared  Monarch.  The 
Danes  did  not  soon  attempt  to  disturb 
the  island  by  force,  but  received  per- 
mission  to  settle  at  different  points  for 
tlie  purposes  of  trade.  They  gradually 
increased  in  numbers  and  were  again 
becoming  powerful  when  a  jealousy 
growing  up  between  the  black  and  the 
white  Danes,  or.JSorwegians.  who  were 


getting  the  cream  of  the  traffic;  a  battle 
took  place  between  them  in  which  a 
thousand  were  killed  and  Dublin  pil- 
loged  by  the  black,  or  Danes  proper. 
This  brought  the  attention  of  Malachi 
to  them  and  he  again  curbed  their 
power  and  defeated  them  in  battle. 
Malachi  visited  France  and  Rome  and 
sent  ambassadors  to  Charles  the  Bald, 
and,  according  to  Eginard  in  hi;,  pre 
face  to  the  Life  of  Charlemagne,  a  great 
intimacy  and  friendship  existed  between 
that  monarch  and  the  Irish  Kings,  and 
leltei's  were  extant  which  passed  be- 
tween them.  It  was  during  the  reign: 
of  this  monarch  that  Kenneth  II., 
King  of  the  Scots  of  Albania,  with 
the  assistance  of  their  Irish  brethren, 
totally  crushed  the  Kingdom  of  the 
Picts,  and  merged  into  themselves  the 
name  and  nation.  It  is  probable  that 
Kenneth  was  assisted  by  Finolath,  son 
of  the  late  monarch  Niall,who  was  his 
son-in  law,  and  who  succeeded  Malachi 
as  monarch  under  the  uame  of  Hugh 
VII.  For,  according  to  Cambden,  p. 
83,  "Tne  Scots  from  Ireland  pouring 
in  upon  the  Picts  the  latter  were  so- 
overwhelmed  in  battle  that  they  became 
almost  annihilated,  and  those  who  re 
mained  merged  into  the  name  and  peo- 
ple of  the  invaders.  Malachi  died  A. 
D.  868,  and  was  succeeded  by  Hugh 
VII. 

MALCHUS,  ST.,  bishop  of  Lismore. 
St.  Bernard  says  of  him:  "He  was  a 
man  eminent  in  virtue  and  possessed  of 
great  wisdom,  and  was  celebrated  not 
only  for  ,his  life  and  doctrine  but  also 
for  his  miracles.  He  flourished  in  the 
twelfth  century,  dying  about  A.  D. 
1140. 

MALACHI  n.,  monarch  of  Ireland, 
A.  D.  980.  This  prince  commenced  his 
career  in  a  manner  glorious  to  himself 
and  full  of  hope  for  his  cotintry.  He 
defeated  the  Danes  in  a  memorable  bat- 
tle at  Tara,  in  which  8,000  of  them  with 
the  son  of  )heir  king  and  many  chiefs 
lay  dead  on  the  field  of  battle.  He  fol- 
lowed up  his  victory  by  sweeping 
them  from  the  territory  of  Fin- 
gal  which  they  possessed,  and 
at  length  appeared  before  their 
stronghold,  Dublin,  which  he  took 
by  storm  after  three  days,  releasing 
many  prisoners,  amongst  them  Dom- 
hnal.  King  of  Leinster,  and  O'Neill, 
prince  of  Ulster.  He,  however,  made 
the  fatal  mistake  of  cot  sweeping  them- 


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from  the  kingdom,  for  having  confined 
them  within  a  limited  district  and  re- 
ceiving tribute  and  an  acknowledge- 
ment of  dependence  from  them,  he  per- 
mitted them  to  remain.  They,  however, 
grew  strong  by  repeated  re-enforcements 
and  at  length  commenced  anew  their 
predatory  excursions  on  their  neighbors. 
Malachi  again  attacked  them  and  de- 
feated them  in  two  engagements, 
'but  he  at  last  became  supine  and  care- 
less of  the  national  interests 
as  long  as  he  himself  was 
left  undisturbed.  In  the  meantime 
the  Danes  were  becoming  formidable 
and  all  parts  of  the  Island  were  feeling 
the  weight  of  their  arms.  There  was  a 
prince,  however,  who  did  not  lie 
supinely,  while  the  robbers  of  his  coun- 
itry  were  spreading  devastation  far  and 
wide  and  threatening  to  subvert  her  an- 
•cient  institutions.  This  was  Brien, 
King  of  Munster,  who  soon  taught  the 
Invaders  to  tremble  at  his  name,  and  in- 
dignant at  the  continued  inactivity  of  the 
monarch  he  marched  upon  Tara  and 
■compelled  him  to  abdicate  A.  D.  1002. 
'On  Uie  death  of  Brieu  and  his  son  Mur- 
ough,  at  the  battle  of  Clontarf,  Mala- 
<;hi  again  resumed  the  government  of 
the  Island.  This  battle  broke  the  ^ower 
and  hopes  of  the  Danes,  and  Maachi, 
■calling  to  his  aid  O'Neill,  prince  of 
Ulster,  marched  on  Dublin  and  after 
defeating  the  Danes  took  the  city  which 
he  gave  up  to  plunder.  He  also  de- 
feated them  at  Athimilachan  and  as- 
sisted the  princes  of  the  provinces  in 
destroying  the  expiring  power  and  ef- 
forts of  the  warlike  invaders.  His  last 
years  were  more  worthy  of  the  promise 
of  his  earliest  ones,  and  he  died  at  an 
advanced  age  Sept  2,  A .  D.  1022. 

MALACHI,  ABBE,  a  celebrated 
Franciscan  friar,  was  born  in  Ireland 
about  1270.  He  taught  for  some  tipae 
at  Oxford  and  afterwards  went  to  !Nap- 
les,  where  he  was  highly  honored  for 
learning  and  piety.  He  was  author  of 
many  valuable  treatises,  some  of  which 
were  published  by  Henry  Stephens  in 
Paris. 

MALONli  EDMUND,  a'well  known 
and  talented  editor  and  commentator  of 
Shakespeare,  was  the  son  of  an  Irish 
judge,  and  was  born  at  Dublin  in  1741; 
entered  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and 
after  completing  his  education  he  was 
called  to  the  bar  in  1767.    But  the  bent 


of  his  mind  was  literary,  and  having  an 
ample  fortune  he  was  not  compelled  to 
drudge,  He  undertook,  in  conjunction 
with  Stevens,  to  edit  an  edition  of 
Shakespeare,  but  disagreeing  in  regard 
to  it,  he  published  one  of  his  own  in 
11  vols.,  8  vo.  1780.  He  died  in  1812. 
Among  his  other  works  are  a  "Life  of 
Dryden,"  "Life  of  Sir  Joshua  Rey- 
nolds," and  an  "Enquiry  into  the  pa- 
pers attributed  to  Shakespeare. 

MALONE,    REV.  WILLIAM,    an 

eminent  and  learned  Irish  Jesuit,  was 
born  about  1575,  and  received  his  edu- 
cation on  the  continent  when  he  en- 
tered the  Jesuit  order.  For  upward-^ 
of  twenty-four  years  he  was  on  the  Iri'  i 
mission,  residing  principally  in  Dublin, 
and  aided  in  the  erection  of  their  church 
and  college  in  Backlane  in  1680,  sup- 
ported by  the  influence  of  Wentworth, 
Earl  of  Eildare.  The  establishment 
was,  however,  seized  and  sequestered 
by  the  government  in  1682  under  the 
Lord  Justices  Loftus  and  Boyle,  when 
they  executed  by  commission  the  De- 
puty's place,  and  the  buildings  were 
transferred  to  Trinity  College.  In  1624 
Malone  published  a  controversial  chal- 
lenge, which  was  replied  to  by  the  Pro- 
testant primate  Usher,  which  reply 
was  answered  by  Malone  in  an  able 
controversial  volume  printed  at  Douay  . 
in  1627.  Most  of  the  copies,  however, 
which  were  shipped  to  England  and 
Ireland  being  seized  bv  the  government 
and  supprea^.  In  16§5  Father  Malone 
was  called  to  preside  over  the  Irish  col- 
lege in  Rome,  where  he  remained  until 
1^7  when  he  was  again  sent  to  Ireland 
as  superior  of  the  misdons  there.  He 
remained  there  in  the  ^discharge  of  his 
dangerous  and  responsible  duties  until 
his  death. 

MANGUM,  WILLIAM  P.,  a  dis- 
tinguished American  statatesman,  was 
of  Irish  descent,  born  in  Orange  Co., 
North  Carolina  in  1792;  was  educateo 
in  the  University  of  that  State,  and  in 
1815  commenced  the  study  of  law;  was 
admitted  to  the  bar,  and  soon  attracted 
attention  and  a  lucrative  practice  by 
his  ability  and  eloquence.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  local  House  in  1818  and 
in  1819  a  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court, 
and  in  1828  was  sent  to  Congress.  In 
the  exciting  contest  of  1828  Le  was  a 
Presidential  elector  and  in  1881  was 
elected  United  States  Senator,  which  he 


HAR 


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MAB 


d  havin?  an 
smpelled  to 
coDiunction 

eaition  of 
g  in  regard 
lis  own  in 
ed  in  1813. 

a  "Life  of 
Qshua  Rey- 
ito  the  pa* 
ire. 

LIAM,    an 
fesuit.  was 
ed  his  edu- 
en  he    en- 
>r  upward  <^ 
ontheiri'  i 
in  Dublin, 
heir  church 
1680,  sup- 
Ventworth, 
ablisbment 
sequestered 
under  the 
oyle.  when 
on  the  De- 
lings  were 
e.    In  1624 
ersial  dial- 
37  the  Pro- 
iich    reply 
n  an  abl'e 
at  Douay  . 
however, 
gland  and 
overnment 
ler  Malone 
3  Irish  col- 
ined  until 
to  Ireland 
here.    He 
'ge  of  his 
iities  until 


^,  a  dis- 
sman,  was 
inge  Co., 

educateo 
!,  and  in 

law;  was 
1  attracted 
actice  by 
ie  was  a 

1818  and 
or  Court, 
rress.  In 
ue  was  a 
1881  was 
which  he 


held  continuously  until  1850,  and  was 
for  many  years  president  or  acting  pre- 
sident of  that  body,  and  ic  1887  was 
honored  with  eleven  electoral  votes  for 
President  of  the  United  States.  He 
died  at  his  home  in  North  Carolina 
Pept.  14,  1880. 

MANNING,  RICHARD  I.,  a  distin- 
guisbed  citizen  of  South  Carolina,  was 
of  Irish  parentage  and  born  in  that 
State  May  Ist,  1789;  was  educated  in 
the  State  University  ■  at  Columbia,  and 
on  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  of  1812, 
with  the  eclat  of  a  true  American  Celt, 
he  raised  a  company  of  volunteers,  and 
served  with  distinction  against  the  cnc- 
mv  of  his  race.  After  the  war  he  serv 
«d  in  both  branches  of  the  State  Leg 
lature,  and  in  1824  was  elected  Govei- 
nor  of  the  state.  In  1884  he  was  sent 
to  Congress  where  his  great  abilities 
were  soon  recognized,  and  a  brilliant 
future  appeared  before  him  when  he 
suddenly  died  while  visiting  in  Phila- 
delphia with  his  family  May  1st,  1886. 

MANNON,  ST.,  A.  D.  1202,  was  a 
native  of  Ireland  and  a  disciple  of  St. 
Remulch.  He  is  acknowledged  as  pat- 
ron of  Massoin  in  Ardenne  where  he 
was  buried.  He  was  put  to  death  in 
the  forest  of  Ardenne,  and   Molanus 

Suts  him  amongst  the  saints  of  Flan- 
ers. 

MANSURY.  orMANSUETUe.  T. 
a  native  of  Ireland,  is  said  by  Usher  to 
have  been  a  disciple  of  Peter  and  a  na- 
tive of  Scotia.  He  preached  the  Gos- 
pel in  Lorraine,  was  first  bishop  of 
Toul  and  was  canonized  in  the  tenth 
century  bv  Leo  IX.,  who  had  also  been 
bishop  of  the  same  See.  Some  place 
his  time  a  little  latter. 

MARIANUS,  SC0TU8.  a  celebrat- 
ed Irish  scholar,  and  a  man  of  learning, 
called  by  some  the  most  leained  of  his 
age.  was  born  in  Ireland  in  1028,  ac- 
cording to  Florentius  Wigornienses. 
He  was  public  professor  of  the  liberal 
Arts  in  lieginburg(Rati8bon)  and  Paris, 
when  he  had  amongst  his  pupils  Nicho- 
las Brakespeare,  afterward  Adrian  IV- 
the  English  Pope,  who  it  is  said  trans, 
ferred  the  sovereignty  of  Ireland  to 
Henry  II.  He  composed  many  learned 
works,  amongst  them  an  Universal 
Chronical,  a  work  of  great  repute,  ac- 
cording to  Usher. Trithemiusinhis  "  Yir 


riustr.  says  of  him  that  he  wc  ually 
celebraled  for  learning  and  virtue. "  He 
died  at  Mayence  in  1086.  The  annals 
of  the  Boii  thus  mention  him  and  his 
companions :  "At  this  time  also  D. 
Mananus  Scotus,  a  poet  and  eminent 
theologian,  inferior  to  none  in  his  time, 
together  with  his  brother  philosophers, 
John  and  Candedus.  Clement,  Murcher- 
idacus,  Ma;i;noaldus  and  Isaac,  came  to 
Germany  and  then  proceeded  to  Regic- 
burgh  ^Ratisbon).  Ireland  indeed  was, 
in  the  time  of  our  ancestors,  most  fer- 
tile in  holy  and  learned  men. "  Bale 
gives  a  partial  list  of  his  works,religious 
and  scientific. 

MARSDEN,  WILLIAM,  D.  C.  L., 
.1  learned  scholar  and  oriental  historian, 
was  born  in  Dublin,  Ireland,  Nov.  16, 
1754.  He  entered  the  service  of 
the  East  India  Company  in  1771, 
and  was  sent  to  Bencoolen,  Suma- 
tra, where  he  became  principal  secretary 
of  the  Colonial  government,  and  ac- 
quired a  thorough  knowledge  of  the 
Malay  language  and  literature,  Re- 
turning home  in  1779  he  published  a 
"  History  of  Sumatra"  and  a  "  Gram- 
mar and  Dictionary  of  the  Malay  lan- 
fuage  "  and  other  works.  In  1795  he 
ecame  Chief  Secretary  to  the  Admiral- 
ty and  resigned  in  1807  on  a  pension. 
He  secured  a  fine  collection  of  coins  and 
medals  which  he  donated  to  the  British 
Museum,  and  also  a  rare  oriental  library 
which  he  left  to  King's  College.  He 
died  near  London,  Oct.  6,  1836. 

MARSTON,  ISAAC,  adistin^ished 
lawyer  of  Michigan,  and  late  Chief  Jus- 
tice of  the  Supreme  Court  of  that  State. 
Was  born  in  county  Armagh,  Ireland, 
Jan'v  2,  1889.  His  father  dying  while 
the  family  were  yet  young,  his  mother, 
although  left  with  but  slender  means, 
succeewcd  by  that  energy  and  self -sacri- 
fice peculiar  to  the  Irish  in  such  a  case, 
in  securing  a  fair  education  for  her  chil- 
dren. In  his  thirteenth  year  Isa^vc  was 
apprenticed  to  a  grocer  and  after  three 
j'ears' service  determined  to  seek  his  for- 
tune in  America  and  in  1856  came  wiih 
his  mother  and  settled  in  Oakland  Co., 
Mich.  His  first  employment  was  on  a 
farm  at  nine  dollars  a  month,  but  his 
spue  time  was  devoted  to  study  and 
the  acquirement  of  all  kinds  of  useful 
knowledge.  In  1859  he  made  his  way 
to  Ann  Arbor,  enieringthe  law  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Michigan,  and 


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bis  resources  nvere  an  indomitable  will 
and  thirty  dollars  in  money.  By  the 
kindness  of  Judge  Cooley,  he  was  ena- 
bled to  make  his  way,  and  he  graduated 
with  honor  in  1861.  He  immediately 
afterwards  opened  an  ofSce  in  Gratiot 
county,  but  after  six  months  he  made 
little  else  but  friends,  and  to  add  to 
his  difflculties  his  office  and  contents 
were  consumed  by  fire.  In  1863  he  re- 
moved to  Bay  City  and  in  the  mean 
time  he  had  formed  a  partnership  with 
Emily  Sullivan,  the  basis  of  which  was 
love,  esteem  and  mutual  help.  The 
first  few  months  in  his  new  home  were 
not  very  encouragine,  especially  to  a 
man  with  a  young  wife,  but  he  at  length 
won  practice  and  appreciation,  and  in 
1868  enterad  into  partnership  with  H. 
H.  Hatch.  His  advance  was  steady  and 
he  successively  became  City.and  Prose- 
cuting attorney,  and  the  firm  acquired  a 
leading  practice.  In  1874  E.  A.  Cooley, 
a  son  of  Judge  Cooley,  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  firm,  and  about  this  time  Mr. 
Marston  was  appointed  Attorney  Gen- 
eral of  the  State,  which  position  he 
filled  with  great  satisfaction.  In  1876  a 
vacancy  occurred  on  the  bench  of  the 
Supreme  Court  by  the  election  of  Judge 
Christiancy  to  the  United  States  Senate, 
and  Mr.  Marston  was  a|)pointed  to  suc- 
ceed him.  He  was  elected  his  own 
successor  for  a  full  term,  and  held  his 
seat  until  1883,  when  he  resigned  and 
removed  to  Detroit,  where  he  settled 
down  to  the  practice  of  his  profession 
with  Col.  John  Atkinson,  and  is  fast 
acquiring  the  practice  which  his  talents 
and  industry  entitle  him  to. 

MAR'^'IN,  ALEXANDER,  LL.  D., 
a  distinguished  American  patriot  and 
legislator,  was  born  in  New  Jersey,  of 
Irish  parents,  in  1740,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Princeton  College,  where  he 
graduated  in  1756.  He  removed  to 
North  Carolina,  and  was  distinguished 
by  his  bold  advocacy  of  Colonialrights. 
He  raised  a  regiment  for  the  "Conti- 
nental Line,"  and  served  with  distinc- 
tion at  Brandywine  and  Germantown. 
He  was  also  in  the  Colonial  Assembly 
of  the  State,  and  was  acting  Governor 
In  1781  and  Governor  from  1783  to 
1785,  and  again  from  1789  to  1793.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  United  States 
Constitutional  Convention  in  1787,  and 
was  United  States  Senator  from  1793  to 
to  1799.  He  died  at  Daubury,  N.  C, 
Nov.,  1807. 


MARTIN,  JOHN,  one  of  the  most 
disinterested  and  incorruptible  of  pat* 
riots,  was  bom  at  Loughome,  County 
Down,  Ireland,  Sept.  8,  1813.  His  pa- 
rents were  Presbyterians,  whose  ances* 
tors  for  many  generations  had  resided 
in  that  county,  and  whose  immediate 
relatives  owned  at  this  time  the  fee 
simple  of  the  townland  in  which  they 
lived,  and  were  engaged  largely  in  th& 
manufacture  of  linen.  His  father  be- 
longed to  the  "Volunteers"  of  '83,  and 
was  a  strong  opposer  of  the  Union. 
The  boy  at  first  had  imbibed  some  rel- 
igious bigotry  from  "Orange"  compan- 
ions, but  the  lessons  of  hu  mother,  a 
lady  of  cultured  tastes  and  patriotic  and 
liberal  sentiments,  and  a  rebuke  front 
one  of  his  uncles,  on  hearing  him  give 
expression  to  an  unworthy  and  con- 
tracted national  sentiment:  "Whatr 
John,  would  you  not  allow  your  Catho- 
lic fellow  countrymen  the  same  ri^^hts 
that  you  enjoy  yourself?"  awoke  m  a 
naturally  generous  and  impaitial  spirit 
a  sense  of  the  narrowness  and  injustice 
of  the  prejudices  which  he  had  thought- 
lessly imbibed,  and  the  foul  exhalations 
which  would  separate  him  from  his 
Catholic  fellow  countrymen  were  dis- 
sipated forever.  At  the  age  of  13  he 
attended  school  at  Newry,  where  h& 
became  the  associate  of  John  Mitchcl, 
and  ever  afterwards  the  firm  friend  and 
co-patriot.  After  leaving  Newry  he 
entered  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and 
took  his  degree  of  M.  A.  in  1883,  and 
then  entered  upor  the  study  of  medi- 
cine. He  had  about  completed  hi» 
studies  when  the  death  of  his  Uncle 
John,  whose  heir  he  was,  recalled  him 
home  and  made  it  necessary  for  him  to 
devote  his  attention  to  the  manage- 
ment of  his  estates.  He  soon  became 
very  popular  by  his  consideration, 
kindness  and  benevolence  to  his  ten- 
ants and  neighbors.  He  treated  all 
who  desired  his  professional  services 
without  fee  or  reward,  and  soon  earned 
a  wide  reputation  for  his  skill  and  suc- 
cess, while  the  poor  from  far  and  near 
flocked  to  his  door  to  receive  advice 
and  medicine.  In  1889  he  visited. 
America,  his  tour  extending  through 
Canada  and  the  Northern  States,  and 
in  1841  he  made  a  Continental  tour. 
He  aided  and  supported  the  Reiwal 
movement,  his  innate  modesty,  how- 
ever, kept  him  from  making  any  loud 
demonstrations,  but  his  influence  was 
undoubtedly  more  potential  than  m&ny 


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HAR 


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MAR 


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who  did.  When  John  O'Connell  com- 
menced to  assume  the  role  of  leader, 
and  when  the  difFerences  between  the 
Old  and  Toung  Ireland  leaders  became 
pronounced,  and  fault  was  found  with 
the  uiies  to  which  the  funds  of  the  asso- 
ciation were  put,  and  a  demand  made 
that  a  detailed  statement  should  be 
inade  and  published,  Martin  strongly 
supported  the  same,  as  but  lust  and  poli- 
tic. His  persistence  in  demanding  it 
ended  in  his  expulsion.  He  joined  his 
fortunes  to  the  Young  Ireland  party, 
and  afterward  became  a  contributor  to 
the  "United  Irishman,"  and  continued 
until  It  was  suppressed  and  Mitchel,  its 
editor,  imprisoned.  Each  act  of  arbi- 
trary power  in  suppressing  the  just  and 
honest  aspirations  of  the  people  who  de- 
sired a  government  which  would  legis- 
late for  their  interests,  onl^  seemed  to 
inspire  Martin  with  a  more  fearless  and 
outbpoken  advocacy  of  the  nation's 
rights,  and  the  prison  doors  had  scarce- 
ly closed  upon  Mitchel  when  Martin 
took  up  the  peon  of  freedom  in  the  col- 
mnns  of  the  "Irish  Felon."  In 
his  opening  he  says  *  "I  could 
not  live  in  Ireland  and  derive  mv 
means  of  life  as  a  member  of  the  Irish 
community  without  feeling  a  citizen's 
responsibilities.  These  responsibiliiies 
involve  the  guilt  of  national  robbery 
and  murder,  of  a  system  which  arrays 
the  classes  of  our  people  against  each 
other's  prosperity  and  very  lives,  like 
beasts  of  prey,  or  rather  like  famishing 
sailors  on  a  wreck— of  the  attempted 
debasement  and  moral  ruin  of  people 
endowed  by  God  with  surpassing  re- 
sources for  the  attainment  of  human 
happiness.  I  cannot  be  loyal  to  a  sys- 
tem of  baseness,  terror  and  corruption. 
So  long  as  such  a  government  presumes 
to  injure  and  insult  me  and  my  race  I 
must  offer  it  all  the  resistance  in  my 
power.  That  I  do  not  exile  myself  be- 
yond its  reach  is  a  proof  that  I  hope  to 
witness  and  assist  in  the  overthrow  of 
the  most  abominable  tyranny  the  world 
now  groans  under.  To  abolish  the  po- 
litical conditions  which  compel  the 
classes  of  our  people  to  hate  and  to 
murder  each  other  and  execnite  the 
veiy  name  of  English— to  end  the  reign 
of  fraud  perjury,  corruption  and  gov- 
ernment butchery,  and  to  make  law, 
order  and  peace  possible  in  Ireland,  is 
the  holy  object  of  the  "Irish  Felon," 
and  in  doing  this  I  shall  speak  the 
truth,  the  whole  truth,  and  nothing  but 


the  truth,  so  help  me  Ood  I"  He  was 
soon  arrested  and  tried  for  treason  fel- 
ony. He  denounced  the  fraud  and 
mockery  on  law  and  justice  bv  which 
he  was  tried  by  a  picked  or  packed  jury. 
He  was  sentenced  to  ten  vears  penal 
service  beyond  the  seas,  and,  shortly  af- 
terwards,  in  company  with  Kevin  izod 
O'Doherty^  he  was  transported  to  Van 
Diemen's  Land,  Nov.,  1849.  In  1854 
he  was  pardoned,  as  was  also  Smith 
O'Brien  and  O'Doherty,  the  only  Irish 
patriots  of  '48  who  remained  in  penal 
servitude,  the  others  having  escaped  to 
America.  He  took  up  his  residence  in 
Paris,  intending  not  to  return  to  Ireland 
until  she  became  an  independent  na- 
tion. Family  complications,  however, 
made  it  extremely  necessary  that  he 
should  return  to  Ins  old  home,  which 
he  did  in  1868.  In  January,  1864,  he 
started  in  Dublin  the  National  League, 
as  his  patriotic  npirit  could  not  rest 
without  striving  for  the  good  of  his 
country.  The  judicial  murder  of  Allen, 
Larkin  and  O'Brien,  the  Irish  patriots 
in  Manchester,  aroused  the  indication 
of  Martin,  as  it  did  of  all  who  admired 
hei'oism  and  manliness  throughout  the 
world,  and  Martin  was  the  leading  spirit 
in  getting  up  the  great  funeral  demon- 
stration in  Dublin,  Dec.  8,  1867,  and  ad« 
dressed  the  assembled  thousands  in  an 
indignant  and  patriotic  denunciation  of 
the  government.  For  this  he  was  again 
arrested  with  Alex.  M.  Sullivan  and 
others,  and  althoueh  a  jury  was  care- 
fully packed  by  the  government,  the 
manlv  and  eloquent  defences  of  Martin 
and  Sullivan,  succeeded  in  awakening  a 
sense  of  justice  in  the  breasts  of  some 
of  the  jurors,  and  a  disagreement  was 
the  result.  Martin  continued  to  labor 
for  the  land  of  hlz  love  till  the  lost,  and 
when  at  length  he  died,  in  sorrow  that 
bis  eyes  were  not  permitted  to  look 
abroad  over  the  lovely  valleys  and  beau- 
tiful waters  of  his  native  land,  freed 
from  the  laws  and  the  avarice  of  the 
stranger,  for  which  he  had  worked  and 
hopeu  uaceasing, there  died  a  patriot  as 
pure,  disinterested  and  unselflnhly  de- 
voted as  ever  raised  a  voice  or  arm  for 
••Holy  Ireland," 

MARTIN,  MORGAN  L.,  was  a  na- 
tive of  New  York,  of  Irish  extraction; 
received  a  fair  education,  and  removed 
to  the  Territory  of  V/isconsin  at  an 
early  day,  and  became  prominent  br 
his  ability  and  energy.    He  represented 


¥ 

« 

I 


■■■   ■*■*, 

HAS 


-  IP-I 


ntlBH  CELTS. 


MAT 


the  TerHtoiy  in  Contrrex  from  1846  to 
1847,  and  was  held  in  highestesm. 

MARTIN,  WILLIAM  D.,  ft  talent- 
ed South  Carolina  politician  and  law- 
yer, was  of  Irish- extraction,  bom  in 
1787,  and  educated  in  that  State,  where 
he  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  H-  early 
distinguished  himself  by  superior  tal- 
ents and  energy,  and  was  made  Judge 
of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas.  In 
1826  he  wa&  elected  to  Congress,  where 
he  fully  sustained  his  reputation,  and 
where  he  remained  to  the  time  of  his 
death,  which  happened  suddenly  at 
Charleston,  Nov.  11,  1888. 

MASON,  JEREMIAH,  an  able 
American  lawyer  of  Irish  extraction, 
was  bom  in  Connecticut,  April  27, 
1778,  and  graduated  at  Yale  in 
his  twentieeK  year,  after  which 
he  pursued  the  study  of  the 
law,  and  soon  acquired  an  enviable 
reputation  as  a  profound  and  learned 
jurist.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
Vermont,  and  soon  after  removed  to 
New  Hampshire,  and  in  1802  became 
Attorney-General  of  the  state,  and  in 
1818  was  elected  United  States  Senator 
from  that  state.  He  resigned  in  1817 
to  apply  himself  to  his  chosen  profes- 
sion, and  reunovedto  Boston  in  1883, 
where  he  acquired  a  commauding  prac- 
tice. Webster  considered  him  as 
amongst  the  ablest  of  Americaii  law- 
yers.   He  died  at  an  advanced  age. 

MAS8EY,  GEN.  EYRE,  a  distin- 
guished officer  of  the  British  army,  was 
born  May  24,  1719,  in  County  Limer- 
ick, Ireland,  and  entered  the  army  at  an 
«arl  V  age,  and  greatly  distinguishing  hiu; 
self  at  the  battle  of  Culloden  in  1746. 
Hj  subsequently  comnmuded  the 
Oreaadiers  at  Havanna  and  In  other 
importnnt  actions,  and  rose  to  the  rank 
of  a  general  officer,  and  was  elevated  to 
the  parage  ot  Ii-eland  as  Baron  Clarina, 
in  reward  for  yttlisnt  service.  He  died 
May  17,  1804. 


MASSEY,  GEN.  NATHANIEL 
WILLIAM,  son  of  the  foregoing  and  an 
officer  of  equal  merit,  who  fully  sus- 
tained the  family  name  for  bravery  and 
military  skill,  rising  rapidly  until  he 
was  a  Major-Qeneral  at  the  time  of  his 
death,  which  occurred  Jan.,  1810,  at 
the  early  age  of  80  yean. 


MATHEW.  REV.  THEOBALD,  D. 
D.,  known  as  the  great  apostle  of  tern* 
perance,  or  total  aratinence,  was\  hom 
in  Tipperary,  Ireland,  1790.  After 
completing  his  education  for  the  sacred 
calling  to  which  he  proposed  to  devote 
his  11^,  he  joined  the  order  of  Capu- 
chins, was  ordained  priest  in  1814,  and 
was  stationed  in  Cork.  He  proved  a 
most  devoted  and  zealous  missiooary, 
and  was  ceaseless  in  promoting  every 
good  Work,  and'  in  devising  means  to 
meet  the  temporal  as  well  as  the  spirit- 
ual wants  of  his  people.  It  was  main- 
ly through  his  exertions  that  the  relig- 
ous  brotherhood  of  St.  Vincent  dePaul 
was  first  established  in  Ireland,  and 
which  has  proved  a  great  assistance  in 
securing  a  Christian  education  for  the 
Irish  people  of  to-day.  He  also  found 
ed  separate  schools  for  the  education  of 
the  young  girls  of.  his  parish,  and  la- 
bored unceasingly  in  sustaining  and 
perfecting  his  good  works.  His  great 
work,  however,  was  his  mar v«j1ous  tem- 
perance reformation,especinry  through- 
out Ireland,  in  vhich  hundreds  of 
thousands  of  his  countrymen  took  the, 
pledge  of  total  abstinence,  the  majority 
of  whom  kept  it  faithfully  till  death, 
and  an  incalculable  amount  of  good  re- 
sulted in  many  ways.  He  did  not  con- 
fine his  labors  in  the  cause  to  In^nd 
alone,  but  he  advocated  it  with  great 
success  in  England  and  the  United 
States,  which  he  visited  for  that  pur- 
pose. He  was  not  only  great  in  his 
special  work,  but  he  was  a  learned  and 
aole  man;  but  his  life  was  more  in  work 
than  in  words.  He  died  ia  1866,  uni- 
versally lamented. 


MATHEWS,  JOHN,  an  Irish  Ameri- 
can patriot  of  the  Revolution,  was  born 
about  1744,  and  settled  with  his  parents 
in  South  Carolina,  where  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar.  Like  the  rest  of  his 
race  in  America,  he  was  an  ardent  and 
fiery  opposer  of  British  tyranny.  He 
went  to  the  breach  at  the  erst  sound  of 
the  strife,  where  he  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  bravery.  He  represented 
South  Carolina  in  the  Continental  Con- 
gress from  1778  to  1782,  and  was  a 
signer  of  the  Articles  of  Confederation. 
He  was  elected  Governor  of  South  Caro- 
lina in  1788  and  in  1784  appointed  Judge 
He  died  In  1800. 


of  the  Equity  Court, 
much  lamented. 


MATI 

man    dh 

and  hosj 

Ireland  a 

liberal  ed 

travel  anc 

with  mosi 

On  his  est 

niflcent  n 

sleeping 

ing  accon 

in   the  n 

which  he 

visitors  w 

consider  i 

That  the  ] 

for  their  j 

they  were 

were  serv< 

they  migh 

at  their  pi 

rooms,  bil 

adjunct  of 

ewsand  1 

guests.    £ 

MATH] 

talented  la 

York,  was 

Orange  coi 

1766,recei^ 

law  and  \i 

1790.    He 

House  and 

1809  to  Coi 

trict  Attori 

cm  New  Y 

to  Rochestc 

practice.    ' 

f  erred  on  h 

died  at  Us 


SfATUR 

an  eminent 

poet,  was  b( 

educated  at 

though  a  m 

not  receive 

and  gave  alt 

ture.    Amo 

Revenire,  T 

Milcgjan  CI 

name  of  Den 

verse,  a  po< 

and  Women 

Mafueland. 

nan  of  great 

the  control  ( 

1884. 


mW^^'^'TW 


,,_-3l 


MAT 


IBIBH  CELTS. 


MAX 


con- 


Judge 


MATHEWS,  GEORGE,  LL.  D..  a 
man  distinguished  alike  for  learning 
and  hospitality,  was  bom  at  Thurles 
Ireland  about  1650.  He  received  a  most 
liberal  education  enlarged  by  exteuKive 
travel  and  observation,  and  was  intimate 
with  most  of  the  learned  men  of  his  day. 
On  his  estate  in  Thurles  he  built  a  mag- 
nificent mansion  containing  above  fortv 
sleeping  apartmen,ts  with  corrcspondf- 
ing  accommodation  for  guests,  fitted  up 
\n  the  most  sumptuous  manner,  in 
which  he  entertained  his  friends.  His 
visitors  were  informed  t^  ..i.  they  must 
consider  thsmselves  entire  v  at  home. 
That  the  place  was  erected  especially 
for  their  pleasure  and  convenience,  and 
they  were  expected  to  use  it  Meals 
were  served  in  the  rooms  of  guests  or 
they  might  be  taken  at  the  table  d'hote 
at  their  pleasure.  There  were  coffee 
rooms,  billiard  rooms,  salons  and  every 
adjunct  of  a  first-class  hotel,  Mr.  Math- 
ews and  his  lady  appearing  only  as 
guests.    He  died  about  1720. 


MATHEWS,  VINCENT,  LL.  D.,  a 
talented  lawyer  and  politician  of  New 
York,  was  of  Irish  extraction,  bom  in 
Orange  county,  in  that  state,  June  20, 
1766,  received  a  good  education,  studied 
law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1700.  He  was  sent  successively  to  the 
House  and  Senate  of  the  state  and  in 
1800  to  Congress.  In  1812  he  was  Dis- 
trict Attorney  for  a  large  part  of  West- 
ern New  York,  and  eventually  removed 
to  Rochester,  where  he  acquired  a  larite 
practice.  The  college  of  Geneva  con- 
ferred on  him  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  He 
died  at  his  home,  Aug.  28, 1846. 


MATURIN.  CHARLES  ROBERT, 
anemineht  writer,  divine.dramatist  and 
poet,  was  born  in  Ireland  1782,  and  was 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  Al- 
though a  most  eloquent  preacher  he  did 
not  receive  much  church  preferment, 
<ind  gave  almost  bis  entire  time  to  litera- 
ture. Among  his  works  are  Tiie  Fatal 
Revenue,  The  Wild  Irish  Boy  and  The 
MiloB^an  Chief,  published  under  the 
name  of  Denis  Jasper  Murphy;  The  Uni- 
verse, a  poem;  the  novels  of  Melmoth 
and  Women;  the  tragedies  of  Bertram, 
MaL'uelandFredolpho  Maturin  was  a 
manof  great  ffenius,  not  always  under 
the  control  oipure  taste.  He  died  in 
1881 


MATURIN,  EDWARD,  a  talented 
Irish  American  scholar  and  writer,  was 
born  in  Dhblin,  Ireland,  in  1812,  and 
was  the  ison  of  Rev  Chas.  Maturin,  tho 
poet  and  writer.  He  received  his  edu- 
cation at  Trinity  College,  Dublin.where 
he  graduated  with  distmction.  Edward 
came  to  this  couBtrv  in  1832.  bringing 
letters  from  Tom  Moore,the  poet,  Rich- 
ard Lalor  Shell  and  other  eminent  Irish- 
men. Heentered  the  law  office  of  Chas. 
O  Conor  and  afterward  studied  with  Mr. 
Logan,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar. 
Literature,  however,  had  too  strong  a 
bold  on  him.  He  was  a  fine  Greek 
scholar,,  and  on  recommendation  of 
Prof.  Anthon  went  to  South  Carolina 
and  accepted  a  professorship  of  that 
chair  in  a  college  there.  He  resided 
there  for  many  years,  and  in  1842  mar- 
ried Miss  Gailiard.  He  returned  to 
to  New  York  and  for  upwards  of  thirty 
years  filled  professorships  in  Greek, 
Latin  and  Belles  Lettres.  He  was  also 
an  elegant  writer,  and  published  several 
romances  and  a  volume  of  Lyrics, 
among  them  Montezuma,  the  Last  of 
the  Aztecs,  Benjamin,  the  Jew  of  Gren- 
ada, Eva,  or  the  Isle  of  Life  and  Death, 
Roman  Tales,  Lyrics  of  Spain  and  Erin, 
etc.  He  was  held  in  high  esteem  for  his 
great  knowledge,  and  wat)  one  of  those 
selected  by  the  Bible  Union  to  translate 
from  the  Greek  the  Gospel  of  Mark. 
Hedied  May,  1881. 

MAXFIELD,  THOMAS,  one  of  the 
early  adherents  of  Wesley  and  the  first 
itinerant  lay  preacher  of  the  Methodist 
body,  was  bom  in  the  north  of  Ireland 
in  1720.  He,  however,  developed  some 
points  of  difference  witL  his  leader,  and 
receiving  ordination  from  the  Bishop  of 
Londonderry,  he  became  minister  of 
an  independent  congregation  and  was 
noted  for  his  unpoliuied  eloquence.  He 
died  in  1785. 

MAXWELL,  GEN.  WILLIAM,  a 
distinguished  soldier  and  patriot  of  the 
Revolution,  waf>  born  in  Ireland  in 
1785,  euiigrated  to  America,  joined  the 
Colonial  troops  and  took  part  in  the 
'  'French  war. "  He  was  conntantly  em- 
ployed up  to  tho  revolution,  and  was  a 
Srominent  and  fearless  advocate  in  New 
ersey  of  Colonial  rights.  On  the 
breaking  out  of  the  Revolution  he  im- 
mediutely  took  the  field  with  a  regi- 
ment of  New  Jersey  troops  and  joined 
Montgomery  in  the  campaign  agaiuit 


'F  'if 


!.■ 


.*<8:'^  ■. 


MAY 


IBISH  CELTS. 


HEA 


Bs- 


Canada.  1776.  He  was  appointed  by 
Coiigreus  a  brigadier-general,  and  par- 
ticipated in  tbe  battles  of  Brandywine 
and  Oermantown,  and  afterwards 
headed  the  pursuit  of  the  British 
under  Clinton  through  New  Jer- 
sey. He  took  a  prominent  part 
in  the  battle  of  Monmouth,  and 
supported  Sullivan  in  his  cam- 
paign against  the  Indians  in  1779, 
also  participating  in  the  battle  of 
Springtield,  June  28,  1780.  Heshortly 
afterwards  resigned,  but  was  ev&r  held 
in  the  highest  esteem  by  Washington, 
both  for  ability  and  integrity.  He  died 
Nov.  13.  1786, 

MAXWELL,  CHARLES,  a  brave 
and  skillful  Irish  officer,  who  served  in 
Ireland  in  1689  90,  in  support  of  James 
II.,  and  after  this  monarch's  inexcus- 
able blunders  and  cowardice,  went  to 
France,  where  he  greatly  distin- 
guiuhed  himself  in  the  Clare 
and  other  Irish  regiments,  and  was  held 
in  high  esteem  for  skill  and  daring,  and 
rose  to  distinction. 

MAXWELL,  WM.  HAMILTON,  a 
distinguished  Irish  writer  and  novelist, 
was  born  at  Newry,  Ireland,  in  1794, 
he  graduated  at  the  age  of  19,  with  high 
honors  from  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
after  which  he  spent  some  time  in 
Spain  in  the  British  army.  He  then 
studied  for  the  ministry,  took  orders  in 
theEs'ablished  Church,' and  was  ap- 
pointed to  a  rectory  in  Connaught  in 
which  not  one  prot*  tant  resided.  He 
consequently  had  ali  bis  time  to  devote 
as  he  pleased,  and  he  divi<led  it  be- 
tween field  sports  and  literary  labor. 
Among  his  works  are  ''Stories  of 
Waterloo,"  "Wild  Sports  of  the  West," 
"The  Dark  Lady  of  Doona,"  "Stories 
of  the  Peninsular  War,"  "Life  of  the 
Duke  of  Wellington."  "Victories  of 
the  British  Armv.^'  "Rambling  liecol- 
lections  of  a  soldier  of  Fortune,"  "The 
Fortunes  of  Hector  O  Ualloran,"  "His- 
tory of  the  Rebellion  of  '»«,"  "Bryan 
O'Lynu  "  He  was  also  a  constant  con- 
tributor to  the  Dublin  University  Maua- 
zine  and  Bcntley's  Miucelluuy.  Ue 
died  Due.  20,  IbOO. 

MAYO,  EARL  OF  (Richard  South- 
well Bcurke)  a  diHiinguisliud  BriliNh 
Btatesmau,  was  born  in  Dublin,  Irelnnd, 
Feb.  8,  1322,  and  was  ediu  uted  at  Trin- 
ity College,  Dublin,    alter   which  he 


traveled  on  the  Continent,  and  pub- 
lished his  observations  under  the  title  of 
"St.  Petersburg  and  Moscow,"  1846. 
He  sat  in  parliament  for  Eildare  la 
1847  and  for  Coleraine  in  1852,  was 
chief  secretary  for  Ireland  under  Lord 
Derby,  and  was  a  member  of  the  cabi> 
net  in  1366-68.  He  succeeded  to  his 
title  m  1867,  and  was  appointed  Yice- 
roy  of  India  in  1868.  He  there  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  administrative 
ability  and  reformation  of  abuses.  He 
was  killed  in  the  penal  settlement  of 
Fort  Blair,  while  on  a  tour  of  inspec- 
tion, by  being  stabbed  in  the  back  by  a 
Mohammedan  convict,  Feb.  8, 1872. 

MEADE.  ROBERT,  a  general  officer 
of  merit  in  the  British  army,  was  born 
inTipperary,  Ireland,  Feb.  29,  1772. 
He  early  entered  his  profession  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  on  the  Continent  on 
vanous  occasions,  rising  at  length  to  the 
rank  of  lieutenant  general.  He  had  a 
younger  brother  a  general  of  equal  cel- 
ebrity,   He  died  at  an  advanced  age. 

MEAGHER  OEN.  THOMAS 
FRANCIS,  otae  of  the  most  distin- 
guished of  the  Irish  patriots  of  '48  and 
most  brilliaot  of  modem  orators,  was 
born  in  Waterford,  Ireland,  in  1828. 
He  was  educated  partly  at  Clongowes- 
wood  college  and  partly  at  the  Jesuit 
college  at  Stonevhurst,  Lancashire, 
where  he  was  distinguished  by  his 
poetic  imagination,  classical  command 
of  English,  and  intense  oratorical  pow- 
ers when  moved.  When  he  riBturned 
home  the  repeal  movement  was  at  its 
lieight,  and  the  heart  of  the  nation  was 
throbbing  with  hopes  of  victory. 
Meagher^  father  was  locally  prominent 
in  the  movement,  and  was  shortly  after- 
ward elected  mavor  of  Waterford,  and 
was  the  first  Catholic  who  filled  the  post 
since  the  reformation.  He  was  also  an 
ardent  supporter  of  O'Connell,  and  our 
young -patriot,  with  all  the  fervor  of  an 
Irish  heart,  threw  himself  into  the 
movement.  As  early  as  1843  when  only 
twenty  year-*  of  age  he  became  known 
as  a  local  speaker  of  talents  and  promi 
nont  euouu:.  lo  preside  at  repeal  meet- 
ings in  hiH  native  city ;  but  it  was  not 
till  his  advent  in  Dublin  and  his  appear- 
ance in  Conciliation  Hall  that  he  rose 
lo  those  splendid  heights  of  eloqueuce 
that  electrified  his  countrymen  and 
earned  for  hin^  a  place  among  the  greaU 
est  of  modern  orators.    Uls  flrsl  appear- 


ance th( 

audienc 

«vening 

ai-ise  to 

cept  Sm 

was  acq 

his  proi 

him.    !( 

a  very  f 

wereh© 

Bunciati 

account 

little  ^es 

meamng 

in  his  be 

hearers 

which  hi 

of  figure 

a  while 

stranger 

audience 

failure. 

ceived. 

into  hiss 

Stnd  his  i 
ength  l 
which  a  i 
him  dow 
appear  at 
to  their 
figured,  1 
quence,  a 
intr  utteri 
spired  th 
and  flasl 
and  his 
intensene 
pletes  th 
visible  oi 
bis  subje 
hispowe 
of  his  hei 
ble,  and 
down,  th 
tened  to 
of  O'Coi 
riods  of 
their  ack 
the    you 
O'Brien 
mented 
He  at  on 
tion  Hal 
nounced 
to  its  utn 
conditioi 
became  f 
of  theme 
Irelandei 
neas  of 
•▼en  insi 


HEA 


IRIBH  CELTS. 


MEA 


ance  there  was  in  1846,  when  the  great 
audience  that  crowded  the  hall  one 
«veniDg  beheld  a  youthful  stranger 
aidse  to  address  them ;  few  if  any  ex- 
cept Smith  O'Brien,  the  chairman,  who 
was  acquainted  with  him  and  admired 
his  promising  talents,  ever  heard  of 
him.  Neither  did  he  at  first  produce 
a  very  favorable  impression ;  his  words 
were  hesitating  and  indistinct ;  his  pro- 
nunciation was  somewhat  strange  on 
account  of  his  foreign  schooling ;  what 
little  gestures  he  made  were  stiff  and  un- 
meamng,  and  even  a  certain  confidence 
in  his  bearing  but  gave  to  his  impatient 
hearers  an  impression  of  self  conceit, 
which  his  youth  and  a  certain  trimness 
of  figure  confirmed,  and  it  seemed  for 
a  while  as  if  the  ambitious  young 
stranger  was  incapable  of  moving  an 
audience  ever  ready  to  applaud — was  a 
failure.  But  never  were  men  more  de 
ceived.  The  orator,  as  he  advanced 
into  his  subject,  warmed  and  expanded, 
and  his  inspiration,  like  the  Sybil's,  at 
length  burst  forth.  All  the  defects 
which  a  moment  before  seemed  to  weigh 
him  down  even  below  mediocrity  dis- 
appear as  if  by  magic,  and  he  appears 
to  their  wondering  eyes  as  one  trans- 
figured, pouring  forth  a  torrent  of  elo- 
quence, a  voice  rich  and  resonant,  giv- 
ing utterance  in  classic  language  to  in- 
spired thoughts,  while  his  eyes  sparkled 
and  flashed  with  the  light  of  genius, 
and  his  whole  face  illumined  by  that 
intenseness  of  expression  which  com- 
pletes the  power  of  the  orator,  and  is 
visible  only  when  the  orator  is  lost  in 
bis  subject  and  is  indeed  the  secret  of 
his  power  over  the  hearts  and  the  wills 
of  his  hearers.  The  effect  was  irresisti- 
ble, and  before  the  young  orator  sat 
down,  this  audience,  who  had  often  lis- 
tened to  the  bold  and  massive  eloquence 
of  O'Connell  and  the  more  classic  pe- 
riods of  Shiel,  were  loud  and  long  in 
their  acknowledgments  of  the  effort  of 
the  youthful  stranger,  and  Smith 
O'Brien  in  their  name  warmlv  compli- 
mented him  on  his  brilliant  effort. 
He  at  once  became  the  idol  of  Concilia- 
tion Hall,  and  ever  when  he  was  an- 
nounced to  speak,  the  hall  was  crowded 
to  its  utmost  capacity.  When  the  I'u- 
conditional  puace  policy  of  O'Connell 
became  futile,  if  not  slavish,  in  the  eyes 
of  the  more  ardent  and  irascible  "Young 
Irelanders,"  and  the  freedom  and  bold- 
ness  of  their  declamations  in  the  hall 
even  insinuated  a  resort  to  arms  as  the 


final  remedy,  if  justice  and  right  were 
not  otherwise  attumable ;  then  gradually 
resulted  a  divergsnce,  which"  day  by 
day  became  more  marked,  and  an  an- . 
tagonism  of  views  and  policies  which 
in  marking  lines,  naturally  pusbed  each 
party  to  a  radicalism  which  ended  in  an 
open  rupture,  proving  a  stumbling 
block  to  their  common  desire  to  benefit 
their  country  and  relieve  her  from  the 
most  wicked  and  heartless  of  tyrannies. 
O'Connell  greatly  admired  Meagher 
and  strove  to  detach  him  from  the  "par- 
ty of  action,"  telling  him  they  would 
lead  him  into  danger,  "that  may  be 
true"  he  applied,  "but  not  to  dis- 
honor." It  IS  probable  that  if  O'Con- 
nell had  not  been  weakened  by  age  and 
illness,  but  had  retained  the  vigor  and 
strength  of  his  early  manhood,  this  fatal 
divergence  would  not  have  taken  place, 
but  his  son  John,  whom  the  weakness 
of  a  father's  pride  would  exalt  to  a 
place  he  was  incapable  to  fill,  precipi- 
tated the  catastrophe,  and  the  friends  of 
Ireland  were  again  divided.  The  re- 
sult came  when  the  "Peace  Resolu- 
tions", which  asserted  "that  the  use  of 
arms  was  at  all  times  unjustifiable  and 
immoral  I"  were  introduced  to  define 
the  policy  of  the  Association,  and  as  a 
test  of  membership.  The  Lord  Mayor 
of  Dublin  was  in  the  chuir,  and  the 
resolutions  were  supported  by  John 
O'Connell  and  Tom  Steele,  and  vigor- 
ously opposed  by  Smith  O'Brien,  John 
Mitchel  and  others,  when  Meagher  arose 
and  delivered  his  famous  "Sword 
Speech,"  which  we  here  give  as  a  speci- 
men of  his  style,  but  not  of  his  power, 
for  the  magnitism  of  his  presence  is 
lost.  He  said:  "My  Lord — I  am  not 
ungrateful  to  the  man  who  struck  the 
fetters  off  my  limbs,  while  I  was  yet  a 
child,  and  by  whose  influence  my 
father,  the  first  Catholic  that  did  eo  for 
two  hundred  years,  sits  in  the  civic 
chair  of  my  native  city.  But,  My 
Lord,  the  same  God  who  gave  to  that 
great  man  the  power  to  strike  down  one 
odious  ascendancy  in  this  country,  and 
who  enabled  him  to  institute  in  this 
land  religious  equality,  the  same 
God  gave  to  me  a  mind 
which  Is  my  own,  a  mind  that  is 
not  mortgaged  to  the  opinions  of  any 
man  or  set  of  men,  and  which  I  was  to 
use  and  not  surrender."  He  then  pro- 
ceeded to  say  that  while  he  believed  in 
astiictly  legal  course  of  action,  he  could 
not  support  the  resolutions  because  he 


^     :! 


n   ^       i 


I      I 


:tj 


I'     5n; 


y 


«1 


MEA 


IBISH  CELTB. 


MEA 


believed  tuat  there  wore  times  when 
srms  alone  could  meet  the  emergency, 
and  that  not  only  a  drop,  but  many 
thousand  drops  of  blood  were  cheaply 
and  gloriously  shed  to  obtain  the  result, 
and  Uien  burst  forth  into  the  following 
brilliant  apotheosis  of  the  sword : 
"The  soldier  is  proof  against  an  argu- 
ment, but  he  is  not  proof  against  a  bul- 
let The  man  that  will  listen  to 
reason — let  him  be  reasoned  with ;  but 
it  is  the  weaponed  arm  of  the  patriot 
that  can  alone  prevail  against  battal 
ioned  despotism.  Then,  my  lord,  I  do 
not  condemn  the  use  of  arms  as  immor- 
al, nor  do  I  conceive  it  profane  to  say 
that  the  King  of  Heaven — the  Lord  of 
Hosts  1 — the  God  of  Battleo  ! — bestows 
His  benedictions  upon  those  who  un- 
sheath  the  sword  in  the  hour  of  a  na- 
tion's peril.  From  that  evening  on 
which,  in  the  valley  of  Bethulia,  He 
nerved  the  arm  of  the  Jewish  girl  to 
smite  the  drunken  tyrant  in  his  tent, 
down  to  this  our  day,  in  which  he 
blessed  the  insurgent  chivalry  of  the 
Belgic  priests,  His  Almighty  hand  hath 
ever  been  stretched  forth  from  HJs 
throne  of  light  to  consecrate  the  flag 
of  freedom — to  bless  the  patriot's  sword ! 
Be  it  in  the  defense,  or  be  it 
in  the  assertion  of  a  people's  liberty, 
I  hail  the  sword  as  a  sacred  weapon, 
and  if  it  ha^s  sometimes  taken  the  shape 
of  the  serpent,  and  reddened  the  shroud 
of  the  oppressor  with  too  deep  a  dye. 
like  the  annointed  rod  of  the  High 
Priest  it  has  at  other  times,  and  as  often, 
blossomed  into  celestial  flownrs  to  deck 
the  freeman's  brow.  Abho/  the  sword 
— stigmatize  the  sword  ?  No,  my  lord, 
for  in  the  passes  of  the  Tyrol  it  cut  to 
pieces  the  banner  of  the  Bavarian,  and 
through  those  cragged  passes  struck  a 
path  to  fame  for  the  peasant  insurrec- 
tionists of  Inspruck  1  Abhor  the  sword 
— Btigmati7.e  the  sword  ?  Nc,  my  lord, 
for  at  its  blow  a  giant  nation  has  sprung 
up  from  the  waters  of  the  far  Atlantic, 
and  by  its  redeeming  magic,  and  by  the 
quivering  of  its  crunsoned  light,  the 
weak  dependent  colonies  became  a  dar- 
ing free  republic.  Abhor  the  sword — 
stigmatize  the  sword?  No,  my  lord, 
for  it  swept  the  Dutch  maraudei-s  out 
of  the  flne  old  towns  of  Bel- 
gium, scourging  them  back  to  their 
own  phlegmatic  swamps,  and  knocked 
their  flag,  their  sceptre,  their  bayonets 
and  their  laws  into  the  sluggish  waters 
of  the  Scheldt  I    My  lord,  I  learned 


that  it  was  the  right  of  a  nation  to  gov« . 
em  itself,  not  in  this  Hall  but  on  the 
ramparts  of  Antwerp.  I  learned  the 
first  article  of  a  nation's  creed  upon 
those  ramparts  where  freedom  was  just- 
ly  estimated,  and  where  the  possession 
of  the  precious  gift  was  purchased  by 
the  effusion  of  generous  blood.  Mv 
lord,  I  honor  the  Belgians  for  their 
courage  and  their  daring,  and  I  will 
not  stigmatize  the  means  by  which  they 
obtained  a  citizen-King  and  a  Chamber 
of  Deputies."  The  young  orator  was 
here  mterrupted  by  John  O'Connell, 
who  ^f used  to  hear  him  further,  and 
said  either  he  or  .^'sagher  must  leave 
the  Association.  O'Brien  protested 
against  the  attempt  to  silence  him,  and 
the  altercations  growing  warm  O'Brien, 
Mitchel,  Duffy,  Keilly  and  Meagher, 
representing  the  paity  of  action,  or  the 
Young  Ireland  partv,  left  the  hall,  nban- 
doned  the  Repeal  Association  and 
formed  the  "Confederation."  The 
storm  of  revolution  which  about  this 
time  was  giving  evidence  of  its  exist- 
ence throughout  Europe,  and  which 
soon  afterwards  upheaved  dynasties  and 
demolished  thrones,  found  materials 
ready  to  inflame  in  Ireland.  The  brill 
iant  young  journalists  of  the  Nation, 
and  many  others  of  like  stamp,  urged 
on  by  pen  and  voice  the  organization  of 
men  determined  to  be  free  and  willing 
to  purchase  liberty  with  blood,  while 
the  Old  Ireland  party  deprecated  the 
resort  to  arms.  Meagher  was  not  as  yet 
eager  for  revolution,  and  when  O'Con- 
nell resigned  his  seat,  Meagher,  against 
the  counsel  and  policy  of  of  his  asso- 
ciates, went  down  to  Waterford  to 
stand  for  Parliament,  and  issued  an  ad- 
dress, claiming  to  belong  to  no  English 
party,  Whig  or  Tory,  but  to  work  alone 
for  uie  legislative  independence  of  Ire- 
land. The  Repealers,  who  had  become 
but  an  appendage  to  the  Whigs,  also 
put  forward  a  candidate,  and  the  re- 
sult was  the  election  of  a  Tory.  Mitch- 
el and  the  ''party  of  progress  rejoiced 
at  the  result,  as  tliey  were  now  opposed 
to  any  compromise  but  absolute  separa- 
tion. The  march  of  events  hurried  for- 
ward. Europe  was  in  the  throes  of 
revolution,  and  in  Ireland  it  prema- 
turely burst  forth.  The  result  was,  in- 
decision and  chaos  marked  its  progress, 
the  leaders  were  arrested  before  the 
outbreak  was  half  organized,  fail- 
ure and  ruin  followed,  and  the  Rebel- 
lion of  '48  passed  without  any  good  re- 


MEH 


IRISH  CELTS. 


MEL 


suits.  Meagher  was  tried  for  treason 
and  defended  by  Whiteside  and  Butt 
before  a  packed  jury  and  convicted,  but 
recommended  to  mercy  on  account  of 
bis  youth.  He  was  sentenced  to  death, 
which  wasf  afterwards  commuted  to 
transportation  to  Van  Dieman's  Land, 
where  he  arrived  with  his  companions, 
O'Brien,  O'Donoghue  and  MacManus, 
October,  1849.  After  some  disappoint- 
ments he  at  length  effected  his  escape 
and  arrived  in  New  York  in  1852. 
There  he  entered  journalism  and  started 
the  Irish  News,  whioh  he  conducted  up 
tu  the  breaking  out  of  the  Great  Rebel- 
lion, when  ho  raised  a  company, 
joined  the  69th  New  York  Regt.,  and 
fought  gallantly  at  Bull  Run,  where  so 
many  blustering  heroes  had  disgraced 
themselves  and  their  country.  He  af- 
terwards raised  an  Irish  Brigade  and 
was  appointed  Brigadier  General,  serv- 
ing  most  gallantly  in  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac,  where  his  gallant  men  over 
and  over  again  gave  exhibitions  of  cour- 
age and  invincible  pluck  which  earned 
for  them  the  praise  and  admiration  of 
the  whole  army.  He  served  with  his 
brigade,  which  had  to  be  repeatedly  re- 
cruited,  up  to  the  taking  of  Richmond, 
where  it  aid  gallant  work  under  the 
eye  of  Sheridan,  when,  after  one  of  the 
most  desperate  engagements  of  the  war, 
that  brilliant  Celtic  soldier  cut  off  the 
last  line  of  communication  which 
the  besieged  had  kept  open  with  the 
south,  and  thus  compelled  a  capitula- 
tion. After  the  war  Meagher  was  ap- 
pointed by  President  Johnson  governor 
of  Montana,  which  position  he  held  till 
his  death  in  1867,  when  he  was  sudden- 
ly cut  off  in  the  very  prime  of  life  and 
the  threshold  of  what  promised  to  be  a 
brilliant  civil  career.  He  was  coming 
east  on  a  visit  from  his  government  in 
the  Far  West,  and  was  descending  the 
Missouri  a  dark  and  stormy  night  on 
board  a  steamer,  when  he  went  out  on 
deck,  and  never  returned.  He  is  bup- 
posed  to  have  been  standing  by  the  rail> 
ing,  which  was  low,  when  a  sudden 
lurch  of  the  boat  threw  him  into  the 
dark  and  angry  waters,  and  he  sank  to 
rise  no  more. 

MEHEGAN,  WM,  ALEX.  DE,  a 
celebrated  French  miscellaneous  writer, 
was  descended  from  Irish  ancestors,  who 
settled  in  France  after  the  civil  wars 
Itetween  James  II.  and  William,  was 
born  in  1701,  and  became  distinguiahed 


as  one  of  the  most  elegant  French 
writers  of  the  day.  He  died  at  the 
early  age  of  45  years. 

MELINE  JAMES  FLORENT,  a  tal- 
ented  American  catholic  writer,  and  an 
accomplished  scholar  was  Irish  by  bis 
mother,  Catherine  Butler,  whose  broth- 
ers. Revs.  Thomas  and  James  Butler, 
were  professors  at  Ml.  St.  Mary's  Col- 
lege, Emmettsburg,  and  men  of  distln- 
euished  abilities.  Our  sulnect  was 
Born  at  Sacketts  Harbor,  N.  Y.,  in 
1811,  where  his  father,  who  was  an  offi- 
cer in  the  Fifth  U.  8.  Infantry,  of 
French  birth  but  Swedish  lineage,  was 
then  stationed.  He  was  sent  at  an 
early  age  to  Mt.  St.  Maiy's,  where  he 
soon  distinguished  himself  by  his  talent 
and  industry,  developing  capacity  of 
the  most  varied  order.  Pecuniary  mis- 
fortunes and  the  death  of  his  parents 
made  it  necessary  for  him  to  commence 
the  battle  of  life  on  leaving  college,  and 
he  accepted  a  professorship  in  the  Athen- 
eum,  a  new  Catholic  college  started  by 
Bishop  Purcell  in  Cineinnati.  His 
spare  hours  were  devoted  to  the 
study  of  law,  and  he  was  admitted  to 
the  Bar.  Having  by  close  economy  ac- 
cumulated some  money,  he  determined 
on  a  trip  to  Europe,  for  the  purpose  of 
enlarging  his  views  and  becoming  fam- 
iliar wiuL  the  history,  languages  and 
character  of  its  principal  peoples  from 
actual  observation  and  study.  He 
spent  three  years  in  France,  Italy  and 
Germany,  becoming  complete  master  of 
their  languages,  and  storing  his  mind 
with  the  choicest  studies  of  their  litera- 
ture and  art.  He  returned  to  Cincin- 
nati and  resumed  the  study  and  prac- 
tice of  his  profession.  His  talents  and 
culture,  which  were  of  a  high  order 
and  various,  while  admirably  adapted 
for  the  law,  loved  still  more  to  explore 
the  general  fields  of  literature  and  art, 
and  cultivate  those  home  talents  which 
elevate,  refine  and  charm  social  lil[e. 
He  possessed  musical  talents  of  a  high 
order,  and  the  prominence  which  Cin- 
cinnati has  acquired  for  cultivation  and 
high  culture  in  this  art  is  largely  due 
to  Meline.  He  also,  in  conjunction 
with  Father  Young,  edited  the  Cin- 
cinnati Catholic  Telegraph.  He  made 
a  second  trip  to  Eui'ope,  taking  up  his 
residence  at  the  University  of  Heidel- 
berg, and  studying  important  histori* 
cal  questions  in  the  various  capitals, 
and  returned  home  one  of  the  most  oul- 


4 
% 

^1 


M 


MEL 


IRT8II  CELTS. 


M£R 


T* 


tured  and  brilliant  of  American  belles- 
lettres  scholars.  After  his  return  he 
gave  lectures  on  "The  Study  of  Mod- 
em Laneuages,"  "Education  in  Aus- 
tria," and  dther  popular  subjects.  In 
1848  he  answered,  in  a  forcible  and 
pointed  manner,  the  old  calumny|  about 
Galileo,  which  was  re-hashed  by  John 

S,  Adams  in  an  address  at  the  la^png 
the  comer  stone  of  the  Cincinnati  ob- 
servatory. He  afterwards  made  it  the 
subject  of  a  paper  in  the  Dublin  Re- 
view. In  1847  be  married  Miss  Rogers 
of  Cincinnati,  and  having  during  a 
number  of  years  received  the  appoint- 
ments of  ilot  a  few  foreign  consulates 
at  Cincinnati  ,he  relinquished  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession  and  started  a 
banking  house,  as  a  business  which 
would  allov  him  more  time  for  writing 
and  study.  During  the  following 
twelve  years  he  had  ample  time  to  cul- 
dvate  his  own  tastes  and  add  to  the  sun- 
shine of  those  around  him,  but  the 
financial  crash  which  preceded  the 
eat  rebellion  swept  away  the  fruit  of 
lis  labors  and  hopes,  and  after  provid- 
ing as  best  he  could  to  meet  the  future, 
he  at  first  with  pen,  and  then  with 
sword,  stepped  forward  to  the  defence 
of  the  Union.  He  became  a  major, 
and  was  jud^e-advocate  on  the  staff  of 
Gen.  Pope  in  1862  when  that  bun- 
come  soldier  started  on  his  disastrous 
march  to  Richmond  "without  a  base  of 
flupplies."  Meline,  however,  behaved  in 
amllant  manner,  and  was  promoted  to  a 
colonelcy  and  served  with  distinction 
throughout  the  war.  In  1865-6  he 
made  a  tour  of  inspection  with  Qen. 
Pope  in  New  Mexico  and  Colorado; 
which  he  published  in  an  interesting 
volume  entitled  "Two  Thousand  Miles 
on  Horseback."    His  health  being  im- 

£  aired  he  resigned,  intending  to  devote 
imself  to  literature  in  New  York,  but 
the  military  department  still  desired  his 
services,  and  he  was  appointed  chief  of 
the  Bureau  of  Civil  Affairs  in  the  Third 
Military  District,  which  position  he 
held  until  the  organization  of  the  state 

governments  south.  In  the  meantime 
e  acted  as  correspondent  for  promi- 
nent papers,  and  on  retiring  from  the 
public  service  he  went  to  New  York 
and  became  a  contributor  of  the  Na- 
tion, Catholic  World,  Qalaxv,  his 
subjects  being  most,,-  historical.  His 
most  noted  work  is  "Mary  Queen  of 
Scots  and  her  Latest  Historian."  In 
this  work  he  exposes  the  bad  faith  and 


falsity  of  Froude  as  a  historian,  and  his 
defence  of  the  Unfortunate  Queen  was 
indorsed  by  Agnes  Strickland,  Hosack, 
Baird  and  other  Protestant  writers. 
When  Froude  came  to  the  United  States 
on  his  mission  of  slander  against  Ire- 
land, for  which  he  received  such  a  se- 
vere castigation  from  Father  Burke,  his 
veracity  on  the  above  (]^uestion  was 
directly  brought  to  his  notice,  to  which 
he  Tfome  a  lame  answer  which  was  se- 
verely replied  to  by  Meline,  who  com- 
pletely used  him  up,  and  the  traducer 
soon  after  slunk  back  to  his  master. 
Although  completely  broken  down  in 
health,  Meliiie  prepared  and  delivered 
an  able  course  of  lectures  on  English 
Literature  at  Seaton  Hall  College  and 
other  institutions  at  the  request  of  bish- 
op Corrigan.  He  went  South  for  his 
health,  without  avail,|and  returning  died 
at  his  home  in  New  York  Aug.  14, 
1873,  in  a  manner  consonant  with  his 
life. 

MELL,PATRICK  H.,  D.  D.  LL.  D., 

a  talented  and  able  American  baptist 
divine,  of  Irish  parentage,  was  bom  in 
Liberty  County,  Georgia,  July  19, 1814. 
His  parents  dying  when  he  was  a  boy, 
left  him  without  any  means  but  a  brave 
heart  and  willing  hands  to  push  his  wav 
in  the  world.  Although  poor,  like  Irish 
parents  generallv,  they  saw  that  their 
boy  had  as  good  an  eaucation  as  their 
sacrifices  would  allow.  Patrick  had  al- 
ready imbibed  a  strong  desire  to  secure 
a  complete  education,  and  he  soon  had 
earned  enough  to  make  the  effort.  He 
entered  Amherst  College,  Mass.,  where 
he  remained  two  years,  applying  himself 
closely  and  without  cessation.  He  then 
became  a  Baptist  minister,  and  soon  be- 
came noted  tor  talent.  When  Mercer 
University  became  organized  he  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  ancient  languages, 
and  in  1857  was  appointed  to  the  same 
chair  in  the  State  University,  and  after- 
wards  Vice-Chancellor.  Dr.  Mell  stood 
high  among  Southern  Baptists,  and  was 
looked  upon  as  their  ablest  representa- 
tive. He  presided  in  their  general  as- 
semblies for  many  years.  He  is  the  au- 
thor of  several  works  held  in  high  re- 
Eute,  among  them  "Corrective  Cimrch 
Hscipline.'*^  "Predestination,"  Calvan- 
ism,"  'God'a  Providential  Qovem- 
ment,"  etc. 

MEREDITH,  SAMUEL,  an    Irish 
American  patriot  of  the    Revolution, 


MES 


naSH  CELTS.' 


MIL 


"was  a  scion  of  a  Leinster  family  who 
earlj  settled  in  Philadelphia,  and  was 
born  about  1760.  Like  his  country- 
men in  general,  he  early  and  ardently 
espoused  the  cause  of  tL  'Colonies,  and 
immediately  faced  the  storm  when  it 
came,  acquitting  hiiiself  with  great 
credit  in  many  desperate  engagements, 
and  like  the  Meads  and  other  wealthy 
Irishmen  of  Pennsylvania,  he  liberally 
gave  of  hb  means  to  support  the  strug- 
gling cause  in  its  darkest  hour,  he  and 
Sis  brother-in-law,  Qeorge  Clymer,  giv- 
ing $50,000  in  coin,  which  in  that  day 
and  time  was  a  large  sum,  in  support  of 
the  war.  He  enjoyed  the  confidence 
and  friendship  of  vvashinffton  to  an  un- 
limited degree.  HeservM  in  his  state 
lecislature  and  also  in  the  Continental 
Congress  in  1787-8,  and  on  the  adoption 
ef  the  Federal  Constitution  was  ap- 
pointed by  Washington  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  which  office  he  held  till  1801, 
when,  differing  v;ith  the  administration 
of  Adams  on  the  Alien  and  Sedition 
laws,  he  retired  from  the  cabinet,  like 
McHenry  and  Pickering,  and  in  fact  al- 
most the  entire  Irish  Celtic  element  in 
America,  whose  instinct  for  a  broad  and 
liberal  policy  was  stronger,  deeper 
and  more  generous  than  that  of 
any  other  American  element.  He  died 
in  Wayne  County,  Fenn.,  in  18l7. 

MERIDETH,  HON.  WM,  R.,  a 
prominent  Canadian  lawyer  and  politi- 
cian, is  a  son  of  John  Cook  Meridith,  a 
native  of  Dublin,  who  emigrated  to 
Canada  at  an  early  day.  Our  subject 
was  bom  at  Westminster,  Ont. ,  in  1840, 
and  completed  his  education  at  the  To- 
ronto University,  was  called  to  the  Up- 
per Canadian  bar  when  he  was  twenty- 
one,  and  soon  acquired  an  honorable  po- 
sition in  his  profession.  He  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  Law  Society  in  1871, 
and  returned  to  the  Canadian  parliament 
in  1872.  He  held  other  positions  of 
honor,  and  is  considered  one  of  the 
most  promising  of  Canadian  statesmen. 
The  ladies  of  the  family  are  as  fimied 
for  their  beautv  and  elegance  as  the 
men  are  for  ability. 

MESSmOHAM,  THOMAS,  an 
Irish  divine  and  writer,  was  bom  in  the 

Srovince  of  Leinster,  Ireland,  about 
576.  He  received  his  education  prin- 
cipally in  France.  He  was  an  Apos- 
tolic Profhonota jr  and  Superior  of  a 
oommunity  of  Irish    ecoleiiastics    in 


Paris.    Hepul'^^bed  In  Latin 
ume  contidninjT  (ives  of  many 


a  vol- 
^  of  the 
Irish  saints.  It  was  issued  in  Paris  in 
1624,  and  was  entitled  "Floreligium  In- 
sula  Sanctorium." 


MITjLER.  bey.  peter,  an  heroic 
Irish  priest  and  martyr,  was  bora  in 
Wexford  about  16£0,  and  desiring  to 
devote  himself  to  a  religious  life,  went 
to  Hpain,  where  he  was  educated  and 
received  the  degree  of  doctor  of  theol- 
ogy. Ho  returned  to  Ireland  in  1588 
to  minister  to  its  persecuted  people,  but 
was  soon  captured  by  the  human  blood- 
hounds of  Elizabeth,  first  cruelly  tor- 
tured to  induce  him  to  abandon  hia 
faith,  and  at  length  hung,  cut  down  be- 
fore dead  and  quartered    Oct.  4,  1588. 

MILLER,  STEPHEN  D.,  an  able 
American  lawyer  and  statesmen,  was 
born  1789.  in  the  Waxhaw  settlements. 
South  Carolina,  of  an  Ulster  family  of 
that  name  wbd  settled  there  before  the 
war.  He  received  his  education  in  the 
South  Carolina  College  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1812.  In  1819  he  was  sent 
to  Congress,  and  in  1828  was  elected 
Oovernorof  the  State,  and  in  1831  was 
elected  to  the  TJ  nited  States  senate,  but 
was  forced  to  resign  after  two  years,  on 
accountof  his  health.  He  removed  to 
Mississippi,  where  he  died  in  1838. 

MILLIGAN,  JOHN  J.,  a  distin- 
guished lawyer  of  Delaware,  was  of 
Irish  descent,  bom  in  Maryland,  Dec. 
10,  1795,  was  educated  at  Princeton 
College,  and  studied  law  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  Delaware  in  1818. 
In  1830  he  was  elected  to  Congress,  and 
served  with  ability  for  a  number  of 
of  terms,  and  in  1889  was  appointed 
Judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of  the 
State,  which  he  held  to  within  a  few 
years. 


MILLIKBN  RICHARD,  a  wit  and 
poet  of  talent,  was  born  in  Ireland  and 
was  bred  to  the  bar.  Like  so  many 
sons  of  the  old  land,  his  social  and  im- 
aginative qualities  predominating,  he 
turned  his  attention  to  literature,  and 
was  held  in  high  esteem  by  his  contem- 
poraries for  his  brilliancy  and  wit.  He 
was  the  author  of  the  well  known 
"Groves  of  Blarney"  and  other  popular 
effusions  of  the  day.  The  following  is 
a  specimen  of  his  wit  and  style  < 


'    7>      1 

1   ?     .-f 


"f 


I    L'      ^ 

*  'it 

•  i 


aim 


XBIBH  CKUn. 


mr 


Had  I  the  Tun  which  Bacchus  used 

I'd  sit  on  it  all  day ; 
For  while  a  can  it  ne'er  refused. 

He  nothing  had  to  pay. 

I'd  turn  the  cock  from  mom  to  eve 

Nor  think  it  toil  or  trouble, 
But  I'd  contrive,  you  may  believe. 

To  make  it  carry  double. 

My  friends  should  sit,  as  well  as  I, 

And  take  a  jovial  pot ; 
For  he  who  drinks — aitliough  he's  dry — 

Alone,  is  sure  a  sot. 

But  since  the  Tun  which  Bacchus  used 
"We  have  not  here — what  then  t 

Since  godlike  tippling  is  refused. 
Let's  drink  like  honest  men. 

And  l3t  that  churl,  old  Bacchus,  sit. 

Who  envies  him  his  wine  ? 
While  mortal  fellowship  and  wit 

Make  whisky  punch  divine. 


MINJY  GEN.  R.  H.  G.,  a  distin- 

Stished  Union  cavalry  officer  during 
e  war  of  the  rebellion,  was  born  in 
county  Mayo,  Ireland,  Dec.  4,  1831. 
He  entered  the  British  seiTice  in  1849 
as  ensign,  and  served  with  credit  in  the 
West  Indies,  Honduras  and  on  the 
coast  of  Africa.  In  1858  he  resigned 
bis  commission  and  came  to  America. 
After  some  time  he  settled  in  Michigan, 
and  on  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  of 
tiie  rebellion  he  joined  the  Third  Mich- 
igan cavalry  as  major,  and  shortly  after 
was  appointed  colonel  of  the  Fourth, 
and  promoted  to  a  brigadier  general 
for  gallant  conduct  and militarv  skill 
This  regiment  greatly  distinguished  it- 
self during  the  war,  and  formed  a  part 
of  abrigaofe  commanded  by  Gen.  Minty 
in  the  southwest,  wbich  bciime  famous 
for  its  many  brilliant  feats  u£  success- 
ful daring.  The  general  received  the 
highest  praises  from  his  superior  offi- 
cers, and  is  rated  as-  one  of  the  most 
daring  and  brilliant  cavalry  officers  of 
tiie  i^ar.  He  never  followed  but 
always  led  his  men  into  danger,  and 
where  the  fight  was  hottest,  in  hand  to 
hand  encounters,  there  Minty  was  sure 
to  be  found,  ever  an  example  and  an 
inspiration.  He  probably  had  no  supe- 
rior among  the  Federal  cavalry  officers, 
unless  it  was  the  irresistible  "Little 
Phil"  Sheridan,  his  brother  Celt. 


MITCHEL  JOHN,  an  able  and  dis- 
tinguished Irish  patriot  and  writer,  was 
born  in  county  Deny,  Ireland,  Nov  8, 
1815.  His  father  was  a  Unitarian  min- 
ister of  talent.  Our  subject  received 
bis  education  at  Trinity  college,  Dub- 
lin, where  he  graduated  in  his  twenty- 
first  year.  He  theu  studied  law  and 
was  admitted  to  the  Irisn  bar,  whei'e  he 
practiced  for  several  years.  In  the 
meantime  he  was  a  constant  contribu- 
tor to  the  local  press,  and  entered  with 
ardor  into  the  discussion  of  all  ques- 
tions which  looked  toward  Irish  inde- 
pendence. He  joined  the  repeal  move- 
ment, but  its  methods  and  theories  be- 
coming too  slow  and  cold  ior  his  ardent 
nature,  he  became  instrumental  in  or- 
ganizing the  Young  Ireland  party, 
which  soon  gathered  into  its  folds  the 
warm-blooded  young  hearts  of  Ireland, 
and  possessed  far  more  talent  than 
iudgment  or  discretion.  Mitchel  first 
attracted  attention  by  his  work  "Hugh 
O'Neill,"  which  was  intended  as  an 
inspiration  and  an  example.  The  Dub- 
lin Nation  was  then  established  to  ^ve 
voice  to  the  hopes  and  yearnings  of  the 
young  Ireland  party,  and  Mitchel  be- 
came one  of  its  chief  editors.  In  1847 
he  started  the  "United  Irishman"  which 
promulgated  the  most  advanced  doc- 
trines as  to  the  ways  and  means  to  se- 
cure just  rights.  In  1848  he  was  ar- 
rested with  a  number  of  the  other 
leaders,  convicted  of  felony  and  sen- 
tenced to  transportation  for  fourteen 
years.  He.  however,  escaped  in  1853, 
and  came  to  New  York  city,  where 
he  shortly  afterwards  started  the  "Citi- 
zen," which,  not  receiving  sufficient 
support,  he  went  to  Richmond  and 
started  the  Southern  Citizen  which  did 
not  prove  a  pecuniary  success,  when  he 
went  to  Pons,  where  he  remained  until 
the  great  rebellion  broke  out  \/hen  he 
returned  to  Richmond  and  edited  the 
"Enquirer"  in  advocacv  of  Southern 
independence.  After  the  collapse  of 
the  "Confederacy,"  in  whose  cause  he 
lost  two  brave  'boys,  he  returned  to 
New  York  and  started  the  Irish  Citi- 
zen, and  traveled  extensively  through 
the  States  lecturing  on  the  cause  of  Ire- 
land. His  last  journalistic  venture 
also  failed,  when  he  went  to  Ireland  in 
1874  and  was  elected  to  parliament 
from  Tipperary.  He  appeared  to  take 
his  seat,  but  he  was  declared  ineligible, 
but  the  patriotic  people  of  Tipperary- 
again  returned  him,  and  the  question 


HOD 


HUSH  CELTS. 


HOL 


u  to  what  would  be  the  result  was  cre- 
sting warm  discussion  when  death  put 
an  end  to  the  difficulty  March  20, 1876. 
He  had  long  been  ail;ng ;  a  species  of 
consumption  had  fastened  itself  upon 
him,  but  his  indomitable  spirit  held  him 
up  to  the  last.  His  countrymen  of  all 
classes  mourned  his  loss,  for  indeed  Ire- 
land gave  birth  to  no  purer  or  more  dis- 
interested patriot  than  John  Mitchel. 
In  his  great  and  generous  heart  there 
was  nothing  small,  contracted  or  sel- 
fish. He  loved  Ireland  as  he  loved  lib- 
erty with  an  abiding  and  universal  love, 
and  bigotiy  of  any  «ind  was  a  stranger 
to  his  magnanimous  spirit.  Let  us 
hope  that  his  life  and  example  have  not 
been  vain,  but  that  his  spirit  may  ani- 
mate all  his  countrymen  Catholic  and 
Protestant  alike,  and  once  united  they 
would  be  irresistible  I 

MOCHELLOE.  or  KELLOE,  St. 

A.  D.6P0,a  man  celebrated  in  the  ancisnt 
Irish  calendar  for  his  learning  and  piety, 
was  a  disciple  of  St.  Declan  oilArd- 
more.  lie  founded  a  school  and  mon- 
astery near  the  present  parish  of  Mocal- 
lop,  near  Lismore,  and  also  the  church 
atKilmallock,  County  Limerick.  He 
died  about  the  middle  of  the  seventh 
century.  Mrs.  Hall,  in  writing  of  this 
latter  place,  says,  "It  was  a  walled  town 
before  the  Roman  invasion.  The  re- 
mains of  the  ancient  houses  are  of  hewn 
ttone,  genereiUy  these  houses  are  orna- 
mented with  anembattlement  and  taste- 
ful stone  mouldings;  the  carvings  are 
in  a  bold  and  masdve  style,  and  retain 
nearly  their  original  sharpness."    Sir 

B.  Hoare,  an  English  antiquary,  ob- 
seryesofoneoftheruins,  "It  surpasses 
in  decoration  and  good  sculpture  any  I 
have  yet  seen."  Such  facts  mtty  im- 
press the  dubious  more  powerfully  than 
history  or  tradition  of  the  advanced 
state  of  beland  in  those  early  ages. 

MODH,  CORB,  King  of  Munster, 
son  of  Cormac-Cas,  was  a  gal- 
lant prince  and  chief  of  the  Dalcasse. 
In  A.  D.  288  he  supported  a  revolt  of 
the  national  militia  against  the  monarch 
Oarbre  Lefleachair  supported  by  the 
King  of  Connaught.  He  met  the  mon- 
arch and  his  allies  at  Tara  and  defeated 
them,  the  monarch  behig  amon^  the 
slsin.  He  was,  however,  met  agam  by 
the  King  of  Connaught,  Aidhe,  at  a 
place  culed  Spaltrecn,  where  Modh 
himself  was  defeated  and  slain. 


MODHA-NUAGAT,  a  valiant  and 
wise  King  of  Munster  and  monarch  of 
half  Ireland,  became  King  of  Munster 
about  A.  D.  150.  His  first  warlike  ef- 
forts were  in  crushing  the  power  of  the 
Deagades,  a  branch  of  the  Earnochs, 
who  were  allowed.many  years  before,  t(v 
settle  in  Munster,  but  who  on  becoming 
powerful  contested  the  right  to  the 
crown  of  Munster  as  against  the  race- 
of  Heber,  the  legitimate  line  of  princes. 
Although  Angus,  head  of  this  tnbe,  wn* 
supported  by  the  monarch  Conn,  with 
15,000  men,  Modha  cruslied  their 
power  and  compelled  them  to  submit. 
Angered  against  the  monarch  he  turned 
hii  arms  against  him,  but  was  at  1en0h 
defeated  and  compelled  to  flee  to  Spain. 
There  he  was  received  favorably,  and 
married  Beara,  the  daughter  of  Heber- 
More,  a  King  of  that  country.  After 
somtime-he  returned  to  Ireland  Ih 
troops  furnished  by  his  father-in-law. 
and  recommenced  hostilities  against  the- 
monarch  Conn,  whom  he  defeated  at 
Broisne  and  Sampaite  in  King's  county,, 
at  Greine.  Athlone,  Gabhran,  Usnigh' 
and  other  places  in  different  parts  "of 
the  provinces,  and  at  length  compelled 
him  to  divide  the  monarchy  with  him, 
Modha  taking  the  Southern  part.  Some- 
fresh  causes  of  trouble  arismg  Modha 
determined  to  strike  for  the  whole- 
kingdom,  and  the  two  monarchs  met 
with  their  armies  on  the  plains  of  Moy- 
lena,  but  before  preparations  were- 
complete  Modha  was  assassinated  while 
lying  in  bed  in  his  tent  by  Calle,  son  of 
Mom,  of  the  royal  line  of  Connaught. 
This  decided  the  question,  and  Conn 
resumed  authority  over  the  whole  mon- 
archy. 


MOLESWORTH,  RICHARD  VIS- 
COUNT, a  Field  Marshal  in  the  Eng- 
lish army,  was  bom  near  Dublin  about 
1680.  He  was  educated  for  ibe  law, 
but  ran  away  from  the  Temple  an4 
joined  the  army  in  Flanders  .is  a  volun- 
teer; was  aid  de  camp  to  the  Duke  of 
Marlborough  at  the  battle  of  Romilies, 
and  saved  Uie  life  of  the  Duke  on  that 
occasion.  He  afterwards  served  with 
great  distinction  throughout  the  cam- 
paign in  Flanders  and  against  the  Scots 
at  Preston,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of 
Lieut. -General,  Master  General  of  the 
ordinance  and  Field  Marshal.  He  died 
in  1758. 


.5  "J) 


MOL 


ibhh  qbuk. 


MON 


MOLESWORTH.  ROBERT.  Vifl- 
<»UDt,  a  statesman  and  diplomat,  was 
born  in  Dublin  in  1656,  ana  educatod  ( t 
Trinity  college  in  that  city.  He  opposed 
James  II.,  wlio  caused  Ills  estates  to  be 
confiscated,  but  oa  lie  settlement  of  af- 
fairs under  William  III,  he  was  rein- 
stated, made  a  privy  counsellor,  and 
afterwards  ambassador  to  Copenhagen, 
where  ho  had  some  diflBculty  with  the 
King  which  caused  him  to  return  home 
very  abruptly.  He  then  published  an 
account  of  Denmark,  which  was  not 
very  flattering,  and  was  complained  of 
by  the  Danish  ambassador  as  a  libel  on 
his  country.  In  1714  he  was  made  a 
<:ommissioner  of  trade  and  plantations, 
and  two  years  later  raised  to  the  Irish 
peerage  for  distinguished  services.  He 
-died  in  1725. 

MOIiLOY,  CHARLES,  a  political 
■writer  and  dramatist  of  talent,  was  born 
In  Dublin  in  1754,  and  educated  at  Dub- 
lin University.  He  studied  law  at  the 
Middle  Temple,  but  devoted  himself  to 
politics  and  literature.  He  was  editor 
of  a  political  paper  called  "Common 
Ssnse,  and  among  his  dramatic  efforts 
are  "The  Perplexed  Couple,"  "The 
Coquet,"  and  "Half-pay  Offlcers."  He 
died  in  1797. 


MOLOCUS,  SAINT,  of  Cong,  foun- 
der of  a  monastery  atCouj^,  a  place,  an- 
'Ciently  of  note,  and  sitiiated  between 
Lough  Corrib  and  Loiigh  Maske,  Co. 
Mayo,  residence  of  the  Kings  of  Con- 
naught,  was  also  first  bishop  of  a  see  of 
the  same  name  since  joined  to  Tuam. 
He  was  probably  aided  by  Donald  II., 
King  of  Irelana,  whom  Ware  credits 
'With  founding  the  monastery.  This 
was  one  of  the  finest  monasteries  in 
Ireland  as  its  ruins  plainly  indicate.  It 
was  here  that  Roderick  O'Connor,  the 
last  King  of  Ireland,  retired  to  end  his 
days  in  peace.  The  architecture  of  the 
Abbey,  as  it  now  appears,  is  of  the  de- 
corative Roman  style,  and  sorie  of  the 
carvings  even,  as  they  now  appear  on 
the  ruins  are  rich  and  artistic.  The 
tronB  of  Cong,  now  in  the  possession  of 
the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  is  a  richly 
wrought  memorial  of  antiquity,  and  is 
said  to  contain  a  portion  of  the  true 
cross.  At  the  tf  me  this  religious  house 
was  confiscated  it  contained  700  monks. 
Otir  saint's  name  appears  in  the  calen- 
dar on  the  17th  of  ApriL 


MOLYNEAUX,   DANIEL,  M.  P. 

of  the  Irish  Parliament,  a  celebrated 
antiquarian  and  genealogist,  was  bora 
about  1650  at  Armagh,  and  was  ap- 
pointed in  1587  Ulster  Eing-of-Arms. 
His  collection  of  Irish  family  history, 
now  amongst  the  MSS.  of  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Dublin,  proves  him  to  have  been  an 
accurate  and  very  learned  antiquarian. 
He  died  in  1632. 

MOLYNEUX,  WILLIAM,  grandson 
of  the  foregoing,  an  Irish  patriot  and 
writer,  was  bom  in  Armagh  in  1656, 
and  represented  the  City  of  Dublin  and 
afterwards  Dublin  University,  where 
he  was  educated,  in  the  Irish  Parlia- 
ment. He  was  the  author  of  many  ex- 
cellent and  patriotic  works  on  Ireland, 
among  them  one  entitled  "The  State  of 
Ireland,"  dedicated  to  the  Prince  of 
Orange.  Il  it  he  proves  that  Ireland 
was  never  conquered  by  Henry  II.,  and 
by  treaty  between  the  two  countries 
made  in  his  day,  Ireland  was  to  be 
governed  by  her  own  parliament  and 
laws,  and  was  entirely  independent  of 
English  parliament  and  laws. 


MONCK,  LORD  VISCOUNT  (Chas. 
Stanley),  an  able  British  statesman  and 
Governor-General  of  Canada,  »  born 
at  Templemore,  Ireland,  Oct.  xO,  1819. 
He  received  his  education  at  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1841  He  succeeded  to  his 
title  in  1849,  and  entered  the  House  of 
Commons  in  1852;  was  made  a  Lord  of 
the  Treasury  in  1855,  and  Governor- 
General  of  Canada  in  1861,  where  he 
became  very  popular,  and  displayed  fine 
administrative  powers,  and  during  his 
administration  the  consolidation  of  the 
British  Provinces  was  accomplished;  re- 
turned to  England  in  1868  when  hu  took 
his  seat  in  the  House  of  Lords,  and  be- 
came one  of  the  commissioners  of  the 
Irish  Church  temporalities. 


MONCK,  MARY  MOLESWORTH, 
daughter  of  Lord  Moleswo/th,  a  lady  of 
distinguished  ability  and  culture,  was 
born  at  her  father's  seat  near  Dublin, and 
became  celebrated  for  her  linguistic  tal- 
ents, great  accomplishments  and  poeti- 
cal genius.  She  was  master  of  Latin, 
and  of  all  the  modern  Latin  tongues  in 
which  she  conversed  with  flueucy.  She 
died  in  1716. 


'  / 


MON 


nuBH  CKvn 


HON 


MONROE,  JAMES,  fifth  President 
of  the  United  States,  wan  bom  April 
28,  1768,  in  Westmoreland  county,  Vir- 
ginia, and  was  the  son  of  an  Ulster  Irish 
family  in  tlint  state.  He  was  educated  at 
William  and  Mary  college,  and  left  it 
to  take  up  arms  in  defense  of  his  coun- 
try in  1786,  when  he  distinguished  him- 
self on  various  occasions  by  his  bravery. 
He  left  the  army  to  recruit  his  health 
and  took  up  the  study  of  the  law.  In 
1780  we  find  him  military  conamissioner 
for  Virginia,  and  in  that  capacity  visited 
the  Southern  army.  He  served  as  a  de- 
legate to  the  Virginia  Assembly  in  1783, 
and  was  a  member  of  the  Continental 
Congress.  After  the  adoption  of  the 
Federal  Constitution  by  a  convention  of 
his  state,  of  which  he  was  a  member, 
he  was  in  1790  elected  a  U,  S.  Senator. 
In  1704  he  was  appointed  Minister 
Plenipotentiary  to  France,  but  was  re- 
called in  1797.  In  1799  he  was  elected 
Governor  of  Virginia,  and  in  1802  was 
aezit  to  France  to  negotiate  thb  Louisiana 
paichase.  In  18  8  he  was  appointed 
Aiiuister  to  England,  and  in  1805  in  con- 
junction with  Chas.  Pinckney  was  sent 
on  a  mission  to  Spain.  He  returned  in 
1808  and  was  again  elected  Governor 
of  Virginia,  but  he  resigned  shortly  after 
taking  his  seat,  and  took  the  helm  of 
state  under  President  Madison.  In  1817 
he  succeeded  Madison  as  President  of 
the  United  States;  was  re-elected  in  1821. 
He  died  July  4,  1881,  universally  re- 
gretted. 

MONTGOMERY,  SIR  HENRY 
CUNNINGHAM,  a  brave  and  dashing 
cavalry  officer,  was  bom  in  the  County 
of  Donenil  about  1768.  He  entered  the 
East  Inma  Company's  service  in  1783, 
and  served  as  a  cavalry  officer  about 
20  years.  In  the  war  with  Tippoo,  Sul- 
tan, he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  6,000 
cavalry,  three  battalions  of  Infantry  and 
17  pieces  of  artillery,  and  greatly  aided 
Sir  John  Floyd  in  the  results  of  the  war. 
Upon  his  suli^quent  departure  for  home 

general  orders  highly  complimentary  to 
is  services  were  published  to  the  army. 
He  afterwards  entered  Parliament  for 
the  borough  of  St.  Michael's,  and  was 
created  a  baronet  in  1808.  He  died  about 
1840. 

MONTGOMERY,  JOSEPH,  an 
Irish  American  patriot  of  the  Revolu- 
tion and  an  able  advocate  of  the  risrhts 
of  the  people,  was  born  about  1785,  and 


was  educated  at  Pnhceton  nnd  after- 
wards took  a  degree  at  Yale.  He  served 
his  country  both  by  tongue  and  sword 
with  distinction,  and  was  a  delegate 
from  Pennsylvania  to  the  Continental 
Congress  for  several  years. 

MONTGOMERY,  SIR  ROBERT, 
LL.  D.,  a  talented  and  able  legislator, 
was  born  in  Londonderry,  Ireland,  in» 
1809;  was  educated  in  that  city  and  en- 
tered  the  civil  service  of  the  East  India 
Company  at  an  early  age,  and  rose  to  be- 
Commissioner  of  the  Punjuub  in  1&49. 
He  succeeded  by  tact  and  energy  in  dis- 
arming the  native  forces  at  Lahore  in 
1851.  He  became  head  commissioner 
of  Ouda  in  1848,and  succeeded  in  restor- 
ing order  in  that  province,  for  which  he 
received  the  thanks  of  both  Houses  of 
Parliament  and  was  knighted.  In  1850 
he  became  Lieut. -Governor  of  Puniaub 
and  a  member  of  the  Indian  Council  ia 
1868. 

MONTGOMERY  RICHARD,  one 
of  the  bravest  and  ablest  soldiers  of  the 
American  revolution,  was  bom  near 
Raphoe,  Ireland,  in  1737.  After  hav- 
ing completed  his  education  at  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  he  entered  the  Brit- 
ish army  and  fought  with  Wolf  at  the 
capture  of  Quebec  in  1759.  He  subse- 
quently left  the  army  and  settled  in  New 
York,  where  he  married  Miss  Living- 
ston, and  was  soon  noted  as  being  a 
bold  defender  of  colonial  rights.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  first  provincial 
congress,  1775.  On  the  breaking  out 
of  the  war  he  immediately  offered  hi» 
services  to  congress,  and  was  appointed 
to  a  command  in  the  Northern  Army. 
He  developed  the  scheme  for  driving 
the  British  from  Canada  and  of  secur- 
ing the  co-operation  of  the  Canadians 
in  the  struggle  for  liberty,  and  would 
have  succeeded  had  not  the  selfish  greed 
for  glory  which  distinguished  Arnold 

Eushed  him  forward  too  soon,  and  his;^ 
iind  bigotry  towards  Catholics  alien-' 
ated  the  Canadians,  destroying  their 
goed  will,  and  making  them  suspicious 
as  to  the  security  of  their  rights  under 
such  men,  thus  placing  fatal  obstruc- 
tions in  the  way,  and  resulting  in  the 
death  of  a  brave  and  gallant  leader.  As 
it  was  Montgomery  took  Fort  Chambly 
and  Montreal,  and  in  the  very  midst  of 
winter  (Dec.  81,  1775)  appeared  before 
Quebec  which  he  stormed  at  the  head 
of  his  men.    He  succeeded  and  had  al- 


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IBUH  CXLT8. 


MOO 


Teady  entered  the  city  with  the  prestige 
of  yfctoiy  on  his  banners  when,  unfor- 
tunately, he  fell  mortally  wounded. 
Arnold,  who  attacked  another  part  of 
the  city  at  the  same  time,  was  woimded 
and  repulsed.  The  officer  who  suc- 
ceeded Montgomery  was  so  dismayed 
at  the  death  of  his  commander,  that  he 
ordered  a  retreat,  and  all  the  fruits  ef 
Tictory  were  lost.  No  man  fell  during 
the  Revolutionary  struggle  whose  death 
was  so  lamented  as  this  gallant  officer; 
talented,  brave,  patriotic  and  generous, 
lie  had  all  the  qualities  wldch  go  to 
snake  c  great  and  popular  leader. 

MOORE,  HENRY,  one  of  the  first 
Irish  Methodists,  and  friend  and  com- 

Sinion  of  John  Wesley,  was  bom  in 
ublin  in  17S1:  joined  Wesley  in  1799. 
And  became  a  noted  preacher.  He  was 
the  confidential  friend  and  associate  of 
Wesley  during  his  later  years,  and  was 
the  author  ox  a  "Life  of  John  and 
Charles  Wesley  and  Memoirs  of  their 
Famfly,"  1824.  He  died  in  1848,  aged 
M  years. 

MOORE,  THOMAS,  one  of  the  most 
popular  and  talented  of  the  modem 

Stets,  was  bom  in  Dublin,  Ireland, 
ay  28, 1779.  He  early  displayed  marks 
of  that  genius  which  af  terwa^xis  so  dis- 
tinguished him  amongst  the  literary 
men  of  his  day.  In  his  younger  days 
the  upper  classes  of  Dublin  societv  were 
much  given  to  private  theatricals  and 
musical  dramas.  The  young  poet  early 
took  part  in  these  intellectual  amuse- 
ments and  became  quite  a  little  lion  by 
his  exhibitions  of  precocious  talent  in 
both  music  and  the  drama.  In  1798  he 
entered  Dublin  University,  and  there 
made  a  brilliant  record  in  classical  and 
general  literature.  In  the  meantime  he 
wrote  for  the  Dublin  magazines,  and 
gained  considerable  local  celebrity  as  a 
poet.  While  in  college  he  translated 
irom  the  Greek  "Odes  of  Anacreon. "  In 
1802  be  published  his  "Poetical  Works 
of  the  late  Thos.  I  Ittle,"  which  were 
well  received.  In  1803,  through  the  in- 
fluence ot  Lord  Moira,  a  friend  of  the 
family  he  received  a  government  posi- 
tion at  Bermuda  and  arrived  there  in 
January,  1804.  Tht  place  was  not  a 
very  attractive  one  at  best,  and  the 
young  poet  found  it  very  uncongenial. 
He,  therefore,  committed  his  official 
duties  into  the  hands  of  a  deputy,  and 
started  for  the  United  States  to  make  a 


tour  of  that  cotmtry  before  retum- 
inghome.  Whatever  may  have  been 
the  reason,  Moore  was  not  pleased  with 
what  he  saw,  and  although  in  his 
younger  days  m  Dublin  a  r.iost  ardent 
patriot  and  connected  with  the  patriotic 
societies  and  press  of  his  country,  he 
with  bad  taste  and  worse  judgment  at- 
tempted to  riaicule  the  institutions  and 
men  of  America.  It  may  be  that  hav- 
ing become  a  pet  amongst  the  aristo- 
cracy of  Britain  he  had  insensibly  im- 
bibed some  of  their  prejudices  and  lost 
some  of  the  manly  independence  of 
thought  and  manner  which  can  make 
a  freeman  dignified  without  arrogance 
or  presumption  and  obliging  without  ser- 
vility. This  inconsistency  between  pro- 
fessed principles  and  the  practice  and 
habit  of  his  life  was  still  more  marked 
afterwards.  In  his  inspirations  and 
songs  a  patriot,  in  his  pnvate  life  and 
actions  a  toady  to  a  proud,  exclusive  and 
corrapt  aristocracy  and  the  fulsome  ad- 
mirer of  the  Prince  of  Wales  (George 
IV.),  whom  he  styled  "the  first  gentle- 
tleman  of  Europe."  A  patriot  who 
could  so  stultify  himself  as  to  present 
such  a  spectacle,  and  who  could  at- 
tempt to  ndicule  the  natural  and  mag- 
nificent republican  simplicity  of  Thomas 
Jefferson,  one  of  nature's  giandest  no- 
blemen, a  man  as  much  superior  to  the 
bloated  aristocrat  to  whom  he  toadied  as 
can  well  be  conceived,  ought  to  have 
lost  even  the  instincts  of  a  patriot,  and 
he  probably  would  had  he  been  any- 
thing else  than  an  Irishman.  On  hia 
return  to  England  he  published  odes 
and  epistles  for  which  he  Wiis  sharply 
criticized  in  the  Edinburgh  Review. 
The  consequence  of  this  was  a  duel  be- 
tween himself  and  JeBiej,  which  prov- 
ed harmless,  but  was  the  cause  of  a  good 
deal  of  humorous  pasquinadery.  espe- 
cially by  Byron.  It.  however,  made  the 
two  heroes  fast  friends  ever  afterwards. 
In  1807  he  commenced  to  produce  his 
Irish  melodies,  which  he  gave  to  the 
world  at  various  times  up  to  1884.  In 
1815.  he  married  and  went  to  reside  in 
Derbyshire.where  he  produced  the  'Two 
Penny  Post  Bag."  In  1817  he  gave  to 
the  world  his  most  famous  work  "Lallu 
Rookh,"  which  was  received  with  the 
greatest  delight  by  the  English  read- 
ing public,  and  u  certainly  one  of 
the  sweetest  and  most  briP.iant  of  poeti- 
cal efforts.  About  this  ume  be  went  to 
Paris  where  he  wrote  the  "Fudge  Fam- 
ily/' which  appeuredin  IBU.  The  n(  xt 


MOB 


XBI8H  0BX<T8 


MOB 


year  he  trayeled  with  Lord  John  Rus- 
sell in  Italy  and  visited  Lord  Byron  at 
Venice.  He  resided  in  Paris  till  1822, 
and  while  there  wrote  "The  Loves  of 
the  Angels,"  and  the  "Epicurean,"  a 
prose  romance,  which  was  afterwards 

Sublished  in  England.  Byron  left  with 
[oore,  whom  he  greatly  admired,  a 
manuscript  autobiography,  to  use  as  he 
thought  fit  after  the  author's  death,  and 
over  tne  fate  of  which  there  was  after- 
wards considerable  controversy.  After 
the  death  of  Byron  in  1U24  the  manu- 
script was  destroyed  at  the  request  of 
his  relatives,  and  Moore  wrote  a  life  of 
his  friend,  which  was  published  in  1830. 
Had  Moore  possessed  less  charming  so- 
cial qualities  it  would  have  been  far 
better  for  his  fame  as  a  poet  and  his  con- 
sistency as  a  patriot,  for  Moore  undoubt- 
€dly  possessed  abilities  of  the  highest 
order,  but  the  best  years  of  bis  life,  when 
his  genius  burned  brightest,  were  in  ^reat 
part  absorbed  by  the  social  circles  in 
which  he  moved  and  delighted,  but 
which  had  they  been  given  to  heroic 
work,  for  which  his  nature  and  instinct 
were  admirably  fashioned,  would  have 
placed  him  second  to  no  poet  in  modem 
times.  As  it  is,  his  efforts  will  live  and 
delight  future  generations  as  long  as 
the  English  language  endures.  Moore 
died  in  1852. 

MORAN,  THOMAS,  a  distinguished 
Irish- American  artist,  was  born  in  1837, 
And  early  developed  a  penchant  for  art. 
He  adopted  it  as  a  profession,  and,  hav- 
ing the  passion  as  well  as  talent  he,  soon 
acquired  a  wide  reputation  and  has  pro- 
duced works  of  great  merit.  He  is  still 
engaged  in  the  active  practica  of  his 
profession. 

MORE,  MICHAEL,  a  learned  Irish 
scholar  of  the  seventeenth  century,  was 
provost  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
about  1685.  Being  a  Catholic  he  had 
to  leave  on  the  accession  of  William  of 
Orange,  and  went  to  Rome  and  after- 
wards to  Paris.  He  became  rector  of 
the  University  of  that  city  and  president 
of  the  College  of  Navarre,  where  he 
died  in  the  early  part  of  the  eighteenth 
century.  , 

MORGAKLADT  SYDNEY,  one 
of  the  most  distinguished  female  wri- 
ters and  conversationalists  of  the  pres- 
ent century,  was  born  in  Dublin  about 
the  year  1788.    Her  father.  Prof.  Ow- 


enson  (MacOwen)  was  a  musical  com- 

Soser  and  a  man  of  culture,  trnd  his 
aughter  early  displayed  the  germs  of 
those  talents  thai  so  distinguished  her 
in  after  life.  At  the  age  of  thirteen  she 
produced  a  volume  of  miscellaneous 
poems,  and  afterwards  a  series  of  songs 
set  to  Irish  airs.  At  the  age  of  sixtcru 
she  had  produced  two  novels  which 
were  favorably  received,  but  the  pro- 
duction of  the  "Wild  Irish  Girl"  in 
1801  at  once  raised  her  to  a  prominent 
position  in  the  literary  world.  TJiis 
work  passed  quickly  through,  seven 
editions,  and  brought  its  fair  author  to 
the  notice  and  acquaintance  of  the 
leading  literary  men  of  Great  Britain, 
and  alsoJntroducf'J  her  into  the  highest 
society.  She  soon  after  married  Sir 
Charles  Morgan,  a  physician  of  emi- 
nence, and  ooulinued  her  literary  activ- 
ity ,  producing  "France,"  a  critical  re- 
view of  the  stale  of  that  country,  which 
gave  such  offence  to  that  government 
that  she  was  prohibited  from  entering 
that  territory  again.  Perhaps  she  is 
best  known  by  her  Diary,  which  is 
syarkling  with  wit,  wisdom  and  gossip. 
Amongst  her  numerous  novels  Florence 
McCarthy  is  the  most  finished  and 
famous.  She  died  in  1859,  leaving  be- 
hind her  in  literary  annals  but  few  fe- 
males who  were  her  superiors.  Among 
her  other  works  are  "The  O'Briens  and 
O'Flahertys,"  "Tlie  Pioneers,"  "Life 
and  Times  of  Salvator  Rosa,"  "Woman 
and  her  Master." 

MORIARTY  RIGHT  REV.  DA- 
VID, R.  C.  Bishop  of  Kerry,  was  born 
in  1810,  and  was  educated  at  Maynooth 
College,  and  raised  to  the  priestliootl, 
earning  a  reputation  for  scholarship  and 
piety.  He  was  consecratal  coadjutor 
Bishop  of  Kerry  in  1854,  and  succeeded 
to  the  See  in  1856.  He  was  very  popu- 
lar with  all  classes,  both  Protestant  and 
Catholic.  His  sev.  re  aenunciation  of 
Fenianism, .  however,  made  him  very 
unpopular  witli  the  Irish  Nationalists; 
it  is  said  of  his  even  going  so  far  as  to 
say  that  "Hell  was  not  hot  enough  nor 
eternity  too  long  to  punish  them  for 
-misleading  the  people.  He  seems,  how- 
ever, to  have  been  veiy  considerate, 
zealQUS  and  pious  as  a  Bishop  and  held 
in  high  esteem  by  personal  friends.  He 
died  Sept  30,  1877. 

MORIARTY,  DR.  P.  E..  O.  S.  A., 

one  of  the  most  eloquent  of  Catholic 


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American  divines,  was  bom  in  Dublin 
July  4, 1804,  recavied  his  early  instruc- 
tion in  an  academy  founded  by  his 
father.  In  his  fifteenth  year  he  enter- 
ed the  novitiate  of  the  Augustlnians  at 
Callan  at  the  instance  oi  Dr.  Doyle, 
who  recognized  in  the  boy  the  promises 
of  distinguished  ability.  He  pursued 
his  course  of  studies  in  houses  of  bis 
Order  at  Lucca,  Perugia  and  Rome, 
and  when  completed  was  ordained 
priest.  He  then  returned  to  Ireland, 
and  was  stationed  in  Dublin.  In  1885 
he  was  sent  to  India  with  Bishop  O'Con- 
nor to  assist  him  in  removing  the  trou- 
bles caused  by  the  Qoa  schismatics. 
He  became  secretary  and  Vicar-General 
to  the  Bishop,  and  chaplain  to  the  Brit- 
ish forces  at  Madrid,  having  been  the 
first  Catholic  priest  appointed  by 
the  government  of  iJngland  and 
officially  recognized  since  the  Re- 
formation. On  his  return  from 
India  he  was  the  bearer  of  an 
address  of  thanks  to  the  Pope  from 
8,000  prominent  Catholics  of  Madras. 
In  1881  he  was  sent  to  the  United  Htates 
and  attached  to  the  house  of  his  order 
in  Philadelphia.  Here  he  soon  won  re- 
cognition as  a  pulpit  orator  of  the  first 
order,  and  attracted  great  attention  by 
the  eloquence  and  force  of  his  contro- 
versial sermons.  He  was  also  an  elo- 
quent temperance  advocate,  and  was 
was  the  first  in  this  country  to  organize 
a  total  abstinence  society,  1841.  He  was 
largely  instrumental  in  starting  and  sus- 
taining by  his  energy  and  zeal  Villa- 
nova  Colloge,  Pennsylvania,  of  which 
he  was  president  for  manv  years,  as  he 
was  also  superior  of  his  Order  in  Amer- 
ica. He  saw  his  brethren  increase  from 
one  house  in  1889  to  twenty  four  con- 
vents and  churches  in  the  various  States 
at  the  time  of  his  death,  which  occurred 
at  Villanova  July  10,  1876.  The  Doc- 
tor was  also  an  eief^nt  writer,  and  was 
a  frequent  contribuior  to  the  magazines 
and  papers  of  Philadelphia.  His  criti- 
ciHms  and  castigations  of  bigots,  wheth- 
er with  the  tongue  or  pen,  was  always 
scathinc  and  withering  to  the  last  oe- 
grec.  Among  his  works  is  a  "Life  of 
St.  AuguKtine.  He  was  also  a  constant 
contributor  to  the  Catholic  Record.  As 
a  pulpit  orator  and  controverRialist  he 
had  few  equals  and  no  superior  in  Amer- 
ica. 

MORNING  TON      GARRETT 
YfLLLEHLEY,  £arl  or,  father  of  the 


Duke  of  Wellington  and  of  the  Marquio 
of  Wellesley,  was  bom  in  Mcath,  lre> 
land,  about  1720,  acquired  ^reat  repu- 
tation in  Ireland  for  his  musical  talent, 
and  received  the  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Music  from  Dublin  University.  Ha 
was  a  member  of  the  celebrated  Knights 
of  St.  Patrick,  a  patriotic  club,  of 
which  Grattan,  Curran,  Plunkett  and 
other  celebrated  Irishmen  were  mem« 
hers.  Among  his  works  were  a  num- 
ber of  pleading  musical  dramas.  He- 
died  in  1781. 

MORRISSEY  JOHN,  a  famous 
sporting  man  and  democratic  politician 
of  New  York  city,  was  born  in  Tipper- 
ary  in  1881,  came  with  liis  parents 
to  the  United  States  when  five  years  old 
and  settled  in  Troy.  His  educatioa 
was  of  the  most  ordinary  kind,  and  he 
early  went  to  work  in  an  iron  foundry, 
where  he  developed  into  a  fine  specimea 
of  physical  manhood.  Becoming  pop> 
ular  with  the  "Boys,"  he  was  tempted 
into  the  liquor  business.  In  1849  h& 
went  with  the  tide  to  California,  but 
did  not  remain,  his  principal  exploife 
there  being  in  the  Prize  Ring.  He  re- 
turnen  to  New  York,  and  had  contests 
with  Yankee  Sullivan,  Pool  and  Hee- 
nan,  and  then  abandoned  that  kind  of 
business  and  invested  in  pools,  rowing- 
races,  etc.,  establishinjg at  Saratoga,  N. 
Y.,  gorgeous  palaces  for  those  kinds  of 
games,  almost  rivaling  those  of  Baden 
Baden.  He  afterwards  entered  politics 
npd  became  member  of  Congress  from< 
the  5th  New  York  district,  1861-'8. 
Contact  with  the  world  had  polishedi 
and  educated  him,  and  it  was  said  thafe 
his  word  was  as  good  as  any  man's 
bond.  He  became  an  opposer  of  Tam- 
many, and  a  leader  oi  the  "Young 
Democracy,"  and  was  supported  by 
the  more  respectable  political  elements 
in  sharp  contests  against  Augustus 
Schell  and  other  strong  men,  and  al- 
ways elected.  He  died  May  1, 1878,  of 
consumption. 

MORROW  JEREMIAH,  a  distln- 

guished  Irish  American  politician  was 
orn  in  Pennsylvania  in  1770,  of  Irish 
parents.  After  receiving  a  fair  educa- 
tion, he  cast  his  fortune,  wheu  a  young 
man,  in  the  wilderness  west  of  the  Ohio 
river,  and  was  chosen  a  member  of  the 
Territorial  Legislature  in  1800.  He  was 
the  first  representative  of  Ohio  in  Con- 
greas,  serving  from  1808  to  1818,  and 


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fben  became U.  8.  Senator;  was  also 
named  a  commissioner  to  treat  with  the 
Indians.  He  was  Governor  of  Ohio 
from  1822  to  1826.  seated  again  in  Con- 
gress from  '81  to  '88,  and  held  other 
Srominent  positions.  He  died  March 
2, 1862. 


MOSS  JUDGE,  a  distinguished  Can- 
adian jurist,  was  the  son  of  an  Irish 
emigrant,  John  Moss,  and  was  bom  at 
Col^urg  in  1886,  received  his  prelim- 
inary eoucation  at  Gale's  institute,  en- 
tered Upper  Canada  College  in  1860, 
and  flnisned  at  the  University,  where  he 
graduated  with  triple  flrst-class  honors. 
In  1869  he  took  his  master's  degree,  and 
won  the  prize  for  the  best  thesis.  He 
was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1861.  His 
brilliant  college  career,  gave  him  a  rep- 
utation, and  his  rise  at  the  bar  was 
rapid  and  his  success  was  such  as  to 
insure  the  confidence  of  his  clients. 
He  was  early  Ap;  tinted  Equity  Lec- 
turer, and  one  of  the  eiAminers  of  the 
Iaw  Society  as  well  as  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Toronto.  He  was  named  a 
Q.  0.  in  1872,  and  a  bencher  of  his 
inn  about  the  same  time,  and  was  on 
tiie  commission  to  report  on  the  merg 
ing  of  law  and  equity.    He  was  subse- 

«uently  named  Vice  Chancellor  of  the 
fniversity,  and  still  later  a  judge  of  the 
highest  court  of  justice  in  the  province. 
He  is  without  doubt  one  of  the  ablest 

Judicial  minds  Canada  has  as  yet  pro- 
luced.    He  died  in  the  prime  oi  life. 


MOSSOM,  ROBERT,  a  learned  Irish 
divine  of  the  Established  Church,  who 
suffered  from  the  hands  of  covenanters, 
but  after  the  restoration  was  made 
Bishop  of  Londonderry,  and  received 
other  Irish  preferments.  He  was  a  vo- 
luminous writer,  and  amongst  his  works 
are  "Life  of  George  Wild,  Bishop  of 
Derry,"  "The  Preachers  Tripartete," 
&o.    He  died  in  1679  . 

MOSSOP,  HENRY,  a  tragic  actor 
of  great  eminence  and  a  rival  of  Gar- 
rick,  Dun,  &o.,  was  born  in  Ireland, 
and  educated  at  Dublin  University. 
He  made  his  first  appearance  on  the 
Dublin  stage  as  "Zana"  in  the  "Re 
venge,"  After  some  time  he  removed 
to  London  and  appeared  in  Drury 
Lane  and  Covent  Garden,  and  soon  ac- 
quired an  enviable  reputation. 


MOTTE,  REBECCA,  one  of  the 
heroines  of  the  American  Revolution, 
was  the  daughter  of  Mrs.  Robert  Bren« 
ton.  a  beautiful,  accomplished  and  pat* 
riotic  Iriflh  lady  who  emigrated  to  Amer- 
ica in  1783,  and  was  married  in  Charles* 
ton.  South  Carolina.  Rebecca  was  bom 
June  28,  1788,  and  in  her  twentieth 
year  married  Jacob  Motte,  a  resident  of 
French  descent,  who  owned  a  rich  plan* 
tation  on  the  banks  of  the  Con^ree. 
Here  she  became  the  mother  of  six  phil* 
dren  where  she  resided  with  them  and 
her  mother,  when  the  storm  of  Revolu- 
tion broke  over  the  colonies.  Both  the 
mother  and  daughter  were  ardent  pat- 
riots, and  when  Charleston  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  British  in  1780,  they  x)ught 
to  overcome  the  entire  state  by  the  e»> 
tablishment  of  fortified  posts  throughout 
the  Interior.  Mrs.  Motte's  fine  residence 
was  taken  for  this  purpose  and  named 
Fort  Motte,  the  f  atnily  having  to  take 
up  their  residence  in  one  of  the  farm 
houses.  In  May,  1781,  Marion  and  Lee 
appeared  before  the  fort  and  commenced 
a  siege,  but  wanting  proper  guns  they 
made  but  little  progress.  Lee  saw  their 
only  hope  was  to  burn  the  place,  if  pos- 
sible, by  means  of  arrows  charged  with 
combustibles.  He  proposed  to  Mrs. 
Motte,  who  immediately  consented, 
presenting  him  with  a  beautiful  East 
India  bow  and  arrows,  which  had  been 
presented  her  son  by  an  East  India  Cap* 
tain.  By  this  means  they  fired  the  dry 
roofs  of  the  building  and  compelled  the 
enemy  to  surrender,  but  at  the  total  loss 
of  her  beautiful  homestead.  Mrs.  Motte 
regaled  the  officers,  both  of  victors  and 
vanquished,  with  a  sumptuous  dinner 
after  the  hot  work  they  had  been  en- 
gaged in.  She  lived  many  years  after 
the  Revolution,  adorning  the  high  circles 
in  which  she  moved  by  "her  grace  and 
accomplishments.  One  of  her  daugh- 
ters became  the  wife  of  Gen.  Thomas 
Pinckney.  Mrs.  Motte  died  in  1816, 
after  again  seeing  her  country  victorious 
over  its  ancient  foe  and  the  children  of 
her  banished  race  everywhere  leading 
the  van. 

MUEMNON,  a  celebrated  Irish  mon- 
arch, who  reigned  about  700  B.  C,  and 
who  iiiRtituted  a  military  order  among 
his  subjects  called  the  "Order  of  the 
Golden  Chain."  The  knights  of  the 
the  Order  wore  chains  of  gold  around 
their  necks.  The  candidates  for  the 
Order  were   required  to  give  certain 


■i 


19 


aiuL 


IRISH  0BLT8. 


MUN 


proofs  of  military  skill  and  also  to  prove 
weir  descent  from  a  kingly  or  noble  line. 

MULLAN,  DENNIS  W.,  a  gallant 
American  naval  oflQcer  of  Irish  extrac- 
tion, was  born  in  Maryland  Nov.  10, 
1848.  graduated  at  the  naval  academy 
in  1863;  became  a  Lieutenant  in  '67,  a 
Lieut. -('Ommander  in. '68.  served  in  the 
Mononghela  at  the  battle  of. Mobile  Bay, 
and  was  noted  for  gallantry. 

MULLANY,  J.  R.  M.,  a  gallant 
American  naval  officer  of  Irish  paren- 
tage, was  born  in  New  York  Oct.  26, 
1818;  entered  the  navy  in  1882;  was 
passed  midshipman  in  1888  and  Lieu- 
tenant in  1844.  He  distinguished  him- 
self at  the  taking  of  Tobasco,  Mexico, 
during  the  war  with  that  country;  com- 
manded the  "Oneida"  at  the  battle  of 
Mobile  Bay,  where  he  greatly  distin- 

Suished  h /^self.  He  was  a  comman- 
er  in  1861  a.nd  a  captain  in  1866,  a 
commodore  iu  1870  and  a  rear-admiral 
in  1874.  He  lost  an  arm  at  Mobile  Bayi 
He  ranks  high  as  an  able  and  skillful 
offlcor. 

MULLEN,  JOSEPH,  a  prominent 
New  York  politician,  was  a  native  of 
Ireland,  who  emigrated  to  New  York 
when  comparatively  young,  and  suc- 
ceeded by  his  native  talents  and  energy 
in  raising  himself  to  position  and  m- 
fluence.  Besides  holding  other  posi- 
tions of  honor  and  trust  he  represented 
his  district  in  the  80th  Congress  with 
credit. 

MULLIGAN,  COL.  JAMES  A.,  a 
gallant  officer  of  the  great  Rebellion, 
was  born  in  Utica,  N.  Y.,  of  Irish  par- 
ents, June  25, 1880;  removed  with  his 
parents  to  Chicago,  and  was  educated 
at  the  University  of  St.  Mary's,  of  which 
he  was  the  first  graduate,  1850;  com- 
menced the  study  of  the  law,  but  inter- 
rupted it  by  joining  John  L.  Stephens 
in  the  survey  of  the  Panama  Railway 
and  after  returning  to  Chicago  edited  a 
weekly  Catholic  paper,  the  "Western 
Tablet."  He  resumed  the  study  of  the 
law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1865;  went  to  Washington  in  1861  to 
take  a  place  in  the  Interior  Department 
but  resigned  on  the  breaking  out  of  the 
war  and  returning  to  Chicago  soon 
raised  a  fine  Irish  regiment,  which  was 
quickly  in  the  field,  and  made  a  gallant 
defense  of  'Lexington,    Mo.,    against 


vastly  superior  numbers,  but  after  two 
uionus  was  obliged  to  capitulate.  He 
was  exchanged  and  reorganized  his  re- 
giment and  participated  In  a  number  of 
severe  actions,  and  fell  mortally  wound- 
ed "  t  Winchester  July  26, 1864. 

MULREADY,  WILLIAM,  an  artist 
of  great  talent  and  celebrity,  was  born 
inEnnis,  Ireland,  in  1786.  His  first 
noticeable  efforts  were  landscapes,  prin- 
cipally local  views,  which-  displayed 
Scat  naturalness  and  undoubted  merit, 
e  early  went  to  London,  and  his  first 
works  there  were  views  around  Ken- 
sington and  Lambeth,  interior  of  cot- 
tages, etc.  He  next  essayed  figure 
painting  with  equal  success,  and  pro- 
duced many  meritorous  pictures  of  po- 
pular scenes  and  customs  in  Endund. 
He  was  elected  an  associate  of  theRoiral 
Academy  in  1816  and  the  following 
year  an  Academician.  His  paintings 
are  held  high,and  are  to  be  found  in  the 
best  English  galleries.  He  died  July  7, 
1868. 

MUNCHIN  SAINT,  first  bishop  of 
Limerick,  was  born  about  the  time  St. 
Patrick  commenced  his  missionary  la- 
bors, and  was  the  son  of  Sedun.  *  He 
received  a  liberal  education  in  one  of 
the  monasteries  and  became  Abbot  at 
Lumneach,  Limerick.  He  built  a  cath- 
edral church,  which  was  subsequently 
rebuilt  and  known  as  St.   Munchin's 

{)arochial  church.  Our  saint  was  very 
earned  in  scriptural  lore,  and  was 
placed  by  St.  Patrick  over  the  converts 
of  a  part  of  Connaught.  He  died  about 
the  year  500. 

MUNROE,  GEN.  HENRY,  a  gal- 
lant •ind  noble-hearted  patriot  of  98, 
was  a  native  of  County  Down,  born 
about  1756.  He  was  a  merchant  of 
the  town  of  Lisburn  and  a  member  of 
the  Volunteer  Corps.  On  the  disband- 
ing of  that  body  he  was  highly  indig- 
nant, and  although  a  strong  opposer  to 
illegal  action,  so  perfidious  and  tyranni> 
cal  were  the  acts  of  the  government, 
aimed  as  they  were  at  tlie  rigiits  and 
liberties  of  the  people,  that  wlien  the 
Rebellion  of  '08  broke  out  lie  accepted 
the  leadership  of  the  patriots  in  his  sec- 
tion. His  men  were  almost  entirely 
without  proper  arms  or  means  of  war- 
fare, ana  he  was  defeated  at  Ballyna- 
hinch  Juno  18,  1798.  He  was  a  f^igi- 
tivo  for  some  time,  but  putting  faith  in 


KUR 


HUSH  CSLT8. 


MUR 


ral- 


s  man  named  Holmes, whom  he  had  of  • 
often  be- friended,  be  was  betniyed,tried 
hy  court-martial,  bung  and  beheaded 
within  a  few  hours.  It  was  remarked 
that  all  those  who  had  a  band  in  his 
death  met  miserable  ends,  especially 
Holmes  wlio  was  execrated  by  bis  neigh- 
bors while  he  lived  and  died  an  outcast 
and  beggar,  Munroe  was  an  Episco- 
palian. ' 

MUREDACH,  SAINT,  a  disciple  of 
8t.  Patrick  and  first  Bishop  of  Eillala. 
Murdeach  early  became  a  follower  of  St. 
Patrick,  and  although  quite  a  youth  was 
of  great  service  to  him  on  account  of 
his  knowledge  of  the  countiy  and  his 
connection  with  some  formidable  clans. 
He  took  his  master  as  his  model  in  aim- 
terhies,  and  with  his  companion,  ou 
Asicus,  strove  to  make  daily  advances 
in  perfection,  singing  hymns  and  psalms 
together,  and  encouraging  each  other 
in  mortification  and  self-denial.  He  is 
said  to  have  been  miraculously  saved 
from  a  pack  of  hungry  wolves  who  sur- 
roundea  him.  He  was  an  indefatigable 
opposer  of  paganism  and  all  its  super- 
stitions, freelv  exposing  his  life  amongst 
the  most  {titter,  threatening  them 
with  divine  vengeance  ii  they 
would  not  give  up  their  idolatry. 
He  destroyed  their  idols  and  de- 
nounced their  wicked  practices. 
He  was  also  a  stern  opponent  of  slavery 
and  secured  the  freedom  of  many.  A 
pagan  chief  having  captured  in  a  raid  a 
beautiful  Christian  maiden  he  deter- 
mined that  she  should  submit  to  his 
wishes.  The  saint  hearing  of  it  boldly 
demanded  her  liberation,  at  which  the 
chief  laughed  at  him  as  a  meddling  fool. 
The  saint,  in  his  indignation,  told  him 
that  the  moment  he  attempted  to  defile 
the  vessel  of  the  H0I3'  Spirit  in  that  mo- 
ment he  should  die,  and  it  so  happened. 
The  maiden  was  immediately  let  free 
and  returned  to  her  rejoicing  friends. 
Our  Saint,  assisting  Patrick  in  the  con- 
version of  Connaught,  was  placed  over 
the  See  of  Killala  about  484.  He  died 
in  about  465. 

MURPHY,  ARTHUR,  a  dramatist 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  born  Dec. 
28.  1727,  nt  Cloniquin,  in  Ireland,  and 
like  all  Irish  Callioiics  of  those  days  who 
desired  a  finished  educatiuu  had  tu  seek 
abroad  what  the  'free'  eoverninent  of 
England  refused  them  at  home,  lie  was 
educated  ut  St.  Omar's,  and  for  some 


time  after  completing  his  studies  engag* 
ed  in  merchanti  e  pursuits.  He,  how- 
ever, soon  turned  his  attention  to  litera- 
ture, and  became  an  author  by  profes- 
sion. He  established  the  Gray  s  Inn 
Journal,  and  brought  out  the  farce  of 
"The  Apprentice  and  the  Upholsterer." 
These  he  followed  by  innumerable  pieces 
in  all  the  walks  of  the  drama,  many  of 
which  were  popular  in  their  day,  and 
some  still  keep  the  stage,  such  as  "The 
Grecian  Daughter,"  "All  in  the  Wrong," 
"The  Citizen,"  "Three  Weeks  After 
Marriage,"  &c.  In  1762  he  was  called 
to  the  bar,  but  his  practice  never  became 
large.  He  tried  his  powers  as 
a  political  writer  by  defending 
Lord  Bute  in  the  Test  and  tlio 
Auditor,  but  having  been  misled  as 
to  some  important  facts  he  was  exposed 
to  considerable  ridicule.  Among  his 
other  works  are  Lives  of  Garrick  John- 
son and  Fielding,  and  translations  of 
Tacitus  and  Sallust  He  was  a  pleas- 
ing and  able  writer,  and  a  man  of  varied 
talents.    He  died  in  1805. 


MURPHY,  CHA8.,  a  prominent  po- 
litician of  Georgia,  was  of  Irish  descent, 
born  in  South  Carolina  about  1800;  re- 
moved to  Georgia,  where  he  held  im- 
portant public  positions,  and  represented 
that  state  in  the  Thirty-third  Congress. 


MURPHY,  EDMUND,  a  gallant  of- 
ficer of  the  Irish  brigade  in  the  service 
of  France  in  the  time  of  Louis  XIV.  He 
served  with  great  credit  and  distinction 
and  soon  won  honor  and  position  by 
gallantry  and  good  conduct.  Another 
Murphy — Cornelius — who  was  a  major 
of  the  Clancarthy  rt  'ment  in  1685,  also 
greatly  distinguished  nimself  and  parti- 
cipated in  the  glories  of  the  Irish  bri- 
gade,  winning  a  proud  position 


MURPHY,  FRANCIS,  a  noted  and 
eloquent  temperance  advocate  and 
Methodist  divine,  was  born  in  Ireland 
in  1835;  entered  the  ministry,  and  soon 
became  noted  for  his  eloquence  in  the 
temperance  cause;  came  to  the  United 
States  and  made  an  extended  tour,  and 
fully  sustained  his  reputation  amongst 
liis  "Evangelical"  bioihren  as  a  pow- 
erful speaker.  He  returned  to  Ireland, 
and  again  visited  the  United  States  in 
1883. 


•  ill 


M 


MUR 


XRIBH  CEXiTBL 


HUB 


MURPHY,  HENRY  C,  a  prominent 
American  politician,  financier  and  writ- 
er, was  of  Irish  descent,  born  in  Brook- 
lyn in  1810,  and  educated  at  Colimibia 
College:  was  admitted  to  the  bar  and 
practiced  with  success.  After  filling 
various  positions  of  honor  he  was  sent 
to  Congress  in  1843.  and  remained  there 
for  three  terms.  He  was  minister  to 
the  Hague  under  Buchanan,  and  has 
contributed  largely  towards  unearthing 
the  early  history  of  his  state.  He  died 
inthewinterof  1882. 

MURPHY,  JAMES  CAVANAGH, 
an  architect  and  antiquarian  of  distinc- 
tion, was  a  native  of  Ireland.  He  is  the 
author  of  "Antiquities  of  the  Arabians 
in  Spain,  "Travels  in  Portugal,"  be- 
sides some  architectural  works  of  merit 
all  published  in  London.  He  died  in 
1816. 

MURPHY,  GOV.  JOHN,  an  able 
American,  jurist  and  statesman, 
was  born  in  South  Carolina 
about  1795  of  Irish  parents  was 
educated  at  the  South  Caro- 
lina College,  and  studied  law;  was  hon- 
ored by  his  fellow  citizens  with  positions 
ef  trust  and  prominence.  Removed  to 
Alabama  in  1817,  where  he  soon  acquir- 
ed a  commanding  position  by  his  talents; 
was  Governor  from  1825  to  1829,  and 
represented  that  state  in  the  twenty-third 
Congress. 

MURPHY,  JOHN  McLEOD.  U.  S. 

N.,  a  celebrated  American  constructing 
engineer,  was  of  Irish  descent,  born  in 
Now  York  state  in  1827.  He  served  in 
Mexico;  was  constructing  engineer  in 
Brooklyn  Navy  Yard  in  1866-7,  and 
with  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  and  at 
Yicksburg  in  the  war  of  the  Rebellion. 
His  great  ability  was  universally  recog- 
nized.   He  died  in  1871. 

MURPHY,  GEN.  JOHNR..  a  gal- 
lant and  able  American  soldier,  was 
bom  in  Ireland  in  1796,  and  emigrated 
ataneariyage.  On  the  breaking  out 
of  the  war  of  1813  he  immediately  en- 
listed, although  only  16  years  of  age, 
and  distinguished  himself  by  his  brav- 
ery and  g(K)d  conduct.  On  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  rebellion  he  raised  a  re- 
giment and  distinguished  himself  at 
Winchester,  where  he  covered  Banks' 
retreat,  but  was  taken  prisoner.  He  was 
afterwards  placed  in  the  Yet.  Reserve 


Corps,  and  served  to  the  close  of  the 
war.  He  died  in  Philadelphia  Feb.  10, 
1876. 

MURRAY,  CHARLES,  a  talented 
American  artist,  especially  noted  as  a 
designer  and  figure  painter,  was  bom  in 
Dublin,  Oct.  26,  1854,  and  early  gave 
evidence  of  the  natural  bent  of  his  mmd. 
He  secured  admission  to  the  Royal  Art 
School  in  that  city,  where  he  distin- 
guished himself,  gaining  high  honors. 
In  1871  he  came  to  America.  Here,  as 
soon  as  his  ability  became  known  in  de- 
corative art,  especially  in  its  higher 
walks  of  figure  painting,  he  gained  con- 
stant employment  at  high  prices.  He  is 
recognized  as  the  most  accomplished  and 
artistic  designer  of  show  work  in  Amer- 
ica, and  in  this  specialty  America  leads 
the  world.  He  is  a  hard  student  and 
passionately  attached  to  art.  He  was 
engaged  to  paint  the  figures  for  the 
scenery  in  the  great  Dramatic  Festival 
held  in  Cincinnati  in  1888,  which  is  in- 
dicative of  his  standing  in  his  profes- 
sion. He  has  sensibly  chosen  these 
paths  in  his  profession  which  insiu'es 
him  remunerative  employment ;  hereaf- 
ter he  will  undoubtedly  be  heard  from 
in  the  more  pretentious  walks  of  art. 

MURRAY,  DANIEL,  Catholic  Arch- 
bishop  of  Dublin,  was  born  in  1767,  and 
educated  at  Salamanca,  Spain,  where 
he  was  ordained  a  priest  in  1790.  He 
returned  to  Ireland,  and  after  filling 
various  positions  in  his  sacred  calling 
was  in  1823  elevated  to  tlie  Archbishop- 
ric of  Dublin.  He  took  an  active  inter 
est  in  Catholic  emancipation,  and  in 
conjunction  with  his  brother  prelates 
supported  O'Connell  in  his  efforts  till 
crowned  with  success.  In  1831  he  was 
joined  in  a  commissson  with  the  pro- 
testant  Archbishop  of  Dublin  and  others 
for  the  purpose  of  promoting  education 
in  a  national  system  of  which  the  Queen's 
Colleges  were  the  apex.  Good  faith, 
however,  having  been  violated,  accord- 
ing to  the  understiinding  of  Catholics, 
in  regard  to  considering  their  rights  and 
wishes,  and  the  principal  authorities  of 
the  Church  deeming  the  system  as  tend- 
ing to  irrellgion  and  unsafe,  the  Arch- 
bishop withdrow.  lie  afterwards  con- 
fined himself  to  his  sirictly  nd  minis!  ra- 
tive  duties  and  was  generally  looked 
upon,  justly  or  unjustly,  aa  a  govern- 
ment bishop,  f(0-cnlled  in  distinction  to 
those  thoroughly  Irish.  He  died  in  1852. 


HUB 


XBI8K  01LT8 


NAG 


MURRAY,  REV.  JOHN,  a  Presby- 
terian divine  and  one  of  the  abletit  and 
most  learned  men  of  bis  day  in  Amer- 
ica was  born  in  Ireland  in  1742,  and 
after  completing  his  education  and  be- 
ing licensed  to  preach  he  emigrated  to 
America,  and  settled  at  Booth  Bay,  in 
Maine,  where  he  married.  He  repres- 
ented his  town  in  the  provincial  con- 
gress which  sat  at  Water  town,  near  Bos- 
ton, in  1775;  acted  as  secretary  and  pre- 
sident and  was  chairman  of  the  commit- 
tee for  reporting  rules  and  orders  for 
Congress.  He  was  a  strong  Whig  like 
the  rest  of  his  countrymen,  and  an  able 
advocate  of  colonial  rights.  As  a  pulpit 
orator  he  had  no  superior  or  equal  in 
his  section,speakin)^  without  manuscript 
and  with  true  Irish  inspiration.  He 
was  also  a  learned  linguist,  bein^  per- 
haps the  best  Oriental  scholar  of  his  day 
in  America  and  a  fine  Greek  one  also. 
Besides  he  had  an  eminently  practical 
and  methodical  mind.  He  was  almost 
worshipped  by  his  parishioners,  being 
ever  kind,  considerate  and  self-sacrific- 
ing. He  had  a  namesake,  who  was  a 
Universalist  preacher,  who  sometimes 

§  reached  in  the  same  puli)it  on  the  same 
av.  The  people  to  distinguish  them 
called  our  subject  "Damnation  Murray" 
and  the  other  "Salvation  Murray."  from 
the  distinguishing  principles  of  their 
religious  beliefs,  He  died  at 
Newburyport,  on  the  Merrimac, 
where  he  had  resided  for  many  years, 
in  the  spring  of  1798,  leaving  behind 
him  in  America  no  scholar  more  pro- 
found or  universal. 

MURRAY,  NICHOLAS,  D.  D.,  an 
able  American  Presbyterian  divine,  was 
born  in  Ballynasloe,  Ireland,  Dec.  25, 
1808;  came  in  his  youth  to  the  United 
Btates,  and  entered  the  printing  office  of 
Harpei  Brothers  to  learn  the  trade. 
He  secured  sufficient  means  to  enter 
Williams  College,  where  he  graduated  in 
1826;  studied  theology  at  Princeton,  and 
became  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
church  at  Wilkesbarre,  Pa.,  and  after- 
wards of  Elizabethtown,  N.  J.  While 
there  he  entered  into  a  religious  discus- 
sion, under  the  signature  of  "Kirvvin," 
with  Bishop  Hughes,  which  attracted 
great  attention,  but  while  it  stamped  our 
subject  as  a  man  of  ability  it  showed 
him  inferior  to  his  powerful  opponent 
He  is  the  author  of  a  number  of  works, 
some  of  which  are  marred  by  bigotry. 
Among  them  are  "European  Sketches," 
"Happy  Home,"    "Paiish  and  other 


Pencillings. "  He  died  at  Elizabethtown, 
Feb.  4, 18i91. 

MUSGRAVE,  G.  W.,  D.  D.,  LL.  D., 
an  able  and  distinguished  Aiiiericau 
Presbyterian  divine,  is  partly  or  Irish 
parentage,  born  in  Philadelphia  Oct. 
19,  1804;  received  his  education  in  New 
Jersey  college,  studied  theology  at 
Princeton,  and  entered  the  Presbyterian 
ministry  in  1828.  He  was  pastor  of  the 
Third  Presbyterian  church  of  Baltimore 
for  many  years,  and  afterwards  of  the 
North  Tenth  Street  Church,  Philadel- 
phia. He  has  held  prominent  positions 
in  the  assemblies  of  that  tody,  and  is 
looked  upon  as  one  of  the  soundest  of 
their  theologians  and  ablest  of  their  de- 
baters. He  was  prominent  in  healing 
the  difficulties  which  existed  in  that 
body,  by  his  influence  and  discretion. 

MUSGRAVE,  SIR  RICHARD,  a 
political  writer  of  note,  was  born  in  the 
County  of  Cork  about  1740.  Among 
his  works  is  a  "History  of  the  Rebel- 
lion of  '98'"  which  is  chiefly  noted  for 
its  unfairness,  bigotry  and  blind  advo- 
cacy of  the  Union.    He  died  in  1818. 

NAGLE,  NANO,  (Honora),  the 
saintly  founder  of  the  "Presentation 
Order"  of  nuns,  and  the  reviver  in 
modern  Ireland  of  the  conventual  life, 
was  born  in  1728  at  Bally  griffin,  near 
Mallow,  County  Cork.  'Her  parents 
were  of  an  ancient  Catholic  family,  who 
had  succeeded  in  preserving  some  por- 
tion of  their  ancient  patrimony  amid 
the  ravages  of  the  Stranger,  perhaps  as 
much  through  Protestant  relatives  as  by 
any  other  circumstance.  Her  father. 
Garret  Nagle,  sent  her  to  the  Continent 
to  be  educated,  and  she  entered  one  of 
the  convents  near  Paris,  where  she  soon 
acquired  all  the  accomplishments  with 
which  those  famous  schools  clothed 
their  pupils.  France  at  the  time  was 
filled  with  the  best  blood  of  Ireland, 
and  the  salons  of  Paris  were  often 
graced  with  the  gallant  officers  of  the 
Irish  brigades  who  were  as  admired  and 
popular  m  the  drawing-room  as  they 
were  brave  and  valiant  on  the  field. 
Among  them  and  their  families  Miss 
Nagle  liad  both  relatives  and  friends, 
and  when  she  emerged  into  society  an 
accomplished  and  beautiful  woman  it 
was  into  a  circle  in  which  everything 
that  could  captivate  the  heart  or  daz7.  e 
the  glowing  imagination  of  those  who 


',:!' 


■4'' 


NAG 


IBIBH  CELTS 


NAa 


desire  the  glittering  things  of  earth  that 
she  entered.  For  a  brief  period  she  re- 
velled in  the  fascination  with  which 
the  most  graceful  and  polished  society 
of  the  world  charms  its  gay  votaries  and 
almost  forgot  that  the  land  of  her  fath- 
ers was  full  of  tribulation  and  woe. 
Her  attention  was  first  seriously  attract- 
ed to  the  dark  and  dre?ry  experiences 
of  human  life  by  seeing  at  dawn,  one 
morning  as  she  was  returning  in  a  car- 
riage with  her  lady  companion  from 
some  brilliai-^fete,  a c  owa of  apparent- 


an. 


Iv  poor 
the  opening 
they  had  hicx 


«um' 


people  awaiting 
irch  door,  whither 

,        i'  the  first  mass, 

and.  thus  bless  *?&  lair  •  of  the  day.  It 
made  a  powevx:  impi'^  'on  on  her 
mind,  and  when  she  enu  . '  into  her 
own  frivolous  life,  and  her  want  of 
gratitude  to  the  ^ood  Lord  who  had 
dealt  so  kindly  with  her  and  saved  her 
from  so  many  hardships,  she  felt  sick  at 
heart  and  utterly  dissatisfied  with  her- 
self, and  from  that  moment  resolved  to 
return  to  the  home  of  her  race  and  spend 
her  time  in  alleviating  the  wants  of  the 
poor  and  afflicted,  and  aid  them  as  God 
might  direct.  She  at  once  set  about 
her  work  by  returning  home  to  poor 
Ireland,  but  so  appalled  was  she  at 
the  survey  of  the  amount  of  misery 
which  stared  her  in  the  face  in  Cork,  to- 
gether with  the  discouragements  she  met 
from  her  friends  and  with  distrust  in 
her  own  ability  to  grapple  so  great  an 
undertaking,  that  she  returned  to  her 

£iou8  director  and  friends  in  France  to 
ly  the  difficulties  before  them,  and  seek 
further  counsel  and  advice.  She  was 
encouraged  to  go  on,  with  the  assurance 
that  He  who  inspired  the  good  design 
could  easily  do  great  things  by  simple 
means.  She  returned  (at  this  lime  her 
father  was  dead  and  her  home  was 
with  her  brother  who  was  married)  and 
quietly  set  to  work,  first  to  aid  and  in- 
struct a  school  of  little  girls.  Through 
the  agency  of  her  maid  she  rented  a 
house  and  had  her  gather  together  the 

Eoorest  children;  these  she  visited  and 
istructed  every  morning,  her  family 
supposing  her  to  be  visiting  the  chapel 
for  devotion.  At  length,  however,  her 
brother  became  aware  of  it  and  was 
greatly  put  out,  and  stormed  about  dis- 
gracing the  family  and  many  other  fool- 
kh  things;  but  the  storm  passed  over 
and  the  family  became  reconciled  to  her 
and  her  noble  work,  and  even  an  old 
uacle  whose  aristocratic   notions  she 


feared  most  to  offend,  and  from  whom 
she  expected  a  fortune  to  aid  her  in  her 
designs,  to  her  great  joy  offered  no  ob- 
jection, but  assisted  her  materially  in 
carrying  out  her  plans.  Her  school 
prospered  and  in  nine  months  she  had 
two  hundred  childrea  in  training.  The 
poor  in  another  sec'Jon  of  the  city  beg- 
ged her  to  open  a  school  among  them 
and  supervise  it,  promising  they  would 
give  her  every  assistance.  She  could  not 
refuse,  and  thus  the  good  work  went 
on.  She  even  opened  schools  for  boys 
separate,  and  it  can  be  easily  supposed 
that  this  refined  and  delicate  girl  would 
soon  find  this  self  imposed  but  laborious 
task  telling  to  her  constitution  and 
strength,  and  so  she  did,  but  it  only  in- 
spired her  to  devise  means  to  perpetuate 
the  work.  Her  noble  self  sacrifice  had 
already  inspired  other  young  ladies  with 
admiration  for  her  life  and  a  desire  to  imi- 
tate, but  Miss  Nagle  saw  that  to  insure 
success  it  would  have  to  be  organized 
self-sacrifice.  Four  young  ladies  tl  ere- 
fore,  at  her  suggestion,  went  to  the  con- 
vent of  the  Ursulines  in  France,  where 
they  had  been  educated,  and  entered  it 
to  make  the  novitiate  and  thus  establish 
a  branch  of  that  order  in  Ireland.  They 
were  Miss  Fitzsimons,  a  great  friend  of 
Miss  Nagle's,  Miss  Nagle's  cousin,  Miss 
Coppinger,  a  cousin  of  the  Duchess  of 
Norfolk,  and  Miss  Kavanagh,  of  the 
noble  house  of  Ormond.  At  this  time 
it  must  be  remembered  that  the  Penal 
laws  were  still  in  force,  and  the  possi- 
bilities of  trouble  were  so  imminent  that 
they  had  to  send  to  Dieppe  to  find  a 
professed  sister,  Margaret  Kelly,  who 
was  willing  to  face  the  danger  of  re- 
turning with  them  to  Ireland  to  esta- 
blish a  house.  This  was  happily  done 
in  May,  1771.  and  on  the  18th  of  the 
following  September  the  new  convent 
was  opened.  There  was  some  indigna- 
tion and  talk  among  the  low-minded 
bigots  of  enforcing  "the  law,  but  the 
high  standing  of  the  ladies  who  com- 
posed the  new  bouse,  and  their  connec- 
tion with  the  first  families  of  the  king- 
dom, very  probably  prevented  an  as- 
sault. The  good  work  once  inaugurated 
went  on  and  these  ladies  soon  after 
opened  one  of  their  noted  schools  for 
the  education  and  training  of  young  la- 
dles. Miss  Nagle  after  some  time  felt 
that  the  rule  of  the  Ursulines  was  too 
circumscribed  to  meet  great  and  crying 
wants,  because  it  must  be  remembered 
that  no  other  sisterhood  filled  the  vari. 


NAP 


IBI8H  CELTS. 


NAP 


ous  wants,  as  to-day  in  Ireland,  and  the 
constitution  of  the  Ursulines  was  not 
intended  to  cover  wants,  which,  on  the 
continent,  had  other  sisterhoods  to  care 
for.  Miss  Nagle  therefore  separated 
herself  from  the  Urnulinea  and  taking 
an  vidjacent  house,  which  she  purchased, 
she  gathered  around  herself  some  pious 
and  devoted  wom*.n,and  organized  them 
into  a  society  in  honor  of  the  •  'Presen- 
tation of  Our  Blessed  Lady  in  the  Tem- 
ple." The  more  special  object  of  this 
good  sisterhood  was  to  seek  through  the 
city  all  poor  girls,  induce  them  to  attend 
school,  instruct  them  in  all  their  duties: 
and  preserve  them  from  a  thousand 
snares,  and  also  in  visiting  the  poor  and 
sick  in  their  own  houses  and  in  public 
hospitals,  or  substantially  such  work  as 
is  performed  by  the  Sisters  of  Mercv 
to-day,  Christmas,  1777,  saw  the  work 
inaugurated  with  the  sanction  of  Bishop 
Moylan;  fifty  poor  persons  partaking  of 
aCnristmas  dinner,  presided  over  by 
Miss  Nagle.  Thus  was  inaugurated  the 
"Presentation  Order, "which  is  now 
spread  over  Great  Britain,  Ireland,  0n 
which  there  are  over  flftv  convents), 
America  and  Australia,  daily  doing  in- 
calculable good,  and  relieving  every 
species  of  human  misery.  In  1781,  five 
years  after  its  inception,  the  society  was 
formed  into  a  "Congregation"  by  a  brief 
of  Pope  Pius  VI.,  directing  the  mem- 
bers to  follow  the  Ursuline  rule  as  near 
as  possible,  and  sixteen  years  later  it 
was  chaneed  into  an  Order  by  a  brief 
of  Pius  yiL,  under  the  title  and  in- 
vocation of  the  "Presentation  of  the 
Blessed  Virgin  Mary."  The  pious  and 
disinterested  founder  did  not  live  to  see 
these  honors  conferred  on  her  work;  but 
with  hands  full  of  good  works  to  pres- 
ent to  herDivine  Master,  and  amidst  the 
benedictions  and  tears  of  thousands  who 
had  received  blessings  at  her  hands,  she 
sank  to  rest,,  worn  out  by  the  multitude 
and  weight  of  her  self  imposed  labors. 
She  died  April  26, 1784,  just  one  hun- 
dred years  ago,  her  last  words  to  her 
dear  co-laborers  being,  "Love  one  an- 
other as  you  have  hitherto  done." 

NAPIER  LIEUT.-GEN.,  SIR  WIL- 
LIAM FRANCIS  PATRICK,  K.  C.  B. 
an  able  British  soldier  and  historian,  was 
bom  at  Castletown,  County  Kildare, 
Ireland,  Dec.  17,  1785.  and  belonged  to 
a  family  distinguished  for  their  military 
tastes  and  talent.  He  entered  the  army 
In  his  fifteenth  year,  and  became  a  cap- 


tain by  1804,  served  at  the  siege  of 
Copenhagen,  1807,  and  accompanie<l  Sir 
John  Moore  to  Portugal,  1807;  distingu- 
ished himself  at  Almieda,  1810,  where 
he  was  wounded  and  at  Cazal  Nova, 
1811.  He  greatly  distinguished  himself 
in  many  desperate  eng.vemfnts  on  the 
Peninsula — Busaco,  1810.  Fuontes  de 
Onoro,  1811:  Salamanca,  1812;Bedassoa, 
1813  and  Orthes,  1814,  besides  many 
m'.nor  brushes  and  gradually  rose  to  tie 
a  Colonel  by  his  "soldierly  conduct. 
After  the  war  lie  wrote  a  "History  of  she 
Penisular  War,"  which  attracted  great 
attention  and  violent  discussions,  but 
it  is  considered  as  one  of  the  most  re- 
markable of  military  histories.  Napier 
became  a  Major-Gcneralinl841,  Lieut.- 
Governor  of  Guernsey  in  1842,  Knighted 
ill  1848  and  Lieu«  lenoral  in  1851.  He 
wrote  the    lift     >t    '  's   brother    "Sir 


Charles   Napiev,     "' 
Scinde."   "Ar    inis- 
He  died  Feb,  !«,    830. 


3  Conquests  of 
on  of  Scinde." 


NAPIER  W."  '  .AM  JOHN  Lord,  a 
distinguished  nt.  ul  oflScer  of  Britain, 
was  born  r  Kinsale,  Ireland,  in  1787. 
He  entereu  .  '  ».val  service  at  the  age 
of  sixteen,  and  held  the  rank  of  mid- 
shipman at  the  Battle  of  Trafalgar, 
where  he  greatly  distinguished  himself. 
In  1833  he  v/as  appointed  superintend- 
ent of  the  trade  and  interest  of  the  Brit- 
ish nation  in  China,  and  he  arrived  at 
Macao  in  July,  1884.  H^re  some  diffi- 
culties arose,  and  the  governor  of  Can- 
ton seemed  desirous  of  frustrating  his 
mission,  forbidding  him  to  sail  for  that 
port  until  the  emperor's  wishes  were 
promulgated  on  that  subject.  Lord  Na- 
pier was  not  willing  to  put  off  attend- 
ing to  the  interests  which  he  had  beea 
appointed  to  protect,  and  lost  no  time 
in  sailing  for  Canton,  where  he  arrived 
on  the  ^th  of  July.  The  orders  and 
edict  of  the  Governor  that  he  should  re- 
turn to  Macao  were  disregarded,  and  on 
the  i'urther  edict  of  the  Governor  that 
business  should  cease  between  the  Chi- 
nese merchants,  he  sent  two  vessels  of 
war  up  the  Bogue  river  which  were 
fired  at  by  the  forts,  8nd  which  in  return 
opened  upon  them  and  quickly  knocked 
them  about  the  heads  of  the  Chinese 
aggressors.  This  occurred  on  the  7th 
of  September,  but  on  account  of  want 
of  wmd  the  ships  had  to  anchor  for 
several  davs.  Lord  Napier  becoming 
seriously  ill  about  tfie  middle  of  the 
same  month,  he  ordered  the  fleet    to 


¥.•.     ■     k 


NAV 


HUSH  0BLT8 


KM 


drop  down  the  river;  and  he  returned 
to  Macao,  where  he  C'ed  on  the  11th  of 
Oct.,  1834. 

NAVEL  SAINT,  a  son  of  the  cele- 
brated King  Angus  of  Cashel,  who  was 
converter"  by  St.  Patrick,  and  is  said 
to  have  been  one  of  twenty-four  chil- 
dren, most  of  whom  became  religious. 
Our  Saint  \ras  brought  up  in  his  father's 
court,  and  was  trained  as  a  warrior  as 
•well  as  receiving  all  the  advantages 
which  the  growing  schools  of  Ireland 
possessed  at  that  day.  When  grown 
up  he  was  placed  in  the  care  of  St. 
Ailbe  bishop  of  Emly,  with  whom  he 
remained  until  he  bad  completed  his 
education  for  the   holy  office  of  the 

{)ries*,hood.  He  had  well  imbibed  the 
essons  of  his  saintly  teachers,  and  as 
his  zeal  prompted  him  to  labor  amongst 
those  not  yet  converted,  he  soon  be- 
came celebrated  for  his  power  and  zeal 
as  a  preacher.  His  ranlc,  appearance, 
eloquence  and  sanctity  of  life  gave  him 
great  influence,  and  his  success  was 
marked.  He  established  monasteries 
and  built  churches  amongst  the  com- 
munities he  converted.  He  traveled 
into  Ossory,  where  he  converted  many 
from  paganism.  This  was  about  515, 
and  it  is  said  that  St.  Canice,  first  bish- 
op of  Ossory,  was  placed  under  his 
care.  It  is  said  that  while  traveling 
through  Kilkenny  he  stopped,  at  a 
chief's  house  whose  wife  triea  to  tempt 
the  saint.  He  reproached  her  in  such 
strong  terms  that  she  determined  on  re- 
venge, and  on  the  return  of  her  hus- 
band made  charges  against  the  saint, 
who  had  gone  on  his  way.    The  chief 

Eorsued  him  for  the  purpose  of  slaying 
im.  The  saint  asked  to  be  con- 
fronted with  the  woman,  and  if  he  did 
not  make  her  confess  her  falsehood  ; 
he  was  willing  to  suffer.  He  returned, 
and  the  woman  ^'oldly  renewed  her 
charge,  when  the  saint  praying  called 
upon  God  to  pass  judgment  betw3en 
them,  and  that  the  lying  tongue  might 
be  paralyzed.  The  woman  was  In- 
Btantly  struck  dumb,  and  throwing  her- 
self at  the  saint's  feet,  clung  to  his  gar- 
ments in  terror.  He  then  said  to  her, 
"If  you  will  confess  the  truth  I  will 
release  you,"  and  making  the  sign  of 
the  cross  on  her  lips  speech  was  re- 
stored and  she  declared  her  falsehood, 
and  both  she  and  her  husband  became 
pious  Christians.  In  the  year  520  he 
founded  his  most  celebrated,  monastery. 


that  of  Kilmanagh.  This  became  a 
famous  school,  and  its  halls  were  soon 
filled  with  students  from  all  parts.  The 
place,  which  was  a  forest,  soon  became 
cultivated,  populous,  and  blos.somcd  as 
a  garden.  The  monks  were  the  first  to 
properly  cultivate  the  the  lands  and 
brin^  from  them  rich  harvests.  They 
reclaimed  marshy  lands  by  draining 
and  barren  lands  by  enriching,  so  tliat 
abbey  lands  became  a  synonyme  for 
rich  lands.  He  died  about  564,  and 
his  feast  is  kept  on  July  31st. 


NEAGLE  JOHN,  an  American 
portrait  painter  of  merit,  was  born 
in  Boston  of  Irish  parents  Nov. 
4,  1799.  He  began  life  as  an  ordinary 
coach  painter  in  Philadelphia,  and 
gradually  developed  artistic  talent, 
and  by  1818  was  skillful  enough  to  un- 
dertake portrait  painting  as  a  profes- 
sion. He  soon  won  a  fine  reputation. 
Amoi-.g  his  works  are  portraits  of  "Gil- 
bert Stuart,".  "Matthew  Carey,"  "Hen- 
ry Clay,"  and  "Com.  Barron."  He 
died  in  1865. 

NEAL  JOHN,  a  talented  Irish  Am- 
erican poet  and  literateur,  was  bom  in 
1793,  and  has  contributed  under  the 
nom  de  plume  of  "John  O'Cataract" 
many  poems  and  sketches  of  merit  to 
the  hterature  of  the  day. 

NEALE  JOSEPH  C,  a  popular 
American  writer  of  Irish  descent  and 
author  of  "Charcoal  Sketches."  He 
was  bom  in  Pennsylvania,  and  for 
most  of  his  life  was  connected  with  the 
Philadelphia  Press,  and  was  a  writer  of 
much  promise  and  ability.  He  died  in 
1847,  aged  46  years. 

NEILL  REV.  EDWARD  D.,  apres- 
byterian  divine  of  abilitv  was  of  Irish 
descent,  born  in  Pennsylvania  in  1828 ; 
was  private  secretary  to  President 
Johnson  and  Consul  to  Dublin,  Ire- 
land. He  is  the  author  of  several  works 
on  American  history. 

NEILI.  GEN.  THOS.  H.,  a  distin- 
guished A^nerican  officer,  is  of  Irish 
descent,  born  in  Pennsylvania  in  1825. 
He  organized  and  commanded  the  28d 
Pa.  Volunteers  1862,  was  promoted  for 
pliant  and  meritorious  .conduct  at 
Fredericksburg  and  other  important 
actions,  until  he  attained  the  rank  of 


NIA. 


ntnR  cKiaTS. 


KOB 


Major  General.    He  was  commandant 
at  West  Point  in  1875. 

NELSON  GEN.  ROGER,  a  soldier 
of  the  American  revolution,  was  of 
Irish  extraction  and  a  resident  of  Mary- 
land. Like  the  rest  of  his  countrymen, 
he  was  an  ardent  supporter  of  colonial 
rights,  and  served  with  distinction  dur- 
ing the  war.  He  was  also  a  member 
of  congress  for  several  terms  represent- 
ing one  of  the  Maryland  districts.  He 
died  June  7,  1815. 

NELSON  SAMUEL,  a  prominent 
Irish  patriot,  was  bom  in  Ireland  in 
1769,  and  early  entered  into  the  discus- 
sion of  the  wrongs  and  remedies  of  Ire- 
land. In  1790  he  edited  the  "North- 
em  Star"  with  ^eat  spirit  and  effect. 
On  the  suppi-ession  of  the  rebellion  of 
1798  he  was  thrown  into  prison,  where 
he  remained  till  he  was  released  by 
French  interference  at  the  Treaty  of 
Amiens,  in  1802.  He  then  emigrated 
to  America,  where  he  resided  ti!!  ue 
died. 

NIALL,  THE  "GREAT"  (son  of 
Eocha  XII),  one  of  the  most  famous  of 
the  Irish  Monarchs.  He  succeeded 
Crinthon  on  the  throne.  His  first  war- 
like act  outside  of  Ireland  was  in  sup- 
port of  the  Scoto -Milesian  colonies  in 
Albania  (Scotland),  who  were  princi- 
pally of  the  family  of  the  Dalriads  and 
who  were  looked  upon  as  subject^  of 
the  Irish  Monarchy.  The  Picts,  appre- 
hensive of  the  growing  power  of  these 
colonies,  determined  to  subjugat'j  them, 
and  they,  greatly  alarmed,  sent  to  Niall 
for  aid.  Niall  crossed  the  channel,  and 
in  a  few  decisive  battles  reduced  the 
Picts  and  compelled  them  to  submit  to 
his  terms.  He  extended  the  territories 
of  the  Scoto-Milesians  over  Cantire  and 
Argyle,  and  formed  a  treaty  of  alliance 
with  the  Picts.  He  then  with  his  al- 
lies passed  the  walls  which  the  Romans 
had  erected  to  protect  the  Britains,  en- 
tering the  country  he  swept  before  him 
all  opposition,  A.  D.,  888.  He 
then  crossed  over  to  Armorica  or 
Gaul,  traversed  a  large  extent 
of  the  country,  and  after  cap- 
turing immense  booty  was  killed 
on  the  banks  of  the  Loire  by  an  arrow 
shot  by  Eocha,  son  of  the  Eine  of  Lim- 
erick, for  some  slight,  received.  It  was 
in  this  excursion  to  the  continent  that 
St.  Patrick  and  his  two  sisters,  Lupida 


and  Daverca  were!  captured  and  taken 
to  Ireland,  according  to  Usher.  It  was 
about  this  time,  too,  according  to  Cam- 
b'-eaves,  that  the  six  sons  of  Muredus, 
King  of  Ulster,  with  a  large  fleet  seized 
upon  the  northern  parts  of  Britain,  and 
the  people  who  are  descended  from 
them  are  called  Scotch.  This  was  un- 
doubtedly only  additional  colonies  who 
seized  upon  portions  of  that  country 
and  settled  as  independent  communi- 
ties. 

NIALL,  MONARCH  of  IRELAND 
A.  D.  8«38.  This  monarch,  unlike  his 
father,  Hugh  IV.,  made  a  gallant  re- 
sistance to  Danish  pretensions,  defeat- 
ing them  in  several  important  battles, 
but  was  unfortunately  drowned  in  a 
frozen  stream  in  Kilkenny,  while  striv- 
ing to  rescue  a  guide  who  had  fallen 
in.  He  evident^  was  both  generous 
and  brave. 

NICHOLSON  GEN.  JOHN  A,  a 
distinguished  British  soldier  and  legis- 
lator born  in  Dublin,  Ireland,  Dec.  11, 
1831 ;  entered  the  East  India  service  in 
1838,  and'  was  engaged  in  the  disas- 
tritus  campaigns  against  Afghanistan 
1840-42,  and  was  taken  pris- 
oner. He  took  part  in  tee  Sikh 
war  of  1845,  was  assistant  resident 
at  Lahore,  distinguished  himself  in  the 
Sikh  war  of  18«,  and  became  one  of 
the  commissioners  of  the  Puniaub, 
where  he  acquired  such  extraordinary 
influence  over  the  natives  that  they  in- 
sisted on  paying  him  the  honors  of  a 
prophet,  or  a  Kind  of  worship,  which 
compelled  him  to  resort  to  punishment 
to  stop  I  He  secured  Punjaub  to  Brit- 
ish allegiance  during  the  great  mutiny 
of  1857,  and  by  his  energy  destroyed 
the  rebel  forces  between  Lahore  and 
Delhi.  He  was  mortally  wounded 
while  leading  the  assault  on  the  latter 
place  Sept.  28,  1857. 

NOBLE  PATRICK,  an  eminent 
American  lawyer  and  politician,  was 
of  Irish  descent  and  a  native  of  South 
Carolina.  After  acquiring  a  good  edu- 
cation he  adopted  the  profession  of  law 
and  soon  rose  to  distinction,  and  also 
became  a  popular  and  influential  poli- 
tician. He  was  governor  of  his  native 
State.    He  died  m  1840,  aged  53  years. 

NOLAN.  CHIEF  JUSTICE  MI- 
CHAEL, was  an  eminent  British  law- 


I  )■ 


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M 


NOB 


IBI8H  CBVSU, 


NUO 


Ier,  a  native  of  Ireland,  and  after  rals- 
ig  himself  to  a  distinguislied  position 
at  the  London  bar  he  was  appointed 
Chief  Justice  of  the  Bacton  Circuit  in 
Wales.  He  published  reports  of  cases, 
duties,  etc.,  of  justices  of  the  peace, 
and  many  other  practical  law  books  of 
great  authority.    He  died  in  1827. 


NOLAN,  LOUIS  EDWARD,  a  gal- 
lant Irish  ofQcer  connected  with  the 
British  light  cavalry,  and  who  was 
killed  by  a  shell  while  bravely  lead- 
ing his  company  at  the  desperate  charge 
of  Balaclava.  He  was  not  only  a 
brave  but  also  a  skilful  and  sci^tific 
soldier,  and  held  in  great  esteem  for  his 
brilliancy  and  talents.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  a  work  connected  with  his  pro- 
fession. At  the  time  of  bis  death  he 
was  in  his  86th  year. 


NORIS,  CARDINAL  HENRY,  an 
Italian  prelate  of  great  learning  and 
distinction,  was  the  son  of  expatriated 
Irish  parents,  and  was  born  in  Italy  in 
1681.  He  earl^  exhibited  the  great  nat- 
ural powers  with  which  he  was  gifted, 
and  after  completing  his  education  he 
embraced  a  religious  life.  He  soon  be- 
came celebrated  for  his  great  and  va- 
ried talent  and  linguistic  acquirements, 
and  was  made  chief  librarian  of  the 
Vatican.  He  was  author  of  a  History 
Felagfanism  and  other  works.  He  rose 
to  the  dignity  of  Cardinal  and  died  in 
1704. 

NORIS,  M.  T.,  a  celebrated  Italian 
author  and  dramatist,  was  the  son  of 
Irish  parents,  and  probably  a  brother 
of  the  Cardinal  of  that  name,  was  born 
in  Venice  about  1640.  He  acquired 
distinction  as  an  elegant  writer  and  a 
popular  and  witty  dramatist.  He  died 
in  1/710. 

NORRIS  M.,  a  distinguished  lawyer 
and  politician  of  New  Hampshire,  was 
of  Irish  descent,  born  in  1799  and  grad- 
uated at  Darmouth  College  in  1828.  He 
was  shortly  afterwards  {ulmitted  to  the 
bar  and  practiced  with  great  success. 
Held  various  state  offices,  and  in  1844 
was  sent  to  Congress,  where  he  served 
two  terms.  In  1849,  was  elected  U.  S. 
Senator  from  that  state.  He  died  in 
Washington  towards  the  close  of  his 
term  Jsa.  11, 1865. 


NORRIS  PHILIP,  an  Irish  Catholio 
divine  and  writer,  was  a  doctor  of  the- 
olo^  at  Oxford,  and  afterwards  Dean 
of  the  Cathedral  of  Dublin.  He  was 
the  author  of  manv  works  and  took  the 
same  position  against  mendicant  frinrs 
as  did  Richard,  Archbishop  of  Armagh, 
the  extremeness  of  which  at  lenj^th 
brought  him  into  trouble.  He  died 
about  1415. 


NORTON,  HON.  CAROLINE  E. 

S.,  a  novelist  and  poetess  of  merit,  was 
the  daughter  of  R.  B,  Sheridan,  born 
in  1808.  Her  principal  works  are  the 
Sorrows  of  Rosalie  and  the  Undying 
One.  She  was  twice  married,  the  last 
time  to  Sir  W.  Sterling  Maxwell.  She 
died  in  1877. 


NUGENT,  GEN.  SIR  GEORGE, 
born  in  Ireland  June  10, 1757,  and  was 
a  son  of  Col.  Nugent,  and  grandson  of 
Viscount  Clare,  and  the  scion  of  an  an- 
cient Irish  family.  His  sister,  Mary 
Elizabeth,  was  Marchioness  of  Buck- 
ingham. He  entered  the  army  at  an 
early  age  and  greatly  distinguished  him- 
self on  the  continent  and  rose  to  be  a 
general  officer.  On  the  11th  of  Novem- 
ber. 1866.  he  was  created  a  baronet  for 
distinguished  military  services,  and 
was  made  a  Knight  Grand  Cross  of 
Bath.  ,He  was  also  Governor  of  St. 
Mawes,  and  held  other  important  posi- 
tions. 

NUGENT  GEN.  RICHARD,  a  dis- 
tinguished Irish  officer,  born  about 
1670.  He  fought  imder  Hamilton  in 
Ireland  against  the  adherents  of  Wil- 
liam of  Orange,  went  to  France  lifter 
the  treatv  of  Limerick,  and  was  Lieut. 
Col.  in  the  Lord  Grand  Prior's  Regmt. 
He  was  afterwards  colonel  of  what 
had  been  called  the  King's  regt.  of  cav- 
alry, but  then  known  as  Nugent's.  He 
participated  in  many  of  the  famous 
battles  of  the  day  and  acquired  an 
enviable  reputation  for  gallantry  and 
military  skill.  Especially  did  he  dis- 
tinguish himself  on  the  Rhine,  1703,  at 
Friedlingen  and  Spires,  at  which  latter 
battle  his  brilliant  and  desperate  caval- 
ry charge  secured  victory  for  the  French 
at  a  moment  when  defeat  seemed  ine- 
vitable. He  became  a  general  officer, 
and  was  held  in  high  repute  in  the 
French  army. 


O'BE 


lUlBU  0BLT8. 


O'ER 


■I'  )■'■ 


NUGENT,    ROBERT     CRAOGS, 

Earl  of,  a  poet  of  merit  and  member  of 
the  British  Parliament,  was  born  in 
Westmeath,  Ireland.  The  family  be- 
ing Catholic,  and  he  being  brought  up 
as  such,  was  ineligible  under  the  pcnnl 
laws  to  sit  as  a  member  of  parliament. 
The  temptntion  to  seek  glory  and  fame 
in  the  council  chambers  of  the  nation 
seems  to  have  been  too  strong  for  our 
subject,  and  he  was  weak  enough  to 
for.'-ake  his  religion  for  worldly  glory. 
He  was  relumed  to  parliament  as  mem- 
ber from  Bristol  three  times,  and  in 
1776  he  was  created  Earl  Nugent.  He 
was  author  of  a  volume  of  poems,  and 
other  works  of  some  merit. 


NUGENT  THOMAS,  LL.  D.,  a 
learned  and  voluminous  writer,  was  a 
native  of  Ireland,  and  after  completing 
his  ^education  traveled  extensively  on 
the  Continent.  He  afterwards  settled 
in  London  and  engaged  from  thence- 
forth in  an  active  literary  career,  pro- 
ducing numerous  works  of  great  merit 
and  reputation  ;  among  them  a  French 
and  English  Dictionaiy,  often  since  re- 
printed. Travels  in  Cfermanv,  2  vols. 
Observations  on  Italv  and  its  inhabi- 
tant*, 2  vols.  The  Tour  of  Europe,  4 
vols,  Henault's  History  of  France,  be- 
sides many  other  translations  and  es- 
says.   He  died  in  1772. 


O'BEIRNE  THOMAS  LEWIS,  a 
general  writer  of  ccnsiderable  talents, 
was  bom  in  Countv  Longford,  Ireland, 
and  being  intendea  by  his  parents  for 
the  priesthood,  was  sent  to  St.  Omer's 
to  be  educated.  He,  however,  lost 
his  vocation,  if  he  ever  had  one  aban- 
doned the  design,  and  came  to  London. 
Being  of  good  address,  witty  and  tal- 
ented, he  soon  attracted  attention,  and 
made  some  noble  and  influential  friends. 
L  e  was  offered  preferment  if  he  entered 
the  English  church.  He  did  so,  and 
was  appointed  chaplain  to  the  fleet  un- 
der Lord  Howe,  then  about  to  start 
for  America.  In  1782  he  accompanied 
the  Duke  of  Portland  to  Ireland  as  pri- 
vate secretary,  and  obtained  two  Eng- 
lish livings,  viz.,  Cumberland  and 
Northumberland.  He  was  afterwards 
made  a  bishop  of  the  church 
of  England,  first  of  Ossery  and 
tiien  of  Meath.  He  was  the  au- 
thor of  poliUcal  and  other  pamphlets. 


sermons,  etc.,  besides  the  comedy 
of  "The  Generous  Imposter"  and  a 
poem  "The  Crucifixion."  He  died  in 
182». 

O'BRIEN  MARSHAL  CHARLES, 
Lord  Clare  and  Earl  of  Tbomond,  a  dis- 
tinguished Irish  patriot  and  soldier,  who 
rose  to  positions  of  great  dignity  and 
trust  in  the  service  jf  France  under 
Louis  XIV.  He  was  born  in  France  in 
1710,  and  succeeded  his  distinguislied 
ancestors  in  the  command  of  the  C;lare 
regiment,  wliich  had  retained  its  iden- 
tity from  its  coming  to  France  after  the 
Treaty  of  Limerick,  having  been  con- 
stantly recruited  by  the  sons  of  Irish- 
men or  exiles  from  the  old  land.  He 
early  entered  the  "Brigade,"  and  par- 
ticipated in  many  glorious  victories,  be- 
coming at  length  Colonel  of  the"Cliire" 
regiment,  a  part  of  the  t  \mous  "Irish 
Brigade,"  which  had  for  so  .nany  years 
successfully  illustrated  the  charac- 
ter of  Iiish  valor,  and  so  often 
won  victory  and  added  lustre  to  the 
French  arms.  It  was  O'Brien  who  led 
the  famous  charge  of  the  Brigade  at 
Fonienoy,  where  they  snatched  victory 
from  the  bands  of  their  ancient  enemy 
and  gave  the  coup  de  grace  to  the  hopes 
and  efforts  of  British  dominion  on  the 
continent.  Our  distinguished  subject 
rose  to  be  a  marshal  of  France,  and  was- 
held  in  the  highest  esteem  till  his  death. 

O'BRIEN  GEN,   CHARLES,  Earl, 
of  Clare,  a  distinguished  Irish  patriot 
and  soldier,  was  born  about  1T60,  and 
took  up  arms  in  defence  of  that  imbe- 
cile and  fraud,  James  U.,  and  com- 
manded a  regiment  of  dragoons  at  the- 
battle  of  the  Boyne.    In  1691  he  went 
to  France  as  captain  in  James'  body- 
guard, and  soon  distinguished  himself 
in  the  ranks  of  the  Irish  Brigade.  After 
the   battle   of   Marseilli«,    where    he 
greatly  distinguished  himself,  he  was 
appointed   to   the    command   of   the 
Queen's  regiment  of  dragoons,  O'Car- 
roll,  the  Colonel,  having  been  killed. 
It  was  thence  forward  called  the  Clare 
regiment.     Our   subject   participated 
with  ever  increasing  fame  and  credit  in 
all  the  actions  of  tlte  Irish  Brigade  up- 
to  the  battle  of  RamiHi&s,  1706,  "x^here 
he  was  killed  while  leading  hif;  men 
with  his  usual  i.r.prituo8ity ;  ai  d    syas- 
succeeded  in  Viis  regiment  by  Mumigh 
O'Brien,  who  Jifxerwardfi  rose  to  distin- 
guished eminence  as  a  soldier. 


-  il 


m 


')■>'  ', 


ij'l' 


41. 


'U"-N'1 


O'ER 


XBIBH  OKSJtB 


O'BB 


O'BRIEN  COLONEL,  tt   talented 
•Canadian  pioneer  and  equally  distin- 

Siished  both  on  sea  and  land  in  the 
ritish  service,  was  the  son  of  an  Irish 
officer  and  bom  about  1800.  He  re- 
ceived hts  early  education  at  Cork, 
where  his  father  was  stationed,  and 
was  almost  constantly  on  the  water 
from  his  earliest  years.  Being  destined 
for  the  navy  he  passed  a  short  prepar- 
atory course  at  l*ly mouth,  and  when 
•<Milv  eleven  years  of  age  he  went  to  sea 
as  a  Middy  on  the  frigate  "Sybelle." 
He  afterwards  served  under  his  cousin 
in  the  frigate  "Doris,"  and  won  promo- 
tion by  skill  and  good  conduct.  After 
the  close  of  the  American  war  he  left 
•the  navy,  desiring  something  more  ac- 
tive, and  joined  the  army.  His  regi- 
ment being  ordered  to  the'West  Indies, 
he  there  lost  his  health  and  retired  on 
half  pay.  Change  of  climate  having 
restored  hinf,  he  entered  the  merchant 
service,  soon  acquired  high  reputation 
for  seamanship,  and  was  about  to  take 
^command  of  one  of  the  first  passenger 
ships  Jn  the  eastern  trade  when  he  was 
again  prostrated  by  sickness.  He  then 
determined  to  seek  health  and  fortune 
in  the  backwoods  of  Canada,  and  as 
soon  as  he  was  able  settled  with  his 
family  on  the  North  Shore  of  Lake  Sim- 
'Coe,  Canada.  Here  he  labored  for 
some  years,  and  was  honored  with  many 
offices  of  trust  by  his  fellow-citizens. 
He  afterwards  removed  to  Toronto  and 
became  editor  and  proprietor  of  the  Pat 
riot  and  also  the  Colonist.  He  took  an 
active  part  in  all  public  questions,  po- 
litical and  otherwise,  and  was  one  of 
the  original  designers  and  prospectors 
of  a  railroad  between  Toronto  and  Sar- 
nia,  and  also  organized  the  Provincial 
Insurance  Company.  He  was  also  an 
enthusiastic  lover  of  every  manly  sport, 
'especially  aquatic,  and  was  the  organ- 
izer of  the  first  Yacht  club  of  Toronto. 
He  died  in  1876. 

O'BRIUi.  CONCHUR  or  CON- 
CHOYAR,  a  munificent  and  pious 
prince.  King  of  Munster,  A.  D.  1140. 
This  prince,  who  cultivated  the  arts  of 
peace  and  insured  prosperity  to  his 
kingdom,  dispensed  with  a  princely 
hand.  He  not  only  built  and  endowed 
churches  and  institutions  of  learning  in 
his  own  province,  but  the  Chronicles  of 
Ratisbon,  by  Oratianus  Lucius,  c.  20, 
p.  163,  say  that  "Isaac  and  Qervasius 
(Irish  missionaries),  who  wore  descend- 


ed from  noble  parents,  being  endowed 
with  piety,  learning  and  eloquence, 
were  joined  by  two  others  of  Irish  de- 
scent, Conradus  Carpentarius  and  6ul- 
ielmus,  were  sent  by  Dennis,  Abbot  of 
the  monastery  of  St.  Benedict,  estab- 
lished by  the  Scoto-Milesians  (Irish)  at 
Reeensbur/jh  (Ratifibon),  to  Ireland  to 
solicit  aid  for  their  work,  and  who  paid 
their  respects  to  Conchur  O'Brien,  %nd 
explained  to  him  their  wants.  He  re- 
ceived them  hospitably,  and  sent  them 
back  to  Germany  laden  with  gold,  sil- 
ver and  precious  gifts,  which  were  so 
ample  that  the  abbot  entirely  rebuilt 
his  monastery,  which  was  going  to  de- 
cay, besides  a  magnificent  church  in 
the  city  and  costly  veasels  for  the  divine 
service.  This  prince  also  sent  a  large 
sum  to  Lothair,  King  of  the  Romans 
and  Emperor,  to  aid  the  expedition  to 
the  Holy  Land.  He  went  on  a  pilgrim 
age  to  Kildare,  where  he  died  in  1142. 

O'BRIEN  DANIEL,  Earl  of  Lis- 
more  and  Knight  of  St.  Louis,  a  gal- 
lant Irish  officer  and  son  of  the  mar- 
shal of  that  name  under  whom  he 
learned  the  art  of  war  in  France.  He 
was  made  a  peer  of  Ireland  as  Earl  of 
Lismore  in  1747,  and  in  1750  was  dec- 
orated with  the  crand  cross  of  the  Roy- 
al and  Military  Order  of  St.  Louis.  He 
died  at  Rome  in  1769. 

O'BRIEN  DANIEL,  Earl  of  Clare, 
a  gallant  Irish  soldier  and  commander 
of  the  regiment  of  Clare,  distinguished 
in  French  arms.  He  took  up  arms  in 
Ireland  in  support  of  the  imbecile 
James  II,  and  in  1690  was  sent  to 
France  with  his  regiment  in  tlie  brig- 
ade of  Mountcashel.  He  served  with 
distinction  in  Savoy  under  Marshal 
Catinat,  and  received  the  credit,  in 
common  with  his  Irish  compatriots,  of 
contributing  greatly  to  the  rt-duction  of 
that  province,  and  especially  distin- 
guished himself  at  the  battle  of  Mar- 
seilles, Nov.  4,  1693.  He  died  shortly 
aftetwards  at  Pignerul,  greatly  la- 
mented by  his  compatriots. 

O'BRIEN  DiTRMOD,  or  DERiSIIT- 
lUS,  King  of  Leinater  and  Monarch  of 
Ireland.  He  was  son-in-law  of  Don- 
ough  O'Brien,  but  denounced  his  con- 
duct toward  liis  baother  Thadeuu,  and 
look  the  son  ef  the  latter  under  his  pro- 
tection. He  defeated  Donough  and 
his  supporters  in  Munster  in  several 


O'BR 


nUSH  CKLT8. 


O'BR 


.V  ■' 


m 


battles,  and  secured  his  dethronement, 
placing  Turlough,  son  of  Thadeus,  on 
the  throne.  He  also  crushed  the  last 
effort  of  the  Danes  of  Dublin  and  be- 
came their  king,  and  compelled  O'Con 
nor,  King  of  Connaught,  to  do  him 
homaire.  He  was,  however,  killed  Feb, 
7,  lO'/S,  in  a  battle  with  the  king  of 
Meath.  He  was  a  disinterested  and 
i^unerous  prince,  with  qualities  every 
way  worthy  of  a  king. 

O'BRIEN,  DONNOUOH  (Denis), 
son  of  Brian  the  Great,  King  of  Munster 
and  Monarch  of  Ireland.  He  took  com- 
mand of  the  National  forces  after  the 
battle  of  Clontarf,  and  after  thanking 
the  Connaught  troops  for  their  valor- 
ous assistance,  dismissed  them.  He 
then  marched  towards  Cashel  with  his 
Munster  forces.  On  the  way  a  diffi- 
culty arose  as  to  the  succession  to  the. 
crown  of  Munster,  as  according  to  the 
ancient  constitution  of  the  province,  it 
alternated  between  two  branches  of  the 
family  of  OilioU  Olum.  Dojnough, 
however,  was  unwilling  to  forego 
rights  which  his  father  and  uncle  had 
asserted,  and  a  battle  became  inmiinent. 
Donnough  drew  up  the  domestic  forces 
of  his  family,  the  sept  of  the  Dall-Caiss, 
to  assert  his  authority,  when  the 
wounded,  who  were  being  sent  to  the 
rear,  protested,  and  asked  that  they 
might  be  staked  up  in  the  line  of  battle 
with  swords  in  their  hands  to  defend 
the  riglits  of  their  house.  The  rebel 
forces  were  won  by  admiration  of  so 
desperate  a  resolve,  and  renouncing 
their  cliiims,  Donnough  was  proclaimed 
King  of  Munster.  He  also  claimed  su- 
preme authority  as  Monarch,  but  was 
not  recognized  by  the  entire  kingdom. 
Having  been  suspected  as  accessory  to 
the  death  of  his  elder  brother  Thadeus, 
he  was  dethroned  by  an  assembly  of  the 
Nobles  of  the  Kingdom,  and  reuuced  to 
the  rank  of  a  private  individual.  He 
then  made  a  pilgrimage  to  Rome,  and 
ended  liis  days  in  St.  Stephen's  monas- 
tery at  an  advanced  age,  after,  hav- 
ing, it  is  said,  preseuteu  the  crown  of 
Ireland  to  the  rope. 

O'BRIEN  FITZ-JAMES,  a  brlllinnt 
American  journalist,  poet  and  miscel- 
laneous writer,  was  born  in  Ireland  in 
1829,  came  lo  the  United  States  iu  1850, 
and  soon  became  a  popular  contributor 
to  the  best  literature  of  the  day.  He 
was  the  author  of  some  exquisite  little 


poems  and  brilliant  sketches  in  the- 
Atlantic  Monthly,  Harper's  Weekly, 
and  other  journals.  He  volunteereci  at 
the  breaking  out  of  the  great  Rebel- 
lion, and  was  attached  to  Gen.  Lan- 
ders' staff,  when  he  was  fatally  wo\md- 
ed  in  "West  Virginia,  dying  of  lockjaw 
April  6,  1863. 

O'BRIEN  ADMIRAL  JAMES,  a* 
distinguished  naval  officer  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Britain,  was  born  in  Ireland  in 
1770,  served  with  distinction  in  the  Na- 
poleonic wars  and  rose  to  be  rear  ad- 
miral of  the  Blue. 

O'BRIEN  CAPT.    JEREMIAH,   a* 
brave  and  distinguished  patriot  of  the 
American  revolution,  was  born  at  Cork, 
Ireland,  in  1740,  and  emigrated  with 
his  father  and  family  to  the  Iribli  settle- 
ments of  Maine.     lie  was  the  eldest,  of ' 
seven  brothers,  all  of  whom,  with  their 
aged  father  Maurice,  entered  ardently 
into  the  defence  of  colonial  rights.    To- 
them  alone  belongs  the  distinguished 
honor  of  making  the  first  naval  capture 
of  the  war,  and  under  circumstances 
that  ordinarily  would  seem  impossible. 
It  was  the  capture  of  the  British  armed 
schooner  Margaretta  in  Machias  Bay, 
she  having  been  sent  there  to  overawe 
the  settlements.     This  brave  family, 
under  the  leadership  «f  their  brother, 
determined  to  capture  this  vessel,  and 
securing  an  old  cannon  which  was  pos- 
sessed by  the  village,  they  planted  it  on 
a  flat  boat  secured  for  the  purpose. 
With  such  formidable  preparations,  one 
gun  mounted  on  this  raft  flotilla,  but 
taking  every  precaution  which    their 
limited  means  could  supply,  and   the- 
necessities  of  the  situation  demanded, 
this  band  of  heroes,  supported  by  their 
brave  neighbors,  pushed  out  to  the  at- 
tack of  this  vessel  of  war,  which  car- 
ried an  armament  of    10  guns,    and 
whose  officers   and  crew  viewed  the 
preparations  with  laughter   and  con- 
tempt.   They,  however,  quickly  had  to 
change  their  minds,  for,   through  the 
skill  and  bravery  of  its  leader  inlioard- 
ing  the  enemy,  this  crude  armament 
succeeded  after  a  short  and  sharp  strug- 
gle iu  compelling  him  to  strike  his  col- 
ors.    O'Brien  afterwards  commanded 
a  privateer  and  made  a  number  of  cap- 
tures during  the  war,  but  was  at  lengths 
captun!d  and  kept  prisoner  in  England 
for  a  year.     Some  of  tlie  descendants  of 
this  brave  family  still  inhabit  the  hardy^ 


f 


O'BR 


HUBH  CBLTB 


O'BR 


North,  or  are  scattered  throughout  the 
'Oreat  Republic  whose  independence 
■was  secured  by  the  valor  of  their  Irish 
ancestors;  but  the  name  itself  has  lost 
in  most  cases  its  distinguishing  Irish 
mark  of  "O" — reads  Brian  or  Bryant. 
Our  hero  d  )d  in  1818. 

O'BRIEN  JEREMIAH,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  at  Macliias,  Me., 
in  1768,  and  was  a  man  of  sterling  char- 
acter and  sound  judgment.  He  was  a 
successful  merchant  and  very  popular 
politically.  He  served  his  fellow-citi- 
zens in  the  legislature  of  Maine  and  af- 
terwards in  Congress  from  1823  to  1881. 
He  died  iu  Boston  at  the  age  of  90 
years. 

O'BRIEN  LUCIUS,  a  talented  Can- 
adian artist,  was  the  son  of  Col.  O'Brien, 
andeariy  developed  a  love  and  aptitude 
for  art.  His  pamtings,  both  in  oil  and 
water  colors,  are  highly  prized,  and 
have  placed  his  name  amongst  the  first 
of  Canadian  artists. 

O'BRIEN  DR,  LUCIUS,  a  talented 
Canadian  physiciau  and  editor,  was 
a  brother  of  the  Culonel,  and  born  in 
Ireland  in  1795 ;  after  completing  his 
education  he  studied  medicine.  He 
Also  entered  tbe  army,  and  was  an  ac- 
tive surgeon  during  the  rebellion  in 
Jamaica  in  1831.  Soon  after  he  re- 
signed and  settled  in  Canada  near  Tor- 
onto, where  he  soon  acquired  a  large 
practice.  He  also  entered  politics,  and 
with  his  brother  edited  the  Patriot 
for  some  years.  In  the  rebellion  of  1837 
he  was  appointed  chief  military  sur- 
geon and  removed  to  Toronto.  He 
was  appointed  to  the  chair  of  Medical 
jurisprudence  in  King's  College  in  1845 
and  held  it  to  '53.    He  died  in  1870. 

O'BRIEN  MORIETACH,  King  of 
Munster  and  Monarch  of  Ireland,  suc- 
ceeded bis  father  Turlough  A.  D.  1089. 
He  is  styled  by  St.  Anselm,  Arcbbfshop 
of  Canterbury;  "the  glorious  King  of 
Ireland,"  and  he  extols  bim  higlily  for 
his  love  of  iustic?,  peace  ana  kingly 

aualities.  His  authority  extended  to 
le  Hebrides  and  Isle  of  Man,  and  one 
of  bis  family  was  sent  to  rule  thorn  dur- 
ing the  minority  of  Olanus,  sou  of  God- 
red,  according"  to  Camden.  He  was 
solemtdy  crowned  at  Tarn,  and  after- 
wards at  an  assembly  of  lords  and 
bishops  at  Cashel,  the  usual  residence 


of  the  kin^;^  of  Munster,  he  gave  the 
city  and  property  pertaining  to  tbe 
crown  as  a  present  to  the  arcbepiscopnl 
see.  He  ulso,  with  consent  of  Pope 
Paschal  H,  assembled  a  national  coun- 
cil of  the  clergy,  at  whicli  fifty  bishops, 
three  hundred  priests,  and  three  thous- 
and inferior  clergy  were  present,  be- 
sides tbe  Monarch  and  several  of  the 
cliief  lords  of  the  kingdom.  Gilbert, 
Bishop  of  Limerick,  presided  as  apos- 
tolic legate  A.  D.  1110.  This  counsel, 
among  many  other  things,  reduced  the 
number  of  dioceses  to  26(3  archbishops 
and  24  bishops),  defining  tbe  boundary 
and  limiting  the  jurisdiction  therein. 
During  the  prince's  reign  the  Danes  of 
Dublin  proclaimed  Godfrid  king.  The 
Monarcli  crushed  them  in  three  battles, 
and  having  driven  Godfrid  from  the 
country,  had  his  own  authority  re-estab- 
lislied.  Magnus,  King  of  Norway,  hav- 
ing received  a  proper  rebuff  through 
his  ambassadors  for  some  insolence, 
set  out  to  conquer  Ireland.  Arriving  in 
the  north  he  commenced  hostilities, 
but  a  quick  stop  was  put  to  liis  designs. 
He  was  almost  immediately  surrounded 
by  the  national  forces  and  he  himself 
and  all  the  troops  which  had  landed 
were  put  to  the  sword,and  those  on  board 
the  fleet  returned  to  Norway  with  tlie 
unhappy  news.  According  to  Mai  mes- 
bury,  a  cotemporary  writer,  a  strong 
friendship  existed  between  tills  prince 
and  Henry  I  of  England,  and  one  of  his 
daughters  was  married  to  Arnulph  de 
Montgomery,  eldest  son  of  the  Earl  of 
Arundel.  This  pious  prince  at  length 
resigned  his  crown  and  withdrew  to  a 
monastery  where  he  took  minor  orders 
and  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life  in 
preparations  for  eternity.  He  died 
March  6,  1120 ;  and  was  the  last  King 
or  Monarch  of  Irelatid  of  his  race. 


O'BRIEN  MURROUGH,  Earl  of 
Inchiquin,  a  soldier  of  renown,  was 
born  in  Ireland  about  1600.  He  first 
served  under  the  republican  baunors, 
but  finding  tlicm  more  abitraiy  and 
tyrannical  in  their  treatment  of  Ireland 
than  even  the  "tyrant,"  he  espoused  the 
royal  cause  and  became  an  exile  until 
the  restoration.  lie  was  not  however 
idle  in  the  meantime.  He  joined  the 
French  army  and  rose  to  the  rank  of 
Lieutenant  General,  and  having  aided 
materially  in  tbe  conquest  of  Catalonia, 
he  was  appointed  viceroy  of  that  piov- 


CBR 


naSH  CBLTB. 


O'BB 


ince  in  1654.  His  wife  was  a  daughter 
of  Sir  William  St.  Leger,  President  of 
MunsttT.  lie  returned  to  Ireland  after 
the  restoration  and  died  in  1674. 

O'BRIEN  MURROUGH,  a  cele- 
brated officer  who  rose  by  his  com- 
manding ability  to  be  a  Marshal  of 
France.  He  was  not  of  the  same 
hranch  of  the  O'Brien  family  as  the 
Earl  of  Clare,  but  belonged  to  the  no- 
ble house  of  Carrigogoiniol.  He  was 
born  about  1665,  and  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  Ireland  against  the  adherents 
of  William  of  Orange.  He  served  first 
in  France  in  Hamilton's  regiment,  and 
afterwards  with  Greder,  a  German. 
On  the  death  of  Col.  Daniel  O'Brien, 
Earl  of  Clare,  he  was  offered  the  ma- 
jorship  of  the  Clare  regiment  by  do  Lee 
who  succeeded  asColonel.  On  the  death 
of  (Jol.  Charles  O'Brien,  who  fell  at  the 
battle  of  Rami  ies,  Murrough,  who 
was  lieutenant  colonel,  and  who  greatly 
distinguished  himself  on  the  occasion 
by  the  capture  of  two  stands  of  colors, 
succeeded  as  colonel.  He  afterwards 
greatly  distinguished  himself  by  his 
tskill,  daring  and  address  at  Pallue  in 
which  action  he  foiled  the  enemj',  and 
saved  Cambray,for  which  he  was  made 
a  VIM  Marshal  of  France.  He  re- 
tained the  colonelcy  of  his  regiment, 
which  was  called  O'Brien's  till  his 
death  in  1720.  This  practice  of  a  gen- 
eral officer  being  still  retained  as  colo- 
nel of  a  favorite  regiment  being  then 
common  in  Franco  us  it  is  still  in  Eng- 
land. Thomond  says  of  him  that  he 
did  not  receive  that  recognition  which 
his  commanding  talent  entitled  him  to. 
Nor  is  this  strange;  for  it  would  be 
impossible  if  some  little  jealousy  did 
not  exist  toward  the  promotion  of 
strangers  to  the  most  important  posi- 
tions m  the  army  of  ^  great  nation. 

O'BRIEN  RICHARD,  a  patriot  of 
the  American  revolution  and  a  success- 
ful and  gallant  naval  officer,  was  born 
of  Irish  parents  about  llOO,  probably 
in  Pennsylvania,  and  went  to  sea  at  a 
very  early  age.  During  the  revolution 
he  became  a  successfijl  privateer  and 
afterwards  distinguished  himself  as  a 
naval  officer  in  the  regular  service. 
Having  fallen  into  the  hands  of  the 
Algerian  pirates  he  was  kept  as  a  slave 
for  some  time.  After  his  release  he 
was  appointed  Consul  General  to  tlie 
Barbary  States.     On  his  reiurn  to  the 


United  States,  he  settled  in  Pennsyl- 
vania and  was  for  sompi  ysars  a  member 
of  the  Legislature  for  that  State.  He 
died  in  1824. 

O'BRIEN  ADMIRAL  ROBERT, 
a  distingni'<hed  British  naval  officer, 
was  a  native  of  Ireland,  and  entered 
the  navy  at  an  early  age.  He  distin- 
guished himself  during  the  Napoleonic 
wars  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  captain. 
He  afterwards  served  in  the  East  in 
command  of  the  frigate  "Doris,"  which 
became  under  his  command  one  of  the 
crack  vessels  of  the  British  navy.  IIo 
at  length  rose  to  the  rank  of  Admiral, 
and  on  retiring  from  active  service  he 
settled  in  Canada,  where  his  cousin. 
Col.  O'Brien,  who  had  served  imder 
him  in  the  "Doris,"  had  previously  set- 
tled. He  died  there  a  few  j  ears  since 
full  of  years  and  honors. 

O'BRIEN  THEODORE  or  TER- 
DELACH,  King  of  Thomond,  a  val- 
iant and  warlike  prince  in  the  time  of 
Henry  VIII.  In  company  with  James 
Fitzgerald  Earl  of  Desmond,  he  en- 
tered into  a  treaty  with  Francis  I,  b}' 
which  Francis  boimd  himself  to  enter 
into  no  treaty  with  Henry  VIII  with- 
out including  his  Irish  allies.  He, 
however,  failed  in  his  promises. 
O'Brien  was  a  life  long  opposer  of  Eng- 
lish usurpation  in  Ireland,  "nd  fought 
the  enemy  with  varying  success.  Ho 
died  about  1530,  greatly  regretted  by 
his  countrymen. 

O'BRIEN  TURLOUGH,  King  of 
Munster  and  Monarch  of  Ireland,  sue 
ceeded  his  uncle  Donnough  as  Iving  of 
Munster,  and  his  uncle  Dermod,  I^ing 
of  Leinster,  as  Monarch.  He  was 
grandson  of  Brien  Boru  and  proved 
himself  worthy  of  his  illustrious  an- 
cestors. Lafrancus,  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  bears  testimony  to  his 
great  and  kingly  qualities.  He  was 
afflicted  during  tlie  latter  years  of  his 
life  by  a  lingering  illness  which  he  boro 
with  truly  Christian  patience.  He  died 
ut  Kincora  in  the  seventy  seventh  year 
of  his  age  and  the  14lh  of  his  reign  A. 
D.  1080. 

O'BRIEN  WM.  SMITH,  a  promi- 
nent Irish  patriot  and  legislator,  was 
born  in  County  Clare,  Ireland,  Oct.  17, 
1808,  and  was  educated  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,    He  first  euleied  pur- 


O'ER 


iBuu  osvn 


O'ER 


lament  for  Ennis  1826,  and  was  not  at 
that  time  noted  for  liberal  or  national 
principles.  He,  however,  soon  became 
a  pronounced  liberal  and  supporter  of 
Catholic  emancipation,  and  afterwards 
of  the  "Repeal  movement.  In  1846 
he  was  confined  for  refusing  to  serve 
on  a  committee  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, and  eventually  became  identified 
with  the  Young  Ireland  party,  going  to 
Paris  in  1848  as  a  representative  of  the 
"Irish  Confederation"  to  seek  aid  from 
the  French  Republic.  He  was  promi- 
nent in  seeking  to  call  a  National  Con- 
vention and  was  arrested  for  sedition, 
but  acquitted,  and  shortly  afterwards 
attempted  to  organize  a  rising  in  Mul- 
linahone,  July  1^,  but  had  to  fly.  He 
was  captured  and  tried  for  high  treason 
with  Meaeher  and  McManus,  and  sen- 
tenced to  \>e  hanged,  drawn,  etc.,  which 
was  commuted  to  transportation  for 
life.  He  was  pardoned  in  1856  and  vis- 
ited the  United  States  in  1859.  He 
died  on  June  17,  1864. 

O'BRIEN  WM.  S.,  of  the  firm  of 
Flood  &  O'Brien,  and  one  of  the  so- 
called  Bonanza  princes,  was  born  in 
Ireland  in  1825,  and  came  to  the  Uni 
ted  States  with  bis  parents  when  a  boy. 
'  He  went  to  California  in  '49,  and  for  a 
while  tried  his  chances  in  the  mines. 
In  '61  he  went  into  the  liquor  business 
in  San  Francisco,  and  then  into  ship 
chandlery.  Ic,  '54,  in  company  with 
Flood,  he  engaged  in  the  rest'^urant 
business  and  continued  in  that  for  twel  ve 

J  rears,  but  in  the  meantime  they  speM 
ated  in  mines,  both  havin-  had  prac;; 
cal  experience.  In  1867"they  i^i  acl 
the  great  partnership  with  Fair  and 
Mackey  in  the  Nevada  mines,  which 
developed  such  enormous  results  and 
made  the  firm  a  power  on  the  Pacific 
slope.  O'Brien  died  at  San  Rafael, 
Cal.,  May  2,  1878,  worth  from  16  to 
$20,000,000.  He  was  a  man  of  consid- 
eral)le  cultivation,  great  business  tact 
and  pleasing  address. 

O'BRIEN  TERENCE  ALBERT, 
O.  P.,  Bishop  of  Emly,  a  famous  Irish 
confessor  and  martyr,  was  born  in  Lini- 
srick  i;bout  1610,  and  was  a  scion  of  the 
kingi .'  house  of  Jlunster.  His  uncle 
Maurice  was  prior  of  the  Dominican 
lif  <  .nastery  at  Limerick  and  tliero  our 
i V  're  Cdfessor  received  a  part  of  his 
&  '.i\:  atioL  The  continual  warfare  and 
jtvjiaiiicutiou  whicb   had  harassed  the 


Island  for  so  many  years,  devastated 
and  destroyed  one  by  one  the  great 
schools  (Monasteries),  which  for  ages 
distinguished  Ireland  above  all  the  na- 
tions of  the  earth,  and  our  young  stud- 
ent was  compelled  to  go  to  a  house  of 
his  order  in  Toledo,  Spain,  in  his  fif- 
teenth year,  where  he  finished  his  edu- 
cation and  was  ordained  priest.  After 
eight  years  absence  he  returned  to  his 
native  city  and  busied  himself  in  dispen- 
sing the  consolations  of  his  priestly  of- 
fice to  an  afflicted  people.  In  1643  he 
was  elected  provincial  of  his  cder,  at  a 
chapter  of  his  order  (Dominican)  held 
in  the  "Black  Abbey,"  Kilkenny,  wliich 
the  piinces  of  the  Confederation  had  at 
that  time  again  secured  to  the  rightful 
owners.  He  also  about  this  time  attend- 
ed a  chapter  of  his  order  in  Re  t.ie.  la 
1647  he  was  elevated  to  the  See  of  Em- 
ly, which  he  foimdin  a  lamentable  cou- 
dition,  after  the  ravages  of  the  infamous 
Earl  of  Inchiquin,  who,  although  of 
the  same  celebrated  family  as  our  heroic- 
bishop,  out  did  if  possible,  tl  :;  Crom- 
wellians,  his  confreres,  in  aC:  of  bar- 
barity and  cruelty.  Dr.  O  Br  jeu  became 
a  member  of  the  CHtholicConfadenUiou 
and  supported  the  Nunc; ;  in  his  con- 
demnation and  excommunication  of  the 
general  devastators.  In  1%{)  he  was 
compelled  for  a  while  to  r  i  e  to  Gal- 
way,  but  he  reti,\'ricd  ji'  ■  .efore  ?he 
siege  of  Limerick  u  l(15i,  aul  mitiia- 
tered  in  that  unfoitunalc  >  ity,  wiiich 
fnmine,  the  treacuery  of  Col.  Fennell 
;  \  the  plague,  at  length  after  a  heroic 
n  nI.' tance,  compelled  a  surrender.  The 
ixrtj'  as  of  surrender  exempted  twenty- 
four  persons  from  quarter,  among  whom 
was  our  Confessor,  but  the  conditions 
were  brutally  violated  and  an  indiscrimr 
inate  slaughter  and  butchery  took  place, 
which  included  men,  women  and  chil- 
dren, and  which  out-rivnlled  the  most 
wantor)  excesses  of  the  most  unchris- 
tianizcd  savages  of  America.  Irelon, 
the  worthy  lieutenant  of  his  master 
Cromwell,  had  our  saintly  prelaie 
brought  before  him,  and  first  tried  to 
induce  him  to  abandon  his  faith,  using 
tiireats  and  bribes,  but  finding  him  in- 
flexible, he  ordered  him  thrust  into  pri- 
son, condemned  by  a  court  martial 
and  half  naked,  taken  from  his  prison  ta 
the  place  of  execution,  where  iie  was 
strangled,  his  body  then  riddled  with 
bullets  and  his  head  hacked  olf.  At 
his  mo';k  trial  he  upraided  Irelon  with 
hid  huartleuB  cruelly  and  violaiion  of 


11- 


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irl- 
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'tis 
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OBU 


soldierly  faith,  and  told  Iiim  to  prepare 
for  death,  for  that  in  a  few  days  he 
would  follow  his  victims  and  be  tried 
himself  before  a  terrible  and  a  just  trib- 
unal. It  so  happened,  for  ten  days  af- 
terwards this  wretched  and  heartless 
butcher  was  seized  with  the  plague 
and  grew  rapidly  worse.  In  his  deliri 
um,  says  "Sir  Philip  Warwick,"  who 
was  present,  he  shouted  repeatedly, 
" Blood  1  Blood!  I  must  have  more 
blood  I"  while  again  and  again  in  wild 
tursts  of  frenzv  he  claimed  to  be  inno- 
cent of  the  Bishop's  death,  saying,  "he 
had  no  hand  in  it,  it  was  the  work  of 
the  court  martial";  and  after  eight  davs 
of  this  frightful  terror  and  remorse,  he 
died.  The  venerable  Martyr  and  Con- 
fessor suffered  on  the  eve  oi  All  Saints, 
16S1. 

O'BRIEN  GENERAL,  one  of  the 
ablest  of  the  South  American  patriots, 
was  bom  in  Ireland  and  emigrated  to 
South  America  prior  to  the  revolutions 
iu  the  Spanish  American  states.  He 
served  first  with  San  Martin  in  the  Ar- 

gentine  Republic,  where  he  established 
is  reputation  for  military  skill  and 
daring.  On  the  defeat  of  the  Chilians 
in  1814,  and  the  retreat  of  O'Higgins 
into  the  Argentine  Confederacy, 
O'Brien  joined  the  expedition  destined 
to  secure  the  independence  of  Chili  and 
Peru.  He  distinguished  himself  at 
Chicabuco  February,  1817,  after  the 
crossing  of  the  Andes,  and  hi  the  sub- 
sequent engagements ;  but  it  was  at  the 
battle  of  Imiypu,  April  6th,  that  he  cov- 
ered himself  with  glory  in  snatching 
victi^ry  from  the  hands  of  the  Spaniards 
by  his  decision,  quickness  and  valor, 
and  turning  what  might  have  proved  a 
crushing  defeat  into  a  glorious  victoiy. 
On  the  I8th  of  the  preceding  March  the 
Spaniards  surprised  the  Patriots  in  their 
camp  at  Canchayarada,  while  they 
were  celebrating  San  Martin  s  birthday, 
and  almost  overwhelmed  them  with 
destruction,  O'Higgins  having  been 
severely  wounded.  The  Spaniards 
were  pushing  on  to  the  capital,  Santi- 
ago, flushed  with  victory,  wben  San 
Martin  met  them  at  Maypu,  where  a 
desperate  battle  took  place.  In  spite 
of  all  of  San  Martin's  efforts,  after  a 
struggle  which  had  continued  nearly 
the  entire  day,  his  center  and  left  wiiig 
were  giving  way  with  the  prospects  of 
a  total  rout,  when  O'Brien,  who  com- 
manded a  regiment  of  Hoitie  Grena- 


diers on  the  right,  seeing  the  regiment 
of  Burgos  changing  its  Tine  to  K>rm  a 
new  front,  quickly  precipitated  himself 
upon  them  with  desperate  valor,  and 
reaching  them  before  they  were  able  to 
form  anew,  shattered  them  to  pieces 
and  drove  the  left  wing  of  the  enemy 
into  confusion.  The  Spanish  center, ' 
finding  itself  exposed  and  flanked, 
was  immediately  seized  with  a  panic, 
and  soon  the  whole  army  was  in  a 
headlong  rout.  The  Spaniards  never 
recovered  from  the  disaster,  and  from 
that  day  forth  they  acted  only  on  the 
defensive.  O'Brien  was  made  a  gen- 
eral and  continued  to  bear  a  conspicu- 
ous part  in  the  struggle  until  Spanish 
authority  sank  to  rise  no  more  on  the 
Pacific  coast.  O'Brien  married  in 
Chili,  and  his  descendants  are  to-day 
highly  honored  and  prominent  in  the 
land  whose  liberties  he  bore  so  conspic- 
uous a  part  in  securing. 

O'BRIEN  REV.  JOHN  A.,  an  able 
American  Catholic  divine  and  scholar, 
was  bom  in  Tipperary,  Ireland  July 
27, 1841.  He  received  a  good  funda- 
mental education  in  Clonmel,  Ireland, 
taught  for  some  time  in  his  native 
countnr,  and  afterwards  was  a  profes- 
sor at  Liverpool.  He  came  to  the  Uni- 
ted States  in  1863.  In  1865  he  entered 
the  seminary  of  Mt.  St.  Mary's,  Md., 
and  subsequently  taught  at  St.  Charles' 
Seminary,  Pa.  In  1873  he  was  ordained 
priest  at  the  seminary  in  Germantown 
Pa.,  and  immediately  after  was  offered 
a  position  in  the  faculty  of  Mt.  St. 
Mary's.  The  next  year  he  was  ap- 
pointed rector,  which  position  he  held 
till  '77,  when  his  health  failed  and  he 
visited  Ireland.  On  his  return  he  was 
appointed  professor  of  Ecclesiastical 
History  and  Sacred  Liturgy,  which 
position  he  held  till  his  death  which 
took  place  Dec.  6,  1879.  He  is  the  au- 
thor of  a  valuable  and  able  work  "The 
History  of  the  Mass,"  which  has  re- 
ceived the  highest  encomiums  and  has 
already  gone  through  many  English 
editions  and  been  translated  into  the 
different  continental  languages. 

OBU  GEY,  DAVID,  a  celebrated 
Irish  divine  and  philosopher,  who  flour- 
ished in  the  14th  century,  was  a  member 
of  the  Carmelite  order,  and  was  a  pro- 
fessor at  Oxford,  and  afterwards  at 
Treves.  He  returned  to  Ireland  as  pro- 
vincial of  his  order.    He  was  considered 


i'l 


O'CA 


XBJSR  CELTS. 


O'CA 


S!     I 


IK 


a  great  philosopher,  an  eloquent  orator, 
a  profound  theolo^an  and  one  of  the 
most  learned  men  of  his  time  in  the  civil 
law.  He  wrote  extensively  on  law, 
theology  and  philosophy.  He  died  at 
an  advanced  age  at  his  convent  in  Eil- 
dare,  where  he  was  buried. 

O'CALLAGHAN  CORNELIUS,  an 
eminent  lawyer  and  member  of  the  Irish 
parliament  for  Fethard,  was  bom  in 
Tipperary  about  1680  and  died  about 
1740.  From  him  is  descended  the  pres- 
ent Viscount  Lismore. 

O'CALLAGHAN,  DR.  E.  B..LL.D., 

an  author  of  merit,  and  better  known  as 
the  historian  of  the  state  of  New  York, 
was  bom  at  Mallow,  County  Cork,  Ire- 
land, Feb.  29,  1797.  He  received  a  lib- 
eral education,  and  having  chosen  med- 
icine for  his  profession,  he  went  to  Paris 
to  finish  bis  studies  there,  and  was  pres- 
ent when  the  Allies  entered  Paris  in 
1815.  In  1823  became  to  America  and 
settled  in  Quebec,  where  he  engaged  in 
the  practice  of  his  profession.  After 
some  time  he  removed  to  Montreal, 
where  he  became  prominent  in  politics 
and  entered  joumalism  as  the  editor  and 
proprietor  of  a  new  paper  called  the 
"Vindicator."  He  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the'  Assembly  and  advocated  the 
policy  of  the  "Canadien  Patriots,"  .  On 
V.•^  defeat  of  that  party,  Dr.  O'Callag- 
h<  a  had  to  flee  the  county,  his  office 
was  sacked,  type  and  presses  destroyed, 
and  a  reward  offered  by  the  Govern- 
ment for  his  arrest  for  hieh  treason. 
Dr.  O'Callaghan  next  settled  at  Albany, 
and  engaged  again  in  the  practice  of  his 
profession.  Etere,  during  the  anti-rent 
troubles  he  investigated  the  rights  of  the 
Patroons,  and  to  do  so  properlv  had  to 
acquire  a  knowledge  of  Dutch.  Thus 
armed  he  examined  the  early  records  of 
the  Dutch  in  the  State  Department  and 
others  in  tlie  keeping  of  $iome  of  the  old 
Dutch  families,  and  was  astonished  at 
the  amount  of  informati'^n  they  con- 
rained  of  the  early  history  of  New  Neth- 
erlands, which  was  a  dead  letter  to  the 
English  reader.  He  therefore  deter- 
mined to  put  it  into  a  systematized  Eng- 
lish form,  and  produced  his  History  of 
New  Netherlands  in  two  octavo  vol- 
umes. His  work  placed  the  early  Dutch 
in  a  new  light.  He  swept  away  the 
Knickerbocker  which  English  traditions 
had  made  historical,  and  did  what  the 
descendants  of  those  settlers  failed  to  do 


for  themselves,  showed  that  the  phleg- 
matic Dutchman  of  the  past  was  hut  a 
creature  of  Puritan  imagination,  and 
that  the  Dutch  settlers  of  New  York 
were  as  industrious,  enterprising  and  re- 
ligious as  their  neighbors,  and  establish- 
ed as  popular  a  form  of  government,  and 
as  gooa  schools  for  the  education  of 
their  children,  without  cant,  hypocrisy 
or  slandering  the  good  name  of  others. 
This  work  brought  the   Doctor  into 

gromincnt  notice,  and  he  was  emploved 
y  the  state  to  edit  its  documentary  his- 
tory, which  he  did  in  eleven  quarto 
volumes.  In  1870  he  took  up  his  resi- 
dence in  New  York  city,  having  been 
solicited  by  the  authorities  to  edit  the 
earlv  records  of  the  city.  The  troubles 
of  the  Ring  corruptions  put  a  stop  to 
the  work,  and  it  was  not  resumed  up 
to  the  time  of  his  death,  which  took 
place  in  May,  1880.  Dr.  O'Callaghan 
produced  many  other  valuable  works, 
and  was  engaged  at  the  time  of  his 
death  on  Biographies  of  Early  Ameri- 
can Physicians  of  Eminence. 

O'CAROLAN.    THURLOUGH.   a 

celebrated  harper,  was  bora  in  County 
Leitrem,  Ireland,  1670.  He  lost  his 
eight  through  small-pox  and  afterwards 
roamed  over  the  whole  county  on  horse- 
back, giving  utterance  to  his  effusions. 
His  cotempornries  who  heard  him,  de- 
clare that  his  extemporizing  was  of 
the  most  sublime  character,  well  ar- 
ranged and  sustained.  He  died  in  1738, 
and  was  the  most  celebrated  of  his 
race  if  not  the  last. 

O'CARROL,  THOMAS,  a  learned 
Irish  divine,  was  of  a  noble  family  of 
Eile.  He  was  Archdeacon  of  Cashel  in 
1348,  and  although  not  nominated  by 
the  Canons,  was  raised  by  the  Pope  to 
the  Archbishopric  of  Tuam  and  conse- 
crated at  Avignon  in  1849.  In  1364  he 
was  transferrtd  to  the  See  of  Cashel, 
which  he  governed  for  right  years  witt 
great  prudence.  He  was  greatly  es- 
teemed for  wisdom  and  learning,  both 
at  home  and  abroad.  He  died  at  Cashel 
on  the  8th  of  Feb.,  1373,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Philip  de  Torrington. 

O'CARROLL,  COL.,  a  gallant  Irish 
officer,  who  went  to  France  after  the 
treaty  of  Limerick  and  became  Col- 
onel of  the  Queen's  regiment  (Irish  Bri- 
gade) of  Dragoons.  He  distinguish'ad 
himself  on  various  occasions  from  lfi91 


;;!(':•*.,. 


O'CL 


XBIBH  CKUtB 


O'CO 


to  Nov.  '93,  when  he  fell  while  gallant- 
ly leading  his  ivgiment  into  the  thickest 
of  the  fight  at  the  battle  of  Marsailles  or 
Marsaglia,  in  which  Catinat  defeated 
the  Duke  of  Savoy  and  reduced  that 
province  to  obedience. 

O'CARROLL  TURENNE,  a  distin- 
guished Irish  officer  of  the  same  family 
as  the  foregoing,  was  lieutenant  colonel 
in  Sarsfleld's  (Earl  of  Lucan)  regiment 
of  dragoons,  and  a  worthy  compeer  of 
that  gallant  patriot.  He  served  with 
distinction  iu  all  the  principal  actions 
in  which  the  Insh  brigade  participated, 
and  sustained  with  distinguished  credit 
the  high  standing  of  Irish  gallantry  and 
valor. 

OCKAM  WILLIAM,  a  divine  and 
philosopher,  was  a  member  of  the  order 
of  St.  Francis  and  a  disciple  of  John 
Duns.  He  was  called  the  Invincible 
and  Prince  of  Nominalists.  Volateran 
calls  him  an  Irishman  and  Cardinal  of 
Armngh,  under  the  pontificate  of  John 
XXII^  and  says  he  was  a  celebrated 
logician  and  highly  esteemed  for  his 
learning  and  writings.  O'SuUivan  the 
hifitorian  says  his  real  name  was  O'Ca- 
hnn,  but  Ware  thinks  he  was  an  Eng- 
llBhman.    He  flourished  A.  D.  1850. 

O'CLERY  PEREGRIN,  an  Irish 
scholar  and  antiquarian,  one  of  the 
"Pour  Masters,"  was  born  about  1600 
in'Ulster,  and  wrote  on  the  antiquities 
of  Ireland,  and  a  life  of  Hugh  Roe 
O'Donnell  in  Irish.  He  had  a  learned 
and  able  co-laborer  in  Ferfessus  O'Con- 
roy  and  Peregrin  O'Dubgennen,  who 
«dlted  with  him  much  valuable  history. 

O'CLERY  BRO.  MICHAEL,  an  em- 
inent and  learned  antiquarian  and  his- 
torian, was  a  native  of  Ulster  and  a 
monk  of  the  order  of  St.  Francis.  He 
was  educated  on  the  continent,  and  was 
a  contemporary  of  Dr.  Htign  Ward, 
who  was  his  religious  superior,  and 
who  sent  him  to  Ireland  from  their 
monastery  in  Louvain  to  collect  mate- 
rial for  projected  Irish  histories  and 
monuments  of  the  past.  On  the  death 
of  Dr.  Ward,  O'Clery  continued  the 
labors,  and  produced  an  "Abridgment 
of  the  Livfcd  of  the  Irish  Kings,"  with 
their  genealogies.  Also  lives  of  Irish 
saints  called  "Sanctilogiura  Genealo- 
gium,"  and  also  a  history  of  tht  differ- 
ent inhabitants  and  conquests  of  the 


island,  wars,  and  other  remarkable  ev- 
ents up  to  the  twelfth  century .  This 
work  is  called  "Leabhar  Gabheltas." 
He  was  also  the  principal  author  of  the 
"Annals  of  the  Four  Masters."  His 
assistants  were  his  brothers  Conary  and 
Peregrine  O'Clery  and  Ferfessa  O'Mul- 
conry,  or  O'Conroy. 

0,CONNELL  DANIEL,  one  of  the 
greatest  of  popular  orators  and  patriots, 
and  most  illustrious  minds  of  the  19th 
century,  equally  distinguished  for  politi- 
cal sagacity  and  unrivalled  legul  acu- 
men, was  born  near  Cahirciveen.  coun- 
ty Keriy,  Ireland,  Aug.  6,  1775.  His 
father  was  of  an  ancient  Irish  family 
which  had  preserved  some  of  its  patri- 
mony in  the  midst  of  the  robberies  and 
pillage  of  the  strangers.  His  mother  was 
a  woman  of  high  intellect,  and  to  her, 
according  to  the  testimony  of  her  illus- 
trious son,  is  due  the  noble  aims  and  as- 
pirations which  animated  him  through 
li f e.  He  displayed  an  aptitude  for  study 
from  his  earliest  years  and  also  an  abid- 
ing interest  in  the  honor  and  welfare  of 
his  race  and  country.  He  was  living 
with  his  uncle,  the  head  of  the  family^ 
and  whose  heir  he  was,  most  of  the  time 
in  his  early  years,  and  wns  an  interested 
reader  of  the  Dublin  Magazine,  loving 
to  read  sketches  of  distinguished  men 
and  admiring  their  portraits,  which  of- 
ten embellished  the  pages,  and  would 
often  think  to  himself,  will  my  portrait 
ever  appear  in  this?  One  day  when  he 
was  about  nine  years  of  age  the  family 
were  discussing  the  merits  of  Burke  and 
Grattan,  the  young  patriot  was  a  deeply 
interested  but  silent  listener.  A  lady 
present,  noticed  the  glisten'ng  eye  and 
intense  expression  which  lit  up  the  face 
of  the  boy,  and  said:  "What  are  you 
thinking  of  Dan.?"  whenhesententious- 
ly  replied,  "I'll  make  a  stir  in  the  world 
yet!"  Young  Daniel  received  a  part  of 
his  preliminary  education  in  Cork,  when 
he  was  sent  to  the  continent  at  about  the 
age  of  fifteen,  studying  successively  in 
Louvain,  St.  Omer  and  Douai.  The 
French  Revolution  was  now  fully  under 
way,  and  its  career  of  reckless,  blind 
and  savage  barbarity  notoniy  cured  our 
young  patriot  of  his  admiration  of  it, 
but  it  drove  him  from  France.  For 
three  years  he  pursued  his  law  studies 
in  London,  and  was  called  to  the  bar  in 
that  memorable  but  unfortunate  year, 
'98.  The  independence  of  his  country 
was  now  threatened  by  the  venal  but 


-,  .^ 


O'CO 


miBH  CKLT8. 


O'CO 


fiery  Castlereagh  backed  by  British  gold, 
and  although  a  young  lawyers  prospects 
were  almost  hopeless  if  he  opposed  the 
Government,  O  Connell  hesitated  not  to 
raise  his  voice  in  unison  with  Grattan 
and  the  other  illustrious  patriots,  in  in- 
dignant protest  against  the  fatal  and  un- 
holy union.  His  first  speech  was  made 
in  the  Royal  Exchange,  January,  1800, 
and  as  he  said  afterwards,  that  first 
speech  contained  all  the  principles  of 
his  whole  political  life.  His  success  in 
his  profession,  which  was  due  alone  to 
his  unrivalled  ability,  was  steady  and 
marked.  He  was  no  sycophant  of  the 
Government,  but  on  the  contrary,  its 
determined,  unceasing  and  unsparing 
opponent.  He  asked  no  favors  from 
judges  or  high  officials,  but  standing  on 
the  ramparts  of  the  British  constitution, 
he  hurled  his  thunderbolts  at  its  pretend- 
ed defenders,  stripping  them  of  their 
false  garments  of  liberty  and  justice, 
and  exposing  the  infamy  as  well  as 
absurdity  of  their  course.  In  a  few 
years  his  income  reached  $50,000  a  year. 
In  1809  he  commenced  the  agitation  of 
Catholic  emancipation,  and  his  letters 
address  to  the  people  were  headed  with 
Lord  Byron's  couplet, 

"Hereditary  bondsmen  know  ye  not. 
Who  would  be  free,  themselves  must 

strike  the  blow." 
To  this  great  work  and  the  repeal  of  the 
ob.ioxious  union  he  dedicated  his  life 
and  all  his  great  energies.  In  season 
or  out  of  season,  by  letter,  speech  and 
petition  he  almost  alone  stirred  the  hopes 
and  energies  of  a  despondent  people. 
Ttie  union  was  still  fresh  and  seemed 
like  a  pall  covering  the  cold  form  of  a 
dead  nation.  The  task  of  revivifying  it 
seemed  almost  hopeless,  but  the  young 
patriot  went  to  work,  before  his  eye  was 
the  marvelous  work  of  Grattan  in  es- 
tablishing a  nation's  freedom  without  a 
blow,  in  the  very  teeth  of  the  tyrant'. 
Surely  the  world  was  not  ^oing  back 
wards  argued  the  young  "giant.  The 
same  means,  lawful  combinations  of  an 
entire  people,  can  accomplish  anything 
if  persevered  in;  let  us  set  forward  I  and 
so  Catholic  emancipation  was  the  first 
step.  First,  because  religious  is  the  most 
outrageous  and  iTidefensible  form  of  ty- 
ranny; secondly,  because  it  was  indis- 
pensable to  form  an  united  people  to  se- 
cure nation  al  freedom.  So  thought  Grat- 
tan, and  although  he  secured  the  liberty 
of  his  country  without  it,  it  was  lost  be- 
cause of  its  want,  and  to  the  day  of  his 


death  did  he  advocate  Catholic  emanci- 
pation as  the  first  essential  step  to  secure 
the  liberty  of  his  country,  because  it  re- 
quired tlie  entire  and  united  force  of 
the  nation  to  secure  even  respectful  con- 
sideration to  their  just  wants  and  righta 
from  the  tyrant,  whom  fear  alone  would 
make  listen  to  reason.  This  could  alone 
be  secured  by  the  absolute  equality  of 
all  classes  before  the  law.  So  too, 
thought  O 'Connell,  and  to  its  accom- 
plishment he  bent-  all  his  energies. 
When  the  English  Government  was  at 
work  by  its  venal  and  underhand  means 
of  bribery,  deceit  and  intimidation  ta 
secure  the  passage  of  the  Act  Ctf  Union 
in  Ireland,  they  sought  to  secure  the  co- 
operation of  tlie  Catholics  by  promising 
to  pass  a  general  act  of  Catholic  eman- 
cipation and  made  such  representations 
to  the  liberal  lords  of  Ireland,  but  when 
they  secured  the  victim  they  utterly  re- 
fused to  move  in  the  matter.  Grattan 
and  Ponsonby  brought  it  up  in  the  Eng- 
lish Parliament,  but  in  vain,  bigotry- 
blind  even  to  dishonor,  can  be  moved 
only  by  fear.  O'Connell  early  set  to 
work  to  organize  and  put  life  into  the 
Catholic  body.  He  organized  "  The 
Catholic  Board"  for  the  purpose  of  con- 
solidating and  directing  Catholic  action 
towards  an  assertion  of  their  rights. 
Various  schemes  were  proposed  by  the 
liberal  Protestant  Irish  leaders  to  secure 
Catholic  emanc.ipation,  and  among  them 
a  pernicious  one  wliich  came  very  near 
being  consummated.  It  was  that  the  con- 
cession of  such  rights  should  be  pur- 
chased by  the  right  of  veto  in  the  Eng- 
lish Crown,  to  the  appointment  of  Cath- 
olic Bishop.  The  English  Catholics 
were  willing  to  submit,  and  one  or  two 
of  the  Irish  Bishops  and  even  the  Pope's 
Nuncio,  Quarantotti,  committed  Rome 
to  such  an  agreement ;  but  the  Irish  Bish- 
ops entered  a  strong  protest  against  it, 
and  Bishop  Doyle  declared  that  he  (and 
he  hoped  every  Catholic  Bishop  in  Ire- 
land) would  resign  before  he  would  sub- 
mit to  the  compromise  of  Quar\ntotti. 
Their  language  was  strong,  uncom- 
promising and  determinsd,  and  at  length 
was  barkened  to  at  Rome.  As  long  as 
Napoleon  was  a  power,  England  was 
temporizing,  but  in  1815  when  his  star 
had  set,  the  Catholic  Board  was  sup- 
pressed by  proclamation,  O'Connell  re- 
sorted to  other  means  to  keep  the  peo- 
ple awake  to  the  assertion  of  their  rights, 
aid  as  far  as  the  Catholic  "gentry  '  of 
Ireland  was  concerned,  he  was  almost 


O'CO 


JJOBR  OELn. 


O'CO 


-^'  of 


alone,  but  had  gallant  aid  in  some  of  the 
patriotic  prelates.  It  was  at  this  time 
that  he  was  forced  into  a  duel  with  one 
D'Esterre,  a  member  of  the  Dublin  cor- 
poration and  a  famous  shot,  who  pre- 
tended to  have  been  personally  insulted 
by  some  sharp  remarks  of  O'Connell  on 
the  corporation,  calling  tbem.a  ''beggar- 
ly set."  It  is  said  be  was  put  forward 
with  a  promise  of  a  liberal  reward 
if  he  succeeded  in  putting  this  in- 
solent and  troublesome  papiiit  out 
of  the  way,  and  that  in  any  event 
his  family  would  be  well  provided  for. 
O'Connell,  although  opposed  to  dueling 
as  a  consistent  and  practical  Catholic, 
•^yp"  nr  'aced  in  a  position,  if  he  re- 
f  ,  w/  be  continually  taunted  with 
cowardice,  and  insulted  hj  every  swag- 
gering bigot,  and  thus  his  power  and 
usefulness  to  his  people  utterly  des- 
troyed; for  it  must  he  remembered 
that  these  were  the  days  when  dueling 
was  considered  the  test  of  true  braverj', 
and  in  Ireland  there  was  scarcely  one 
prominent  member  of  the  bar  or  parlia- 
ment but  had  fought  one  or  more  duels. 
O'Connell  accepted  the  challenge,  and 
D'Esterre  fell.  The  "beggarly"  cor- 
poration to  which  he  belonged  took  no 
steps  to  provide  for  the  widow  and  or- 
phans, and  O'Connell  ever  afterwards 
charged  himself  with  their  support. 
O'Connell  durtng  these  years  was  mak- 
ing rapid  strides  in  his  profession,  and 
although  surrounded  by  as  able  and 
brilliant  a  body  of  lawyers — such  as 
Plunket,  Bush,  Saurin  and  others— as 
the  world  ever  saw  together,  he  soon 
became  recognized  as  without  a  peer. 
He  excelled  not  in  one  branch  but  in 
all.  Fully  armed  and  equipped  with 
all  the  artillery  of  the  law  ;  witty,  in- 
genious, penetrating,  bold  and  eloquent, 
he  swayed  the  hearts  and  the  minds  of 
his  auditors  with  a  matchless  power. 
It  is  hard  to-day  to  conceive  what  he 
had  to  contend  with,  the  rabid  bigotry 
that  sat  upon  the  bench,  as  well  as  the 
more  dense  and  ignorant  which  monop- 
olized the  jury  box,  was  to  be  overcome 
and  mastered.  Yet  so  powerful  was 
his  reasoning,  so  ingeniously  did  he 
commit  the  court  to  the  law,  so  with- 
ering and  sarcastic'  his  denunciation  of 
the  violation  of  the  British  Constitu- 
tion, which  he  so  often  made  use  of  to 
shield  his  client;  now  bursting  into 
strains  of  impassioned  and  patriotic  elo- 

auence.  now  rollicking  in  veins  of  irre- 
stible  wit  and  side  splitting  humor, 


'  and  anon  with  a  tear  in  his  voice,  hold- 
ing before  them  some  misfortune  to 
themselves  or  their  country,  he  won 
their  sympathies  against  their  preju- 
dices, and  often  savtd  a  client  already 
foredoomed  to  death.  The  work  which 
he  did,  as  it  were,  in  the  face  of  the  op- 
pressor, is  the  best  evidence  of  the  ex- 
traordinary^ powers  with  v^ich  he  wau 
gifted,  and  the  restless  energy  with 
which  he  labored.  When  the  minions 
of  the  tyrant  strained  and  misconstrued 
the  laws,  illiberal  enough  of  themselves 
in  design,  to  defeat  the  just  efforts  of  the 
Liberator,  he  resorted  to  new  moves  to 
keep  alive  the  hopes  of  the  people  and 
show  to  the  civilized  world  the  honest 
constitutional  struggle  of  an  enslaved 
people,  desiring  only  equal  rights  in 
their  own  land.  In  1823  he  organized 
the  Catholic  Association,  and  founded 
the  Catholic  Rent,  which  was  to  be  used 
in  electing  fair  aud  liberal  men  to  par- 
liament, and  in  the  face  of  dinger  and 
strong  government  threats  he  struggled 
on,  keeping  faith  and  hope  alive  in  the 
hearts  of  the  people.  In  1828  he  took 
a  new,  and  to  the  amazed  bigots,  a 
startling  and  revolutionary  departure 
which  was  no  less  than  boldly  to  offer 
himself — papist  as  he  was — as  a  candi- 
date for  parliament  for  the  county 
Clare.  This,  to  them,  was  a  threat 
against  the  British  Constitution,  tbd 
Hanoverian  succession  and  Protestant 
ascendancy.  Although  threatened, 
ridiculed  and  poohed,  he  pushed  for- 
ward and  carried  the  elecdon.  He  next 
presented  himself  in  Parliament  whv'^re 
his  fame  as  a  bold  and  defiant  paplt^t 
rebel,  rather  than  the  matchless  advo- 
cate and  orator,  had  preceded  him,  and 
the  house  was  crowded  with  the  highest 
in  the  land,  to  behold,  if  not  the  cham- 
pion who  came  to  break  the  bonds  of 
religious  slavery  which  had  long  dis- 
graced the  land,  at  least  to  see  how  the 
bold  leader  would  conduct  himself  be- 
fore the  embodied  wisdom  and  power 
of  the  nation,  whose  statutes  and  cus- 
toms he  came  to  defy.  On  the  15th  of 
May,  1839,  he  appeared  to  take  his  seat 
and  was  introduced  by  Lords  Elring- 
ton  and  Dungannon.  As  he  came  for- 
ward the  great  audience  beheld  one  of 
the  noblest  specimens  f  God's  handi- 
work—a man  of  commanding  figure, 
whose  dark  curly  hair  covered  a  mas- 
sive and  highly  intellectual  head,  with 
an  unmistakable  Irish  face,  still  fresh 
and  ruddy,  although  then  in  his  fifty- 


^. 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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(71«)  171-4303 


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wr^ 


O'OO 


ntnK  OBun. 


O'OO 


fifth  year,  full  of  honest  passion  and 
fire  but  softened  by  the  sunlight  of  an 
ever  suggestive  smile,  carrying  himself 
Kvith  that  free,  bold  air  of  conscious 
power  and  strength  that  feared  no  foe 
intellectually  or  physically.  He  was 
handed  the  oath  required  to  be  taken. 
He  read  it  over  in  an  audible  voice,  es- 
pecially the  portion  which  reads  "the 
sacrifice  ofthe  mass,  the  invocation  of 
the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary  and  other 
saints  as  now  practiced  by  the  church 
of  Rome  are  impious  and  idolatrous," 
and  other  parts  which  contained  charges 
not  true.  He  turned  towards  the 
speaker  and  said :  "I  decline  to  take 
this  Oi;rh— part  of  it  I  know  to  be  false, 
and  part  I  believe  not  to  be  true  1"  He 
was  refused  his  seat  and  retired.  A 
new  election  was  ordered  and  he  again 
presented  himself  to  the  electors  and 
was  returned,  in  the  meantime  agitating 
the  cause  throughout  the  kingdom. 
The  ministry  was  embarrassed.  Eng- 
land could  not  well  play  the  liberal  role 
iMfuie  Eun>pe  and  refuse  to  her  Catho- 
lic subjects  rights  that  all  over  Europe 
were  mutually  accorded.  Besides,  her 
colonies,  where  the  Irish  element  was 
strong,  had  already  set  an  example,  so 
that  by  the  time  O'Connell  again  pre- 
sented himself  the  government  abol- 
Idied  the  odious  test  and  proclaimed 
Gatholic  Emancipation .  He  was  hailed 
M  the  great  "Liberator,"  but  while 
bigots  were  loud  in  their  wail  at  this 
pwtial  concession  to  justice,  the  gov- 
«mment  and  ita  Catholic  toady  sup- 
porters thought  that  a  great  debt  of 
gratitude  was  due  to  so  paternal  a  gov- 
ernment. O'Connell  saw,  however, 
that  it  was  only  the  first  steps  towards 
the  full  emancipation  of  his  country. 
He  now  commenced  the  agitation  of 
the  repeal  of  the  union,  forming  a  socl- 
es calldd  "Friends  of  Ireland."  The 
government,  under  the  act  to  suppress 
"Ille^pd  Associations,"  proclaimed  it; 
he  then  formed  the  "Anti-Union  Asso- 
ciation." This  was  also  suppreened. 
In  1884  he  brought  forward  an  act  of 
parliament  for  the  Repeal  of  the  Union, 
which  was  debated  for  four  days,  but 
something  far  more  potent  than  reason 
or  justice  was  requirad  to  secure  even  a 
shadow  of  hope.  Various  acts  and  re- 
lief—so-called— bills  were  enacted  for 
the  benefit  of  Ireland  bv  pretended  re- 
toxmen,  such  as  the  '*]Poor  Laws,"  the 
**Tlthe  Law,"  and  "Municipal  Re- 
ionoM,'*  all  of  which  were  the  veriest 


shams  and  frauds,  and  actually  greater 
burthens  than  the  injustices  to  be  re- 
lieved,  but  very  convenient  and  plausi* 
ble  matter  for  English  statesmen  and 
lying  historians  to  howl  over  and  ex- 
hibit as  proofs  of  their  generosity  imd 
of  the  perverseness  of  the  rebellious 
Irish.  England  lias  never  passed  an  act 
yet  that  had  not  some  sinister  purpose, 
and  she  never  will.  The  little  relief 
from  crying  injustice  which  has  been 
accorded  has  been  wrung  from  her  by 
fear  or  shame.  Catholic  or  Protestant 
she  is  the  same,  and  it  will  be  the  weap- 
oned  arm  of  the.patriot  Celt  alone  that 
will  make  her  drop  her  bold  of  the 
throat  of  Ireland  O'Connell  continued 
his  agitation  for  repeal  in  and  out  of 
parliament.  His  wonderful  influence 
as  a  popular  orator  was  soon  felt,  and 
the  people  of  Ireland,  and  in  fact  the 
Irish  race  throughout  the  world,  were 
drawn  into  an  enthusiastic  support  of 
the  "Great  Agitator."  It  culminated 
in  1848 ;  the  greatest  i)opular  gather- 
ings that  the  world  e\  er  saw  were  held 
at  different  places  in  Ireland — Mallow, 
Tara,  Mullxghmast  and  other  places — as 
many  as  200,000!  b^ing  present  at  some 
of  those  peaceful  and  legal  gatlierings. 
O'Connell  was  sanguine  that  so  unpar- 
alleled an  exhibition  of  a  nation's  just 
de&'re  would  secure  the  object,  and  per- 
haps it  might  Itave.  if,  like  the  volun' 
teers,  they  held  arms  in  their  hands. 
The  government  at  length  issued  a 
proclamation  against  these  monster 
meetings,  and  O'Connell  and  eight 
others  were  arrested  for  conspii'acy.  Of 
course,  as  is  s;ill  the  custom  in  all  gov- 
ernment cases,  the  jury  was  packed  and 
the  verdict  was  a  foregone  conclusion. 
If  any  reader  doubts  this,  hear  Lord 
Brougham,  indorsed  by  Lord  John 
Russell,  on  the  subject,  two  witnesses 
who  cannot  be  impeached  on  account 
of  sympathy.  Russell  said  about  this 
time  in  JParliament,  quoting  Brougham, 
"Nominally,  indeed,  the  two  countries 
(England  and  Ireland)  have  the  same 
laws.  Trial  by  jury,  for  instance,  ex- 
ists in  both  countries,  but  is  it  adminis- 
tered alike  in  both  ?  The  law  of  Eng- 
land esteems  all  men  equal.  It  was 
sufficient  to  be  bom  within  the  King's 
allegiance  to  be  entitled  to  all  the  rights 
the  loftiest  subject  of  the  land  enjoyed. 
In  Ireland,  however,  the  law  heiu  an 
entirely  opposite  doctrine,  'x'he  sect  to 
which  a  man  belonged,  the  cast  of  his 
religious  opinion,  the  form  in  which  he 


J 


' » ?i  i 


V 


O'OO 


IBI8K  OBLTSi 


O'CO 


worshipped  bis  Creator,  were  grounds 
«n  which  the  law  separated  him  from 
his  fellows,  and  bound  him  to  the  en- 
durance of  a  system  of  the  most  cruel 
injustice."  O'Connell  and  his  friends 
were  imprisoned  for  about  three  months, 
when  the  verdict  was  set  aside  by  the 
British  House  of  Peers  on  a  writ  of  er- 
ror. O'Connell  was  enthusiastically  re- 
oeived  by  the  people,  but  his  legal  vic- 
iorv  was  not  due  to  any  sense  of  wrong 
or  injustice  committed,  but  merely  the 
expediency  of  party  policy  in  the  Whigs 
sustaining  on  this  occasion  justice  and 
law  for  their  own  advancement.  O'Con- 
nell was  now  supported  by  the  entire 
nation,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  Or- 
angemen and  Qovernmcnt  toadies.  His 
great  moral  force  policy,  which  sought 
to  redress  a  nation's  wrongs  without 
the  "shedding  of  a  drop  of  blood"  was 
a  grand  Christian  idea,  but  it  was  futile 
against  an  armed  and  bloody  despotism ; 
tiie  people  while  implicitly  following 
and  supporting  O'Connell  and  his  peace 
policy,  still  in  their  hearts,  implanted 
uieir  by  a  just  God,  looked  with  an  abid- 
ing hope  to  a  step  farther,  if  stern  ne- 
cessity demanded  it;  independence, 
equality  and  lust  rights  by  the  moral 
force  of  armea  organizations  to  support 
them,  out>»idethe  ^icts  of  the  tyrant,  or 
absolute  independence  by  an  appeal  to 
force.  O'Connell,  however,  was  now 
getting  old,  and  his  magnificent  physi 
cal  powers  were  breaking  down  under 
the  anxieties,  cares  and  multitude  of  his 
labors,  and  he  was  becoming  morbidly 
anxious  about  success,  won  exclu- 
sively  by  the  great  and  untried  policy  of 
moral  force,  which  he  vainly  hoped 
might  be  done,  and  be  a  grand  precedent, 
an  example  for  the  world  in  the  settle- 
ment of  national  difficulties.  Had 
O'Connell  been  at  this  time  in  his  prime, 
backed  as  he  was  by  an  enthusiastic 
people,  with  the  assurance,  from  a  long 
and  sad  experience,  that  peaceable  effort 
was  worse  than  vain  against  a  treach- 
erous, perjured  and  heartless  tyrant, 
urged  on  too,  and  supported  by  a  mil- 
lion ardent  and  impetuous  youne  Irish 
hearts,  ready  and  willing  to  spill  their 
blood  to  secure  their  country's  freedom, 
if  he  spoke  but  the  word;  it  is  probable 
that  he  too  would  have  been  a  young 
Irelander,  and  that  Ireland  would  have 
been  free.  Who  can  doubt  that  he 
would  have  cost  aside  his  peace  policy, 
had  he  at  this  time  beheld  the  thousands 
slaughtered  in  cold  blood  the  few  fol- 


lowing years  by  the  premeditated  and 
flendiui  policy  of  the  tyrant,  when  the 
highways  ana  bvwayp  of  Ireland  were 
strewn  with  the  dead  and  dying,  starved, 
evicted  and  death  devoted  by  this  Mo> 
loch  of  Nations.  If  Oarsfleld,  in  sorrow, 
in  a  foreign  land,  exclaimed  as  his  life- 
blood  flowed  from  his  death-wound, 
"Oh,  that  this  had  been  for  my  coun* 
tryl"  how  much  more  could  not  these 
slaughtered  victims  have  exclaimed, 
"Why  did  I  not  die  expelling  those  un- 
glutted  monsters  from  the  land  of  my 
fathers  and  the  home  of  my  race?"  Un- 
fortunately, we  must  believe,  O'Con- 
nell persevered  in  the  peace  policy,  and 
even  pushed  it  to  an  extreme,  not  justi- 
fied by  reason  or  morality,  sayingin  the 
"Peace  Resolution"  offered  in  Concilia- 
tinu  Hall,  "that  the  use  of  arms  was  at 
all  times  unjustifiable  and  immoral." 
This  extreme  position  resulted  in  a  divi- 
sion of  the  friends  of  Ireland,  and  those 
who  justified  the  use  of  arms  as  a  last 
resort,  in  securing  the  freedom  of  one's 
country,  separate  from  O'Connell  and 

Eursued  a  policy  consonant  with  their 
elief.  They  were  cOmpoHcd  of  some 
of  t1«e  most  eloquent  and  brilliant  young 
men  of  Ireland,  including  Meagher, 
Mitchell,  McGee,  Devin  Reilly  and 
others.  To  add  to  the  misfortunes  of 
Ireland,  famine  seized  upon  the  land, 
the  result  of  the  accursed  legislation  of 
the  enemy,  and  revolution,  premature 
and  half  organized  broke  out,  leaving 
the  country  in  a  state  of  hopeless  chaos 
and  misery.  O'Connell.  already  failing, 
broke  down  amidst  the  accumulating 
evils  which  befel  his  beloved  counti7, 
and  while  on  his  way  to  Rome  to  see 
Pius  IX.  he  died  at  Genoa,  Italy.  May 
15, 1847.  It  is  hard  to  overestimate  the 
great,  the  unrivalled  abili^  of  O'Con- 
nell, both  as  a  lawyer  and  a  public  lead* 
er.  It  is  almoFt  impossible  for  one  ia 
this  free  country  and  in  these  times  to 
conceive  the  mighty  and  seeming  im> 
pregnable  ramparts  of  prejudice  he  had 
to  break  down  and  overcome  to  se- 
cure—not success — but  the  shadow  of  % 
fair  show  in  his  profession.  Those  pre- 
judices had  become  hard  as  adamant, 
and  the  favored  few  to  whose  benefit 
they  redounded  stuck  to  them  with  an  in- 
solent and  death-like  tenacity.  Six  hun- 
dred years  of  exclusive  rightu  in  the 
courts  of  Dublin  had  to  be  overcome, 
when  the  stalwart  young  giant  appeared 
at  the  Irish  bar ;  yet,  with  a  haughty, 
defiant,    impatient    and.   commanding 


» w 


^  t 


'i  J 


f.  -1 


i  V!',| 


i.,i, 


O'CO 


nURH  CELTS. 


O'CO 


meln,  he  entered  the  bulwarks  of  legal 
bigotry,  and  with  giant  blows  smashed 
to  pieces  the  barrier  that  shut  out  from 
Catholics  the  benefits  of  the  British  Con- 
stitution. Nothing  short  of  the  most 
commanding  ability  could  insure  suc- 
cess, where  court,  jury  and  every  law 
officer  was  arrayed  against  him  and  his 
client,  if  a  Catholic ;  yet  so  universal, 
politic  and  powerful  was  his  use  of  the 
matchless  legal  resource  which  he  wield- 
ed, that  in  spite  of  their  iron  prejudices 
and  one  might  say  even  of  their  wish, 
he  often  wrune  from  them  a  verdict  for 
his  client.  Wit,  sarcasm,  pungent  ridi- 
cule, defiance,  blarney,  with  irresistible 
bursts  of  fiery  and  tempestuous  elo- 
quence were  used,  and  court,  counsel 
and  jury  alike  were  arraigned  before 
the  majesty  of  the  Constitution,  whose 

f plainest  behests  they  so  often  violated, 
t  was,  however,  perhaps  as  a  popular 
orator  that  he  shone  brightest ;  as  such, 
he  achieved  more  than  any  and  all  oth- 
ers tog4ftier,  who  ever  controlled  the 
tumultuous  minds  of  men  by  the  might 
of  their  eloquence.  He  achieved  much 
for  his  Catholic  fellow-countrymen,  and 
the  result  of  his  labors  were  truly  gigan- 
tic, and  he  but  failed,  when  attempting 
what  the  armed  hand  of  united  patriots 
alone  can  accomplish  against  battalioned 
despotism. 

O'CONNELL  GEN.  COUNT,  a  dis- 
tinguished officer  in  the  service  of  France 
and  uncle  to  the  preceding,  was  born  in 
Ireland  about  1786  and  received  his  edu- 
cation in  France,  as  in  his  day  there 
was  no  Catholic  education  to  be  had  in 
Ireland  outside  of  the  family.  He  early 
manifested  a  military  spirit  and  entered 
the  French  service  as  a  sous-lieutenant 
In  one  of  the  Irish  regiments  which  still 
in  his  day  flourished,  sustaininff  the  an* 
cient  glory  which  their  forefathers  won 
in  the  days  of  Louis  XIV.  He  fought 
through  the  active  and  desperate  period 
of  the  Bevolution,  at  which  time  he  held 
the  position  of  General,  earned  by  con- 
spicuous services.  He  participated  with 
distinction  in  the  defence  of  the  Rhine 
and  along  other  parts  of  the  frontiers, 

{trotecting  the  soli  of  France  from  the 
oreien  hosts  which  beset  it  until  Napo- 
leon had  seized  the  holm  of  state  and 
established  an  Empire.  He  lived  to  an 
advanced  age,  highly  esteemed  and  hon- 
ored by  his  military  associates. 

O'CONNOR  GEN.  ARTHUR,  a 
distinguished  Irish  patriot  and  a  gallant 


officer  of  France,  was  bom  at  Bnndon, 
near  Cork,  Ireland,  July  4,  1767,  re- 
ceived a  thorough  education,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1788 ;  served  as  a 
meml}er  of  the  Irish  Parliament  from 
1788  to  1796,  and  supported  Grattan 
and  the  other  patriots  in  sustaining 
Irish  rights.  He  became  a  member  of 
the  United  Irishmen  and  was  a  member 
of  its  directory,  was  imprisoned  for  six 
months  on  the  charge  of  publiuhing  a 
seditious  pamphlet,  and  went  to  France 
with  Lorn  Edward  Fitz^'^erald  to  nego- 
tiate an  alliance  for  the  securing  Insh 
independence.  He  took  service  under 
Hoche  in  the  invasion  of  Ireland,  was 
arrested  in  England,  Feb.  27,  1708, 
tried  for  treason  and  acquitted,  re-ar- 
rested before  he  left  the  court  room  on 
other  charges  and  kept  four  years  a 
prisoner  at  Fort  George ;  released  in 
June,  1808,  on  condition  of  perpetual 
exile.  He  went  to  Paris,  where  he  was 
appointed  by  Napoleon  a  general  of 
division,  ana  was  to  take  part  in  the 
invasion  of  England,  landing  on  the 
coast  of  Scotland  with  the' Insh  brig- 
ade. In  1807  he  married  the  daughter 
of  the  celebrated  Condorcet.  He  dis- 
tinguished himself  on  various  occasions 
in  the  wars  of  Napoleon,  and  withdrew 
from  the  army  in  1816,  when  in  com- 
pany with  M.  Arago  he  edited  the  works 
of  M.  Condorcet,  liis  father-in-law. 
He  was  the  author  of  many  political 
pamphlets,  and  continued  till  his  death 
to  take  an  active  interest  in  public  af- 
fairs. He  died  April  26, 1852,  at  aa 
advanced  age. 

O  CONNOR  REV.  CHARLES,  a 
learned  antiquary  and  historian,  was 
bom  in  Ireland  about  1750,  and  after 
completing  his  education  he  studied  for 
the  priesthood.  He  was  afterwards,  for 
many  years,  a  resident  in  the  family  of 
the  Duke  of  Buckingham  as  chaplain 
and  librarian,  and  where  he  devoted  his 
time  to  researches  in  Irish  history.  He 
was  the  author  of  "Modern  Irish  His-^ 
tonr,"  "Ancient  Irish  Chronicles." 
"Columbanus'  Letters."  etc.  He  died 
at  the  seat  of  his  bi  other,  the  O'Connor 
Don,  at  Balingar  in  1828. 

O'CONNOR  FERGUS  E,  a  cole- 
brated  Chartist  leader  in  England,  was 
bora  in  1796  in  Ireland,  and  after  com- 
pleting his  education  drifted  into  litera- 
ture and  became  a  leading  liberal  edi- 
tor.    He  was  very  popular  with  the 


O'CO 


I&UB  OKun 


O'CO 


masses  in  Encland.  The  Chartbt  trou- 
bles broueht  nim  into  serious  difflcul* 
ties,  And  He  was  arrested  and  thrown 
into  prison  for  liis  democratic  and  sedi- 
tious utterances.    He  died  in  1856. 

O'CONNOR  HON  JOHN,  an  able 
and  prominent  legislator  and  politician 
of  Canada,  was  born  in  1824  and  re- 
moved at  an  early  age  to  Canada  with 
his  parents,  who  settled  near  Windsor, 
■Ont.  He  received  only  an  ordinary  ed- 
ucation, but  having  lost  a  leg,  he  ap- 
plied himself  to  mental  improvement, 
and  for  awhile  taught  school,  but  even- 
tually took  up  the  study  of  the  law  and 
was  admitted  to  the  Upper  Canadian 
l)ar  in  1864.  He  commenced  practice 
in  Windsor  with  considerable  success, 
and  held  local  positions  of  honor  and 
trust.  He  removed  to  Detroit,  Mich., 
opposite  Windsor,  for  a  short  time,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  that  state, 
but  he  again  returned  to  Canada,  and 
was  returned  to  Parliament  for  Essex. 
In  1867  he  was  returned  to  the  Com- 
mons and  re  elected  the  next  term.  He 
became  a  member  of  the  Privy  Council 
and  President  of  that  body  in  1872  and 
'78,  and  removed  his  residence  to  Tor- 
onto. In  1878  he  was  appointed  min- 
ister of  Inland  Revenue,  and  was  also 
for  a  time  a  Senator  of  the  Dominion. 
He  ia  now  engased  in  the  practice  of 
his  profession  m  Toronto. 

O'CONNOR  RIGHT  REV. 
MICHAEL,  D.  D..  an  able  American 
Catholic  divine,  was  bom  in  Cork,  Ire- 
hmd.  Sept  27, 1810,  nuule  his  prelim- 
inary studies  at  Quecnstown,  and  in 
1824  entered  the  propaganda  at  Rome 
and  was  made  a  doctor  in  1888.  He 
was  ordained  priest,  came  to  the  Uni- 
ted States,  and  in  1888  was  President  of 
the  R.  0.  Seminary  of  St  Charles  Bor- 
Tomeo,  Philadelphia.  In  1848  he  was 
•consecrated  Bishop  of  Pittsburg,  trans- 
lated to  the  See  of  Erie.  Pa.,  in  '58,  but 
Te-Iegated  back  in  1854,  In  1860  he 
resigned  his  oflSce  of  bishop,  and  en- 
tered the  Jesuit  order  in  which  he  died 
at  their  seminary  in  Woodstock,  Md., 
Oct  18,  1872.  Dr.  O'Connor  was  a 
learned  and  able  divine, 

O'CONNOR  RODERICK.  King  of 
Oonnaught  and  Monarch  of  Ireland, 
■ucceeded  Moriertach  A.  D.  1166.  He 
was  at  first  opposed  by  Donald  More 
O'Brien,  King  of  Limerick  and  others, 


but  he  succeeded  in  compelling  all  to 
submit  to  his  authoritv.  ae  then 
called  a  general  assembly  of  the  state, 
ecclesiastfeal  and  secular,  at  which  1800 
bishops  and  lords  assembled  from  all 
parts  of  the  kingdom.  They  enacted 
many  wise  laws  and  regulations,  and 
so  complete  was  the  protection  afforded 
that  a  lady  might  cross  the  kingdom 
from  sea  to  sea  without  fear  of  insult  or 
molestation.  The  national  games  were 
again  reestablished,  learning  encour- 
aged and  fostered,  and  a  professor's 
chair  for  strangers  was  established  at 
Armagh.  That  weakness  in  the  con- 
stitution of  Ireland  established  by  Eocha 
IX,  viz.,  its  division  into  four  semi-in- 
dependent kingdoms,  and  which  had 
so  often  demonstrated  itself  bv  wars 
for  supreme  authority  and  divisions 
even  when  the  independence  of  the 
kingdom  was  threatened  by  the  stran- 

§er,  was  now,  at  lost,  to  involve  it  in 
isasters  which,  for  eight  hundred 
years,  has  made  it  the  victim  of  a  sav- 
age and  relentless  foe,  and  made  of  her 
the  Niobe  of  Nations ;  only  upheld  by 
indomitable  determination  to  sustain 
her  individuality  and  an  unquenchable 
hope  in  the  successful  assertion  of  her 
nationality.  This  disaster  arose  from 
Dermod.  King  of  Leinster,  having  been 
deposed  and  driven  from  the  kingdom 
for  his  crimes.  He  took  refuge  in  Eng- 
land, and  filled  with  a  desire  for  re- 
venge, he  sought  the  King,  Henry  II, 
who  was  then  in  Aquitaine.  To  this 
monarch,  as  unscrupulous  and  wicked 
as  himself,  he  told  his  misfortunes, 
offering,  if  he  would  assist  him  to  re- 
cover Ills  throne,  to  acknowledge 
him  as  his  lord.  This  pleased  Hcnrv, 
as  he  was  desirous  of  getting  a  foothold 
in  an  island  so  rich  and  convenient,  and 
told  him  that  although  he  was  not  able 
just  then  to  assist  him  personally,  he 
might  get  troops  and  adventurers  to 
assut  bun  in  England,  and  issued  au- 
thority for  that  purpose.  Dermod  went 
to  England,  and  by  promises  of  reward 
if  successful,  succeeded  in  enlisting  in 
his  cause.a  number  of  adventurers,  and 
among  them  Richard,  son  of  the  Earl 
of  Pembroke,  surnamed  Strongbow,  to 
whom  he  promised  his  daughter  Eva  in 
marriage.  He  also  succeeded  in  hav- 
ing Robert  Fitzstephen,  an  experienced 
general,  who  was  in  prison  and  dis- 

{;race;  pardoned  on  condition  of   his 
eaving  the  country,  and  Maurice  Fitz- 
gerald his  half  brother.    After  making 


Hi 


O'CO 


IBIBH  0BLT8 


O'CO 


all  possible  arrangements  he  quietly 
went  back  to  his  province  to  secretly 
organize  and  prepare  Iiis  adherents  to 
support  his  English  allies  when  they 
should  arrive.  May  of  1160  saw  the 
arrival  cf  the  first  adventurers  on  the 
coast  of  Wexford,  who  were  imme- 
diately joined  by  Dennod  and  500 
horse.  Their  first  effort  was  agninst 
Wexford  citv,  which  was  inhabited 
principally  by  Danes,  who  acknowl- 
edged Dermoa  as  their  king,  and  over 
whom  he  placed  Fiizstcphen  as  their 
lord.  Being  reinforced  by  new  arri- 
vals and  strengthened  by  the  submis- 
sion of  many  or  his  old  subjects,  he  ad 
vanced  against  Fitzpatiick,  prince  of 
Ossory,  who  was  instrumental  in  his 
downfall,  and  whose  territories  he  laid 
waste  with  fire  and  sword.  The  Mon- 
arch, at  length  alnrmed  at  the  progress 
of  the  enemy,  marched  airainst  them  at 
the  head  oi  the  national  troops,  but 
Dermod  and  his  allies,  unwilling  to  risk 
a  battle,  withdrew  into  marches  and 
inaccessible  places  near  Fcarns.  The 
Monarch  at  length  determined  to  reach 
them  at  all  hazards,  was  preparing  to 
surround  and  at  the  same  time  pene- 
trate their  fastnesses,  when  the  bishops 
of  the  provinces  begged  that  the  war 
might  be  arrested  by  an  honorable  com- 

Sromise.  It  was  at  length  agreed  that 
Itermpd  might  resume  his  authority, 
Ky  homage  to  the  Monarch,  and  that 
tzstephen  might  be  allowed  to  retain 
his  position  as  lord  of  the  Danes  in 
Wexford,  and  that  no  more  English 
diould  tie  received  in  the  province. 
The  treaty  was,  however,  a  delusive  one. 
A  prince  who  had  been  expelled  for  his 
crimes  could  hesitate  but  little  in  vio- 
lating his  oath.  The  arrival  of  Maurice 
Fitzgerald,  Raymond  Le  Qros  and 
Richard  (Strongbow)  with  reinforce- 
ments, encouraged  Dermod  to  throw  off 
all  restraint  and  disregard  his  sworn 
obligations.  He  and  his  allies  first 
moved  on  Waterford,  mostly  inhabited 
by  Danes,  and  after  a  desperate  siege 
of  several  days  captured  it  and  treated 
the  conquered  with  a  savage  cruelty. 
They  next  turned  their  arms  against 
the  Danes  of  Dublin  and  besieged  that 
city.  Asculp,  their  chief,  mistrusting 
his  ability  to  hold  out,  sent  Lawrence 
O'Toole,  the  saintly  archbishop  of  that 
city,  to  negotiate  a  peace  with  Dermod. 
While  this  holy  man  was  stHviog  to 
avert  from  his  people  the  horrors  of 
war,  the  I^ormans  entered  the  city  by  a 


breach  Sept.  21,  and  spared  neither  age 
nor  sex,  but  the  helpless  and  unarmed 
as  well  as  the  defenders  fell  beneath 
the  sword  of  those  heartless  butcherH. 
The  inactivity  of  Roderick  at  this  time 
is  unaccountable,  unless  it  was  that 
those  who  suffered  were  mostly  Danes, 
who  were  even  yet  but  dubiously  at- 
tached to  the  stcte.  However  the'dnn- 
ger  incrcising,  he  upbraided  the  Kinff 
of  Lcinster  with  liis  perfidy  and  bna 
faith,  and  tl?''eatcned  to  beiiead  his  son 
Arthur  whom  he  hold  as  a  hostage. 
Dermot  showed  that  he  was  worth}'  of 
his  brutal  allies,  for  he  answered  that 
•such  a  threat  would  not  stop  him  and 
that  his  intention  was  to  proclaim  him- 
self monarch.  The  Monarch  prepared 
to  take  the  field,  but  the  season  beinp;  far 
advanced  nothing  was  dont',  and  before 
operations  commenced  in  the  springthis 
wicked  cause  of  the  misfortunes  of  his 
country  was  dead.  Ilichnrd  tried  to 
have  himself  proclaimed  King  of  Lciu- 
ster  as  the  son-in-law  and  heir  of  Der- 
mod, as  had  been  agreed  upon,  and  he 
led  his  forces  towards  Munstcr  com- 
mitting great  devastation.  He  was, 
however,  met  by  Roderick,  and  Don- 
nough  O'Brien,  King  of  Limerick,  at 
Thurles,  and  defeatea  with  a  loss  of  700 
English  dead  on  the  field.  Strongbow 
fell  back  to  Waterford,  while  the  Mon- 
arch swept  his  adherents  out  of  Meath. 
Roderick,  however,  met  reverses  th& 
next  year.  Strongbow  was  ordered 
back  to  England  by  his  master,  and 
other  difficulties  gathering  around  him, 
it  was  a  matter  of  necessity  to  obe^,  even 
were  he  inclined  otherwise.  He  re> 
turned  and  found  the  king  preparing^ 
to  invade  Ireland.  The  king  at  first 
first  pretended  to  be  indignant  at  his 
conduct  in  Ireland,  but  they  soon  came- 
to  understand  each  other,  and  Strong- 
bow was  received  into  favor,  and  prom- 
ised to  put  Dublin  and  other  sea  port 
towns  into  the  king's  hands.  In  Octo* 
her,  1172,  Henry  landed  at  Waterford 
with  a  powerful  army  and  was  joined 
by  all  the  English  adherents  in  Ireland. 
Dermod,  King  of  Cork,  was  the  first  of 
the  native  princes  to  acknowledge  hia 
claim  of  lord^nd  he  was  soon  after  fol- 
lowed by  the  King  of  Limerick  as  Henry 
approached  his  territories,  and  after- 
wards  by  others.  Roderick,  finding 
himself  but  feebly  supported,  consented 
to  an  interview  on  the  banks  of  the 
Shannon  in  the  presence  of  both  armies, 
but  no  result  was  reached,  and  Henry 


O'OO 


JQUBH  CKUn, 


O'OO 


1,  -    V 

UiK    II' 


thought  it  too  risky  to  attack  an  enemy 
well  posted  and  detennined.  However, 
some  time  afterward  a  treaty  was  made 
through  the  intervention  of  the  Arch- 
bishops  uf  Dublin  nnd  Tuam,  by  which 
Boderick  acknowledged  Henry  as  his 
superior  lord  and  agreed  to  pay  a  tribute, 
but  he  was  to  be  recognized  as  monarch 
and  all  others  subject  to  him.  This 
was  productive  of  no  good  result,  for  the 
English  adventurers,  anxious  for  an  ex- 
cuse to  plunder,  were  continually  guilty 
of  acts  of  aggression,  and  the  authority 
they  recognized  was  not  that  established 
bylaw,  and  consequently  no  justice 
could  be  had  but  by  retaliation,  so  that 
tiie  condition  of  the  country  under  such 
a  false  peace  was  even  worse  than  ac- 
knowledged war.  In  1176  Strongbow 
died  in  Dublin  and  was  succeeds  by 
Fitz  Adhelm.  The  same  line  of  policy 
continued,  and  the  Enslish  sought  to 
control  the  ecclesiasticif  as  well  as  the 
civil  power.  The  co\i\Ary  was  wrecked 
with  contending  powers,  the  English 
forming  alliances  now  with  one  power, 
now  with  the  Danes  and  now  with  an- 
other, but  alternately;  robbing  all,  and 
keeping  the  country  in  a  constant  state 
of  oistraction .  The  Monarch,  worn  out 
with  domestic  as  well  as  alien  enemies, 
at  length  laid  down  his  crown  and  en- 
tercKi  a  monastery  where  he  died  after 
aome  time  in  ms  82d  year.  He  was 
flucceeded  by  his  son  Conchovar  as 
Elngof  Connaught 

O'CONNOR  TURLOUGH-MORE, 
King  of  Connaught,  and  Monarch  of 
Irdand  succeeded  Morietach  -O'Brien 
A.  D.  1120.  He  compelled  the 
princes  of  Munster  and  Ulster  to  ac- 
knowledge him  by  force  of  arms.  He 
established  the  national  games  at  Tail- 
ton,  which  had  been  interrupted  for 
many  years.  These  games  consisted  of 
races  on  foot,  horsel>ack,  wrestling, 
tournaments,  leaping,  putting  the  stone, 
throwing  the  javelin,  and  everv  species 
of  military  evolution.    He  also  gave 

Seat  attention  to  all  kinds  of  public 
iprovements,  and  the  restoration  of 
churches,  religious  houses  and  seats  of 
learning.  He  was  royal  in  his  munifl- 
oence  and  inflexible  in  his  enforcement 
of  law  and  the  punishment  of  crime. 
He  imprisoned  his  son  Roderick  for  a 
publio  violation  of  law,  loading  him 
wiUi  irons  and  keeping  him  confined 
for  8  year,  only  releasing  him  after  re- 
peated solicitations  of  the  ArohbishopB 


of  Armaffh  and  Ca^hel.     The  latter 

Birt  of  his  reini  was  not  so  prosperous, 
aglochluin.  King  of  the  Northern  Hy- 
Nialls,  became  a  formidable  rival,  re- 
jecting his  authority  and  securing  the 
control  of  a  laree  portion  of  the  king- 
dom. Tiirlough  O'Connor  died  about 
A.  D.  1150,  and  was  succeeded  by  his 
rival. 

O'CONNOR  WM.  DOUGLAS,  an 
American  writer  of  talent,  was  born  in 
Boston  of  Irish  parents,  1888.  Having 
artistic  talent  he  at  first  intended  to 
adopt  painting  as  a  profession,  but  he 
drifted  into  literarv  habits  and  became 
assistant  editor  of  the  "Boston  Com- 
monwealth" 1858,  and  then  of  the 
"Philadelphia  Evening  Post"  from 
1854  to  '60.  He  was  connected  with 
the  Light  House  department  in  Wash- 
ington in  1861,  ana  Librarian  of  the 
Treasury  department  in  1871.  He  has 
contributed  largely  to  the  popular  liter- 
ature of  the  day  in  poems,  tales,  etc. 
for  magazines,  and  is  author  of  "Har- 
rington," a  romance,  and  "The  Good 
Gray  Poet,"  a  vindication  of  Walt 
Whitman,  and  the  "Ghost." 

0,CONOR  CHARLES.  LL.D., 
one  of  the  ablest  of  American  jurists, 
and  perhaps  as  erudite  and  profound  a 
common  law  lawyer  as  ever  lived,  was 
bom  in  New  York  city  of  Irish  parents- 
in  1804.  He  was  educated  by  his  fath- 
er, was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1826,  and 
was  not  long  in  earning  recognition  as 
a  young  man  of  extraordinary  legal  ca- 
pacity. By  1880  he  had  established  a 
fine  reputation  and  practice,  and  waa 
eminent  then  as  a  criminal  lawyer.  Be- 
fore he  was  thirty  years  of  age  he  had 
established  a  national  reputation,  and 
even  then  was  considerea  second  to  no 
living  lawyer  in  the  extent  and  profun- 
dity of  his  legal  lore.  From  that  time 
to  the  present,  a  period  of  more  than 
fifty  years,  he  haa  remained  unrivalled, 
pursuing  a  splendid  legal  career  and 
not  less  renowned  for  the  spotless  integ- 
rity and  exalted  dignity  of  his  char- 
acter, than  for  the  greatness  of 
his  legal  knowledge.  He  never  entered 
the  arena  of  politics,  although  always  a 
Democrat  and  a  strong  state  right  ad- 
vocate. For  a  few  months,  under 
Pierce's  administration,  he  was  United 
States  District  Attorney  of  New  York. 
He  was  offered  the  attorney  generalship 
of  the  United  States,  but  aecllned.    la 


'    1 


i 

•   •^.  I 


|i     4       K 


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,s  '^l 


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O'CU 


ODO 


1808,  on  a  ticket  with  John  Quincy 
Adams,  1r. ,  he  was  the  candidate  for  pres- 
ident of  the  United  States,  of  the  old 
line  Democrats,  but  it  was  against  his 
wish  and  more  as  a  matter  of  consistency 
than  with  any  idea  of  succeeding  in  the 
■election.  During  his  legal  career  he 
has  been  retainea  in  almost  every  case 
in  which  great  Interest  were  involved. 
He  was  counsel  for  Jefferson  Davis, 
and  appeared  in  the  interests  of  the 
Democratic  party  before  the  presiden- 
tial commission  in  the  great  contest 
between  Tilden  and  Hayes,  but  party 
was  more  potent  tlian  law,  and  o  to  7 
was  the  answer  to  all  questions.  Mr. 
O'Cunor  has  retired  from  all  legal  prac- 
tice, and  is  passing  the  evening  of  an 
active  and  well  spent  life  amid   the 

Eleasures  of  a  happy  home,  surrounded 
y  fellow  citizens  who  honor  and  ad- 
mire the  lofty  character  which  he  sus- 
tained through  his  long  and  matchless 
legal  career. 

■  O'CULLENNAN  GELA8IUS,  an 
Irish  divine  and  martyr,  was  a  member 
-of  the  order  of  St.  Bernard  and  abbot 
of  a  monastery  in  Boyle.  He  refused 
to  conform  and  acknowledge  the  virgin 
>queen  as  his  spiritual  superior,  and  con- 
sequently was  thrown  into  prison,  from 
whence,  after  much  suffering  he  was 
taken  and  hanged,  with  others,  in  Dub- 
Un  Nov.  1st.  1588. 

O'CURRT  EUGENE,  aleamed  Irish 
•rcheologlst  and  antiquarian,  son  of 
Oweo  O'Curnr  or  Brig  Owen,  was  bom 
atDunaha,  County  Clare,  Ireland,  in 
1796,  and  was  for  many  years  employed 
in  the  Arcbeological  department  of  the 
«rdnance  survey  of  Ireland.  His  mas- 
terly knowledge  of  the  Irish  language 
secured  for  him  the  position  of  colla- 
tor and  transcriber  of  the  ancient  Irish 
documents  in  possession  of  Trinity 
College,  Dublin  and  the  Royal  Irish 
Academy,  and  under  his  supervision 
these  ancient  Gaelic  MSS.  were  cata- 
logued and  their  contents  made  known. 
Here  were  found  and  deciphered  frag- 
ments of  the  ancient  Brehon  Laws. 
O'Curry,  on  the  establishment  of  the 
Catholic  university  of  Ireland  became 
professor  of  Irish  History  and  Arcbeol- 
ogy,  1864.  He  continued  his  labors  in 
tms  field  with  the  ardor  of  a  lover  to  the 
very  last,  and  to  himself  and  Dr. 
O'Donovan  are  we  indebted  for  open- 
ing up  hidden  Btores  of  Irish  history 


which  had  remained  buried  for  a 
thousand  yean.  O'Curry  died  in  1862; 
his  distinguished  co-laborer  having  pre- 
ceded him  a  few  months,  O'Curry 
was  undoubtedly  the  first  and  greatest 
of  modem  Irish  scholars.  In  1878  his 
latest  researches  into  the  ancient  man- 
uscripts of  his  country  were  published 
under  the  editorship 'of  Prof.  O  Sulli- 
van, "The  Manners  and  Customs  of 
the  Ancient  Irish,"  and  forms  the  com- 
plement of  a  former  work,  "The  Man- 
uscript Materials  of  Irish  History." 

O'DOGHERY  CAHIR,  a  gallant 
young  Irish  chief  of  Inishown,  who 
took  up  arms  to  defend  his  riehts,  civil 
and  religious,  during  the  early  part  of 
the  reign  of  James  1,  A.  D.  1608.  He 
captured  Derry  and  took  by  storm  tlie 
strong  castle  of  Culmer  on  Lough 
Foyle.  Field  Marshal  Ginkel  was  sent 
against  him  with  a  large  force,  whom 
he  foiled  with  ereat  skill  and  bravery 
with  a  much  inferior  force,  but  at 
length  his  great  daring  cost  him  his 
life;  and  his  troops  losmg  the  inspira- 
tion of  their  leader  broke  and  dispersed. 

O'DOHERTY  KEVIN  IZOD,  an 
able  and  talented  young  Irish  patriot  of 
'48,  was  bom  in  Dublin  in  1824,  received 
a  collegiate  education  and  was  noted  for 
his  ability,  entered  on  the  study  of 
jiedicine  about  the  time  the  political 
excitement  culminating  in  '48  had  com- 
menced to  agitate  society.  He  imme- 
diately threw  himself  into  the  struggle, 
with  all  the  abandon  and  ardor  of  a  tme 
Irish  heart,  and  became  an  enthusiastic 
member  of  the  "Young  Ireland  Party," 
and  was  one  of  the  principal  founders 
of  the  Students'  and  Polytechnic  Clubs, 
composed  of  talented  and  brilliant  young 
men.  When  Mitchell  was  arrested  and 
his  paper  suppressed,  O'Doherty,  in 
conjunction  with  Richard  Dalton  Wil- 
liams, immediately  established  the  "Irish 
Tribune."  It  was  equally  as  bold  in 
asserting  Irish  rights  ao  was  the  sup- 
pressed '  'United  Inshmen,"  and  in  about 
a  month  O'Doherty  was  in  prison, 
charged  with  treason-felony.  Three 
times  was  he  tried  before  the  govern- 
ment could  find  a  proper  jury  to  con- 
vict. He  was  sentenced  to  transporta- 
tion for  ten  years,  and  in  company  with 
Smith  O'Brien  and  John  Martin  he  was 
shipped  to  the  penal  colony  of  Van  Die- 
mens  Land.  He  was  pardoned  at  the 
same  time  as  O'Brien  and  settled  in  Par- 


ODO 


nun  cum 


ODO 


is,  when  he  took  up  hi«  medical  studies. 
He  made  a  secret  visit  to  Ireland  to 
claim  and  talce  away  his  devoted  and 
talented  tethrothcd  "Eva,"  one  of  the 
sweetest  aiid  most  talented  poetesses  of 
the  "Nation."  In  1857  his  pardon  hav- 
ing been  made  absolute,  he  returned  to 
Ireland  and  established  himself  for  prac- 
tice in  Dublin.  He  soon  acquired  a  fine 
reputation  in  his  profession,  ranking 
among  the  first  surgeons.  After  some 
years  be  again  turned  his  face  towards  the 
"Southern  Cross,"  this  time  freely,  and 
settled  in  the  new  nation  which  Celtic 
arms  and  brains  (mainly)  are  building 
up  in  the  great  continent.     He  has  ac- 

?[uired  a  commanding  position  both  pro- 
essionally  and  otherwise  in  his  new 
home,  and  one  can  feel  assured  that  the 
young  scions  of  the  house  of  O'Doherty 
and  his  "Eva"  will  keep  the  Celtic  name 
and  fame  prominent  and  bright  in  their 
home  and  among  their  race,  until  the 
old  land  and  the  ^ant  nations  in  the  new 
hemispheres  which  have  sprung  out  of 
her  matchlesa  race,  will  successfully  as- 
sert Irish  Celtic  superiority  and  autono* 
my  everywhere  in  its  aggregated  form, 
as  it  is  to  day,  and  always  has  been,  in 
tiw  hidividual. 

O'DONNBLL  LIEUT.  GEN. 
CHARLES,  a  distinguished  Irish  pat- 
riot and  soldier,  who  was  the  son  of  an 
officer  in  Uie  Irish  brigades,  who  came 
to  tiie  continent  about  1700  to  carve  out 
fortune  with  his  sword.  Our  subject 
also  adopted  amu  as  a  profession,  and 
after  serving  in  various  countries  he 
settled  in  Spain,  where  he  rose  to  dis- 
tinction, became  a  Lieut.  Gen.,  and 
held  many  high  positions.  His  descend- 
ants are  among  the  noblest  of  that  land. 

O'DONNEL  HUGH,  Prince  of 
Tyrconnell,  the  illustrious  compatriot  of 
Hugh  O'Neill,  Princeof  Tyrone,  and  his 
precursor  in  the  generous  struggle  for 
Irish  rights  and  re>igioiis  freedom,  was 
the  son  of  Magnus  0  Donnell.  Prince  of 
Tyrconnell;  and  was  bom  in  1678.  H ' 
had  reason  early  to  mistrust  English 
faith.  His  father,  refusing  to  give 
hostages  to  the  English,  the  depute 
Perrot  decoyed  young  CDonnell  with 
others  on  board  a  trading  vessel  that  cast 
anchor  in  Lough  Swilly  and  was  expos- 
ing rare  goods  for  sale,  carrying  him  and 
his  oomiMmions  prisoners  to  Dublin. 
This  young  boy  thus  cruelly  snatched 
from  his  parents  and  imprisoned  in  Dub- 
lin castle,  was  but  thirteen  years  of  age, 


and  here  he  was  kept  in  dose  confine* 
ment  for  seven  vears,  when  he  escaped 
in  company  with  the  sons  of  Shane 
O'Neill,  Prince  of  Tyrone,  Henry  and 
Art,  the  latter  of  whom  unfortunately 
was  wounded  by  the  fall  of  a  stonfr 
from  the  wall  as  he  was  l)eing  lowered 
down,  and  from  the  effects  of  which  he 
died.  This  escape  was  planned  by  two 
young  friends,  fiach  O'Brien  and  Edu 
Eustace,  who  furnished  the  captives 
with  a  piece  of  linen  which  was  torn 
into  strips.  O'Donnel,  when  he  arrived 
at  home,  was  received  with  great  loy,. 
and  his  father,  who  had  grown  ola  by 
sorrow,  resigned  his  rights  to  l)is  boy, 
who  was  crowned  Prince  of  Tyrconnel, 
although  but  20  years  of  age.  His 
first  act  was  to  drive  from  his  territo- 
ries an  armed  band  of  tax  gatherers  who> 
came  to  force  contributions.  He  then 
called  upon  the  different  branches  cf 
his  house  to  arm  in  defence  of  their 
rights,  and  was  joined  by  the  Mao 
Sweeneys,  O'Doghertys,  O'Buills^ 
O'Rourkes  and  others.  Heimmediatelv 
took  the  field  arainst  the  enmies  of  hu 
country,  besiegeo  and  took  the  castle  of 
Enniskillen,  and  planned  the  def  3at  of 
Shr  Henry  Duke  who  was  marching  t. 
its  relief.  He  spurred  on  Hugh 
O'Neill,  Prince  of  Tyrone,  to  take  up 
arms,  and  participated  in  sjl  the  efforts 
of  that  chieftain  to  establish  the  liber- 
ties of  their  country.  He  was  eneased 
for  some  time  in  Connaught  and  fofled 
all  the  efforts  of  Gen.  Korris,  and  at 
length  compelled  him  to  retreat  with 
considerable  loss.  He  was  equally  suc- 
cessful against  Gen.  Clifford,  who 
although  aided  by  O'Brien  of  Thom- 
ond  and  Burke  of  Clanricard  and  oth- 
ers, he  drove  from  the  province.  He 
next  foiled  the  efforts  of  Essex,  who 
sent  Clifford  with  a  strong  force  by 
land  and  Theobald  Burke  by  sea  to 
capture  Sligo.  O'Donnel  met  Clilford 
between  ^yle  and  Sligo,  and  com- 
pletely routed  his  army,  Clifford  him- 
self l)eing  among  the  large  number  of 
the  slain.  He  next  served  near  Lough- 
foyle,  keeping  the  garrisons  which  oc- 
cupied the  fort  built  by  Mountjoy  in  » 
constant  state  of  alarm  and  destroying 
large  bodies  which  attempted  plunder- 
ing expeditions;  but  having  no  fleet  and 
no  siege  pieces  he  could  only  confine 
the  enemy.  When  the  Confederates 
became  weak  from  the  Ions  struggle, 
the  defection  of  many  chiefs,  and 
the  aid  which  arrived  from  Spain,  and 


.».. 


©•DO 


mm  cMjjn, 


ODO 


which  was  hesleged  In  Einsale  by  the 
English,  being  inadequate  to  produce 
juiy  positive  lesults,  O'Donnel  went 
to  tne  continent  with  Bedmond 
Burke  and  Hugh  Mostian  to  seek 
substantial  assistance,  A.  D.  1601.  He 
was  received  by  Philip  III  and  other 
princes  with  distinsuished  considera- 
uon,  and  had  every  hope  of  returning 
with  powerful  assistance.  Fourteen 
thousand  men  were  assembled  at 
'Corunna  and  ready  to  sail  when  the 
news  of  the  surrender  of  Einsale 
reached  Spain  and  the  order  for  sailing 
was  countermanded.  O'Donnell  still 
continued  active  in  urging  the  Spanish 
«ourt  to  send  an  effective  force  to  Ire- 
land, and  would  probably  have  sue- 
-eeeded  had  he  not  died  in  the  midst  of 
his  hopes  and  his  patriotic  labors.  In 
him  Ireland  lost  a  gallant  chief,  full  of 
^energy  and  determination,  and  a  pat- 
riot whose  life  was  awilline  sacrifice 
for  the  civil  and  religious  liberties  of 
his  country.  When  Ireland  shall  be 
free,  as  free  she  will,  Hugh  O'Donnell 
deserves  as  proud  a  monument  as  tlie 
most  illustrious  among  her  faithful  chil* 
•dren., 

O'DONNELL,  MARSHAL  LEO- 
POLD, Count  of  Lucena  and  Duke  of 
Tetuan,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  of 
Spanish  generals,  was,  it  is  needless  to 
say,  of  Irish  descent,  and  was  the  son 
■of  Lieut  Gen.  Charles  O'Donnell,  He 
was  bora  at  Santa  Cruz,  Island  of  Ten> 
eriffe,  where  his  father  was  at  the  time 
.acthig  as  viceroy,  Jauuary,  1809.  From 
his  iuancy  he  was  trained  to  the  mili- 
tary profession,  and  at  the  age  of  ten 
years,  having  completed  his  primary 
education,  was  commissioned  a  sous- 
lieutenant  in  the  Spanish  army.  This 
was  not  a  mere  honorable  title,  but  en- 
tailed the  actual  duties  of  the  position, 
for  we  find  him  the  next  year  at  the 
headquarters  of  his  regiment  at  Ocana, 
where  the  so  called  liberal  Constitution 
of  1812  was  proclaimed  by  the  Conde 
del  Abisbal,  also  an  O'Donnell.  The 
parents  of  our  hero  being  opposed  to 
the  so-called  liberal  policy,  his  father 
retired  from  the  army  and  his  mother, 
displeased  at  the  action  of  the  govern- 
ment, and  also  thinking  that  her  boy 
was  too  youne  for  the  hardships  and 
temptations  of  a  camp  life,  took  him 
with  her  and  passed  into  France.  For 
being  absent  without  leave,  the  little 
lieutenant  was  court  martialed  on  his 


retura,  but  was  honorably  acquitted. 
In  1828,  when  the  French  entered  Spain 
to  support  Ferdinand  YII,  O'Donnell 
was  at  Yalladolid,  and  soon  after  we 
find  him  a  staff  officer  and  aid  t«  the 
commanding  general  at  the  siege  of 
Ciudad  Rodrigo,  where  he  so  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  coolness  and 
courage  under  fire  that  he  was  made  a 
full  lieutenant,  and  soon  after  was  com- 
missioned captain  in  the  Royal  Guards, 
which  position  he  held  until  the  death 
of  Ferdinand  VII. 

The  civil  wars  which  followed  this 
event  were  the  cause  of  untold  misery 
to  that  unfortunate  country,  reducing 
her  power  and  influence  to  a  low  place 
in  the  affairs  of  Europe.  The  trouble 
arose  from  chanj^es  in  the  laws  of  suc- 
cession, the  "Salic  Law,"  as  it  is  called, 
limiting  to  male  heirs,  beinc  introduced 
into  the  Spanish  constitution  in  1718. 
Some  steps  were  taken  towards  its  ab- 
rogation in  1789  and  it  was  finally  ab- 
rogated by  Ferdinand  YII.  The  result 
was  that  on  the  death  of  Ferdinand,  Don 
Carlos,  his  brother,  backed  by  most  of 
the  old  nobility  and  their  adherents,  de- 
termined to  assert  his  riehts,  claiming 
that  the  abrogation  was  illegal  and  void. 
The  new  Queen  was  assisted  by  Eng- 
land, France  and  Portugal.  O'Donnell 
sided  with  the  Queen  lor  reasons  un- 
doubtedly satisfactory  to  himself,  while 
his  brother  espoused  the  cause  of 
Charles  Y  and  fought  on  the  other  side 
in  a  manner  worthy  of  an  O'Donnell. 
On  the  commencement  of  hostilities  our 
hero  was  sent  to  the  defence  of  one  of 
the  principal  cities  of  Aragon,  then 
threatened  by  the  insurgents.  He  ac- 
quitted himself  so  well  that  he  was  im-. 
mediately  promoted.  He  continued  to 
be  actively  engaged  in  that  part  of  the 
peninsula  till  he  fell  severely  wounded 
at  the  battle  of  Erice  while  leading  his 
men  to  a  charge.  For  pliant  services 
he  was  made  a  colonel  January,  1880, 
and  when  a  )le  to  take  the  field  again 
he  was  put  }n  command  of  a  brigade 
with  which  he  took  possession  of  the 
valley  of  the  Err,  and  completely  routed 
a  body  of  the  enemy  at  Ronceavalles. 
He  was  soon  afterwards  sent  towards 
Navarre  to  protect  the  flank  of  the 
main  army  and  keep  open  its  communi- 
cations with  Madrid,  and  in  doine  so 
took  an  important  part  in  the  battle  of 
Unza,  March  19,  1886,  contributing 
greatly  by  his  gallantry  to  the  success 
of  the  Queen's  forces.    For  this  he  was 


VDO 


iBm  cBun. 


ODO 


cominlssioned  a  brigadier  general,  be- 
ing only  in  his  twentv-seventb  year. 
He  was  compelled  te  take  an  enforced 
rest  of  nearly  a  year  at  this  time,  typhus 
fever;  together  with  repeated  wounds, 
having  brought  him  to  the  verge  of  the 
grave. 

He  aeain  took  the  field  as  soon  as  he 
was  able  to  move  around,  against  the 
«amest  remonstrance  of  his  phvsician, 
and  joined  the  army  at  San  tiebastian. 
He  was  permitted  to  take  a  part  in  the 
advance  on  the  enemy's  lines  at  Oria- 
menti,  the  surrender  of  Hcmani  and 
the  fall  of  Tuenterrabia.     Some  of  the 

Siieen's  troops  having  mutinied  about 
is  time  he  brought  them  to  obedience 
by  his  tact  and  great  personal  influence 
without  the  use  of  force.    He  finished 
the  year  by  compelling  the  enemy  to 
evacuate  Urrieta  and  Anoain,  and  was 
raised  to  the  rank  of  major  general. 
Early  in  1838  he  occupied  with   his 
forces  the  defensive  lines  of  San  Sebas- 
tian.   On  the  24th  of  June  he  engaged 
the  enemy  and  drove  them  f  re  n  their 
entrenchments  and  across  the  Oria,  and 
on  Uie  25th  he  again  routed  them  at 
Oyarzun,    capturing    many  prisoners 
and  munitions  of  war,  and  in  the  fol- 
lowing October  entered  that  city  as  a 
conqueror.    The  following  year  lie  was 
appointed  to  the  command  of  the  Cen- 
tral Army  in  place  of  Nogueras,  and 
made  Captain  General  of  the  kingdoms 
of  Aragon,  Yalentia  and  Murcia.    The 
The  enemy's  strongholds  were  then  in 
lower  Aragon,  and  to  these  be  turned 
his  attention  ;  before  the  close  of  the 
campaign  he  had  taken  and  destroyed 
nearly  all  the  enemy's  works  and  swept 
their  defenders  from  tlie  province.    He 
also  during  this  campaign  performed  a 
most  brilliant  exploit  in  the  relief  of 
Lucena,  then  defended  by  only  two 
thousand  men,  and  invested  by  a  pow- 
erful bodv  of  troops  under  Qfen.  Cab- 
rera, an  able  and  experienced  officer. 
With  but  eleven  battalions  and  900  cav- 
alry, he  suddenly  attacked  the  investing 
force  with    great  impetuosity,  drove 
them    from    the   position,    capturing 
many  men  and  guns  and  compelling  a 
precipitate  retreat.    For  this  important 
service  he  was  rewarded  with  the  rank 
of  Lieutenant  General  and  the  title  of 
Count  of  Lucena.    Us  was  now  con- 
ceded to  be  the  ablest  of  the  Spanish 
generals,  and  had  won  his  high  position 
by  merit  alone.    The  civil  war  ended 
fbe  following  year,  1840,  and  the  Car- 


list  were  forced  to  abandon  the  lost 
cause  and  flee  the  countrv.    The  unset- 
tled  condition  to  which    it    brought 
affairs,  and  a  general  disrespect  for  law 
and  authority  as  wvU  as  tlie  abuse  of 
the  same  by  those  in  power,  soon  be- 
came painfully  evident.    O'Donncll  be- 
coming dissatisfied  with  the  intrigues 
of  tlie  Queen  Regent,  he  liecame  in- 
volved in  an  insurrectionary  emeute  in 
Madrid  in  1841,  and  pr(M-ec<'lin(^  with  a 
body  of  discontents  to  Pampeluna,  he 
was*  threatened  by  overwhelming  num- 
bers of  eovernment  troops,  and  had  to 
seek  safety  in  flight.    This  cost  him 
also  his  position  in  the  army     In  two 
years,  however,  he  rcturnea  to  Spain, 
drove  Espartero,  that  wily,  unprinci- 
pled statesman,  from  power,  and  was 
restored  to  his  former  rank  and  ap- 
pointed Captain  General  of  Cuba.  This 
latter  position  he  held  until  1848  with 
equal  fatisfaction  to  the  Cubans  and  the 
home  government.     On  his  return  to 
Spain  he  took  his  seat  in  the  Alta  Cam- 
avilla,  and  became  an  active  and  influ- 
ential parliamentary  leader.    The  abuse 
of  power  had,  however,  become  chronic 
in  Spain,  and  there  appeared  no  peace- 
ful cure.    The  insurrection  of  1854  took 
f>lace,  and  O'Donnell  headed  it,  unit- 
ng  the  entire  opposition.     They  de- 
manded the  re-eslablisliinentof  the  con 
stilution  of  1837,  the  dismissal  of  the 
ministry,  the  banishment  of  Christina, 
Regent  Mother  of  the  Queen,  and  the 
reorganization  of  the  National  Guard. 
Everything  was  conceded,  and  Espar- 
tero returned  from  exile  to  act  as  regent 
for  the  young  Queen.    A  new  ministry 
was  formed   with  O'Donnell   in    the 
department   of   war.      Espartero    re- 
mained but  two  years  in  power,  and 
was  then  banished,  O'Donnell  becom- 
ing for  a  short  time  head  of  the  govern- 
ment.   He  retired  in  October,  1856,  and 
came  into  power  again  in  1858.    In  the 
mean  time  he  was  elevated  to  the  rank 
of  Field  Marshal,  and  in  1859,  on  the 
breaking  out  of  war  with  Morocco,  he 
took  command  of  the  iavadlng  army. 
The  campaign  was  short,  sharp  and 
decisive,  full  of  glory  for  the  Spanish 
arms,  and  reviving  their  old  reputation. 
O'Donnell,  although  in  a  strange  coun- 
try full  of  difllculties,  surrounded  by  a 
cunning  and  watchful  foe,    seems  to 
have  pursued  but  a  series  of  succesfies, 
and  by  his  skill  and  daring  challenging 
even  the  admiration  of  his  foes.    He 
concluded  a  most  advantageous  peace 


■I 


O'DO 


ntlSH  OKAH 


O'DO 


far  Spain,  returned  to  receive  the  plau- 
dits of  a  gratefid  country  with  tlie  title 
of  Duke  of  Tetuan.  He  was  soon 
reminded,  however,  not  to  put  his 
trust  in  princes,  or  rather  princesses, 
far  more  fcebk  and  unreliable,  even 
than  princes,  and  he  must  have 
reflected  often  in  his  last  exile, 
if  after  all,  the  Salic  Law  might 
not  be  more  advantageous  to  himself 
and  his  country.  Be  that  as  it  may,  he 
did  not  long  enjoy  his  crown  of  laurel 
at  home,  for  scarcely  had  the  huzzas 
for  his  victories  died  away,  than  once 
amin  he  had  to  flee  from  the  country, 
whose  best  wishes  he  had  so  Ions 
and  so  ably  served,  and  he  died 
in  exile  at  Biarritz,  France,  at  the 
age  of  68  years.  His  ilesth  was 
lunented  throughout  Spain,  loi  al- 
though banished  by  the  rulers  of  his 
country,  he  had  never  lost  his  place  in 
the  hearts  of  the  Spanish  people,  who 
looked  upon  him  as  one  of  the  neatest 
generals  of  the  age,  and  an  able  and 
'  consistent  defender  of  the  people's 
rights.  So  manifest  was  this  f eeung, 
;  fmit  the  government  itself  pretended  to 
purtake  of  it,  and  the  Queen  ordered 
his  remains  brought  to  the  capital  and 
buried  with  regal  pomp. 

O'Dunnell  had  every  element  of  a 
great  and  popular  leader.  He  was  of 
magnificent  physique,  being  over  six 
feet  in  height  and  of  conunanding  pres- 
ence, with  courage  never  questioned, 
and  a  skill  and  daring  which  made  him 
victor  of  a  hundred  fields.  He  was 
descended,  too,  of  one  of  the  most  illus- 
trious kingly  families  of  Ireland,  that 
of  Tyrconnell,  whose  chiefs  were  ever 
on  the  side  of  their  country,  who 
fought  the  invaders  for  over  five  hun- 
dred years,  and  gave  to  Ireland  many  a 
gallant  chieftain. 


ODONOHOE,  JOHN  a  distinguished 
Canadian  statesman  and  Senator  of  the 
Dominion  of  Canada,  bom  in  county 
Galway.  Ireland,  and  educated  at  St. 
Jarlatli's,  the  celebrated  school  of  Uie 
archdiocese  of  Tuam.  When  quite  a 
young  man  he  emigrated  to  Canada  with 
his  elder  brother  Malachi,  settling  in 
Toronto,  engaging  in  the  commission 
business,  ana  amassing  considering  pro- 
perty. In  1860  and  thereabouts,  the 
fdah  Catholics  of  Toronto,  especiallv  of 
the  ward  of  St.  David,  began  to  cuim 


a  share  in  the  municipal  government^ 
from  which,  through  Tory-Orange  big- 
otry, they  had  been  excluaed.  Accor 
dincly  O  Neill,  the  young  editor  of  the^ 
"Mirror,"  the  Irish  organ  of  the  day,  a 
resident  of  St.  David^  contested  that 
ward,  but  was  defeated.  The  follow- 
ing year  the  Irish  ^rded  their  loins  to- 
gether, and  chose  O'Donohoe  for  their 
standard-bearer.  He  very  wisely  formed 
an  alliance  with  the  liberal  Scotch  ele- 
ment, and  he  was  returned  at  the  head 
of  the  poll,  for  the  ward  of  St.  David, 
in  spite  of  an  attempted  riot.  During 
his  career  in  the  City  Council  he  was 
remarkable  for  his  fine  and  carefully 
prepared  speeches,  and  the  patriotic  loy- 
alty he  displayed  towards  the  men  whoso 
work  placed  him  where  he  was.  Re- 
tiring from  the  council  he  continued  his 
political  labors,  entering  zealously  into 
the  support  of  Mr.  D'i^cy  McGeeln  hia 
various  schemes,  attended  the  Buflala 
convention  and  favored  the  colonizing  of 
poor  Irish  of  the  cities  on  the  Hastmgs 
Road  free  grants  in  Canada,  a  project 
which  bore  rich  fruits,  was  an  influen- 
tial delegate  to  the  London  conference, 
called  by  McQee  for  the  purpose  of  re- 
uniting once  more  the  Irish  Catholics 
and  the  Reformers.  In  the  mean  time 
he  studied  law,  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
and  subsequently  appointed  prosecuting 
attorney  of  York  by  the  Reform  Oovem- 
ment.  He  soon  won  high  standing  in  his 

Srofession  and  was  raiwd  to  the  bench, 
[e  was,  however,  too  fond  of  an  active 
life  to  l)e  put  away  on  the  shelf  at  his  age, 
so  he  threw  off  the  ermine  and  entered 
the  arena  of  politics  once  more,  running 
for  member  of  parliament  on  the  Reform 
ticket  for  East  Toronto,  which  Included 
"Cabbage  Town,"  the  pet  name  for  hia 
old  constituency  of  St.  David's.  On 
his  canvass  he  was  received  with  enthu- 
siasm by  his  old  friends,  and  was  elect- 
ed by  a  rousing  majority,  defeating  the 
strongest  man  the  Conservatives  could 
bring  forward.  After  varying  fortunea 
he  finally  retired  from  the  lower  house, 
entering  the  Senate,  which  is  a  seat 
for  life.  O'Donohoe  Is  a  man  of  warm 
sympathies,  fine  oratorical  powers, 
strong  in  his  antipathies,  and  hospitable 
and  entertaining  in  his  manners.  His 
fine  personal  qualities  had  a  good  deal' 
to  do  with  his  election,  as  he  was  the 
first  and  only  Catholic  that  ever  sat  In 
Canadian  Parliamemt  for  bigoted  Tor- 
onto, though  the  Catholic  population  !•> 
more  than  one  third  of  the  city. 


5  i' 


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OTA 


UUBU  CKUSB. 


cmA 


O'DONOVAN,  DR  JOHN,  LL.D., 

a  learned  and  distinguished  Irish  arch- 
aeologist and  antiquarian,  was  bom  in 
county  Kilkenny,  Ireland,  July  9, 1809. 
He  was  first  engaged  in  the  historical 
dept.  of  the  ordnance  survey,  and  had  to 
consult  old  manuscript  to  settle  names 
of  places,  visiting  every  county*  in  Ire- 
land in  prosecution  of  his  work.  He 
was  called  to  the  bar  in  1847,  but 
did  not  enter  into  the  practice  of 
that  profession.  He  made  the 
translating  and  transcribing  of  Irish 
or  Oaelic  manuscript  his  life-work,  and 
tinearthed  much  valuable  historical  mat- 
ter from  the  musty  and  misty  manu- 
scripts of  the  past.  He  is  the  author  of 
several  valuable  works  on  the  Irish  lan- 
guage, history  and  archeeology,  among 
fliem  "  The  Book  of  Ri^'bts, "  1847, 
"The  annals  cf  Ireland  by  the  Four 
Masters/  8  vol.,  1848-61,  and  "Gram 
jaarof  the  Irish  Language."  He  was 
professor  of  Irish  language,  history  and 
archnology  at  Queen^  College,  Belfast, 
1849,  and  was  an  intimate  friend  and 
CO  laborer  of  O'Curry.  He  died  in 
1861. 

O'DOWLING,  THADDEUS,aleam- 
^  divine  and  autlior,was  Chancellor  of 
fLe  Church  of  Leighlin  and  doctor  of 
theology.  He  wrote  "Annales  breves 
Hiberma,"  an  "Irish  Grammar"  and 
other  works.  He  flourished  about 
1670. 

O'DWYER,  ANDREW  CAREW, 
If.  P.,  a  talented  Irish  patriot  and  law- 
yer, was  bom  in  1800,  and  after  com- 
{iletinghis  education  was  called  to  the 
rish  Bar  in  1880.  He  became  promi- 
nent in  the  Repeal  movement,  ablv 
seconding  O'Connell  in  all  his  great  ef- 
forts, fie  represented  Drogheda  for 
for  some  time  in  Parliament,  and  for  a 
short  time  held  ofiBce  in  the  Irish  Ex- 
chequer.   He  died  Nov.  16,  1877, 

OTALLON,  DONALD,  a  learned 
and  eloquent  Irish  divine  and  scholar, 
was  a  member  of  the  order  of  St.  Fran- 
cis and  bishop  of  Deny.  He  was  for 
thirty  years,  famous  throughout  Ireland 
M  a  preacher  and  was  the  most   con- 

Sicuous  bishop  of  his  time  in  Ireland, 
e  died  about  1600. 

OTALLON,  JOHN,  a  distinguished 
Amevioan  merchant  and  philanthropist, 
of  Ir^  h  descent,  born  in  Kentucky, 


1791,  and  served  with  credit  in  the  wa ' 
of  1812.  He  subsequently  removed  to 
St.  Louis,  when  by  energy,  strict  integ- 
rity  and  industry  he  acquired  great 
wealth.  Hegaveaway  over  $1,000,000 
to  public  institutions,  the  principal  beni- 
flcaries  being  "The  O'Fallou  Polytech- 
nic Institute  and  Washington  Universi- 
ty.   He  died  in  his  88th  year. 

OTIHELY,  DONALD,  an  Irish  his- 
torian, was  a  native  of  Cork  and  flour- 
ished about  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth 
century.  He  wrote  in  the  Irish  language. 
Ware  refers^to  his  annals. 

O'GARA  OLIVEli,  oue  of  the  Irish 
soldiers  of  fortune  which  the  civil  war 
sent  to  the  continent,  was  bom  in  Ire- 
land about  1675.  On  leaving  bis  native 
country  after  the  treaty  of  Limerick,  he 
at  first  served  in  France,  attaching  him- 
self to  the  Duke  of  Lorraine.  That 
prince  honored  him  witii  the  charge  of 
"master  of  the  horse"  to  bis  two  sons. 
He  afterwards  was  made  a  privy  coun- 
sellor when  that  prince  became  Emperor 
and  received  other  marks  of  favor.  He 
had  three  othor  brothers  who  entered 
the  service  of  ^pain,  the  eldest  of  whom 
rose  to  the  ranks  uf  Brigadier-General, 
and  the  others  to  that  of  Colonel.  Ho 
died  about  1750. 

OGELBEY,  DR.  FREDERICK,  a 
distinguished  Protestant  Episcopal  dl- 
vipe  was  born  in  Ireland  in  1814,  was 
connected  with  Grace  Church,  New 
York,  and  the  Church  of  the  Ascension, 
Philadelphia,  and  was  held  in  high  re- 

Sute  for  leaining  and  eloquence.     He 
led  in  1878. 

O'GORMANHON,  RICHARD,  one 

of  the  most  eloquent  of  living  American 
lav/yeis,  was  bom  in  Ireland,  and  was 
one  of  the  Young  Irish  Patriots  of  '48. 
See  life  in  supplemental  volume. 

O'HAGAN  GEOPPRY,  a  writer  of 
the  fourteenth  century,  was  a  member 
of  the  order  of  Minor  brothers  at  Ne- 
nagh,  Tipperary.  Hj  wrote  the  annals 
of  his  time  from  1880  to  18''0,  which 
are  still  preserved  in  manuscript. 

O'HAGAN,    THOMAS,   a   distln- 

fuished  Irish  Jurist  and  orator,  was 
orn  in  Belfast,  May  29,  1812;  He  re- 
ceived his  education  lu  the  Belfast 
academy,  where  he  distinguished  him* 


'    '1 


,1'    »  , )  J 


Kii 


]^\ 


O'HA 


nUSH  GBLTS. 


O'HA. 


self,  and  entering  the  arena  of  journal- 
ism he  attracted  attention  by  his  ability,, 
In  the  mean  time  he  studied  law 
and  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1886,  then 
in  his  twenty-fourth  year.  He  early 
seconded  O'Cfonoell  in  his  efforts,  '^nd 
in  1840  became  prominent  in  the  re- 
peal movement.  On  the  arrest  of 
O'Connell  and  his  friends  in  1843, 
O'Hagan  was  one  of  his  Counsel,  and 
appeared  before  the  House  of  Lords  in 
the  appeal.  In  1849  he  became 
Queen's  Counsel.  He  became  Solicitor- 
general  of  Ireland  in  1860  and  Attor- 
ney-General in  1861,  with  the  rank  of 
Fnvv-councillor.  In  1868  he  became 
liOrd.  High  Chancellor  of  Ireland, 
which  position  he  held  till  1874,  having 
been  the  first  Catholic  who  held  the 
place  dnce  1680.  In  1870  he  was  raised 
to  the  peerage  as  Baron  O'Hagan.  In 
the  House  of  Lords  he  sitb  in  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  appeals,  as  a  law  lord. 
Baron  O'Hagan,  in  the  difficult  posi- 
tions which  he  held  under  the  govern- 
ment, always  sustained  the  character 
of  a  true  lover  of  his  country,  and  has 
largely  influenced  honest  legislation 
for  Ireland.  The  infamous  jury  sys- 
tem of  Ireland,  by  which  the  tools  of 
the  Crowp  pacliea  the  jury  box  and 
thereby  doomed  many  an  innocent 
man  to  death,  was  greatly  modified  by 
his  exertions  and  innuence.  While  his 
positions  compelled  him  to  iie  conserva- 
wre,  his  fairness  and  houesty  made  him 
the  friend  of  all  tbe  best  patriots  of  his 
country,  and  in  1875,  on  tbe  celebration 
of  the  O'Connell  centenary  in  Dublin, 
he  was  called  upon  as  the  most  fitting 
living  orator  to  pay  a  proper  eulogium 
to  the  Qreat  Liberator.  As  a  lawyer, 
oratur  or  Icgiclator  he  ranks  with  the 
first  of  his  day  in  Oreat  Britain. 

O'HALLORAN,  SYLVESTER,  a 
learned  Irish  historian,  was  born  iu  1728, 
and  after  completing  his  classical  edu- 
cation he  took  up  a  course  of  medicine 
and  surgery,  which  profession  he  prac- 
ticed with  great  success.  He  was  also 
the  author  of  several  medical  works  of 
merit.  It  is,  howe^'or,  as  an  antiquary 
and  historian  that  ho  is  best  known.  In 
1772  he  published  an  introduction  to  the 
history  and  antiquities  of  Ireland,  4to, 
and  afterwards  a  general  history  of  Ire- 
land, in  2  vol.,  4to.     He  died  in  1807. 

O'HARA,  JAyTS,  one  of  the  foun- 
dwi 6  uf  Pittsburg,  Peun.,  was  a  native 


of  Ireland,  emigrated  to  America 
and  settled  in  Pennsylvania,  the  home 
of  so  many  Irish  in  tbeir  exodus  to  this 
country.  This  was  shortly  before  the 
Revolutionary  war  into  which  he  en- 
tered with  heart  and  hund.  He  served 
under  his  countryman,  Wayne,  and  held 
the  responsible  office  of  Quarter- master 
Oeneial  in  hiu  corps,  which  he  filled 
with  great  efficiency.  After  the  war 
he  pushed  west  and  became  one  of  the 
founders  of  Pittsburg.  He  died  Dec, 
1819. 

O'HARA,  EANE,  a  distinguished 
burlelta  writer  and  musical  composer, 
was  one  of  the  Munster  family  ol  that 
name,  and  was  born  about  1715.  Hu 
held  a  distinguished  ptisitiou  in  the 
fashionable  and  literary  circles  of  Dub- 
lin for  many  years,  as  a  man  of  wit  and 
an  author.  It  was  mainly  through  his  ex- 
ertions that  the  Dublin  Musical  Acade- 
my was  founded  in  1758.  He  was  the 
author  of  the  celebrated  burletta  of  Mi- 
das, which  he  composed  for  private  the- 
atricals. It  was  first  publicly  performed 
at  the  Crow  theatre,  and  after- 
wards  at  Drun  Lane,  and  Co- 
vent  Garden,  and  was  intended  to 
throw  ridicule  on  the  Italian  burlettas. 
O'Hara  yr»?  not  only  a  wit  and  a  fine 
musician,  but  he  was  also  skilled  as  an 
artist.  Amongst  his  other  works  are 
"The  Golden  Pippin,"  a  burlelta,  "The 
Two  Misers,"  a  musical  farce,  "April 
Day,"  a  burletta,  and  "Tom  Thumb." 
A  recent  English  drama);ic  critic  says  of 
O'Hara:  He  was  tbe  verv  prince ot  bur* 
ietta  writers.  His  Golden  Pippin  in 
whimsical,  his  lyrical  adUilions  to  Tom 
Thumb  are  every  way  worthy  of  that 
inimitable  burlesque,  and  his  Midas  Is 
the  most  perfect  tuirig  of  its  kind  iuour 
language.  O'Hara  died  in  Dublin  in 
June,  1782,  and  was  affiicted  for  some 
time  before  his  >iettth  with  total  and 
incurable  blindness. 

O'HARA,  COL.  THEODORE,  a 
gallant  American  officer,  poet  and  jour- 
nalist, was  of  Irish  parentage,  born  in 
1820.  He  served  with  Uisiinction  during 
the  Mexican  war.  7Jis  life  was  spent 
mainly  in  the  south,  and  on  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  war  of  tlie  Rebellion  he 
cost  his  fortunes  with  the  state  of  ids 
birth  and  adoption.  He  served  on  the 
staff  of  Albert  Sydney  Johnson,  and 
that  distinguished  soutliern  General  died 
iu  his  arms.    CoL  O'ilura  was  the  au- 


CHU 


JBJBa.CKVtB, 


O'KB 


Ilia 

the 

abd 

(lied 

au- 


tiior  of  thnt  beautiful  and  Immortal  pro- 
duction "Tlie  Bivouac  of  the  Dead,"  the 
authorship  of  which  alone  is  enough  to 
stamp  him  as  a  man  of  great  poetic  gen- 
ius and  power.  This  song  was  written 
in  memory  of  his  dead  companions  of 
the  Mexican  war,  and  read  at  the  erec- 
tion of  a  state  monument  at  the  ceme- 
tery in  Frankfort,  Kentucky,  over  the 
craves  of  the  dead  heroes  of  that  war. 
After  the  late  war  O'Hara  resided  for  a 
timp  in  Georgia,  afterwards  was  editor 
of  theMobile  "Daily  Register,"  and  was 
a  popular  and  able  writer.  He  died 
in  Georgia  in  18G7. 

O'HURLEY,  DERMOD,  Archbishop 
of  Cashel,  a  heroic  Irish  Martyr  and 
Confessor.  He  made  his  studies  in  Lou- 
vain  and  Paris,  and  was  Professor  of 
Law  in  the  former.  He  also  resided  in 
Rome,  where  he  was  appointed  Arch- 
bishop of  Cashel  by  Gret^ory  XIII.  He 
immediately  set  out  for  Ireland  to  min- 
ister to  his  persecuted  flock,  although 
the  penalty  was  death.  He  visited,  in- 
structed and  consoled  his  people,  going 
from  house  to  house.  He  was  at  length 
discovered,  arrested  and  taken  to  Dub- 
lin, tried  before  the  Chancellor  Lof- 
tus.  Archbishop  (so  called)  of  Dublin, 
and  every  inducement  offere<l  him  to 
conform,  but  he  remained  raithf u),  and 
after  the  most  cruel  tortures  were  inflict- 
ed on  him  by  flre,  he  was  hanged  on  the 
7th  of  June,  a.  d.  1583. 

OILIOLL-OLUM,  King  of  Munster 
and  Monarch  of  half  Ireland,  was  the 
son  of  Modha,  and  succeeded  his  father 
as  King  of  Munster,  about  the 
year  A.  D.  280.  Being  absolute 
King  of  the  whole  province  by 
the  crushing  of  Angus  and  the 
Deagades  by  his  fattier,  he  promul- 
gated a  law  securing  the  crown  in  his 
family,  directing  the  succession  to  run 
alternately  between  the  descendants  of 
his  two  eldest  sons  Eogan-More  and 
Cormac-Cas,  the  latter  of  whom  is  an- 
cestor of  the  O'Brien's  and  the  f  rmer 
of  the  MacCarthy's.  This  la«v  was  re- 
ligiously observed  for  centuries. 

O'KANE,  GEN.  DANIEL,  a  distin- 
gui^hed  Irish  soldier,  was  bo.n  about 
1600  in  Ulster,  the  home  of  his  race. 
With  the  O'Neills  and  O'Donnells  he 
foufht  the  enemies  of  his  rac<>,  and  when 
mii^Torlune  overshadowed  their  efforts, 
be  for  a  while  sojourned  on  the  contin- 


ent, where  he  distininiished  himself,  es^ 
pecially  in  the  Netherlanc:  ,  at  length 
rising  to  be  a  general  oflicer.  When  he 
became  aware  of  the  gallant  struggle  in 
which  Owen  Roe  O'Neill  was  engaged 
against  the  archenemy  in  the  old  land, 
he  resigned  his  brilliant  prospects  on  the 
continent  and  sailed  for  Ireland,  1642. 
He  became  a  Lieut. -General  under  Owen 
Roe  and  threw  his  whole  soul  into  the 

{;reat  struggle  for  freedom,  and  fell  gal- 
antly  fighting  the  battles  of  his  coun- 
try. He  was  not  only  distinguish)  d  as 
a  brave  and  skilful  soldier,  but  was  also 
a  man  of  letters  and  noted  for  his  lin- 
guistic attainments. 

O'KANE,  JAMES,  a  gallant  officer  of 
the  American  navy,  was  born  in  Indi< 
ana.  Nov.  11,  1889,  of  Irish  parents,  and 
graduated  at  the  Naval  Acad<'my  in 
1860,  served  on  the  Brooklyn  at  the  suc- 
cessful running  of  Forts  Jackison  and 
Philip  in  1862,  in  which  action  he  was 
wounded.  He  afterwards  led  the  sailor 
infantry  at  the  battle  of  "TuUflnty-Cross- 
roads","  Dec.  6,  1864,  and  behaved  on 
all  occasions  in  a  manner  to  call  for  the 
commendation  of  his  superiors.  In  1874 
he  became  a  commander,  and  is  held  in 
high  esteem  by  his  associates. 

O'KEEFE,  REV.  EUGENE,  a  le«-ned 
and  able  Irish-American  divine  and 
scholar,  was  born  in  Cork,  Ireland,  but 
came  to  America  with  his  parents  when 
quite  young.  He  received  his  education 
at  the  College  of  St.  Francis  Xavier  and 
afterwards  at  the  Sulpicians,  Montreal. 
He  was  attached  to  the  Diocese  of  Tor< 
onto  till  18Gx  when  he  removed  to  New 
Jersey,  where  he  resumed  his  ministerial 
labors.  He  was  one  of  the  ablest  and 
most  profound  linguists  in  America,  and 
became  widely  known  by  his  elegant 
translations  from  the  Greek,  Italian  and 
other  languages.  He  died  in  New  York 
city,  Sept.  32, 1880. 

O'KEEFE,  JOHN,  a  cehbrated  Irish 
dramatist  and  comedian,  was  born  in 
Dublin  in  1748,  and  having  considera- 
ble artistic  talent,  at  first  determined  to 
pursue  that  profession.  His  love  of 
humor  and  his  taste  for  theatrical 
amusements  proved  loo  much  for  his 
art  proclivities,  and  he  abandoned  the 
easel  for  the  stage.  He  obtained  an 
engagement  on  the  Dublin  stage  undt^r 
Mr.  MoBsup,  and  for  twelve  years  he 
onterttdned  the  people  of  Dublin  and 


'■'  V 


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OTiO 


tbe  provinces,  and  acquired  considera- 
ble reputation  as  a  comedian.  Hiis  li^ 
entry  efforts  were  coeval  with  bis  his- 
tronic;  at  the  age  of  fifteen  he  produced 
a  comedy  in  five  acts.  Amon^  bis  ear- 
ly productions  was  a  bistronic  mono- 
logue called  "lony  Lumpkins'  Ramble 
through  Dublin,"  which  attracted  con- 
sideraole  notice,  not  only  |in  Dublin 
but  London  also,  where  it  was  received 
with  great  applause  on  account  of  its 
irresistible  humor.  About  1780  he  left 
Ireland  with  a  view  of  trying  the  Lon- 
don Si'age,  but  not  succeeding  at  once 
in  securing  an  engagement,  he  applied 
himself  with  great  assiduity  and  success 
to  dramatic  composition,  and  between 
1781  and  '98  he  produced  about  fifty  com- 
edies, comic  operas  and  farces,  most  of 
which  were  produced  w  ith  great  applause 
and  many  of  which  still  keep  the  stasce. 
Among  which  are  "Wild  Ont,"  "the 
Castle  of  Andelusia,"  "The  iigreenble 
Surprise,"  "The  Poor  Soldier,"  "Peep- 
ing Tom,"  "The  Young  Quaker,"  etc. 
He  at  length,  unfortunately,  became 
blind,  and  misfcrtune  and  embarrass- 
ment overtook  him.  In  1800  he  received 
a  benefit  in  Covent  Garden,  at  wliicb  ho 
recited  a  poetical  address  full  of  liumor 
and  pathos.  He  subsequently  dictated 
and  published  his  memoirs. 

O'EELLY,  RALPH,  an  able  and 
eloquent  divine,  was  Archbishop  of 
Cashel.  He  was  a  native  of  Dro^heda 
and  became  a  Carmelite  in  Kildare 
where  he  was  educated.  In  1886  he 
greatly  distinguished  Jimself  as  an  ora- 
tor and  doctor  of  civil  law,  was  appoint- 
ed Attornev  General  of  Ireland  un- 
der Peter  de  Casa  in  1845,  and  after- 
WHrds  was  raised  to  tlte  archbidhcpric 
of  Cashel  by  Clement  YI.  He  wrote  a 
work  on  canon  law, a  "sacnd  compen- 
dium," and  other  works.  He  died  at 
Cashel  in  1861,  and  was  succeeded  by 
George  Roach. 

O'KENNEDY,  MATHEW.  a  learned 
Irish  gentleman  and  Doctor  of  Laws, 
JEiil  aster  in  Chancery  and  Judge  in  Ad- 
miralty. He  wrote  a  volume  of  Irish 
history  and  chronology,  printed  in  Pa- 
ris la  1705.  In  it  he  proves  that  the 
royal  family  of  the  Stuarts  are  of  Irish 
descent. 

O'LAOHNAN,  MARIAN,  Arch- 
bishop of  Tuum  A.  D,  1240.  He  made 
a  pilgrimage  to  Jei  asalem,  the  particu- 


lars of  which  he  published  for  the  edl* 
fication  and  information  of  those  des- 
irons  of  making  the  voyage.  He  died 
at  Athlone  in  1249  and  was  succpeded 
by  his  chancellor,  Florence  McFlin,  a 
profound  doctor  of  canon  law. 

OLAM  FODLA,  one  of  the  ancient 
monarchs  of  Ireland  in  the  misty  past, 
is  said  to  have  lived  about  720  years  be* 
fore  the  Christian  era.  He  used  to  as- 
semble a  triennial  assdmbly  at  Teamor 
(Tara)  in  order  to  regulate  the  affaira 
of  state  and  preserve  the  genealogies  of 
families.  He  is  said  also  to  have  estab- 
lished schools  for  the  cultivation  of  lit- 
erature and  philosophy. 

OLAVE  FOLA,  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  of  the  ancient  Monarchs  of 
Ireland,  reigned  about  A.  M.  8324, 
or  B.  C.  680.  This  monarch 
was  a  great  patron  of  learning 
and  science.  He  convoked  a  general 
triennial  assembly  from  the  whole  king- 
dom to  assem1»le  at  Teamor  (Tara).  Hia 
was  the  beginning  of  a  polished  and 
steady  government,  founded  upon  posi- 
tive laws  enacted  for  the  whole  King- 
dom. He  also  founded  a  school  of 
learning  at  Tara  called  Mur-OUivan,  in 
which  the  wisest  men  of  his  kingdom 
were  gathered  as  instructors. 

OLCHOBHAIR,  a  gallant  son  of  the 
king  of  Cashel  succeeded  his  father 
A.  D.  840.  He  flourished  at  the 
time  Turgesius,  son  of  tlie  King  of 
Denmark  and  prince  of  the  Irish 
Danes,  made  pretensions  to  the  throne 
of  Ireland.  Our  subject  in  con- 
junction with  Lochain,  son  of  the  Ring 
of  L<'inster,  having  joimd  their  forcea 
together,  defeated  the  Danes  in  a  bloody 
battle  at  Scia  Naght,  in  which  Count 
Tomain,  heir  to  the  crown  of  Denmark, 
with  1,200  of  hi4  men  lay  dead  upon 
thn  field  of  battle.  The  Danes  being 
reinforced,  they  mot  again  near  Cashel, 
when  the  enemy  were  again  forced  ta 
retreat.  Ochlobhair  succeeded  his 
f  1 1  her  as  King  of  Casbel,  and  continued 
to  keep  the  desperate  invader  at  bay  to 
the  last. 

O'LOUGHLIN,  SIR  COLEMAN,  an 
able  Irish  lawver  and  patriot,  was  born 
Sept.  20,  1819,  and  was  called  to  the 
Irish  bar  in  1840.  il-i  won  his  fli-st 
forensic  honors  as  a  junior  associate  to 
the  great  O'Conuell.     Having  been  left 


1 

] 
i 


OHUL 


UUBH  GBLTB. 


O'MA 


unsupported  at  acrltical  moment  in  an 
important  trial,  through  some  misun- 
derstanding of  counsel,  he  rose  equal  to 
the  emergency  and  so  distinguished  him- 
self ^at  thenceforward  he  held  a  prom- 
inent position  at  the  Irish  bar  and  se> 
cured  a  lucrative  practice.  He  was 
made  aQueen's  Counsel  in  1852,  and  a 
Sergeant  at-Law  in  '65.  In  1867  he  was 
appointed  Judge  Advocate  General,  but 
resigned  after  some  time.  He  repre- 
sented Clare  in  Parliament  for  manv 
years,  and  always  on  the  side  of  his 
country,  being  at  the  last  an  earnest 
Home  Kuler.    He  died  July  22,  1877. 

O'MADDAN,  EDMOND,  an  Irish 
officer  of  ability,  who  distinguished 
himself  under  Hamilton  in  Ireland  and 
afterwards  went  to  France  and  distin- 

Sished  himself  in  the  wars  of  Louis 
Y  as  commandant  of  a  regiment  of 
the  Irish  brigade,  participating  with 
distinguished  gallantry  in  many  of  the 
renowned  battles  of  that  exciting  period. 

O'MAHON,  GENERAL  COUNT, 
one  of  the  ablest  and  most  brilliant  of- 
ficers of  the  French  army,  and  one  of 
the  commanders  of  the  Irish  brigade, 
was  born  in  Ireland  in  1787.  He  en- 
tered the  French  service  in  1751,  and 
for  over  sixty  years  served  with  distinc- 
tion and  honor,  leaving  a  record  for 
length  and  brilliancy  of  services  second 
to  no  officer  of  his  time.  He  served  in 
America,  Germany.  Holland,  Italy, 
Egypt,  Austria  and  Rus'  ia,  and  succes- 
sively under  the  Regency,  Louis  XVI, 
the  Republic,  the  Consulate  and  the 
Empire.    Amongst  his  innumerable  ex- 

Sloits  was  his  novel  capture  of  three 
tutch  Men-of-War  with  two  battalions 
of  infantry  and  some  artillery  The 
vessels  were  frozen  in  the  Scheldt  and 
he  captured  them  after  a  desperate  en- 
g  •gcment  of  six  hours.  His  last  ap- 
pearance in  Paris  was  at  the  funeral  of 
Kapoleon,  when  he  appeared  in  the 
full  dress  of  an  officer  of  the  Irish  Bri- 

ide,  decorated  with  the  orders  of  St. 

>uis  and  the  Legion  of  Honor.  A 
grand  old  man,  then  in  the  hundredth 
year  of  his  sge,  still  proudiv  erect  and 
military  in  hts  bearing.  When  recog- 
nized he  was  saluted  with  the  greatest 
respect  and  enthusiasm,  many  officers 
of  distinction  leaving  the  ranks  to  jtay 
their  respects  to  an  officer  who,  when 
they  were  young  in  the  service,  was  to 
them  a  model,  a  friend  and  an  instruc- 


tor. He  had  not  been  in  the  army  a'* 
ter  the  defeat  and  downfall  of  Napoleon, 
having  retired  from  the  service  and 
lived  as  a  private  gentleman.  He  died 
at  Burges  in  1844  at  the  great  age  of 
107  years,  and  is  buried  at  the  convent 
of  St.  John  in  that  city. 


O'MAHONY,  JEREMIAH,  a  gallant 
Irish  officer,  was  a  native  of  Limerick, 
and  took  up  arms  in  defiance  of  James 
II.  After  the  treaty  of  Limerick  (after- 
wards so  shamefully  violated),  he  went 
to  France  with  his  regiment  and  partici 
pated  in  the  glories  of  the  Irish  brigade, 
rising  to  places  of  honor  and  distinction 
by  his  talents  and  gallantry. 


O'MAHONY,  JOHN,  a  learned  Irish 
patriot  and  scholar,  was  born  in  Mit- 
chelstown,  county  Cork,  Ireland,  in 
1816,  and  received  his  education  partly 
there  and  at  Trinity  College,  Dub- 
Lin.  His  sympathies  were  early  enlisted 
in  the  cause  of  his  county  and  he  cast 
his  fortunes  and  put  his  hopes  in  the 
Young  Ireland  Party,  and  was  leader  of 
the  raiMng  in  Tipperary  and  Water- 
ford.  He  came  to  the  U.  S.  and  engaged 
in  literary  pursuits,  but  never  lo^t  sight 
of  the  great  work  of  his  life:  the  liber- 
ation of  his  country.  In  1850,  in  con- 
conjunction  with  Mitchell,  he  kept  the 
national  spirit  of  his  countrymen  alive 
in  New  York  through  the  medium  of 
the  Emmet  Monument  Association,  and 
in  1858  he  was  associated  with  James 
Stevens  in  the  orgauization  of  the  Fen- 
ian Brotherhood,  O'Mahory  managing 
the  American  branch  of  the  society. 
During  the  war  of  the  rebellion  he  raised 
the  99th  N.  Y.  and  was  commis.Mont'd 
its  Colonel.  Disheartened  at  the  divi- 
sion within  the  Brotherhood  and  the 
partial  exposure  of  its  plans  either  by 
carelessness  or  design  and  its  condem- 
nation by  religious  authority,  he  re- 
signed his  leadership  in  1866.  In  1873 
he  resumed  his  connection  to  its  molli- 
fied form  and  continued  througli  it  to 
work  for  his  country's  good.  He  started 
and  edited  the  '  'Irish  People"  for  tv^o 
years,  and  was  connected  with  the 
"Phoenix"  and  "Tlie  Irish  Citizen." 
In  1857  he  published  a  translaiioa  bv- 
biraself,  of  Keating's  History  of  Irclanu. 
He  was  a  ripe  Irish  scholar,  proliably 
the  best  in  America,  and  to  be  such  was 
a  part  of  his  ardent  patriotism.     As  a 


:-:r 


$ 


OlIE 


XBns  OBIAI. 


O'NB 


patriot  he  was  disinterested,  honest  and 
consistent,  and  possessed  a  large  and 
generous  Irish  heart.  He  died  in  N.  Y. 
city.  Feb.  6th,  1877. 

O'MALONB,  DANIEL,  a  learned 
Irloh  divine  and  scholar,  was  a  Doctor 
of  Theology  and  a  Professor  in  the  Col- 
lege of  Boloene,  Italy.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Order  of  St.  Jerome.  He 
was  the  author  of  theological  and  other 
works,  published  in  Latin  at  Venice, 
and  afterwards  reprinted  at  Antwerp 
and  Douay.    He  flourished  about  1560. 

O'MEARA,  DR.  BARRY  ED- 
WARD, celebrated  as  the  medical  ad- 
viser and  confidant  of  Napoleon  during 
a  great  portion  of  his  last  years  at  St. 
Helena,  was  born  in  Ireland  about  1778. 
He  was  originally  a  surgeon  in  the  Brit- 
ish navy,  and  was  on  board  the  Beller- 
ophon  in  that  capacity  on  the  7th  of 
August,  1816,  when  Napoleon  went  on 
boMd.  Napoleon  having  observed  his 
skill  in  attending  some  of  the  crew,  and 
also  his  knowledge  of  Italian,  made 
oyertun'4  to  him  *o  accompany  him  to 
Bt  Helena,  his  own  physician  not  being 
able  to  go  with  him.  Having  obtained 
permission  from  Keith,  Dr.  O'Meara 
consented  and  accompanied  him  to  St. 
Helena  on  the  Northumberland,  where 
he  remained  till  July,  1818,  when  he 
was  recalled  and  deprived  of  his  rank. 
He  returned  to -Ireland,  practiced  his 
profession,  wrote  and  published  his  book 
"A  Voice  from  St  Helena."  He  took 
an  active  part  in  the  Repeal  movenients, 
and  was  a  great  admirer  and  co-laborer 
of  O'Couneli's.  He  died  June  8. 1886,  of 
a  cold  caught  while  attending  one  of  the 
Repeal  meetings.  Souvenirs  which 
he  left  of  Napoleon  were  eagerly  sought 
for  And  brought  large  prices,  a  ^w 
lines  in  his  handwriting  bringing  eleven 
guineas. 

O'MELKERON,  OWEN,  an  Irish 
pr!3st,  patriot  and  martyr,  was  hung  in 
Uublin,  Nov.  1st,  1588,  for  his  devotion 
to  his  religion  and  country.  He  refused 
to  conform  to  Elizabeth's  behests  again<-t 
his  religious  convictions  and  for  this 
and  continuing  to  administer  to  the 
■piritual  wants  of  bis  people,  he  was 
condemned  to  death  by  Loftus,  Arch- 
bishop of  Dublin  and  Lord  Clumcellor. 

O'NEILL,  CHARLES,  an  able 
American  lawyer  and  legislator,  is  of 


Irish  extraction,  bom  in  Philadelphia* 
March  2l8t,  1821 ;  received  his  eauca* 
tion  at  Dickinson  College,  and  after 
graduating  commenced  the  study  of  the 
law  and  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  of  his 
native  state  in  1848.  Hesoonwonrecog* 
nition  by  his  ability,  and  was  successive- 
ly elected  to  botli  branches  of  tlic  State 
Legislature,  and  in  1862  to  Congress 
from  tlie  second  Pennsylvanian  district, 
which  position  he  has  held  with  the  ex- 
ception of  one  term  down  to  the  present 
time,  1883.  He  is  a  Republican  in  pol- 
itics and  highly  esteemed  by  his  fellow- 
citizens. 

O'NEILL,  CHARLES,  Licut.-Com- 
inander  U.  S.  N.,  a  gallant  Irish  Amer- 
ican navy  officer,  was  born  in  England 
in  1842,  where  his  parents  resided  for  a 
time,  and  afterwards  emigrated  to  the 
United  States.  He  entered  the  U.  S. 
navy  and  was  on  board  the  Cumberland 
when  sunk  by  the  Meirimac  in  1862, 
and  served  with  distinction  in  many  oi 
the  coast  battles.  He  became  a  Lieut.- 
Commander  in  1868. 

O'NEIL,  ELIZA,  one  of  the  most 
famous  and  accomplished  actresses  who 
ever  illumined  the|stage,  was  bom 
in  Ireland,  1795,  and  early  entered 
on  an  unrivalled  career  of  professional 
success,  appearing  in  London  in  all  the 
great  female  roles,  and  noted  equally 
for  the  magnificence  of  her  presence, 
her  charming  manners  and  unrivalled 
ability.  She  played  in  all  the  great 
Shakesperean  roles  and  was  admitted 
by  the  critics  to  be  without  a  rival  for 
many  vears.  Her  generosity  and  good- 
ness of  heart  was  as  conspicuous  as  her 
talent,  and  no  appeal  for  assistance,  en- 
couragement or  help  was  ever  made  to 
her  in  vain  by  her  co- laborers,  or  in- 
deed by  anyone  in  want.  She  died  in 
1872. 

O'NEILL,  GORDON,  a  eallant  Irish 
officer  and  a  worthy  scion  of  the  famous 
Hugh.  He  early  took  up  arms  in  de- 
fence of  Irish  riffhts,  and  gallantly  sup- 
Sorted  James  Ilin  hopes  of  benefitting 
is  country.  On  the  disgraceful  failure 
of  that  incompetent,  O  Neill  went  to 
France  with  bis  regiment  (the  Charle- 
mont  regiment),  and  greatly  distin- 
guished himself  under  Catinat  in  Savoy 
and  on  various  other  occasions,  raising 
to  the  rank  of  General  by  his  gallantry 
and  good  conduct. 


©•NB 


IBISH  CBJ/n, 


ONB 


O'NEILL,  HUGH.  Prince  of  Tyrone 
one  of  the  ablest  and  most  patriotic 
defenders  of  Irish  liberties, was  a  grand- 
son of  Conn,  who  had  accepted  from 
Henry  YIII  the  title  ^f  Eari,  and 
•  nephew  of  Shane  or  John,  who  resumed 
that  of  King  of  Ulster  and  Prince  of 
Tyrone.  He  was  partially  educated  in 
England,  nnd  when  a  youn<;  man  was 
for  some  time  at  the  court  of  Elizabeth, 
where  he  was  a  great  favorite,  and  high- 
ly honored.  After  returning  to  Ireland 
and  be.  loldiug  the  destructive  policy  pur- 
sued by  the  Euglisli,  wlio  seemed  to 
come  but  for  plunder  and  rob- 
bery, he  determined  to  prepare  for  any 
emergency,  and  took  every  means  to 
strengthen  his  resources  and  to  train 
his  people  to  the  new  tactics  which  the 
use  of  fire-arms  had  rendered  necessary. 
His  fli'st  trouble  with  Elizabeth  arose 
from  his  kind  treatment  to  Spanish 
soldiers  who  were  wrecked  on  the 
coast  of  Ulster.  This,  however,  was 
passed  over,  and  amity  was  not  broken 
between  him  and  Elizabeth.  In  the 
meantime  the  arbitrary  and  persistent 
efForts  of  Elizabeth  to  establish  the  new 
religion  in  tliose  portions  of  Ireland 
which  the  English  ruled  were  produc- 
ing their  natural  results,  persecution 
and  robbery  on  one  side  anr  issistance 
on  the  other.  It  was  not  alone  the  an- 
cient Irish  who  resisted  the  establish- 
ment of  the  state  religion,  but  many  of 
the  Norman  Irish  were  as  strenuously 
opposed  to  the  new  religion  as  well  as 
to  the  arbitrary  manner  of  propagating 
it,  and  took  up  arms  in  defence  of 
tlieir  natural  rights.  Maguire,  Prince 
of  Fermanagh,  O'Donnell,  Prince  of 
Tyrconnell,  Lord  Walter  Fitzgerald,  of 
the  house  of  Eildare,  were  among  the 
principal  leaders  who  were  opposing 
the  English  troops  and  their  Irish  al- 
lies with  varying  success.  O'Neill  had 
remained  neutral  for  seven  years,  but 
not  idle,  sometimes  when  called 
upon  making  a  show  of  assistance  in 
favor  of  the  Deputy.  Elizabeth,  con- 
tinually disappointed  by  the  want  of 
Bucc(}ss  of  the  many  expeditions  sent  to 
comjpel  the  Irish  inside  the  Pale  to  ac- 
cept her  si)iritual  supremacy,  and  those 
outside  to  acknowledge  her  authority, 
determined  by  one  great  effort  to  send 
such  an  expedition  as  would  ensure 
certain  sviccess.  O'Donnell,  who  was 
besieging  Enniskillcn,  wrote  to  O'Neill, 
who  was  his  relative  as  well  as  friend, 
and  told  him  be  could  no  longer  honor- 


ably remain  idle  while  bis  religion  toA 
country  were  threatened  with  impend* 
ing  rum.  O'Neill  called  his  counsel  to 
discuss  the  state  of  affairs,  but  did  not 
immediately  commit  himself.  He, 
however,  allowed  his  brother  Cormac, 
with  600  men,  to  strengthen  O'Donnell 
against  an  intended  attack  by  Sir 
Ileury  Duke,  who  was  marching  to  re- 
lieve Euniskillen  with  3,000  men,  and 
who  met  a  disastrous  defeat  on  the 
banks  of  the  Farna,  by  one-half  their 
number  led  by  Jfngiiire  and  Cormac 
O'Neill.     The  Earl" of  Tyrone,  whose 

Eowor  had  been  thus  far  contracted  at 
omc,  by  the  assumption  of  a  cousin  to 
the  title  of  O'Neill  or  King  of  Ulster, 
and  who  was  supported  by  a  large  fol- 
lowing of  the  family  on  account  of  their 
aversion  to  any  title  which  would  sug- 
gest dependence,  died  aliout  this  time 
Hugh  now  renounced  the  title  of  Earl, 
and  declaring  himself  an  independent 
prince  like  his  forefathers  and  an  ene- 
my to  the  oppressor  of  his  countiy  ami 
the  despoiler  of  religion,  and  was  chosen 
to  head  the  Confederates  A.  D.  1605. 
Elizabeth,  Alarmed,  now  ordered  veteran 
troops  from  the  Netherlands,  and  put- 
ting at  their  head  an  experienced  and 
able  general,  Sir  John  Norris,  with  the 
title  of  Captain  Oeneral,  sent  them  to 
Ireland.  Norris,  at  the  head  of  ten 
thousand  men,  and  confident  of  vic- 
tory, set  out  for  Ulster.  O'Neill  also 
took  the  field,  captured  an  English  foit 
called  Portmore  on  the  Blackwater, 
and  laid  siege  to  Monaglian,  which 
surrendered.  In  the  meantime  without 
coming  to  a  general  engagement,  a 
truce  of  two  months  was  agreed  upon 
to  see  if  terms  of  peace  co'uld  not  be 
settled  on. 

The  Catholics  demanded,  first,  lib- 
erty of  conscience  ;  second,  a  full  par- 
don for  all  the  past,  and  lastly,  the  en- 
tire removal  of  all  garrisons  and  Eng- 
lisli  olficers  of  any  and  all  kinds  from 
Ulster  except  the  towns  of  Newry  and 
Carrickfergus.  No  agreement  was  ar- 
rived at.  The  deputy  and  Gen.  Nor- 
ris led  their  army  to  Dundalk,  and  af- 
ter some  time  marched  for  Armagh, 
when  they  were  met  at  Killclunona,  on 
the  way,  bv  ONeill,  where  after  a 
sharp  conflict  the  English  were  com- 
pelled to  retreat  to  Newry,  leaving  600 
dead  on  the  field.  Norns  being  again 
reinforced  marched  toward  Monaghan, 
but  O'Neill  intercepte<l  him  a  short  dis- 
tance from  the  city,  and  after  a  dcspcr- 


.'!.  .r  -' 


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0*NB 


ibue  oBun, 


o'lns 


•te  engaffement  defeated  him  with  the 
loas  01  700  killed.  This  enttagement 
was  signalized  by  a  hand-to-hand  con* 
flict  tetween  O'Neill  and  an  Irish 
knight  of  Meath  named  Secrave,  who 
fought  on  the  other  side.  Two  lances 
were  broken  by  each  knight  on  the 
shield  of  his  opponent,  when  swords 
were  drawn  and  O'Neill  slew  his  ad- 
versary. Norris,  desperate  from  mor- 
tification at  two  defeats,  sought  to  re- 
trieve his  fortunes  by  an  unexpected 
effort  the  next  morning,  but  was  again 
foiled  with  considerable  loss.  The 
ueen  again  desired  to  make  peace,  but 
'Neill  demanded  as  a  pre-requisite  en- 
tire religious  freedom  in  Ireland,  and 
no  progress  was  made.  In  the  begin- 
ning of  the  next  campaign,  A.  D.  1596, 
Armagh  was  taken  by  surprise,  and 
Norris,  after  garrisoning  it.  encamped 
with  his  army  near  by.  O'Neill 
brought  him  to  an  engagement  and  de- 
feated him,  but  Norris  retreated  to 
ArmajB;h,  and  O'Neill  was  unable  to  be- 
siege It.  After  strengthening  the  gar- 
rison Norris  returned  to  Dundalk. 
O'Neill  being  master  of  the  open 
country,  intercepted  all  supplies  for 
Aranagh,  which  at  length  brought  on 
famine  and  the  plague,  and  Stafford, 
the  English  commander,  at  length  sur- 
renderM  ^e  city. 

The  Irish  troops  seemed  averse  to 
being  shut  up  in  fortified  towns,  pre- 
ferring to  fight  in  the  open  field,  and 
consequently  as  soon  as  captured  they 
dismantled  them,  and  on  the  first  favor- 
able opportunity  the  English  again 
seized  them.  Norris  made  a  third  at- 
tempt to  advance  into  Ulster,  but  was 
affain  met  by  O'Neill  and  defeated  at 
Molach,  in  the  District  of  Prior,  after 
a  desperate  resistance  in  which  he  was 
dangerously  wounded.  He  died  short- 
ly after,  hastened  it  is  said  by  mortifi- 
cation at  the  loss  of  the  high  military 
reputation  he  had  acquired  abroad,  and 
the  disgrace  of  repeated  defeat.  He 
was  succeeded  by  Oen.  Burrows,  who 
came  as  deputy  and  brought  with  him 
large  reinforcements.  Burrows,  after 
concentrating  his  entire  forces,  marched 
for  Ulster.  He  took  possession  of  Ar- 
magh and  Portmore,  which  had  been 
abandoned  by  the  Irish  troops  after 
destroying  the  fortifications,  ana  seemed 
to  think  that  great  advantages  had  been 
gained.  The  garrison  he  left  at  Port- 
more  was  quickly  isolated,  and  he  had 
not  yet  reached  Dublin   in  triumph 


when  he  waft  called  on  to  return  and 
relieve  them.  He  was  met  on  the 
wav  by  O'Neill  at  Benburb,  when 
a  desperate  battle  ensued.  Burrows 
was  mortally  wounded  in  the  earlr 
part  of  the  confiict,  and  the  Earl  of  Eil> 
dare,  who  succeeded  him  in  command, 
after  several  desperate  efforts  to  force 
the  Irish  line  was  also  mortally  wounded 
and  thrown  from  his  horse.  The 
English  were  driven  back  with  dreadful 
slaughter  and  many  of  them  drowned 
in  the  Blackwatcr.  Both  Burrows  and 
Kildare  died  a  few  days  after  the  bat- 
tle. Butler,  Earl  of  Ormond,  was  now 
appointed  Lieut.  Qcneral,  and  he  was 
instructed  to  bring  about  a  peace  with 
O'Neill,  if  possible.  O'Neill  would 
consider  no  overtures  which  would  not 
as  a  pre-requisite  guarantee  entire  re- 
ligious freedom,  and  so  nothing  came 
of  it.  In  August,  1598.  O'Neill  sur- 
rounded Portmore,  which  was  again 
occupied  by  the  English,  and  at  the. 
same  time  sent  1,500  men  to  assist 
O'Moore,  of  Leix  who  was  besieging 
Porteloise  in  Leinster.  Ormond  dis- 
patched 8,000  to  the  relief  of  the  latter, 
while  Bagnal,  called  the  Marsha),  who 
was  a  brother-in-law  of  O'Neill  and 
an  experienced  ofilcer,  with  5,000  men 
was  sent  to  Ulster.  His  first  object 
was  to  supply  Armagh  with  provisions, 
and  he  succeeded  in  doing  this  by  de> 
ceiving  O'Neill  as  to  his  intended  rout. 
After  this  success  he  very  nearly  sur- 
prised O'Neill's  camp  in  the  night, 
O'Neill  at  first  barely  escajiing  from  his 
tent,  but  having  rallied  his  troops  the 
enemy  were  routed  ard  compelled  to 
precipitately  retreat,  leaving  behind 
them  much'booty .  Bagnal  having  been 
reinforced,  advanced  again  to  the  relief 
Of  Portmore,  and  was  met  by  O'Neill 
about  a  mile  from  Armagh.  Here  was 
fought  the  most  bloody  battle  of  the 
war.  Bagnal,  twenty-four  principal 
officers,  and  upwards  of  two  thousand 
of  his  men  lay  dead  on  the  field  of  bat- 
tle, the  shattered  remains  of  his  army 
makinar  a  precipitate  retreat.  During 
the  battle  the  powder  magazine  of  the 
enemy  blew  up,  killing  nearly  all  those 
who  were  guarding  the  baggage.  Be- 
sides the  killed  the  English  lost  all  their 
baggage,  artillery  and  instruments  of 
WOT,  thirty-four  stand  of  colors,  war- 
like stores  and  12,000  pieces  of  gold. 
This  victory  cost  O'Neill  about  200  mea 
killed  and  600  wounded,  and  its  further 
result  was  the  surrender  of  Portmore. 


O'NB 


nUBHCELTH. 


OlfB 


i 


The  state  of  affairs  in  Ireland  at  this 
time,  from  the  English  point  of  view, 
was  deplorable.  The  splendid  victor- 
ies of  O'Neill  had  aroused  the  hopes 
and  courage  of  other  chieftains  who 
had  submitted  to  the  invader,  and  tliey 
asserted  their  independence ;  the  Eng- 
lish and  their  Irish  allies  were  corre- 
spondingly depressed.  More  troops 
were  sent  under  Sir  Samuel  Bagnal,  and 
Bingham,  who  had  been  removed  from 
Connaught  for  his  cruelty,  was  appoint- 
ed marshal.  Ormond  was  blamed  for 
notopposing  O'Neill  in  person.  Eliza- 
beth now  seut  her  favorite,  Essex,  with 
royal  powers  to  secure  ace  and  loy- 
alty. A  fleet  and  about  20,000  veteran 
soldiers  were  placed  at  hfs  disposal,  and 
be  sailed  for  Ireland  the  end  of  March, 
1599.  He  was  not,  however,  more  suc- 
cessful than  his  predecessor.  He  and 
his  generals  met  a  series  of  disastei-s  in 
Leinster  and  Munster.  He  says  himsel  f 
"I  am  confined  in  Cork,  where  there  is 
an  abundance  of  warlike  stores ;  but 
still  I  have  been  unsuccessful ;  my  un- 
'dertakings  have  been  attended  with  mis- 
fortune. I  do  not  know  to  what  this 
can  be  attributed,  except  to  an  evil  star 
that  has  led  me  here."  He  also  says  in 
a  letter  to  the  Queen.  "The  Irish  are 
stronger  and  handle  their  arms  with 
more  skill  than  our  people,  and  differ 
from  us  in  nb  point  of  discipline,  but 
they  are  not  well  adapted  to  attack  or 
defend  fortified  places."  Essex,  after 
receiving  reinforcements,  determined  to 
try  his  fortune  in  Ulster,  but  before 
O  Neill  could  arrive  at  the  point  inva- 
ded. Gen,  Clifford,  who  commanded 
the  main  body  of  the  invaders,  was  met 
^  O'Donnel,  Prince  of  Tyrconnel,  near 
Boyle,  utterly  defeated  and  slain, 
O'Neil  arriving  two  days  after  the  bat- 
tle. Essex  being  again  reinforced, 
inarched  for  Ulster  and  was  soon  con- 
fronted  by  O'Neill  near  Louth.  Essex 
cent  to  O  Neill  saying  he  came  to  offer 
terms  of  peace,  not  to  invade,  but  no 
terms  could  be  agreed  upon.  He  then 
asked  for  a  personal  interview  with 
O'Neill.  The  chieftains  met,  and  Es- 
sex desired  a  truce  for  six  months,  but 
O'Neill  told  him  that  his  duty  to  his 
allies  rendered  it  impossible :  he  would 
agree  to  a  more  reasonable  time  with  a 
condition  of  two  weeks  notice  to  ter- 
minate, by  either  party.  Essex  spoke  of 
the  ancient  friendship  which  existol 
'  between  his  father  and  O'Neill  when 
the  latter  was  at  court,  and  his  own 


present  misfortunes  and  the  peril  of  his 
position.  O'Neill  gave  him  salutary 
advice,  as  one  who,  by  experience  and 
age,  had  learned  the  uncertainty  of 
courtly  favor  in  England,  and  warned 
him  to  be  most  circumspect  lest  the  very 
authority  with  which  he  was  clothed 
might  not  prove  Iiia  ruin.  Essex  re- 
turned to  Dub'in,  and  leaving  affairs  in 
the  hands  of  Loftus,  the  Chancellor, 
he  hastened  back  to  London.  He  was 
received  by  the  Queen  with  great 
coldness,  who  ordered  him  to  confine 
himself  to  his  room,  and  he  was  shortly 
after  committed  to  prison,  from  whence 
he  went  to  tlie  scaffold.  Mouutjoy  was 
sent  to  Ireland  to  succeed  Essex.  With 
a  large  fleet  he  took  possession  of  a  lake 
in  the  North  of  Ireland  called  Lough- 
Foyle,  and  on  its  borders  erected  four 
forts.  His  object  was  to  distract  and 
harass  the  Irish  chieftains  separately, 
and  break  the  union  between  tbem  by 
offering  inducements  to  make  peace. 
Unfortunately,  too,  some  of  the  ancient 
houses  had  submitted  to  English  au- 
thority and  some  even  to  the  new  re- 
ligion, and  accepted  English  titles  and 
favors  from  the  first.  Notably  amone 
them  the  O'Briens  and  McCarthys  of 
Munster,  the  O'Connor,  Sligo,  and 
others  ;  not  that  large  portions  of  those 
families  did  not  always  support  thepop? 
ular  cause,  but  the  example  of  those 
who  should  have  been  leaders  and  the 
immunity  it  often  gave  them,  was  a  per- 
nicious example  to  those  in  misfortune 
to  redeem  themselves  by  doing  like- 
wise. All  these  causes  were  producinir 
their  effects,  and  although  O  Neill  and 
O'Donnell,  the  heads  of  the  Confeder- 
ates, continued  to  sustain  their  reputa- 
tion in  the  field,  they  gradually  became 
weaker.and  were  compelled  to  confine 
thel"  efforts  mainly  to  their  own  prov- 
ince. In  October,  1660,  Mountjoy  en- 
tered Ulster  at  tlie  head  of  a  strong 
force,  but  he  was  promptly  met  by 
O'Neill,  who  defeated  him  in  two  bat- 
tles, one  near  Dundalk  and  the  other 
at  Carlingford,  in  which  the  deputy  lost 
upwards  of  4,000  men,  and  was  himself 
dangerously  wounded.  Ir  the  other 
produces,  however,  affairs  were  not  so 
prosperous  for  the  Irish.  Many  of  the 
nobles,  tired  out  with  continued  warfare 
and  discouraged  at  the  prospect  of  new 
armies  to  face  and  conouer,  and  the 
want  of  an  acknowledged  authority  at 
their  head  to  concentrate  their  strength, 
made  their  peace  with  the  enemy  wben 


'-^m 


-'-km 


A 


O'NB 


ntnn  cblt& 


O'NB 


ther  could  advantageously.  O'Neill 
had.  promises  of  assistance  from  tlie 
continent,  but  it  came  sparingly  and 
too  late.  In  September,  1601,  a  small 
Spanir  1  fleet  and  2,600  men  landed  in 
Kinsale,  near  Cork.  It  was  only  part 
of  a  larger  one  which  had  been  dis- 
persed in  a  storm,  and  its  more  impor- 
tant supplies  of  war  were  in  vessels 
which  had  not  reached  Ireland. 

The  English  besieged  the  place  bv 
sea  and  land.  O'Neill  and  O'Donnell 
came  to  its  relief  in  December,  but  their 
united  forces  did  not  exceed  six  thous- 
and men,  while  the  enemy  had  sixteen 
thousand.  No  general  engagement  was 
fought.  O'Donnell  had  a  sharp  cavid- 
ly  brush  with  the  enemy,  in  which, 
after  a  first  success,  he  was  driven 
back  and  lost  a  couple  hundred  men. 
O'Neill,  finding  himself  unable  to  risk 
a  general  battle,  and  the  season  being 
far  advanced,  led  his  troops  back  to 
Ulster,  and  O'Donnell  was  commis- 
doned  to  go  to  the  continent  and  hurry 
up  aid  for  the  spring  cainpaign.  Be- 
fore spring,  however,  the  Spaniards  in 
Einsaie  surrendered,  much  to  the  dis- 

rof  the  Irish  chiefs.  One  of  the  lit- 
Forts  or  castles  on  the  coast  called 
Donboy,  which  had  been  given  to  the 
Spaniards  to  garrison,  was  included  in 
the  surrender,  but  the  Irish  proprietor, 
O'Sullivan  Bearre,  got  possession  of  it 
before  it  was  delivered  up,  and  put  into 
it  a  heroic  little  Irish  garrison  of  one 
hundredandforty  men' who  defended 
it  for  fifteen  days  against  over  5,000 
men  with  artillery,  and  successfully  re- 

KUed  four  assaults  after  a  breach  had 
en  made  and  put  600  of  the  enemy 
hors  de  combat.  The  fall  of  Einsaie 
prevented  for  a  time  Spanish  aid,  and 
O'Donnell  dying  abroad,  O'Neill  and 
his  friends  having  again  been  offered  an 
honorable  peace,  accepted  and  enjoyed 
a  much  needed  rest  for  some  yeara.  On 
the  death  of  Elizabeth  and  accession  of 
James  I.  O'Neill  and  Rory  O'Donnell, 
brother  of  Hugh,  went  to  England  and 
were  received  with  great  honor,  and 
great  hopes  were  entertained  that  the 
new  reign  would  give  religious  liberty 
and  peace  to  Ireland.  Cecil,  the  dis- 
coverer of  his  own  ingenious  gunpow- 
dor  plot,  still  drunk  with  avarice  and 
not  yet  glutted  with  the  blood  of  the 
innocent  and  the  confiscation  of  their 
property,  beheld  a  good  field  in  Ireland 
to  indulee  Ids  demoniac  propensity,  and 
wing  as  iiis  tool  the  one-eyed  baron  of 


Louth,  St.  Lawrence,  he  instinted  a 
plot  to  involve  O'Neil  and  O'Donnell 
in  rebellion.  He  failed  to  drag 
them  in,  but  in  lieu  boldly 
charged  them  with  conspiracy  and  trea- 
son, and  they  were  summoned  before 
the  council.  They  appeared  and  de> 
nounced  the  calumny,  but  no  decision 
was  reached,  and  thev  were  ordered  to 
appear  again.  O'Neill  and  Tvrconnell 
were  advised  by  some  false  friends  in 
the  council  that  their  only  safety  was  In 
flight,  as  it  would  be  easy  to  get  more 
false  witnesses  to  testify  against  them, 
and  thev  too  readily  listened,  and  de- 
parted for  France.  This  was  what  was 
wanted,  and  sixteen  counties  were  con- 
fiscated for  the  benefit  of  the  informers 
and  the  supporters  of  the  English 
crown.  O'Neill,  now  worn  out  by  age 
and  the  greatness  of  his  labors,  his 
proud,  unyielding  spirit  sad  and  de- 
pressed almost  unto  death  at  the  mis- 
fortunes which  overwhelmned  bis  be- 
loved country,  beholding  the  heroic 
exertions  of  a  life  time  full  of  brilliant 
feats  and  almost  superhuman  exertions 
against  force,  fraud,  periuiy,  weak- 
ness and  deceit,  yet  not  witnout  benefi- 
cent results,  although  not  equal  to  his 
hopes,  now  lost  almost  beyond  redemp- 
tion, while  the  arm  which  so  often  cut 
the  way  to  victory  was  now  powerless^ 
and  the  spirit  whi^h  animated  his  fol- 
lowers with  a  gallantry  and  dash  that 
was  irresistable,  while  still  free  and 
unbroken  was  filled  with  anguish  in  a 
forei^  land  at  the  ruin  of  his  country. 
He  did  not  long  survive,  but  far  away 
from  the  land  be  loved  so  well  and  so- 
faithfully,  his  gallant  spirit  burst  its 
fetters  of  clay  and  sought  its  native 
freedom  with  the  children  of  the  Elng^ 
who  decrees  justice. 

O'NEILL  MA  J. -GEN.  HUGH,  one 
of  the  most  skillful  and  distinguished 
Generals  of  his  day,  was  a  nephew  of 
Owen  Roe  O'Neill,  and  learned  the  art 
of  war  under  him  on  the  continent, 
where  he  greatlv  distinguished  himself. 
He  returned  to  Ireland  with  his  uncle 
about  1640  and  served  under  him  at 
Benburb  and  other  places.  After  the 
death  of  his  uncle,  he  garrisoned  Clon> 
mel  with  1600  Ulstermen  and  held  it 
against  Cromwell,  who  beseiged  it  and 
attempted  to  take  it  by  storm  with  a 
vastly  superior  force,  a.  D.  1649.  Crom- 
well, after  haying  made  a  breach  in  the 
walls,  ordered  a  powerful  assault,  but 


07^ 


UUBH  tMSjrt^ 


O'KB 


After  repeated  efforts  in  which  his  butch- 
ers were  hurled  back  with  ruin  and 
dismay  by  the  gallant  little  garri- 
son, ne  was  compelled  to  retire, 
leaving  2,500  dead  on  the  line  of  the  as- 
sault. He,  however,  continued  the  in- 
vestment,  and  O'Neill's  supply  of  pow- 
der at  length  giving  out,  he  quietly 
croiwe<l  the  river  with  his  gnllant  little 
band  of  heroes  and  retreated  bevond 
the  reach  of  the  enemy.  The  citizens 
offered  the  next  day  to  capitulate,  and 
Cromwell,  not  being  aware  of  the  re- 
treat, granted  easy  terms.  O'Neill  sus- 
tained the  proud  reputation  which  his 
family  had  acquired  as  defenders  of  the 
ancient  rights  and  ancient  faith,  and 
continued  till  his  death  one  of  the  shields 
and  supports  c?  his  struggling  country. 
He  also  made  a  gallant  defence  of  Lim- 
erick against  Iraton,  brother-in-law  of 
Oromwell,  who  was  compelled  to  aban- 
don it  for  a  time,  and  whose  vastly  su- 
perior forces  lost  far  more  than  the  en- 
tire number  of  the  besiegers  during  the 
defence. 

O'NEILL  JOHN,  an  able  American 
lawyer  and  politician,  was  bom  in  Phila- 
delphia, of  Irish  parents,  removed  when 
a  boy  to  Maryland  with  his  family, 
where  he  was  educated  at  St.  John's 
College,  and  afterwards  admitted  to  the 
Bar.  In  1844  he  removed  to  Ohio  and 
there  practiced  his  profession  with  dis- 
tinguished success,  and  was  sent  to  the 
thirty-eighth  Congress. 

O'NEILL  GEN.  JOHN,  a  brave 
American  officer  and  noted  Fenian  lead- 
er, was  b6rn  in  County  Cavan,  Ireland, 
in  1884.  He  served  through  the  war  of 
the  Rebellion  with  distinction,  and  In 
1866  became  noted  for  his  invasion  of 
Canada  and  his  rout  of  the  "Queen's 
Own."  He  was  afterwards  engaged  in 
lecturing  and  eventually  In  colonization 
schemes  for  the  benefit  of  his  countoy- 
men.    He  died  at  Omaha,  Jan.  7, 187B. 

O'NEILL  JOHN  B.,  LL.D.,  a  dis- 
tinguished American  jurist  and  leg- 
islator, was  born  at  Bush  River,  South 
Carolina,  April  10,  1798.  of  Irish  par- 
ents ;  graduated  at  South  Carolina  Col- 
lege, 1819.  Served  in  the  war  of  1812 
with  honor.  Studied  law,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  Bar  in  1814.  He  served 
in  the  legislature  of  his  state  a  number 
of  times,  was  speaker  twice  and  became 
a  Judge  in  1828  and  Judge  of  the  Cotut 


of  Appeals  in  1880,  and  at  length  Chief 
Justice  of  the  State.  He  is  the  author 
of  a  "Digest  of  Negro  Law,"  "Bio- 

g'aphal   Sketches  of   the  Bench  and 
ar,"  and  other  works.     He  died  Dec. 
27,  1868. 

O'NEILL  (SHANE)  JOHN,  King  of 
Ulster,  Prince  of  Tyrone,  a  patriotic  and 
valiant  soldier,  was  the  son  of  the  first 
Earl  of  Tyrone.  He  made  war  on  his 
father  for  having  sacrificed  his  indepen- 
dence and  accepting  the  English -title  of 
Earl,  and  carrira  on  a  war  against  him 
and  his  English  allies  for  some  yeara 
with  varied  success.  On  Elizabeth  at- 
tempting to  enforce  her  so-called  refor- 
mation on  the  Irish  people,  O'Neill,  who 
had  spurned  the  English  title,  and  on 
the  death  of  his  father  resumed  the 
titles  of  his  ancestors  (King  of  Ul- 
ster), was  the  acknowleaged  head  of 
the  opposers  of  Elizabeth's  designs. 
He  successfully  invaded  the  terri- 
tories held  by  the  English  adherents 
in  Ulster,  when  Sussex,  in  1660, 
having  returned  from  England  with  re- 
inforcements and  cannon,  took  the  of- 
fensive, but  the  campaign  was  indecis- 
sive.  O'Neill  and  Sussex,  having  ar- 
rived at  an  agreement,  a  peace  was  con- 
cluded. In  1568  on  complaint  of 
O'Neill's  enemies,  Sussex  invaded  Ul- 
ster, and  after  some  indecisive  battles 
he  returned  to  Dundalk.  The  Earl  of 
Kildare,  a  near  relative  of  O'Neill's,  suc- 
ceeded in  again  effecting  a  peace  be- 
tween the  contestants.  The  inhabitants 
of  the  Hebrides,  having  invaded  h'.s  ter- 
ritories, O'Neil  defeated  them  in  a  battle 
and  killed  their  chiefs,  a.  d.  1564.  The 
fact  that  O'Neill  had  to  punish  the  plun- 
derers who  invaded  his  territories  again 
involved  him  fn  trouble  with  ElizaTOth. 
He  had  not  only  to  contend  with  the 
common  enemy  of  his  country,  but  he 
had  also  to  coutend  with  other  princes 
of  Ulster,  who  were  jealous  of  his  auth- 
ority and  also  with  his  Scotch  neigh> 
bors  and  kin,  who  were  not  adverse  to 
sweep  down  on  a  defenceless  coast  for 

Elunoer.  O'Neill  was  able  to  sustain 
imself  against  all  the  efforts  of  hia 
enemies,  often  defeating  the  English 
and  their  allies  and  retaliating  with 
plunder  for  plunder.  He  also  defeated 
and  dispersed  a  powerful  invasion  of 
Scotch,  Killing  several  thousand  of  them 
and  takin.^  their  Chief,  McDonnel,  pris- 
oner. Elizabeth  sent  Knolls  to  Ireland 
to  see  if  C'Neill  could  not  be  forced  or 


M        3 

^.1 


^    ;■ 

■-    \ 


M. 


V 


ll 


'C; 


onxE 


HUSH  CXLTt 


O'RE 


■§■ 


penuaded  bv  titles  and  honors  to  relin- 
quish his  inaependecoe.  but  he  replied 
to  the  embassador,  "If  Jsdizabeth,  Vour 
mistress,  is  Queen  of  England,  1  am 
King  of  Ulster;  I  never  made  peace 
with  her  oul/  at  her  solicitation:  I  am 
not  ambitious  of  the  abject  title  of  Earl, 
my  dignity,  birth,  family,  raise  me  above 
It:  I  will  not  yield  precedence  to  anyone; 
I  hold  the  Icingdom  of  my  ancestors  by 
right,  and  by  the  sword  I  will  maintain 
It.  Unfortunately  the  contentions  of 
the  Irish  princes  secretly  fostered  and 
instigated  by  the  unprincipled  invader, 
gave  him  advantages  that  he,  alone, 
•could  never  have  gained.  O'Donnel, 
one  of  the  most  powerful  of  the  Ulster 
princes,  allied  himself  with  the  English, 
and  O'Neill  fought  them  both  with  vary- 
ing success,  gaining;  over  them  the  cele- 
bruted  victory  of  the  Red  Sagrims,  in 
irhich  400  English  soldiers  in  their 
Ted  coats  lay  dead  on  the  field 
of  battle.  The  policy  of  the  Eng- 
lish Deputy  in  creating  discord 
among  the  Irish  princes  and  in  detach- 
ing them  from,  and  aiding  them  against 
the  King  of  Ulster,  at  length  weakened 
liis  resources.  He  now  thought  of  mak- 
ing an  alliance  v^Hh  the  Scotu,  and  for 
-this  purpose  ho  released  McDonnel. 
whom  he  held  as  a  prisoner,  and  with  a 
•mall  attendance  he  set  out  for  the 
£cotch  camp,  which  was  under  the  com- 
mand of  Alex.  McDonnel,  younger 
brother  to  the  one  about  to  be  released. 
O'Neill  was  apparently  well  received  by 
tiie  McDonnelB,  who  pretended  to  enter 
Into  his  views,  but  he  was  basely  assas- 
Inated  with  his  attendants  as  they 
were  about  to  return  to  their  camp. 
Thus  ungenerously  fell  the  last  of  the 
Independent  Kings  of  Ireland,  through 
treachery  and  deceit,  means  which  have 
been  used  against  them  so  often  to  their 
•destruction,  when  their  enemies  found 
their  swords  and  their  valor  unable  for 
the  task.  Shane  O'Neill,  although  the 
last  was  not  the  least  illustrious  of  the 
Kings  of  Ulster,  and  had  he  lived  in  a 
less  demoralized  age,  or  had  he  to  con- 
lend  against  arms  alone,  he  might  easi- 
ly have  swept  the  invaders  from  the  soil 
of  Ireland. 

O'NEILL  OWEN  ROB,  prince  of 
Ulster  and  one  of  the  most  gallant 
amongst  the  leaders  of  the  Catholic  con- 
federate chieftains,  and  a  worthy  suc- 
cessor of  the  great  Hugh.  He  learned 
ihe  art  of  war  on  the  continent,  where 


he  greatly  distinguished  himself.  After 
returning,  he  commanded  tiie  Iridi 
troops  in  Ulster,  a.  b.  1646.  In  May 
he  collected  hU  troops,  consisting  of 
S.OOO  infantry  and  GOO  cavalry  and 
marched  on  Armagh.  Gen.  Monroe 
led  against  him  a  much  superior  force 
of  English  and  Scotch.  O'Neill  en- 
camped at  Benburb,  where  he  prepared 
to  receive  the  enemy.  Monroe,  although 
much  superior  in  nambers,  sent  to  his 
brother,  who  commanded  a  strong  force 
at  Coleraine,  to  advance  and  co-operato 
with  him.  O'Neill  despatched  Cols. 
MacMahon  and  MacNenay  to  intercept 
the  younger  Monroe,  which  they  suc< 
ceeded  in  doing,  completely  routing  him 
and  dispersing  his  force.  The  main 
forces  engaged  a  couple  of  days  after- 
wards, and  Monroe  met  a  diaastrous  de- 
feat, leaving  nearly  three  thousand  five 
hundred  d(»d  on  the  field  and  losing  all 
his  artillery,  arms,  tents,  baggage  and 
military  supplies  and  thirty  two  stand 
of  colors.  Monroe  escaped  with  diffi- 
culty, leaving  everything  behind  him, 
while  Col.  Montgomery  and  many  offl> 
cers  were  taken  prisoners.  What  was 
called  the  peace  of  "48"  was  now  con- 
cluded l«etween  Charles  I  and  the  Irish 
Confederates.  January  '49,  they  were 
to  support  that  unfortunate  monarch. 
O'Neill,  however,  not  being  fairly  treat- 
ed by  the  Earl  of  Ormond,  who  acted 
for  Charles,  did  not  sign  it.  Cromwell 
being  now  sent  to  Ireland  with  a  stronjg; 
force  by  the  Parliament  to  sustain  thev 
cause,  landed  in  Dublin  and  shortly  af- 
ter attacked  Drogheda,  which  was  held 
by  Sir  Arthur  iUhton,  and  after  Uiree 
desperate  assaults  he  took  the  city  and 
slaughtered  about  three  thousand.  Or- 
mond now  appealed  to  O'Neill,  whom 
he  had  unjustly  slighted,  as  the  only 
General  who  possessed  the  ability  to 
successfnily  oppose  the  parliamentary 
leader,  offering  him  any  terms  he  asked 
to  join  them.  Before  any  results  were 
reached,  however,  O'Neill  died,  and 
Ireland  in  him  lost  the  ablest  of  her 
military  leaders. 

O'REILLY  COUNT  ALEXAN- 
DER,  a  distinguished  general  of  the 
Spanish  army  in  the  time  of  Carlos  HI, 
was  a  native  of  Ireland,  born  in  1725, 
and  emigrated  at  an  early  age  to  Spain 
to  escape  from  the  oppressors  of  his 
country,  whom  he  had  fought  until  his 
resources  were  wastefl.  He  entered  the 
Spanish  army  and  fought  in  Italy  dur* 


OlUB 


XXnH  0SLT8. 


OIUS 


ing  the  war  of  AtutrUn  inoceulon  and 
won  dlstinguiahed  honors.  He  served 
in  the  Ausman  army  during  the  war 
with  Prussia  from  17S2  to  17S8  and  par- 
ticularly distinguished  himself  at  Hoch- 
kirchby  hisdanng,  talents  and  military 
skill.  He  returned  to  Spain  in  1761  and 
became  a  great  fayorite  with  the  King, 
having  saved  his  life  when  endangered 
by  a  wditious  mob  in  Madrid,  1765.  In 
1768  be  was  sent  to  take  possession  of 
Louisiana,  it  having  been  ceded  to 
Spain  by  France  about  that  time.  He 
was  now,  1770,  raised  to  the  highest 
military  rank,  and  appointed  Inspector- 
Oeneral  of  all  the  Spanish  forces  in 
America,  and  held  in  tne  highest  esteem 
for  his  great  ability  and  eminent  servic- 
es. In  1778  he  was  made  Governor  of 
Madrid,  but  his  honest  and  manly  inde- 
pendence of  character  at  length  lost  him 
the  favor  "of  Princes,"  and  he  was  in 
his  old  age  exiled  to  Gallacia  on  a  poor 
pension — the  ultimate  reward  of  his 
great  services.  Well  might  he  say. '  'put 
not  your  tnist  in  Princes."  He  died  in 
1794.  still  in  exUe. 

O'REILLY  COUNT  ANDREW,  a 

celebrated  cavelry  officer  in  the  service 
of  Austria,  was  bom  in  Ireland.  The 
misfortunes  of  his  country  and  his  pat- 
riotism made  it  necessary  for  him  to 
seek  his  fortune  abroad,  and  he  attached 
himself  to  the  Austrian  army,  where  by 
his  dash,  skill  and  great  talent  he  soon 
rose  to  distinction,  oecoming  a  general 
officer  and  commander  of  the  Cavalry. 
He  took  part  in  the  fatal  field  of  Auster- 
litz,  and  it  was  b/  his  coolness,  courage 
and  skill  alone  that  the  remnant  of  the 
army  was  saved  from  destruction.  In 
1809  he  held  the  post  of  Governor  of 
Vienna  and  the  difficult  task  of  making 
an  honorable  capitulation  with  the 
French  Emperor  devolved  upon  him. 
He  died  at  the  advanced  age  of  91  years. 

O'REILLY  RIGHT  REV.  BER- 
NARD, D.  D...  an  able  Catholic  Amer- 
ican divine  and  second  Bishop  of  Hart- 
ford, was  bom  in  County  Longford, 
Ireland  in  1808  He  received  a  thorough 
classical  education,  and  at  the  age  of 
82  he  chose  the  ecclesiastical  vocation, 
and  felt  a  desire  to  labor  in  America, 
unless  his  parents  would  seriously  ob- 
ject. TThey,  however,  gave  their  con 
sent  and  blessing,  and  in  1835  he  em- 
barked for  the  New  World  and  soon  af- 
ter entered  the  Seminary  at  Montreal. 


From  there  he  went  te  St.  Mary's,  Bal* 
timore.  and  was  ordained  in  1881.     He 
was  stationed  in  New  York,  and  the  en- 
tire city  of  Brooklyn  was  a  part  of  hi* 
charge,  which  he  visited  once  a  month. 
The  cholera  of  1882  soon  broke  out,  and 
day  and  night  the  young  priest  labored 
preparing  ue  dying,  burying  the  dead, 
and  consoling  the  afflicted.'  Twice  he 
wa*  stricken  down  by  the  fell  disease, 
but  Providence  had  still  oiher  labors 
for  him,  and  although  he  rose  from  his 
bod  only  to  fight  the  pestilence,  he  sur- 
vived.     In    December,  1883,   he  was 
sent  to  Rochester,  where  ho  was  con- 
fronted with  that  bigotry  which  was 
so  common  in  that  day  in  New  England 
and  even  in  New  York,  and  was  but  the 
offspring  of  ignorance  and  misrepresen- 
tation.    Our  subject  labored  there  imtil 
the  fraits  of  his  apostolic  work  was 
everywhere  visible   around  him,  and 
institutions  of  charitv  arose  to  bless  tbe- 
unforiunate,  and  he  lived  to  see  the  den- 
sity of  its  bigotry  dissipated.    In  1847^ 
when  Bishop  Timon  came  to  Buffalo, 
Father    O'Reilley  became  his  Vicar- 
General,  and  he  greatly  aided  his  saint- 
ly leader  in  developing  charitable  and 
pious  works  in  the  diocese.    The  ire  of 
the  bigots  was  aroused  bv  the  charitable 
works  of  the  orders,  and  the  Sisters  of 
the  Hospital  became  the  object  of  a 
slanderous   attack   from  J.  C.  Lord, 
which  was   answered   by  Bishop   O'- 
Reilly, and  was  followed  by  a  lengthy 
religious  controversy,  in  which  his  op- 
ponent was  silenceid,  and  which  our- 
champion  followed  up  by  three  masterly 
articles     entitled,     "Catholicity,    the 
Friend  of  Civil  and  Religious  Liberty," 
"  PreSbyterianism,  the  Enemy  of  Civil 
and  Religious   Liberty,"    and    "The 
Catholic     Church,    the     Church     of 
Christ."     In  1849  he  was  nominated 
Bishop  of  Hartford,  and  consecrated  in 
1850.      Here  he  encountered  a  more 
virulent  bigotry  than  that  which  he  first 
met  in  Rochester,  and  in  1855  when  he 
introduced  the  Sihters  of  Mercy,  whose 
only  work  besides  serving  their  Divine 
Spouse  and  Master,  is  to  spend  their 
lives  to  assist  the  afflicted,  a  mob  of  those 
dastardly  fanatics  threatened  the  Sisters 
with  death  and  their  house  with  destmc- 
tion.    The  Bishop  fearlessly  faced  the 
mob,  and  told  them  that  those  ladies 
came  to  bring  peace,  and  were  going  to 
stay,  and  that  he  was  there  to  protect 
them  with  his  Mfe  if  necessary,  and  the 
mob  at  length  dispersed.    During  hi» 


\* '  f? 


•^U 


-yf>- 


QUE 


XBisH  oevn. 


0R9I 


.fihort  administration,  he  did  a  work 
'Which  has  since  borne  abundant  fruit. 
In  December,  1865,  he  sailed  for 
Europe  to  secure  an  order  of  teachers 
lor  boys,  and  to  visit  his  parents,  and 
started  the  next  month,  Jan.  23,  1856, 
on  his  return,  taking  the  ill-fated  "Pa- 
•cific,"  which  went  down  with  all  on 
boarii,  when  or  how  none  knew — and 
thus  perished  one  of  the  ablest  and  most 
zealous  of  American  Bishops. 

O'REILLY,  HON.  HUGH,  an 
Irish  statesman  and  writer,  was  bom  in 
County  Cavan,  about  1650.  He  was 
Master  in  Chancery  and  Register  to  the 
Council  under  James  XL  He  followed 
James  in  his  exile  and  was  nominally 
his  Chancellor  for  Ireland.  In  1693 
O'Reilly  published  a  volume  entitled 
"Ireland's  Case  Briefly  Stated."  He 
denounces  in  it  Charles  II.  for  his  want 
•of  good  faith  towards  the  Irish  and  his 
base  and  ungrateful  conduct  to  those 
who  in  Ireland  supported  his  house  at 
the  loss  of  their  possessions. 

C'REILLT,  HON.  JAMES,  one 
of  the  most  talented,  eloquent  and  suc- 
cessful of  Canadian  lawyers  and  advo- 
<!ate8,  was  bom  in  Westport,  County 
Mayo,  Irelatid,  8ei)t.  16,  1328,  and,  emi- 
grated to  Canada  with  his  father  in  1832. 
They  first  settled  in  Belleville,  where 
the  father  commenced  business,  and 
•our  subject  received  his  preliminary 
-education.  In  1842  he  commenced  the 
study  of  the  Law,  and  was  callod  to  the 
bar  in  1847  when  he  settled  down  to 

Eractice  in  Kingston,  whither  his  father 
ad  removed.  Although  this  Bar  had 
ftt  the  time  some  of  the  ablest  lawyers 
in  Cannda,  O'Reilly  soon  acquir^  a 
leading  position  and  at  one  Assize  held 
eighty-seven  briefs  on  the  civil  side  of 
the  court,  besides  being  engaged  as 
leading  counsel  in  the  principaTcriminal 
ones.  He  was  engeged  on  one  side  or 
the  other  in  the  must  celebrated  criminal 
cases  in  Upper  Canada  during  his  time, 
and  was  iiniformly  successful,  notably 
•on  the  defence  in  the  Queen  vs.  Mrs. 
Smyth,  the  Queen  vs.  Mrs.  Far  rally, 
and  as  crown  prosecutor  in  the  Queen 
vs.  Whelan,  for  the  murder  of  McGee. 
In  1864  he  whs  appointed  Queen's 
Counsel,  and  was  Recorder  of  Kingston 
till  1869.  He  was  a  bencher  of  the 
Law  Society  and  a  member  of  the  Low- 
er Canatiian  Bar.  Although  often  pre- 
viously urged,  he  refused  to  enter  poli- 


tics until  1872,  when  he  was  returned 
to  Parliament  for  South  Renfrew,  but 
on  the  dissolution  in  1874  he  refused  to 
stand  aeain  as  it  interfered  too  much 
vrith  his  professional  duties.  O'Reilly 
was  not  only  noted  for  his  eloquence 
and  commanding  ability,  but  possessed 
in  a  large  degree  the  distinguishing  wit 
of  his  race,  and  aft(  ■  drawing  the  tear 
by  his  pathos,  would  f  ten  convulse  both 
bench  and  bar  by  hn  irresistible  wit. 
He  died  suddenly  in  the  very  zenith  of 
his  power  and  prestige,  in  the  fifty- 
fourth  year  of  his  age  and  the  thirtieth 
of  his  professional  career. 

O'REILLY,  JOHN,  the  discoverer 
of  the  celebrated  diamond  field  of 
Africa,  was  born  in  Ireland  about  1830. 
He  was  a  trader  and  hunter  in  the 
country  called  the  Transvaal,  inhabited 
^a  mixed  race  of  Dutch  and  other 
Europeans  called  Boers.  In  one  of  hia 
trips  into  the  interior  he  noticed  the 
children  of  one  of  the  settlers  playing 
with  stones  that  attracted  his  attention, 
and  after  examining  them  he  suspected 
them  to  be  diamonds,  and  taking  some 
with  him  to  the  coast  town  he  found  his 
surmises  to  be  correct.  He  returned, 
and  learning  of  a  large  one  owned  by 
a  native  Kaffir  witch  doctor,  and  valu- 
ed  by  him  for  its  supposed  magic 
powers,  he  purchased  it  for,  500  sheep 
and  sold  it  for  £56.000,  or  $280,000. 
It  weighed  84^  carats  and  is  now  known 
as  the  Dudley  diamond.  Since  then 
immense  numbers  of  diamonds  have 
been  taken  from  the  mines,  which  seem 
to  be  limited  to  a  few  hundred  acres  in 
extent. 

O'REILLY,  COUNT  JOHN,  a 
distin^ished  soldier  and  diplomat  of 
Austria,  was  a  nephew  of  Count  An- 
drew, the  celebrated  Austrian  cavalry 
commander  and  diplomat,  and  was 
born  in  Irelrnd  about  the  end  of  the 
eighteenth  century.  He  joined  his 
uncle  in  Austria  when  a  mere  youth 
and  entered  that  service.  His  talents 
soon  won  recognition  and  he  quickly 
rose  to  important  positions  both  in  ihe 
civil  and  military  services  of  that 
country.  He  became  Chamberlain  to 
the  Emperor  and  Count  of  the  Holy 
Roman  Empire. 

ORMONDE.  JOHN  BUTLER, 
EARL  OF,  was  born  in  Ireland  about 
1420,  and  was    a   most    learned  and 


O'RO 


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polished  man.  He  was  considered  one 
of  tlie  first  g'  ntlemen  of  the  age  in 
which  he  lived.  He  was  a  complete 
master  of  the  languages  of  Europe,  and 
on  different  occasions  was  sent  as  British 
embassador  to  its  principal  courts.  He 
d:ed  in  1478  in  the  Holy  Land  while  on 
a  devotional  pilgrimage  there.  Edward 
IV.  is  reported  to  have  said  of  him, 
"That  if  good  breeding  and  liberal 
qualities  were  lost  to  the  world  they 
might  be  all  found  in  the  Earl  of  Or- 
monde." 

0RM8BY,  STEPHEN,  an  Irish- 
American  jurist  and  politician  setteld  in 
Kentucky  at  an  early  day  and  practiced 
his  profession  with  success,  and  was 
made  Judge  of  the  Circuit  Court  and 
afterward  representative  to  Congress 
from  1811  to  1817.  He  died  at  the  age 
of  about  90  years. 

O'ROURKE,  GEN.  PATRICK  H., 
a  gallant  and  talented  officer  of  the 
American  army,  was  born  in  Ireland  in 
1885,  and  camn  to  America  with  his 

Snrents  who  settled  finally  la  Rochester, 
r.  Y.,  where  our  subject  was  educated, 
and  where  he  distinguished  himself  in 
a  public  competition  for  a  free  tuition 
in  the  University,  which  he  won  from  a 
host  of  competitors.  He,  however,  wa£ 
anable  to  take  advantage  of  his  good 
fortune,  as  his  mother,  who  was  then  a 
widow,  needed  his  assistance  toward  the 
support  of  the  family.  His  ability  and 
the  prominence  given  to  him  by  the 
public  competition  secured  him  many 
friends,  among  them  Maj.  Andrews,  a 
school  inspector,  who  by  his  influence 
with  Maj.  Williams,  member  of  Con- 
gress from  the  district,  secured  for  him 
the  position  of  Cadet  at  West  Point,  and 
his  generous  Irish  mother  urged  him  to 
accept,  relying  on  the  good  God  and 
her  self-siicriflcing  efforts  to  sustain  her 
in  procuring  the  necessities  for  her  little 
family,  rather  than  have  her  boy  lose  so 
ndvantxgeous  an  offer.  His  West  Point 
record  demonstrated  thnt  he  possessed 
not  only  exinionlinary  talent  but  a  true 
Irish  spirit — manly,  independent  omi 
courageous  to  the  last  degree,  backed 
by  a  muscular  energy  that  made  those 
fear  who  did  not  love.  He  graduated 
ut  the  head  of  his  doss  just  at  the 
breaking  out  of  the' Great  Rebellion, 
and  served  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  Tyler  at 
the  disastrous  battle  of  Bull  Run.  He 
was  immediately  afterward  appointed 


Assistant  Engineer  of  the  defenses 
around  Washington,  and  was  also  sent 
to  Fortress  Monroe  to  look  after  the 
defenses  there,  as  engineer.  He  after- 
ward accompanied  the  expedition  to 
Port  Royal,  and  was  appointed  a  Col. 
of  Volunteers  in  1863,  and  distinguished 
himself  by  his  gallantry  at  Fredericks- 
burg and  ChanccUorsville,  and  v/as 
brevetted  Brig. •  General.  He  was  killed 
at  Gettysburg  while  gallantly  loading 
his  troops,  July  3.  1863,  and  was  uni- 
versally I'figretted.  He  was  deservedly 
held  in  the  highest  esteem,  not  only  for 
his  great  ability,  but  for  all  the  sterling 
qualities  whicn  go  to  make  a  man  and  a 
hero.  Had  he  lived  he  would  un- 
doubtedly have  made  one  of  the  most 
brilliant  records  of  the  war. 

ORR,  ALEX.  D.,  was  a  scion  of  a 
Pennsylvania  Irish  family,  born  in  1765, 
and  served  with  bravery  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary struggle  before  its  close.  Settled 
afterward  in  Kentucky,  where  he  ac- 
quired high  standing  by  his  talents,  and 
represented  that  state  in  Congress  from 
1792  to  '97.    He  died  June  21,  1886. 

ORR,  JOHN,  a  revolutionary  patriot, 
was  born  in  the  Irish  settlement  in 
New  Hampshire  of  Irish  parents,  and 
served  under  his  countryman  Stark. 
Was  distinguished  for  his  bravery,  and 
was  severely  wounded  at  the  battle  of 
Bennington.  He  was  afterward  repre- 
sentative and  senator  for  New  H«mp- 
Bhire,  and  died  in  1822. 

ORR,  WILLIAM,  one  of  the 
noblest  and  most  disinterested  of  Irish 
patriots,  and  a  martyr  to  the  civil  and 
religious  liberties  of*  his  countrv,  was 
the  son  of  a  farmer  and  bleacher  of 
Ferranshnne  ,  County  Antrim,  Ireland, 
and  was  born  in  1766.  He  received  a 
good  education,  and  being  blessed  with 
a  genei'ous  heart,  he  early  saw  the 
causes  which  secured  to  tlie  oppressor 
of  his  country  her  life-devouring  hold. 
As  he  grew  to  manhood  he  presented  to 
the  eye  that  noble  type  of  a  freeman 
whose  free  limbs  and  proud  bearing  will 
wear  no  chains  of  servility  to  power  or 
station.  He  stood  six  feet  and  two 
inches  in  height,  with  strong  but  grace- 
ful pro|jortions  and  was  the  admiration 
of  his  associates,  not  only  for  his 
strength  and  agility,  but  for  every  man- 
ly and  noble  quality.  He  early  joined 
(lie  "  United  Irishmen/'  feeling  that  his 


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countiy  needed  only  the  unity  of  all  Its 
people  to  secure  the  freedom,  happiness, 
anil  greatness  of  the  nation;  that  if  once 
unitra  and  working  together  the  honds 
of  the  cruel,  bloody  and  heartless 
stranger  could  be  burst  with  ease.  In 
unison  with  this  sentiment  he  always 
wore  a  neck-tie  of  green  as  representing 
the  broadest  expression  of  nationality, 
and  although  a  staunch  Presbjrterian  bis 

generous  Irish  nature  was  not  warped 
y  bigotry,  but  he  desired  and  worked 
with  the  generous  resolve  that 
his  Catholic  fellow  -  countrymen 
should  participate  in  the  full  eujoyment 
of  their  country's  freedom.  When 
Parliament  passed  the  act  making  the 
administration  of  the  oath  of  the  United 
Irishmen  a  felony,  the  government 
looked  abroad  for  a  victim  and  an  ex- 
ample that  might  strike  terror  on  all 
sides.  As  the  society  was  largely  com- 
posed of  Protestants,  a  Protestant  victim 
could  best  serve  to  manifest  the  bloody 
and  merciless  vengence  of  the  govern- 
ment, and  Orr,  the  most  poplilar,  gener- 
ous and  freedom-inspiring  Protestant 
patriot  of  the  north,  was  mnsled  out  as 
the  victim.  A  British  soldier  named 
Wheatly  was  the  paid  informer  who 
falsely  swore  tliat  Orr  had  administered 
to  him  the  oath  of  the  United  Irishmen. 
He  was  defended  by  Curran  before  a 
packed  jury,  the  only  evidence  being 
this  peijnred  hireling  of  the  government, 
which  Curran  so  completely  exposed  as 
false  and  perjured  that  a  portion  of  the 

Jury,  includinc;  the  foreman,  refused  to 
•ring  in  a  veruict  of  guilty,  until  plied 
with  strong  drink  and  threatened  with 
vengence.  After  an  all  night  session  they 
came  into  cour  at  six  o'clock  in  the 
morning  under  the  influence  of  liquor 
and  returned  a  verdict  of  guilty,  with  a 
strong  recommendation  of  mercy.  A 
motion  was  made  by  Curran  in  arrest  of 
judgment  on  the  ground  of  drunkeness 
and  threats  of  violencct  but  it  would  not 
be  entertained.  Sentence  had  scarcely 
pHSsed  when  the  wretched  informer 
made  affidavit  that  he  swore  falsely  and 
that  Orr  was  innocent,  (he  afterward  be- 
came insane  and  died  by  his  own  hand), 
two  of  the  jurors  made  fUffldavit  that  they 
were  induced  to  agree  to  the  verdict 
while  under  the  influence  of  liquor,  and 
tw  J  others  that  they  had  beeu  driven  to 
the  saipe  result  by  threats  of  violence, 

Set  in  the  face  of  tLisoverwhelmiug  evi- 
enoe  of  injustice  and  infamy,  neither 
the  jadioiaf  officers  no?  the  Viceroy, 


Camdm,  who  had  been  appealed  to^  , 
would  interpose  to  save  an  innnocent 
man's  life,  or  move  in  the  mctter,  but 
more  infamous  and  heartless  than  the  hir- 
edlnf  ormer,  they  coldly  and  deliberately^ 
devoted  an  innocent  man^to  death— and 
to  infamy— as  far  as  their  malice  could, 
simply  and  solely  because  he  loved  his 
country,  but  fortunately  cot  to  infamy 
but  to  glory  and  honor,  for  the  infamy  of 
the  gibbet  stained  not  his  glorious  and 

gen&ous  record,  nor  reflected  any  dis- 
onor  from  its  dark  and  gloomy  shadows 
on  the  victim  or  his  family,  but  its  gloom 
and  infamy  enshrouded  alone  the  dastard 
and  brutal  government  and  its  vile  and 
dishonored  tools.  The  following  are 
short  extracts  from  his  speech  from  the 
dock:  "My  friends  and  fellow-country- 
men— In  the  thirty-first  year  of  my  life 
I  have  been  sentenced  to  die  upon  the 
gallows,  and  this  sentence  has  been  in 
pursuance  of  a  verdict  of  twelve  men 
who  should  have  been  frnpartially 
chosen.  How  far  they  hare  been  so,  I 
leave  to  that  country  from  which  they 
have  been  chosen  to  determine."  "The- 
judge  who  condemned  me,  humanely 
shea  tears;  but  whether  he  did  wisely  in 
so  highly  commending  that  wretched  in- 
former who  swore  away  my  life,  I  leave 
to  his  own  cool  reflection,  solemnly  as- 
serting before  him  and  the  world  with 
my  dying  breath  that  that  informer  •;72« 
foresworn."  "  My  comfortable  lot  and 
industrious  life  best  refute  the  charge  of 
being  an  adventurer  for  plunder — but  if 
to  haye  luved  my  country,  to  have  known 
its  wrongs,  to  have  felt  the  injuries  of  the 
persecuted  Catholics,  and  to  have  united 
with  them  and  all  other  religious  persua- 
sions in  the  most  orderly  and  just  means- 
of  procuring  redress — if  those  be  felon- 
ies, then  ami  a  felon,  but  not  otherwise. " 
"To  the  generous  protection  of  my 
country  I  leave  a  beloved  wife  who  has 
been  constant  and  true  to  me,  and  whose 
grief  for  my  fate  has  already  nearly  occa- 
sioned her  death.  I  have  five  living 
children,  who  have  been  my  delight — 
may  they  love  their  country  as  I  have- 
done,  and  die  for  it  if  need  be. "  "I  trust 
my  virtuous  countrymen  will  bear  me  in 
their  kind  remembrances  and  remain 
true  and  faithful  to  each  other.  With 
this  last  wish  of  my  heart — nothing 
doubling  the  success  ot  that  causo  for 
which  I  suffer,  and  hoping  for  God'e- 
merciful  forgiveness  wherein  I  may 
have  offended  Him — I  die  in  peace:' 
and  charity  with  all  mankind." 


M'v  ^te 


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f.'v 


f  <i 


**«.-v 


puanti. 


O'SH 


HUSH  CELTS. 


OSH 


O'SHANASSY.  SIR  JOHN,  a  dis- 
tinguished Australian  statesman  and 
pamot,  perhaps  the  most  able  who  has 
yet  appeared  in  those  great  colonies, 
was  born  in  Ireland  early  in  the  present 
century,  and  emigrated  to  that  distant 
colony  when  a  youth.  His  native 
ability  he  early  displayed,  and  being  a 
bard  student  and  a  close  observer,  he 
soon  became  distinguished.  The  arbi- 
trary exercise  of  authority  by  the  ser- 
vants of  the  crown,  early  attracted  his 
attention,  and  irritated  his  free  spirit. 
He  entered  into  the  political  situation 
of  the  people,  and  strongly  advocated 
the  assertion  of  those  rights  guaranteed 
by  the  British  Constitution.  There, 
even  more  than  in  the  Canadas,  wdre 
the  political  rights  of  the  people  disre- 
garded, i^ing,  perhaps,  from  the  or- 
mnfd  penal  character  of  those  colonies. 
Be  that  as  it  may,  O'Shanassy  vigorously 
denounced  the  arbitrary  character  of 
the  government,  and  aroused  the  people, 
by  tongue  and  pen,  to  assert  their  just 
rights,  which  was  nothing  less  than  an 
untrammeled  legiskiture  of  their  own. 
His  manly  freedom  in  discussing  the 
independence  and  rights  of  the  people 
required  no  little  determination,  bold- 
ness and  courage.  He  was  denounc- 
ed by  the  government  toadies,  and  the 
hirelings  of  the  crown,  as  a  traitor, 
but  he  moved  on  constitutional  ground, 
and  he  fearlessly  and  persistently  agi- 
tated the  question,  and  organized  the 
Kiople  to  united  effort,  untiftheir  legis- 
tive  rights  were  conceded  bv  the 
'Home  Oovemment."  He  held  the 
position  of  Colonial  Prime  Minister 
several  different  times,  and  lived  to  see 
the  country* of  his  adoption  making 
gigantic  strides  in  the  way  of  power 
and  prosperity,  due  In  great  part  to  his 
efforts,  and  that  of  his  fellow  Celts, 
many  of  whom  fill  the  most  important 
positions  in  the  land,  O'Shanassy  was 
a  statesman  of  broad  views,  and  com- 
manding abilities,  and  secured  for  the 
country  of  his  exile,  what  his  brother 
Celt,  "Baldwin,"  did  for  Canada—leg 
islative  independence.  He  was  knight- 
ed for  his  great  services,  (ostensibly) 
and  died  in  May,  1888. 

O'SHAUOHNESSEY,  OOLMAN, 
an  able  and  learned  Irish  divine  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  was  a  member  of 
the  Dominican  order,  and  bishop  of 
Ossory,  was  of  the  noble  family  of 
Qort,  and  was  Lorn  in  Oalway,  about 


1685.  He  entered  the  abbey  of  Athen- 
ry  when  quite  young,  determined  to 
embrace  a  religious  life,  and  completed 
his  studies  on  the  continent,  at  Lou- 
vain,  where  he  became  a  professor,  In 
1706.  He  soon  earned  a  fine  reputation 
as  a  t)reacher,  and  returning  to  Ire< 
land,  Ibecame  famous  throughout  the 
province  of  Connaught  for  his  zeal  and 
eloquence.  He  was  raised  to  the  epis- 
copacy in  1736  by  Clement  XII,  as 
bishop  of  Ossory,  and  consecrated  in 
Dublfai.  He  governed  his  see  for 
twelve  years,  dying  at  Gouran,  Sep- 
tember 12  1748.  His  brothers,  Roger 
and  William,  sided  with  the  pusillani- 
mous James  II  in  his  struggle  with  the 
Prince  of  Orange,  and  were  deprived 
■if  their  patrimonial  estates.  After 
their  death,  the  bishop  instituted  pro- 
ceedings to  recover  the  estates  of  his 
ancestors,  as  the  rightfu?  heir,  but  the 
incumbent  being  a  irenator,  and  a  Pro- 
testant, succeeded  in  retaining  pos- 
session, the  letter  and  spirit  of  the  law 
having  to  bend  to  bigotry  and  preju- 
dice, to  the  violation  of  justice;  but 
this  in  Ireland  was  the  rule,  not  the  ex- 
ception. Even  still  it  bears  its  bitter  fruit. 

O'SHAUGHNESSY,  ROGER,  a  gal- 
lant Irish  chieftain,  and  brother  of  the 
foregoing,  was  bon~  in  Galway  about 
1668.  The  family,  whicn  was  an  ancient 
Irish  one  of  noble  lienage,had  stillpre- 
served  a  portion  of  their  estates.  Rog- 
er, full  of  hope  in  the  thought  that  his 
country  might  secure  just  treatment 
and  equal  rights,  amid  the  difSiculties 
and  contentions  which  disturbed  her 
f  aitlUess  neighbor,  espoused  the  cause 
of  the  irresolute,  ungrateful  and  faith- 
less James  II,  who  was  full  of  promises 
of  good  things  in  his  necessities,  but 
who  was  so  reckless  about  doing  them 
when  it  suited  his  interests.  He  gal- 
lantly supported  Sarsfleld,  and  the 
other  heroic  leaders,  with  his  follow- 
ers, in  the  campaign  against  William 
and  his  generals,  in  Ireland,  and  follow- 
ed them  to  the  last.  On  the  defeat  of 
the  cause,  and  the  preferred  exile  of 
many  of  the  participants  to  France,  our 
subject  lost  his  patrimonial  estates.  He 
died  about  1740.  Another  brother, 
William,  also  participated  in  the  same 
struggle,  and  followed  the  "Wild 
Geese"  to  France,  where  he dintinguisn- 
ed  himself  against  the  ancient  enemy, 

gavticipatingin  the  glories  of  the  "Irish 
rigdde"  in  France.  -   . 


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'  O'SHAUGHNESSY.  SIR  WIL 
LIAM  B.,  a  talented  rargeon  and  man 
of  science,  was  bom  in  Ireland  in  18(M. 
Studied  fertile  medical  profession  and 
xeodvedan  appointment  in  the  Bengal 
irmy  as  Surgeon.  He  became  identi- 
fied with  the  telegraph  (qrstem  of  ,the 
East  and  superintendent  of  the  India 
])nesl8flK8.  He  was  knighted  for  meri- 
torious  srarrices,  and  died  in  1870. 


OSSORY  (THOMAS  BUTLER). 
EARL  OF,  son  of  the  first  duke  of 
Onnonde,  was  bom  in  the  castle  of  Kil- 
kenny, Ireland,  July  9, 1684,  early  di»- 
tingtushed  himsdf  in  the  great  rebellion, 
was  taken  prisoner  and  kept  in  the 
Tower  for  seyeral  months  1^  Cromwell, 
escaped  to  Flanders,  returned  with 
Charles  II.  and  became  Lieut.  General 
of  the  forces  in  Irdand  1660:  contribu- 
ted largely  to  the  success  of  the  great 
naval  battle  of  the  Downs  over  the 
Dutch,  June,  1666,  for  whidi  he  was 
made  aBaron.  He  also  held  high  com- 
mand in  the  fieet,  was  Rear  Adnural  and 
second  in  command  to  Prince  Rupert 
IVn.  Commanded cheBritish  troops  in 
the  serrioeof  dwFrinceof  Oraiu;eto'77, 
•nd  contributed  laraely  to  the  defeat  of 
Ute  French  under  lumbal  Luxembourg 
at  Mons,  1678.  Perished  by  shipwreck 
July  80, 1680. 

I  O'SULLIVAN,  PRmCB  OF 
BBARRB  AND  BANTRT,  wte  a 
sallant  leader  amongst  the  Irish  con- 
federates in  the  days  of  Elizabetii,  and 
4  valiwQt  and  trusted  associate  of  Hugh 
O'Neill,  Prince  of  Tyrone,  ana  O'Don- 
nel,  Prince  of  Tyrconnel.  He  continu- 
ed the  fight  in  Munster,  of  which  pro- 
vince he  was  a  prince,  to  the  veiy  fast, 
and  was  the  owner  of  the  Castle  of 
Dunboy,  which  made  so  famous  a  re- 
sistance against  an  odds  of  fifty  to  one. 
Be  stood  his  ground  with  varying  for- 
tune against  the  ablest  of  Elizabeth's 
generals  and  in  a  province  too,  in  which, 
unfortunately,  the  principal  Irish  fami- 
lies had  submitted  to  the  relifdon  and 
ttie  authority  of  the  English  from  the 
first.  At  length,  forsaken  by  almost 
all  his  provincial  allies,  who  made  their 
peace  with  the  faithless  invaders  on  the 
Xi^th  6f  an  honorable  agreement,  he 
was  afi  lengUi  compelled  to  forsake  his 
province,  and  with  O'Connor-Kerry  and 
k  few  himdred  brave  men,  he  determin- 
ed to  seek  refuge  with  Hugh  O'Neill, 


rather  than  submit.  To  do  tUs  he  bad 
to  fight  his  way  through  the  enemy's 
country,  and  repeatedly  defeated  large- 
ly superior  forces,  and  at  length  ar- 
rived at  Brefny,  where  he  was  Kindly 
received  hj  CRourke.  Here  he  joined 
Maguire,  Prince  of  Fermannrh,  and  set 
out  with  him  to  join  O'Neffl.  Peace 
was,  however,  concluded,  and  when 
O'Neill  and  Rory  O'Donnel  set  out 
shortly  afterward  to  pay  their  respects 
to  James  I.,  O'SuIhvaa  Bearre  accom- 
panied them,  '^e,  however,  was  not 
able  to  obtain  his  rights,  when  he 
passed  over  to  Spain,  where  l^e  was 
well  received  by  Philip  III.  and  ae- 
quired  honor  and  distinction  by  his 
military  skill  and  daring.  He  was 
created  a  Knight  of  St  Jago  and  after* 
ward  Earl  of  Beerhaven,  and  'acted  as 
ambassador  from  Spain  to  the  Catholic 
Confederates  of  Ireland.  He  left  be- 
hind in  Spain  worthy  heirs  to  his  titles 
and  honors. 

CSULLIYAN.  PHILIP,  an  Irish 
historian  and  writer,  bom  about  ^680, 
was  a  monber  of  the  O'Sullivan  Bearre 
family,  and  was  bom  in  Cork.  The 
troubles  of  the  times  compelled  him  to 
fly  the  country  and  he  settled  in  Smin, 
where  he  completed  his  studies  at  Cknn- 
postella  He  was  the  author  of  several 
works  in  Latin,  and  amons  them  a 
condensed  history  of  Ireland  entitled. 
"  Histories  CathoIicsB  Hibemia,'* 
dedicated  to  Philip  lY.  of  Spain.  It 
was  printed  i^  Lisbon  in  1621.  Its 
credit  was  mjured  l^  a  fabulous 
Spanish  legend  of  St  Patrick  hiserted 
in  \t,  and  which  brought  down  on  the 
historian  just  censure. 

O'TOOLE,  ST.  LAURENCE,  Arch- 
bi  Jiop  of  Dublin,  the  last  of  the  canon- 
ized saints  of  Ireland,  was  the  son  of 
Maurice  O'Toole,  prince  of  Imaile, 
County  Wicklow,  and  was  bom  about 
1120.  He  belonged  to  a  brave  and 
warlike  race,  and  his  father  having  had 
some  difficulty  with  the  King  )f 
Leinster,  Laurence  at  the  age  of  fin 
years  was  put  into  the  king^s  hands, 
as  a  hostage,  and  at  length 
treated  by  him  with  cmelty,  his 
father  suddenly  captured  a  number  of 

Brominent  adherents  of  the  king  and 
ireatened  them  with  death  if  his  son 
was  not  immediately  given  up  to  him, 
which  was  acceded  to.  Young  Lau- 
rence feeling  a  call  for  the  ccdeuastlcal 


m- 


Bid 

the 

boU 

Sail 

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flftl 

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had 

ovei 

and 

that 

wer 

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to  I 

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Bad 

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chai 

then 

redv 

how 

Men 

mea 

mee 

wen 

thirl 

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hoTV 

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one 

war 

one 

tant 

but 

And 

seer 

prin 

of  I 

the 

her 

thU 

and 

^ 
Our 

the 

Ape 

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the 

the 

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OTO 


IBIBR  (CaOM 


OTO 


•tate  hii  father  placed  him  with  the 
Bidiopof  Olendalough,  under  whom 
Che  youug  student  made  great  progress 
both  in  learning  and  the  science  of  the 
Saints.  He  was  raised  to  the  priest- 
hood in  due  time  and  in  his  twenW- 
fifth  year  was  elected  Abbot  of  the 
Hontistery  at  (Qlendalou^,  where  he 
had  Tlnlsbed  his  studies.  His  heart  was 
overflowing  with  a  boundless  charity, 
and  he  j^^ve  so  freely  and  abundantly 
that  the  resources  of  the  monast^ 
were  tasked  to  its  utmost,  and  the  patn- 
mony  of  his  father  was  recoursed  to, 
to  meet  the  cf^  of  charity.  The  al- 
most constant  wars  with  which  this 
part  of  the  country  was  troubled,  aris- 
ing from  the  Iwoken,  divided  and  diss!- 
Eted  powers  which  Danish  invasion 
d  entdltsd.  created  often  extensive 
suffering  and  want,  and  strained  the 
duffities  of  the  monasteries,  often 
themselvi«  pilliaged  by  barbarians  and 
reduced  to  distress.  Our  saint's  hands, 
however,  wore  always  wide  open,  and 
ceemed  to  bo  gifted  with  never-failing 
means  to  nearui  out  new  resources  to 
meet  prestrnt  wants.  So  conspicuous 
were  his  ifoirks  that  before  he  was 
thirty  he  was  nominated  Bishop  of 
Qlendalough,  but  declined.  In  1163, 
however,  tlie  sea  of  Dublin  became 
vacant,  and  the  cler^  and  people  with 
one  accord  turned  their  eyes  to- 
ward the  Abbot  of  Olendalough  as  the 
one  pre-emikiently  fitted  for  the  impor- 
tant post.  He  declined  and  protested, 
but  the  call  'vas  persistant  and  loud, 
And  he  at  lenirth  accepted  and  was  con- 
secrated Ardibishop  by  Gelasius,  the 
primate.  Dairmaid,  the  infamous  king 
■of  Leinster,  who  brought  to  his  country 
the  foreign  plague  which  still  poisons 
her  soil— the  faltkless  invader— was  at 
this  time  on  tiie  throne  of  that  province 
and  from  the  £rst  gave  our  saint  trouble 
by  his  crimes  and  Kbubes  of  power. 
Our  saint  however  went  to  work  with 
4he  fearless  energy  au<^  boldness  of  an 
Apostle  to  reform  abriFHBS,  and  he  set 
the  clergy  and  people  an  example  in 
the  holiness  and  aust«r{:,y  of  his  life  and 
ihe  humility  and  dii^iiitaredness  of  his 
ceaseless  labors.  He  Ijiecame  a  member 
■of  the  canons  regular  of  the  Cathedral, 
practicing  all  the  austerities  of  the 
4>rder,  wearing  the  hair  shirt  and  habit 
beneath  his  pontiflcal  robes,  joining 
them  in  the  midnight  offices  and  pray- 
^rs,  and  often  spending  whole  nighbi  I 
In  us  church  In  prayer  and  meditauon.  1 


Often,  too,  when  he  could  escape  from 
the  cares  of  his  office  he  would  spend 
days  together  in  St.  Kevin's  cave  in  the 
mountams  in  fasting,  prayer  and  con* 
templation.  In  116? lie  attended  a  great 
synod  at  Athboy,  called  by  Roderick 
O'Connor,  Monarch  of  Ireland,  in  which 
veiy  likely  the  affairs  of  Leinster  and 
its  dethroned  and  banished  king  were 
discussed.  This  wretched  traitor  and 
outcast  returned  in  1169  with  his  Eng- 
lish allies  whom  he  had  purchased  by 
the  promise  of  plunder  a^n  his  acknow- 
ledgement of  Henry  H.  Thus  com- 
menced the  great  misfortunes  of  Ireland 
and  greater  troubles  for  our  Saint, 
whose  see  was  to  be  the  principle  theatre 
of  war  and  carnage.  St.  lAurence 
from  the  flrst  energetically  opposed  the 
invaders,  and  begged  and  prayed  the 
native  princes  to  forget  and  lay  down 
all  personal  and  provincial  quarrels, 
which  unfortunately  had  become  too 
common,  andtmite  to  oppose  a  common 
danger  He  to  a  great  extent  succeeded, 
and  JRoderick  the  monarch  had  by  1171 
cooped  up  the  invaders  and  their  allies 
under  Strongbow,  in  Dublin,  (the 
traitor  king  of  Leinster,  his  father-in- 
law,  having  died  in  May  of  that  year), 
and  reducM  them  to  the  last  straights. 
The  monarch,  too  donfldent  of  success, 
became  careless;  and  Strongbow,  despe- 
rate from  the  evils  which  threatened 
him  on  all  sides— he  having  been  out' 
lawpd  by  Henry  U.  for  refiuing  to  obey 
— made  a  sudden  and  unexpected  sortie 
at  the  break  of  day,  almost  capturing 
Roderick  as  he  was  in  his  bath,  ana 
competing  a  complete  rout  of  Rode- 
tioka  provincial  forces.  The  other 
Iridi  princes,  already  dissatisfied  with 
the  monarch's  methods,  broke  up  their 
camp,  and  inarched  back  to  thdr  pro- 
vinces. In  1171  Henry  II.  himself 
landed  in  Ireland  with  a  large  army 
and  succeeded  in  securing  the  acknow- 
ledgements of  some  of  the  Irish  princes. 
In  1176  Roderick  and  Henry  came  to  an 
agreement  through  the  medium  of  St. 
I^urence  which  seemed  to  promise 
peace,  and  by  which  Roderick  was  to 
be  acknowledged  Kins  of  Ireland,  but 
was  to  acknowledge  Henry  as  his  supe- 
rior lord.  St.  Laurence  was  about  this 
time  on  a  mission  from  Roderick  to 
Henry  when  he  was  struck  down  on  the 
altar  steps  in  Canterbury  by  a  minion 
of  Henry's  who  kueW  his  master  hated 
the  holy  prelate,  because  he  oould  not 
use  him  as  atooL    The  saint^  hcmrevsr^ 


1  •* 


i-i 


PAL 


PAL 


/•,;■ 


did  not  die,  and  through  hii  intox^easlon 
the  woald-be  umumn  wm  pardoned. 
Jn  1179  onr  Saint  attended  the  third 
general  council  of  Lateian  where  he 
was  greatly  honored  for  his  aancti^  and 
learning,  and  on  his  return  was  ai^int- 
ed  by  the  Pope  his  legate  in  IreUuid.  In 
1180  he  again  went  to  Eutland  to  settle 
some  dii^ute  between  Roderlclc  and 
Heniy,  but  not  agreeing  to  the  wishes  of 
the  tyrant  he  was  treated  wiUi  severity 
and  ordert  given  that  he  should  not  be 
allowed  to  return  to  Ireland.  He,  how- 
ever, followed  Henry,  who  had  gone  to 
Normandy,  hoping  still  to  persuade  the 
tyrant  to  agree  to  just  arrangements, 
but  he  was  taken  ill  of  a  fever,  brought 
on  by  anxiety  and  ill  treatment,  and 
feeling  that  his  end  was  approachhig  he 
enterM  the  monastery  of  Augum  to 
prepare  for  death.  ^  hen  the  abbot  re- 
minded hiffi  to  make  a  will,  he  answer- 
ed, "God  knows  that  1  have  not  at  the 
present  time  as  much  as  one  penny 
under  the  sun."  With  his  dyii^g breath 
he  lamented  the  unfortunate  condition 
^of  his  country,  and  the  dreair  prospect 
which,  with  prophetic  eye,  he  beheld 
before  her,  exclaiming,  "Who  will  cure 
your  misfortunes?  Who  will  heal  you?" 
He  died  on  Friday,  Nov.  14, 1180,  and 
wascanonized  by  Honorius  IIL  in  ISfiM. 


OUSELEY,  BEY.  O.,  a  prominent 
Methodist  divine  was  born  in  Ireland 
ih  1762,  and  became  very  influential 
amongst  his  brethren  at  homo.  He 
preached  in  Irish  as  well  as  English, 
and  was  eloquent  and  popular.  He 
was  also  an  authw,  but  his  works  were 
more  noted  for  bias  than  solidity.  He 
died  in  1880. 


PALLI8ER  SIR  WM.  0.  B.,  a 
talented  British  ofBcer,  inventor  and 
military  engineer,  was  bom  in  Ireland 
In  1880.  He  retired  from  the  armv  in 
1871  so  as  to  be  able  to  give  his  wnole 
timr>  to  perfecting  improvements  in 
her.vy  arms,  in  wiiieh  oranch  he  dd- 
veloped  great  skill  and  abiliQr. . 


PALMEBSTON,  HENBY  JOHN 
TEMPLE,  one  of  Uie  ablest  of  moderh 
British  Btatesmai,  was  the  eldest  son  of 
Henry  Baron  Temi^e.  Viscount  Palm- 
ct  PMaunton,  County  of  Dub- 


lin. Ireland,  and  waa  bom  Oct.  80, 
1784.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford,  and 
his  grest  abilities  were  earlv  recognized. 
He  succeeded  to  his  father's  titles  in - 
1802  and  was  elected  to  sit  in  the  Lorda 
as  an  Irish  peer  when  of  age,  but  hav- 
ing been  nominated  by  the  T^  party  U> 
be  their  represMitative  from  his  Alma 
Sbter  1808.  he  having  just  taken  hi» 
^;rae  of  A.  M.,  he  selected  to  aconpt 
thM  honor,  and  succeeded  Mr.  Pitt  In 
rnneeenting  the  great  uaiveni^,  for 
which  he  sat  continuously  for 
twenty  yean.  In  1817  an  attempt 
was  made  upcn  his  life  by  an  insane 
officer  named  Davis*  who  fired  at  him 
when  he  was  entering  the  Horse 
Quards.  Tlie  bullet,  however,  which 
strack  him,  inflicted  but  a  slight . 
wound.  He  gradually  rose  tbrouf^ 
the  various  griMlatioiis  of  official  posi- 
tions— having  been  junior  lord  of  the 
Admirality  in  18()7,  Secretary  of  War 
frqm  1800  to  1828  under  five  adminis- 
trsiions,  changing  in  the  meantime 
from  a  Tory  to  a  moderate  Liberal, 
Secretary  of  State  for  Foreign  Aifaira 
from  1880  to  1834  and  from  1846  to  '63 
— till  he  reached  the  acme  of  a 
British  statesman's  desii^es— the  Pre- 
miership—not however  till  his  71st 
year,  but  stQl  in  the  vigor  of  mental 


power  and    ability. 


policy  in 


Europe  was  agnessive  and' positive, 
and  he  held  fhehelm  of  State  during 
the  Anglo-French-Bussian  War.  His 
parliamentary  career  was  long,  able 
and  strong,  and  he  displayed  abilities 
of  the  Ugnest  order  in  Tjattling  with  hia 
various  political  opponents,  although 
his  iQethods  were  net,  perhaps,  alwaya 
the  most  blameless.  As  a  diplomat  he  was 
equally'distinguished.  He  died  in  1866, 
and  is  Duriea  in  Westminster  Abbey* 


PALMEBSTON/THOMAS,  known 
on  the  continent  as  Thomas  Hibernicus, 
a  celebrated  divine  and  scholar,  waa 
born  in  'Elldare,  Ireland,  about  ▲.  D. 
1800.  He  received  the  Doctor's  Cap  at 
the  University  of  I^tris,  and  wi^  con- 
sidered as  one  of  the  gnti  nuuKers  of 
the  Sorbonne.  He  resided  for  a 
long  time  at  the  Monastery  of 
Aqualia,  Naples,  where  he  wrote  many 
important  works,  amongst  them  a. 
treatise  on  the  Christian  reUgion,  Some 
of  his  manuscripts  were  publidied  in 
Bomeinl6S4k  and  some  in  Paris  in 


*i 


P^R 


IXnH  GKLTSb 


PAR 


n 

s, 

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>. 

It 
1- 
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a 
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T 

a. 

16 

ia 
in 


1864.    He  died  about  1870,  and  was  re* 
Bowned  equally  for  piety  and  learning. 

PARNELL.  CHAS.  STEWART, 
an  able  and  Mtute  Iriah  patriot  and 
■tatennan,  was  bom  in  1846  in  Ireland 
HiB  grandfather  wm  the  lest  Obaooeb 
lor  of  the  Exchecquer  before  the  Union 
«tMi  wu  a  itronff  oppoeer  to  that  mea- 
aure.  His  motner  was  a  daughter  of 
"Old Ironsides,"  Admiral  Stewart,  of 
the  U.  6.  Navy.  He  finished  Us  educa- 
tion at  Cambridge,  and  in  1875  was 
elected  to  parliament  for  Meath,  which 
•eat  he  held  'till  '80.  Bi  was  from  the 
first  a  member  of  the  party  of  Home 
Rule  and  soon  gained  prominence  by 
his  pronounced  opinions.  In  1877  he 
was  one  of  the  seven  members  of  the 
party  who  determined  to  adopt  a  syste- 
matic course  t>f  obstruction  for  the  pmr- 
pose  of  compelling  the  government  to 
Usten  to  Iruh  grievances.  This  was 
opposed  however  by  Mr.  Butt,  then 
the  leader,  and  many  of  the  most  pro- 
mineht  members  of  the  Home  Rule 
movement,  but  received  the  hearty  en- 
dorsement of  the  people.  The  Variance 
between  Pamell  and  the  moderate 
Home  Rulers,  was  made  more  pro^ 
nounced  by  some  words  at  a  meeting 
of  the  H.  R.  committee  in  1870.  Par- 
ndl  ureed  that  unless  the  government 

KiUtea  a  substantial  University  Bill  for 
land,  the  votes  for  the  Queen's  Col- 
lege should  be  opposed,  which  was  re- 
jected, and  Pamell  is  said  to  have  used, 
in  his  disappointment  and  indignation, 
insulting  words  toward  the  Catholic 
members.  This  was  denied  by  Pamiell 
and  his  friends,  but  true  or  false  it 
gave  rise  to  division  and  distrast,  re- 
sults which  the  government  certainly 
did  not  deplore,  and  an  attempt  made 
by  Pamell  to  call  a  national  convention 
to  reconstract  the  Home  Rule  party 
failed  from  opposition  of  the  more  con- 
iservative  members.  He,  however,  suc- 
ceeded in  organizing  what  has  proved 
of  much  more  impoitEince,  a  "National 
Irish  Land  League,"  of  which  he  was 
chosen  President,  and  which  soon  had 
strong  and  helpful  branches  in  the  U.S. 
and  tA\  the  British  Colonies.  The  suc- 
cess of  this  polic}'  soon  became  mani- 
fest. It  was  to  band  the  tenants  of 
Ireland  together  to  pay  no  rent  until 
they  would  be  secured  in  the  fruit  of 
thdr  labor  and  permanent  rights  se- 
cured to  than  in  we  soil  they  cultivated 
hy  the  iweat  of  their  brows,  and  that 


the  nmt  should  be  a  reasonable  cms, 
and  aocordingto  a  fixed  valuation.  Thtf 
Irish  throuj^out  tlie  world  seconded 
the  movement  as  the  only  one  by  which 
a  peaceful  hut  a  mighty  engine  ai 
power  might  be  succeaBfully  used  to 
compel  permanent  and  valuable  conces- 
sions frofn  the  goverdinent  and  the 
grasping  and  heartless  landlord.  For 
no  rent  would  be  necessarily  followed 
by  no  taxes  and  (he  clogging  up  of  the 
wheels  of  government,  and  meant,  in* 
deed,  a  peaceful  revoluticn  of  the  most 

Sronounced  kind.  This  step  placed 
[r.  Parnell  at  the  head  of  the  Home 
Rulers,  and  his  influence  and  popu- 
larity increased  apace.  To  support 
the  tenant  in  carrying  out  this  policy 
the  Land  League  was  established,  and 
large  sums  oi  money  were  contributed 
to  aid  those  who  nught  be  ejected  or 
to  defend  them  against  eviction.  The 
Gladstone  government  pretended  to 
comprehend  the  justness  and  gravity  of 
the  situation  and  brou^t  rarward  a 
Land  Bill  which  was  a  delusion  and  a 
snare.  It  was  opposed  almost  alone  by 
Parnell  and  denounced  as  a  measure 
calculated  to  afford  no  relief,  bat 
rather  to  complicate  the  situation  and 
add  to  the  burthens  of  the  tenant. 
Great  indignation(  was  exnrewed,  even 
by  friends,  of  Ireland,  agunst  his  oppo- 
sition and  caviling,  arguing  that  the 
ooncesdons,  although  not  what  waa 
wished  for,  yet  were  important,  and 
all  that  poor  good  Mr.  Gladstone  could 
wring  from  the  bigotry  of  Parliament 
and  at  least  ought  to  have  afair'trial.  To 
back  up  this  concession,  and  to  appease 
as  it  were  the  bigotry  of  England,  one 
of  the  most  infamous  pieces  of  legisla- 
tion was  enacted  to  accompany  this 
fraud.  It  was  substantially  no  less 
than  a  univereal  suspensiou  of  the 
Habeas  Corpus  Act,  allowing  the  arrest 
of  any  man  on  mere  suspicion  (if  not 
friendly  to  English  policy  in  Ireland,  it 
could  mean  nothing  else),  by  any 
magistrate,  and  his  imprisonment  with- 
out examination  or  trial,  as  long,  sub- 
stantially, as  the  petty  tyrants  v^illed. 
The  great  act  of  Tenant  Belief  when 
tried  in  courts  proved  exactly  as  Par- 
nell had  predicted,  a  delusion  and  a 
snare,  and  those  who  opposed  him  as 
an  irreconcilable  and  impracticable 
revolutionist,  conceded  the  soundnesa 
of  his  views  and  the  practical  wisdom 
of  his  polii^.  The  government  tools 
of  Irehund  were  not  fitow  in  mftUiig 


''f": 


J-* 


PAR 


XBIBH  CELn 


PAR 


UMof  the  arbitrary  powers  placed  in 
fheir  hands  by  the  liberty-loTing  Sax- 
on I  and  the  prisons  were  soon  crowded 
with  suspects,  and  to  such  an  arbitrary 
extent  was  this  infamous  law  carried 
out,  that  among  those  arrested  and 
thrown  into  pri^n,  without  any  form 
of  law,  justice  or  right,  were  English 
gentlemen  travelers  in  Ireland,  who 
possibly  expressed  themselves  in  their 
bold  way  about  the  policy  of  the 
government,  and  whose  only  satisfac- 
tion for  the  outrage  inflicted  on  them 
when  tuey  brought  it  to  the  attention  of 
the  government  was,  "Ttey  had  better 
stay  at  home  and  mind  th^ir  business." 
Pamell  and  other  promiuCLt  leaders  and 
members  of  parliament  were,  under  this 
infamous  act,  arrested-and  thrown  tnto 

{)ri8on  and  then  after  some  time  re- 
eased  wi^out  examination,  trial  or 
any  pretext  but  "suspicion"  that  they 
loved  not  English  policy  in  Ireland. 
Pamell  came  to  to  the  U.  S. 
on  a  visit  to  his  mothe.;  who 
is  still  living  and  residing  at  the  old 
home  of  her  childhood.  In  1880,  so 
well  satisfied  were  the  people  with  his 
work  and  policy,  that  he  was  returned 
to  parliament  freely  by  three  constituen- 
cies, Cork,  Mayo  and  Meatn.  The 
sovemm^nt  thus  far  have  beentafBed 
U)  being  uble  to  successfully  cope  with 
the  new  line  of  policy  adopted  by  the 
friends  of  Ireland,  and  at  this  time  it  is 
Idle  to  speculate  as  to  the  results.  Par- 
nell  still  pursues  the  same  policy  and  is 
thus  far  ably  seconded  by  an  almost 
solid  Irish  representation  in  Parliament. 
They  propose  to  fight  out  Home  Rule 
on  that  peaceable  line  with  every  eneine 
which  the  perverted  laws  of  England 
l^ves  them,  and  if  they  fail  it  may  be 
that  Providence  may  desire  a  still 
more  radical  separation  of  those  king- 
doms which  never  have  been  united, 
and  that  such  a  task  may  be  reserved 
for  the  Irish  of  America,  whose  strength 
and  power  and  standing  is  daily  aug- 
menting. They  at  least  will  not  be 
satisfied  until  the  land  of  their  fore- 
fathers is  once  again  amongst  the 
Brotherhood  of  Nations,  free  and  un- 
tramelled.  They  would  behold  her 
standing  proudly  forth,  her  face,  like 
her  children's  faces,  lit  by  the  fire  of 
genius  and  softened  bv  the  inspirations 
of  religion;  wrapped  m  her  mantle  of 
green  illuminated  by  the  sun  burst 
shining  on  a  harp  of  gold,  on  her  brow 
the  crown  of  victory,  mounted  by  the 


cross  of  invincible  faith,  while  her 
countless  descendants  from  every  land 
under  the  sun  hail  her  with  words  of 
love,  of  joy,  and  exultation. 

PARNELL,  THOMAS,  a  divine  and 
poet  was  born  in  Dublin,  Ireland,  in 
1769  and  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
in  that  city;  was  an  arch-deacon,  and 
held  other  preferments  in  the  English 
Church.  He  was  the  friend  of  Swift 
and  Pope,  the  latter  of  whom  gave  the 
works  of  Pamell  to  the  press.  He  died 
in  1717. 

PARSONS.  SIR  LAWRENCE. 
LORD  ROSSE,  a  distinguished  Irish 
patriot  was  bom  in  1758,  represented 
the  University  of  Dublin,  and  after- 
ward King's  County,  in  the  Irish  par- 
liament, where  he  distinguished  him- 
self as  an  able  and  popular  speaker. 
He  strenuously  opposed  the  le^lative 
Union  and  supported  Grattan  to  the 
last.  He  afterward  represented  King's 
County  in  the  Imperial  Parliament. 

PARTRIDGE,  GEN.  BENJ.  P.,  a 
distinguished  soldier  of  the  Great  Re- 
bellion,  was  from  an  Ulster  Irish  family, 
and  was  born  in  Michigan  in  1822.  His 
father  died  when  our  subject  was  but 
two  years  old,  and  the  conse<)uence 
was  that  he  bad  early  to  battle  with  the 
world  for  a  sustenance.  His  schooling 
was  obtained  at  intervals,  and  it  was 
alone  that  strong  instinct  and  great  fa- 
cility for  acqumng  knowledge  which 
the  Irish  race  poss  ^ds  beyond  all  others, 
as  a  whole,  and  which  prompts  them 
so  commonly  to  forego  ease  and  plea- 
sure to  possess,  that  upheld  our  young 
hero  in  his  determination  to  become  a 
cultivated  man.  He  was  competent  to 
teach  when  eighteen,  and  while  sup- 
porting himself  in  this  avocation  he 
cultivated  and  extended  his  field  of  in- 
formation by  mastering  Mathematics, 
Practical  Engineering  and  Law.  He 
also  learned  the  printers  art,  and  became 
familiar  with  practical  shipbuilding  as 
well  as  construction  generally,  and 
while  engaged  in  mercantile  business 
he  gave  attention  to  engineering  and 
surveying,  being  the  most  proficient  in 
that  section.  His  profession  brought 
hii9  into  dealing  in  pine  lands  and 
lumbering,  and  in  1864  he  removed  to 
Bay  City,  where  he  built  large  steam 
saw  mills,  and  became  exteni^ely  en- 
gaged in  lumbering.     The  disastrous 


PAT 


IRim  CELTS. 


PAT 


'    ^• 


year  of  1857  was  too  much  for  his  ex- 
tended operations  and  the  labors  and 
accumulations  of  years  were  swept 
away  in  the  financial  hurricane.  He 
again  took  up  his  profession  of  surrey- 
Ine  and  also  dealing  in  pine  lands,  and 
when  the  Great  rebellion  opened  he 
was  still  engaged  laying  the  foundation 
of  a  new  fortune.  The  call  for  men 
saw  him  recruiting  for  a  projected  regi- 
ment of  lancers,  which,  however,  was 
never  organized,  but  the  men  whom  he 
enlisted  were  assigned  to  Stockton's 
Begt.  of  Volunteers,  one  of  the  first 
ralMd  in  Michigan,  and  afterward  cal- 
led the  16th  Imchigan,  and  Partridge 
was  commissioned  a  First  Lieutenant. 
The  regiment  was  soon  at  the  front,  and 
our  subject  quickly  advanced  in  rank 
by  soldierly  conduct  and  ability  until  he 
commanded  the  regiment.  In  January, 
1865,  he  was  breveted  Brig.-Qeneral 
and  commanded  a  brigade  at  Quaker 
Boad,  where  he  was  wounded.     He 

Sarticipated  in  fifty-two  engagements 
uring  the  war,  thirty-six  of  uem  being 
heavy  battles,  and  was  several  times 
wounded.  His  record  for  bravery  and 
soldierly  conduct  is  second  to  none. 
After  the  war  he  returned  to  Michigan 
and  has  been  honored  with  various  po- 
rtions of  honor  and  trust,  both  State 
and  National,  and  is  held  In  the  highest 
esteem  by  his  fellow  citizens. 

PATER80N,  WILLIAM,  an  emi- 
nent American  statesman  and  patriot, 
was  bom  at  sea  of  Irish  parents  in  1745. 
He  graduated  at  Princeton  and  was 
admitted  to  the  Bar  in  176i>.  Ardently 
supported  the  cause  of  the  people;  was 
a  member  of  the  convention  which 
formed  the  first  constitution  of  New 
Jersey  1776;  for  ten  years  was  Attorney 
Oeneral  of  tiie  State,  and  was  one  of  the 
first  Senators  from  that  State  to  the 
Federal  Government,  and  had  previous- 
Iv  sat  in  the  convention  which  formed 
the  constitution.  He  resigned  his  seat 
in  the  Senate  and  was  elected  Governor 
in  1790.  which  he  held  till  1794,  when 
he  was  appointed  by  the  President  a 
Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  U.S. 
He  revised  the  laws  of  New  Jersey  by 
authority  of  the  Legislature:,  and  laid 
the  foundation  of  the  methodical  juris- 
prudence of  that  State.  He  was  honored 
with  the  degree  of  LL.D.  from  both 
Harvard  and  Darmouth,  and  was  with 
out  doubt  one  of  the  ablest  jurists  of  his 
time.    He  died  in  1806. 


PATRICE,  ST.,  the  great  apostle  of 
Ireland.  We  need  not  say  that  St.  Pat- 
rick was  not  a  native  of  Ireland,  but  it 
has  so  been  claimed,  and  is  just  as  likely 
as  that  he  was  a  native  of  Scotland,  or 
any  other  part  of  Britain,  as  has  been  al- 
so claimed.  He  was,  however,  a  Celt, 
and  no  man  in  the  history  of  the  ages 
ever  so  indentified  himself  with"  a 
country  as  St.  Patrick  did  with  Ireland. 
Other  apostles  became  great  spiritual 
benefactors  of  the  countries  which  they 
converted,  and  out  of  gratitude  were 
adopted  as  patrons;  but  St.  Patrick  be> 
came  as  if  it  were  a  part  of  Ireland  it* 
self,  united  to  it  by  an  indissoluable 
bond,  the  father  of  its  people;  the  incar« 
nation  of  its  individuality,  and  biogro- 
phies  of  its  people  would  be  incomplete 
without  him.  If  anything  were  wanting 
to  show  how  universal^  he  fills  the 
hearts  of  the  Irish  race,  the  fact  that 
even  the  Presbyterian  Irish  claim  him 
as  of  themselves,  would  complete  it. 
St.  Patrick  hims3lf  states  in  his  confes- 
sions that  his  father  was  Calpumius,  a 
deacon,  son  of  Potius,  a  priest  of  the 
town  of  Bonaven  Tibernfa,  being  the 
same  asBoulogne-sur-mere  in  Piccardy, 
France;  his  mother,  Conchessa,  was  a 
near  relative  of  St.  Martin,  Bishop  of 
Tours.  The  clerical  character  of  his 
ancestors  is  explained  by  the  fact  that 
it  was  very  cc  lamon  in  those  days  for 
men  who  had  been  married  to  become 
priests  afterward,  and  for  married  per« ' 
sons  out  of  religious  motives  to  separate 
for  the  purpose  of  embracing  a  religious 
state,  it  was  in  a  little  village  near 
this  place  that  St.  Patrick  was  captured 
by  a  predatory  excursion  from  Ireland 
under  Niall  of  the  Nine  Hostages, 
about  the  year  408,  he  being  then  six* 
teen  years  of  age.  Little  is  Known  of 
bis  early  years,  except  what  he  tells  us 
himself.  He  himself  tells  us  that  his 
captivity  was  deserved  because  he  did 
not  keep  the  laws  of  God,  nor  hearken 
to  the  admonitions  of  his  pastors,  and 
that  through  his  captivity  he  became 
humbled  and  acknowledged  the  error 
of  his  past  life  and  became  sincerely 
converted.  He  was  held  as  a  slave  and 
put  tending  sheep  on  the  mountains  in 
the  County  Antrim  by  his  master, 
Milcho  MacCuboin.  Of  this  he  says: 
"  My  business  was  to  feed  the  flocks; 
I  was  frequent  in  prayer;  the  love  and 
fear  of  God  more  and  more  inflamed 
my  heart;  I  said  a  hundred  prayers  by 
day  and  as  many  more  by  night."    Al- 


ihi 


^ 


.  i'^ 


^ 


PAT 


ntlSH  CELTS. 


PAT 


though  arising  before  day  for  prayers, 
and  laboring  In  snow,  and  frost,  and 
rain,  he  says  he  received  no  damxge, 
"for  the  spirit  of  God  was  warm  with- 
in me.''     He  remained  a  captive  six 
years,  and  he  tells  us  that  he  heard  a 
voice  in  his  sleep  telling  him  he  would 
soon  go  to  his  own  country,  and  again 
that '  'a  ship  is  ready  for  you. "    He  nad 
to  travel  about  200  miles  to  go  where 
the  ship  lay,  and  on  reaching  the  place 
he  was  at  first  roughly  refused  a  pas- 
sage, when  he  prayed  and  was  called 
back  and  offered  a  passage  on  faith, 
i.e.:  credit.      They  were   three   days 
reachmg   land,    and   for   many   days 
traveled  through  a  desert,  that  is  woods, 
and   became   almost  famished.      The 
others  being  Gentiles  appealed  to  Pat- 
rick if  his  God  was  so  powerful  to  save 
them,  and  he  prayed  and  almost  imme- 
diately thev  got  succor  in  the  appear- 
ance of  a  orove  of  swine  and  the  find- 
ing of  wild  honey.    According  to  two 
ancient  histories  published  at  BMcms 
the  place  they  landed  was  at  Tregnier, 
Brittany,  and  it  would  take   fully  a 
month  for  pedestrians  to  travel  through 
the  woods,  there,  being  no  connecting 
roads,  and  reach  Patrick's  birth  place, 
Boulogne-sur  mere.      He  was  received 
with  great  joy  by  his  family,  they  long 
having  given  him  up  as  dead.    Soon 
afterreturninghe  entered  the  monastery 
of  St.  Martim  at  Tours,  and  devoted 
liimself  to  «tudy  and  preparation  for 
the  priesthood.     He  spent  four  years 
here  and  received  tonsure  and  minor 
orders,  and  then  returned  home,  where 
he   remained   practicing  charity  and 
good  works  until  he  was  again  made 
captive,  by  whom  he  says  not,  and  was 
delivered  after  two  months,  as  had  been 
revealed  to  him.    After  his  return  his 
parents,  who  were  growing  old,  desired 
that  he  should  not  leave  them.    It  was 
at  this  time  that  he  saw  in  a  vision  "a 
man  coming  as  from  Hibernia  named 
Victricius,  who  handed  him  a  letter, 
which  contained  the  words  '  The  voice 
of  the  Irish,'  and  at  the  same  time  he 
heard  voices  of  persons  from  near  the 
woods  of  Foclut,  said  to  be  in  County 
Mayo,  who  cried  out,    "  We  entreat 
thee  to  come  and  walk  still  amongst 
lis.'*     This  was  about  the  year  418, 
when    Patrick  was  thirty  years  old. 
Being  filled  by  those  and  other  visions 
with  an  ardent  desire  to  bring  to  the 
Irish  people  the  one  only  saving  faith, 
he  took  an  affectionate  leave  of  his 


family  and  placed  himself  under  the 
instruction  and  discipline  of  St.  G«r- 
manus,  Bishop  of  Auxerre,  After  re* 
maining  some  time  with  him,  by  his  ad- 
vice he  went  to  a  celebrated  school  and 
monastery  on  the  island  of  Lerins. 
Near  this,  on  an  island  in  ttie  Tujcan 
sea,  lived  a  hermit  called  Justin,  cele- 
brated for  his  sanctity.  Our  sidnt 
visited  him  and  was  received  with 
great  respect.  The  hermit  placed  in 
his  hands  a  staff  which  he  said  he 
miraculously  received  from  our  Lord, 
and  which  was  to  be  given  to  Patrick. 
Patrick  remained  with  the  holy  her- 
mit some  time,  and  when  leaving  took 
with  him  the  staff.  This  celebrated 
staff,  called  "Baculus  Jesu,"  is  men- 
tioned by  many  of  the  ancient  Irish 
writers,  and  St.  Bernard  speaks  of  it 
in  his  life  of  St.  Malachy,  and  says  it  is 
one  of  the  insignia  of  the  See  of  Ar- 
magh, and  was  used  as  the  crosier 
by  his  successors.  In  his  day  it  was 
adorned  with  gold  and  precious  stones. 
It  was  held  as  most  sacred  and  |,was 
used  to  give  more  solemn  effect  to 
manv  public  acts.  In  the  bag  marked 
"Irelaod"  in  the  chapter  houre  of 
Westminister  Abbey,  is  a  paper  No. 
68,  "an  examination  of  Sir  Gerald 
Mackshagne,  sworn  19th  March,  1529, 
upon  the  Holy  Massbooke  and  the 
great  relike  of  Ireland  called  Bachlum 
Christi  in  presence,  etc."  The  staff 
was  afterward  burned  by  the  Christian 
Refcmers  under  Henry  VIII.  The 
old  ai  lals  in  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
says,  x'he  staff  of  Jesus,  which 
wroV'ght  so  many  miracles,  and  which 
was  in  the  hands  of  Christ  himself,  with 
images,  crosses,  and  sacred  relics,  were 
all  destroyed."  St.  Patrick,  after  leav- 
ing I^ns,  returned  to  St.  Germanus, 
and  must  have  been  ordained  a  priest, 
for  he  appears  to  have  been  engaged  in 
performing  the  sacred  duties  of  the 
ministry,  and  while  here  converted 
Mineria,  daughter  of  the  prince  of  that 
district.  He  accompanied  St.  Germa- 
nus  and  Lupus  to  Britain  for  the  pur- 
pose of  preaching  against  the  Palagiui 
heresy,  and  while  there  sought  infor* 
mation  in  regard  to  the  state  of  Ireland. 
It  was  about  this  time  that  Pope  Celes- 
tine  sent  Palladius  and  companion* 
there  as  missionaries,  but  t^ey  seemed 
to  have  met  with  poor  success  and  gave 
up  the  work.  St.  Germanus,  knowing 
St.  Patrick's  fitness  for  this  mission  on 
account  of  his  knowledge  of  the  people 


PAT 


nttSH  CKLTf 


PAT 


«nd  their  language,  as  well  as  bis  holi- 
ness and  zeal,  .encouraged  him  in  bis 
desires  to  seelc  the  con  version  of  the 
Irish  people,  and  save  him  strone  let- 
ters 01  recommenoation  to  the  Pope. 
In  481  we  find  St.  Patrick  in  Rome. 
Culestioe  received  him  with  great  liind- 
Bess  and  flndin  f  him  well  fitted  for  the 
work,  commissioned  him  to  assist  Pal- 
lad^us,  and  in  case  of  Palludius'  death 
or  failure,  to  receive  consecration  and 
'Cnter  upon  the  missson  himself.  Hav- 
ing received  the  papal  benediction  and 
some  relics  of  the  saints  and  other 
necessary  presents  for  the  establish- 
ment of  missions  and  churches,  he  re- 
turned to  St.  Germanus,  who  also  sup- 
plied him  with  chalices,  vestments, 
oooks,  etc.  While  nn  bis  way  to  take 
shipping  and  join  Palladius,  he  met 
Augustine  and  Benedict,  two  of  the 
missioners  who  had  accompanied  Pal- 
ladius to  Ireland,  and  they  informed 
him  of  their  misfortunes  and  the  d^ath 
of  Palladius  in  Scotia  .■  St.  Patrick, 
as  instructed  by  the  pope,  immediately 
sought  consecration  and  received  it  at 
the  bands  of  Amator,  Bishop  of  Ibeiia. 
His  friends  tried  hard  to  dissuade  Lim 
from  so  dangerous  a  misi^ion,  but  St. 
Patrick  was  moved  by  a  stronger 
power  and  knew  that  that  power  which 
filled  his  heart  with  an  ardent  love  and 
desire  for  the  mission  would  work  out 
His  holy  will  in  his  behalf.  All  things 
being  ready  he  gave  his  bles$>ing  to  his 
friends  and  sailed.  He  landed  in 
Britain  and  passing  through  that 
country  and  Wales,  he  preached  by  the 
way,  and  is  said  to  have  built  a  monas- 
tery in  Cornwall.  He  landed  in  Ire- 
land in  483  with  about  twenty  com- 
panions, the  fourth  year  of  the  reign 
of  Laghaure,  son  of  the  NeiU  who  had 
'brought  him  a  captiye  nearly  thirty 
years  before.  Ireland  at  this  ume  was 
in  the  full  tide  of  military  enterprise 
And  success,  the  Britons  were  in  con- 
stant fear  of  them,  threatened  by  them 
from  their  colony  in  the  north,  Scot- 
land, and  from  the  coast,  by  their  pre- 
datory excursions  by  the  sea,  and  even 
the  Romans  in  Qaul  felt  the  power  of 
their  arms.  Dathy,  the  successor  of 
Neill  as  monarch  of  Ireland,  carrying 
his  successful  arms  through  Brittany 
and  Normandy  to  the  very  foot  of  the 
Alps,  when  he  was  killed  by  lightning. 
Laghaire,  who  succeeded  him,|and  who 
ruled  at  the  landing  of  St.  Patrick, 
compelled    the   Britons  to    purchase 


peace  by  a  heavy  tribute,  The  religion 
of  Ireland  was  bruidical.  the  Pythago- 
rean doctrine  of  the  immortulity  and 
transmitigation  of  souls  being  taught. 
It  seems  to  have  been  of  a  more  refined 
and  rational  kind  than  that  practiced  in 
Gaul,  for  there  is  no  evidence  of  their 
linving  offered  human  sacrifices  to  their 
idols  or  Gods.  They  seemed  to  honor 
the  sun  and  moon  as  lesser  divinities, 
and  every  spot  around  them  seemed 
hallowed  by  unseen  beings  of  a 
superior  kind,  such  as  Fairies, 
etc.  They  were  essentially  a  re- 
ligions people.  It  is  generally  supposed 
his  first  landing  place,  lubber- Dea,  was 
alx)ut  the  present  town  of  Wicklow, 
but  he  vva%  compelled  to  leave,  and  the 
next  attempt  was  made  at  Anat-Cail- 
trim,  supposed  to  be  between  Navan 
and  Kells  in  the  county  of  Meath, , 
which  ali^o  proved  unsuccessful.  He. 
at  length  landed  at  Ulidia  in  the  county' 
Down,  probably  near  the  present  ( 
Lough  Strangford,  and  proceeded  a 
little  ways  into  the  county,  when  he 
came  across  u  herdsman  who  fled  to  his ; 
master  Dicbo.  Dicho.  on  approaching, ; 
was  so  impressed  with  the  appearance ,' 
of  the  saint  that  he  invited  bim  to  his' 
house  and  paid  bim  the  greatest  defer-' 
ence.  St.  Patrick  opened  to  him  his< 
mission,  and  through  God's  grace  hei 
and  his  whole  family  were  converted 
and  baptized.  He  gave  to  St.  Patrick, 
a  piece  of  land  on  ~ which  tc  erect  a 
church,  which  received  the  name  of 
Sabhal  Padruic.  Here  he  afterward 
built  a  church  and  monastery.  This 
Dicho  had  a  brother,  Rus,  who  up« 
braided  him  for  forsaking  the  Gods  of 
his  fathers,  and  on  whom  our  saint  was 
obliged  to  perform  a  miracle  before  he 
would  believe.  From  this  Patrick 
sought  his  old  master  Milcho,  but  he 
was  an  obstinate  heathen  and  refused 
to  see  him,  and  was  either  by  accident 
or  otherwise  burned  to  death  in  his  own 
house.  His  daughters,  as  Patrick  had 
many  years  before  foretold,  were  con- 
verted and  became  nuns  and  his  son,  be- 
came bishop  of  Granard.  Our  saint  re- 
turned to  Lecale  and  preached  the 
Gospel  with  great  success,  and  among 
others  converted  Mochua.  a  young  man 
who  followed  him,  and  by  his  instruc- 
tion afterward  became  a  priest,  abbot 
and  Bishop  of  the  church  uf  Edrum. 
St.  Patrick's  success  was  already  mark- 
ed, having  converted  several  chiefs  of 
Dalradia  and  their  followers  but  he  re< 


-•I 

« 


> ! 
i 

•if:' 

1 


^^• 


r 
I' 


^0.^1 


PAT 


ntlSH  CELTS. 


PAT 


1! 


solved   to    invest    the    stronghold  of 

Kganism  at  once,  and  as  there  was  to 
a  great  festival  of  the  kings  and 
nohles  at  Tara  about  the  season  of 
Easter  he  resolved  to  ailend.  He  land- 
er, at  Colbdi,  mouth  of  the  Boyne,  and 
leaving  the  vessel  in  charge*  of  his 
nephew,  Laman,  with  instructions  to 
wait  for  forty  days,  he  pushed  into  the 
interior  parts  of  the  country  to  preach 
the  Gc3pel,  intending  to  celebrate  the 
festival  of  Easter  on  the  plains  of  Bre- 

gia,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Tara.    On 
is  way  he  stopped  at  the  house  of  a 
man  named  Segnen,  v^ho  received  him 
kindljr  and  after  listening  to  his  exhof- 
horiations  believed  and  was  baptized 
with  his  whole  family,  and  amongst  the 
rest  a  little  son  whom  the  saint  called 
Benignus  or  Sweet,  and  who  afterward 
became  his  disciple  and  successor  in  the 
See  of  Armaeh.     On  Easter  Eve  St. 
Patrick  arrived  at  Fearta-fir-f eic  on  the 
north  banks  of  the  Boyne,  and  rested, 
with  the  intention  of  celebrating  the 
festival  in  sight  of  Tara.    It  was  penal 
to  Ught  a  fire  within  the  province  before 
the  Kings'  bonfire  was  lit  at  the  cele- 
bration.   St.  Patrick,  probably  ignor- 
ant of  the  law,  caused  a  blazing  fire  to 
be  made  in  front  of  his  tent,  which,  al- 
tiiough  eight  miles  away,  was  plainly 
visible  at  Tara.      This  sight  created 
great  indignation  in  the  court,  and  con- 
sternation amongst  the  Druids,  who  told 
the  king  that  unless  the  fire  was  that 
night  extinguished,  he  who  lighted  it 
will  reign  over  the  island.     Whether 
this  was  to  excite  the  king's  anger,  or 
whether  on  account  of  some  prophecy 
amongst  them,  is  hard  to  tell.    How- 
ever, the  monarch  was  very  indignant 
and  vowed  to  punish  the  intruder.    Ac- 
companied by  a  large  retinue  he  hasten- 
ed in  his  wrath  to  extinguish  the  fire 
and  punish  the  intruder.     When  the 
Saint  saw  them  approach  he  commenced 
chanting  a  hymn.  The  Druids  caution- 
ed the  king  against  Patrick's  enchant- 
ment.   The  king  sent  messengers  ahead 
to  summon  him  into  his  presence,  all 
being  warned  by  the  king  not  to  use  or 
show  him  any  honor  as  he  approached. 
But  when  he  came  near  with  his  disci- 
ples a  certain  youth  named  Eric,  the 
son  of  Dego,  rose  up  in  sight  of  all  and 
did  him  nonor.     St.  Patrick  immedi- 
ately blessed  him  and   prophesied  for 
him  great  things  and  eternal  reward, 
and  he  afterward  became  one  of  his 
disciples,  noted  for  his  virtues  and  mira- 


cles, and  was  ma^e  Bishop  of  Slane. 
Patrick  boldly  proclaimed  the  truths  of 
Christianity,  and  made  such  an  impres> . 
sion  on  the  king  that  he  invited  him  to- 
preach  his  religion  before  the  assembled 
nobles  at  Tara  the  next  day.    St.  Pat- 
rick and  his  disciples  spent  the  night  in 
prayer,  begging  Qod  to  open  the  hearts' 
of  the  king  and  people.    The  Druids, 
who  saw  the  danger,  were  busy  trying 
to  avert  it  and  to  harden  the  heart  of  the 
king,  and  it  is  said  the  king,  whose  fears 
were  excited  by  their  malice,  had  re- 
solved  to  destroy  Patrick  and  all  his  fol- 
lowers.   St.  Patrick  appeared  the  fol- 
lowing day  in  court,  dressed  in  the  full 
canonicals,  with  his  staff  or  crosier, 
and  confident  of  the  irresist  ible  power 
which  sustained  him,  he  appeared  the 
prophet  he  was.      TJie  machinations 
and  snares  of  his  enemies  and  the  ene- 
mies of  his  Master,  dissolved  before  the 
living  light  whose  eflaigence  he  posses- 
sed,    llie  contest,  as  related  by  the 
ancient  biographers,  was  like  that  of 
Moses  with  we  sorcerers  of  Egypt  before 
Pharoi^    It  is  related  that  me  last  test 
was  one  of  Patrick's  disciples  and  tii3 
arch-priest  of  the  Druids   entering  a 
house  which  was  to  be  consumed  by 
fire.    Patrick  prayed,  and  the  sorcerers 
used  all  their  malign  powers,  but  the 
Druid  was  consumed  while  the  christian 
was  unharmed.     The  multitude  imme- 
diately acknowledged  the  (:k)d  of  the 
ChrisUans,  and  the  arch  poet,  Dubtach- 
sang  of  the  wonders  of  the  occasion. 
Common  sense  would  indeed  indicate 
that  something  wonderful  must  have 
been  done  to  produce  the  results  which 
history  tells  us  followed,  for  the  field 
which  no  christian  heretofore  could 
penetrate,  was  thrown  wide  open  and 
Patrick  was  henceforth  more  honored 
even  than  a  king,  and  his  preaching^ 
was  crowned  with  a  success  that  had  no 
parallel  since  the  days  of  the  Apostles, 
neither  has  there  been  any  since  like  to- 
it.    St.  Patrick  was  indeed  an  inspire^ 
apostle,  he  labored  with  great  prudence, 
he  did  not  rudely  attack  the  pred  judices, 
or  habits,  or  customs  of  the  people  or 
even  traditional  ceremonies,  where  the 
intended  purpose  was  good,  and  they 
might  be  directed  to  honor  th«  one  true 
Qm,  where  before  they  were  misdirect- 
ed by  the  arch  enemy  of  men.    King 
Lagbaire,  although    granting    perfect 
freedom  to  our  Sunt,  does  not  seem  to 
have  been  converted,  but  the  Queen  and 
Conall,  his  brother,  were  among  the  be* 


PAT 


HUSB  CELTS. 


PAT 


lievers,  the  latter  giving  the  Saint  lands 
to  build,  for  himself  and  people.    The 
next  day  Patrick  attended  the  national 
games   at  a  place   called   Tailton,  at 
which  assembled  the  chiefs,  nobles  and 
immense  numbers  of  people.    Here  he 
also  preached  and  was  threatened  with 
violence  by  Carbre,  one  of  the  King's 
brothers.      The   Saint   built   his  first 
church  on  the  land  given  him  by  Con- 
ell,  and  now  called  Donaghpatrick,  and 
with  his  staff  marked  out  a  plan  for 
Conall's  dwelling  .and  blessed  it,  and 
him,  and  his  throne.  The  Saint  remained 
Easter  week,  during  a  great  fair  held  at 
Tailton,  and  foliowmg  after  the  games, 
and  baptized  many.    Those  who  were 
present  at  this  festival  were  from  all 
parts   of   Ireland,    and   on   returning 
brought  with  them  news  of  the  great 
things  they  had  seen  and  heard.    He 
now  visited  other  parts  of  Meath,  ever^^- 
where  meeting  success.     Perhaps  his 
great  success  might   be  attributed  in 
part  to  the  fact  that  no  gi^t  violence 
was  done  to  the  religious  Idlings  of  the 
people.     Their  heathenism  was  of  n 
poetic  mould,  and  contained  many  sug- 
gestions or  figures  of  the  truth.    Their 
adoration  of  the  sun,  the  great  material 
light  of  the  world,  which  they  mistook 
for  the  true  light  which  illumnes  all 
things;  the  immortality  of  the  soul,  cor- 
rupted by  transmigration,  which   but 
only  seemed  to  hide  a  truth  that  the 
brave  and  good  shall  advance  hi^er 
and  enjoy  eternal  blessings,  and  the 
bad  be  transmitted  down  through  brutes 
to  lower  depths.     The  lesser  dieties, 
who  were  around  them  in  a  thousand 
shapes,  were  only  a  mistaken  concep- 
tion of  guardian  angels,  and  thus  the 
substitution  was  easy.    St.  Patrick  next 
preached  in  West  M!eath,  and  converted 
and  baptized  large  numbers,  occasion- 
all  v  meeting  great  opposition  from  some 
chief.     He  erected  churches  also  for 
the  celebration  of  the  Divine  Mysteries 
and  put  in  charge  some  of  the  priests 
who  accompanied  him.    He  next  pro- 
ceeded to  Longford  and  met  with  uni- 
form  success,  preachmg,   instructing, 
baptizing  and  marking   out  with  his 
staff   the  sites   for  churches.    These 
churches  were  generally  simple  struc- 
tures, about  twenty-five  by  eighty  feet, 
and  soon  gave  place  to  more  imposing 
ones  as  the  people  became  universally 
christians.       Patrick   next   proceeded 
toward  the  plains  of  Magh  Sleacht  in 
the  county  of   Oavan,    where  King 


Laghaire  and  his  people  were  worship* 
ping  the  great  idol,  Crom-  Cruach,   or 
head  of  all  the  Gods,  and  which  was 
said  to  utter  responses.     Around  this 
idol  were  twelve  mferior  ones  made  of 
brass.    Ours&int  having  failed  to  make 
an^  impression  on  the  worshippers,  he 
retired  to  a  little  distance  and  prayed, 
and  stretching  his  staff  against  it  the 
idol  fell  to  pieces,  and  with  the  inferior 
ones  was  swallowed  up.    This  idol  was: 
supposed  to  be  symbolical  of  the  sun 
and  the  smaller  ones  the  twelve  signs  of 
the  zodiac.    Many  of  those  present  im- 
mediately acknowledged  the   Qod  of 
Patrick  and  were  baptized.  He  remain- 
ed three  years  in  this  part  of  Ireland 
organizing  the  church,  establishing  re- 
ligious houses   schools  of  instruction, 
etc.  After  this  he  set  out  for  Connaught 
He  crossed  the  Shannon  at  Suav-daen, 
probably  Dunnanave  in  Leitrim.  and 
proceeded  to  Dumhagraidh,  where  he 
ordained  one  of  his  followers  St.  Ailbe. 
He  then  proceeded  to  the  plain  of  Con- 
naught,  until  he  reached  a  fountain  cal« 
IcdCleback,  near  the  royal  residence 
and  rested  for  the  night.    In  the  morn- 
ing two  young  daughters  of  King  Lag- 
haire came  to  the  fountain  with  twa 
druids,  their  teachers,  and  thev  behold 
with  wonder  our  Saint  and  his  com- 
panions, who  were  singing  their  office 
dressed  in  white  garbs,  and  supposed 
them  to  be  some  gods  of  the  earth  or 
phantoms,  and  they  ask,  "whoareyef* 
and  Patrick  enterea  into  a  conversation 
with  them  and  exposed  to  them  the 
truth  of  Religion,  and  they,  believing, 
asked  to  be  received,  and  were  baptized, 
as  were  also  the  druids.     St.  Patrick 
menttons  at  this  time  having  baptized 
another  illustrious  young  lady,  who 
some  dajrs  after  came  to  him  and  said 
she  was  admonished  to  become  aVir- 
ghi  of  Christ,  and  she  received  the  white 
vail,  and  he  further  says  the  number  of 
those  who  desire  to  consecrate  them- 
selves to  Ood  is  great  and  increasing. 
About  this  time  he  also  converted  Ono, 
grandson  of  Bryan,  King  of  Connaught, 
who  bestowed  on  him  his  place  called 
Imleaoh  Ono,  where  the  Saint  founded 
a  church,  which  became  the  Cathedral 
of  Elphin,  over  which  he  placed  Assi- 
cus  as  bishop.     This  Assicus  was  an 
artist,  and  worked  in  gold  and  made 
altars  and  church  services,  and  alse 
beautified  the  staff  of  Patrick.     Our 
Saint  next  visited  Cashel  and  Sligo, 
where  he  converted,baptized,establi6hea 


>f' 


.  ■■■IS, 


m-^^ 


PAT 


ntlBH  CELTS. 


PAT 


lurches  and  placed  over  them  his  dis- 
ciples.   He  did  the  same  in  what  is  now 
Roscommon,  Galway,  Sligo  and  Mayo. 
In  the  town  of  Carraghhe  baptized 
great  numbers,  planted  a  church,  and 
placed  over  it  Conan,  a  priest;  it  was 
here  a  pagan  again  attempted  to  take 
liis  life.    He  next  entered  *he  territories 
of  the  O'Malleys  and  founded  a  church 
«t  what  is  now  Aghagower,  and  placed 
over  it  Senachus,  who  wa3  elevated  to 
the  Episcopacy.    During  the  holy  sea- 
son of  Lent  Patrick  retired  for  medita- 
tion, prayer  and  fasting  to  a  mountain 
in  Connaught  called  Mount  Eagle,  or 
Croagh-Patrick.    It  was  at  this  time,  it 
Is  said,  that  he  banished  iue  venomous 
reptiles  from  the  land.     None  of  the 
early  writers,  however,  make  allusion 
to  it,  and  others  claim  that  the  island 
was   free   before  the   introduction  of 
Christianity.     After  the  Saint  left  his 
retirement  he  baptized  many  thousands 
and  built  three  churches  in  Toga,  and 
came  to  the  fountain  of  Slane,  which 
'Was  honored  with  superstitious  practices. 
Patrick  exposed  the  absurdity  and  un- 
truthfulness  of  its  legend,   converted 
i^id  baptiztd  those  who  came  to  it  in 
great  numbers.      He  went  from  here 
northwards  until  he  came  to  what  is 
now  Tirauley,  when  the  seven  sons  of 
King  Amalgaidh  were  disputing   the 
suc^ssion,  which  had  been  decided  by 
King  Laghaire  in  favor  of  Edna  Crom. 
8t  Fatiick  went  amongst  them  and 
preached  with  such  success  that  the 
seven  prioces,  the  king  and  twelve  thou- 
sand others  were  converted  and  baptiz- 
ed, and  St.  Manchen  wap  placed  over 
the  new  church.      He  also  founded  a 
<^urch  at  the  present  Donaghmore,  over 
which  he  placed  Bishop   Muena,  and 
another  at  Killalu,  over  which  a  dibcipte, 
Muredach,    was  placed.     Another  at- 
tempt at  this  time  was  made  upon  his 
life  by  the  instigation  of  two  druids. 
It  appears  from  his  own  accoimt  that 
lie  was  imprisoned,  robbed  and  threat- 
ened with  death,   but  after  fourteen 
days  he  was  delivered  out  of  their  hands 
by  good  friends,  and  his  goods  restored.  It 
was  Conall,  son  of  Edna,  chief  of  the 
territory  who  rescued  him,  and  Patrick, 
with  his  staff,  stamped  the  sign  of  the 
cross  on  his    shield,    and  prophesied 
that  none  of  his  race  would  be  conquer- 
ed in  war  who  bore  that  sign  on  their 
ahield.      He  at   this  time   converted 
Soohad,  son  of  Dathy,  former  monarch, 
and  alio  visited  the  Oregories  in  Sligo,  | 


but  the  druids  compelled  him  to 
leave.  He.  however,  baptized  many  in 
Sligo  and  erecting  churches,  placed 
over  them  Bishop  Brone.  He  returned 
to  Ma^o  and  built  a  monastery  at 
Drumlias  over  which  he  placed  Benig- 
nus,  who  governed  it  for  twenty  years, 
and  from  ulshe  went  to  Ulster,  having 
spent  seven  years  in  Connaught.  About 
this  time,  through  the  influence  of  Pat* 
rick  and  other  christians,  the  laws  of 
Ireland  were  revised  and  purified.  The 
work  has  been  called  "Senachus  Mor." 
lo  Ulster  he  commenced  his  preaching 
in  the  territory  of  Tyrconnel  (Donegal), 
and  erected  a  church.  He  went  to  the 
River  Erne  to  meet  Prince  Conall  and 
blessed  him  and  his  son  Fergus,  and  it 
is  said  foretold  the  greatness  and 
sanctity  of  Columba,  who  was  to  de- 
scend from  him.  After  erecting  and 
Eroviding  for  a  number  of  churches  in 
Donegal  he  passed  into  Derry,  wh^re 
he  built  seven  churches,  he  returned 
and  founded  a  church  at  the  foot  of 
Slieve  Snaght,  over  which  heplaced  Mac- 
Carthan.  He  crossed  Lough  Foyle,  enter- 
ed  Londonderry,  convened  many,  built 
churches  and  established  pastors,  from 
whence  he  pasted  into  Dalradia,  where 
he  erected  at  least  sixteen  churches. 
He  was  opposed  by  the  chieftfdn 
Cartben  ana  compelled  to  leave  the  ter- 
ritory. He  had,  however,  baptised  his 
brother  and  family.  After  making 
man^  and  important  converts  in  these 
districts  he  entered  the  present  County 
Monaghao,baptizing,erecting  churches, 
ordaining  priests,  consecrating  Bishops, 
and  giving  the  vail  to  hundreds 
of  holy  vir^ns. 

He  baptized  Owen,  son  of  Orian, 
chief  of  this  district,  and  in  the  next 
district,  over  which  ruled  Victor,  he  was 
equally  successful,  although  at  first 
meeting  opposition.  Victor  was  after- 
ward consecrated  a  bishop.  He  next 
visited  Meath  and  repeated  his  victories, 
consecrating  as  Bishop,  Secundinus,  to 

S reside  over  the  church  in  these  parts, 
'rem  this  our  saint  went  to  Leinster 
and  baptized  Ailid  and  Hand,  sons  of 
the  King  Dunluny.  In  Wicklow,  he 
was  badly  received  by  the  Prince 
Duchir,  son-in-law  of  Elng  Lagbaire, 
but  hospitablv  by  a  poor  man  named 
Killan,whom  he  blessed,  with  all  his  sub- 
stances, whichever  afterward  prospered. 
He  next  went  to  Eildare  where  he  con- 
verted great  numbers,  erected  many 
churches  and  placed  over  them  Isemiuf 


PAT 


ntlSR  CELTS. 


PAT 


and  Auxilius.  From  this  he  proceeded 
to  Queen's  county  where  he  was  not  so 
well  received  but  met  Dubtach,  the 
poet,  whom  he  had  converted  at  Tara 
and  who  had  helped  to  spread  the 
faith  around  about  in  those  parts.  St. 
Patrick  raised  one  of  the  poet  s  disciples 
named  Fiach  to  the  priesthood  and 
afterwards  to  be  Bishop  of  Sletty,  who 
built  a  monastery  and  became  famous 
for  his  sanctity.  In  Ossoiy,the  Saint  re- 
newed his  successes.  From  this  he 
entered  Munster  and  went  at  first  to 
Cashel,  the  spring  of  446.  Core  was 
king  at  this  time.  It  appears  that  the 
people  here  had  a  traditional  prophesy 
about  the  coming  of  Patrick;  be  that  as 
it  may,  he  was  well  received,  the  king, 
himself,  having  previously  met  him  at 
the  council  to  revise  the  laws.  It  is 
said  that  the  idols  in  the  temples  fell 
and  were  broken  as  Patrick  passed. 
The  king  and  his  son  were  soon  after 
baptized.  Aengus,  the  son,  became 
fervent  and  zealous  and  anxious  to 
have  the  truth  spread,  and  Patrick  bless- 
ed him  and  his  race.  The  saint  spent 
seven  years  in  this  province  and  religion 
was  established  evenrwhcre,  churches 
and  monasteries  dotting  all  the  land: 
The  Saint  occasionally  met  violent  op- 
position, but  be  usually  conquered  the 
stubborn.  Some  of  the  people  of  Tho 
mond  (Clare)  crossed  the  Shannon  to 
hear  and  see  Patrick,  for  his  fame  and 
wonders  had  long  since  spread  to  the 
uttermosb  parts  of  the  Island.  They 
entreated  him  to  visit  their  countv,  he 
could  not  then,  but  ascended  Mount 
Fintine  and  blessed  Thomond  and  fore- 
told the  advent  of  St.  Senan.  He  also 
prophesied  the  birth  of  St.  Brendan.  He 
did  not  enter  Kerry,  but  blessed  all  the 
county  beyond  Luachra.  He  next  visit- 
ed South  Munster,  founded  many 
churches  and  at  Desii,  Waterford,  ar- 
ranged the  ecclesiastical  affairs  of  that 
terntory,  he  continued  his  preaching 
along  the  Suir  through  Tipperary  and 
.  brought  both  princes  and  people  to  the 
fold.  On  leaving  Munster,  Aengus  with 
a  hu'ge  retinue  of  nobles  and  guards 
accompanied  him  while  the  people  fol- 
lowed, thousands  calling  for  his  bless- 
ing. While  in  Munster, Patrick  was  griev- 
iously  afSicted  over  a  predatory  descent 
on  the  coast,  by  a  British  prince  named 
Oaroticus,  who  murdered  some  of  his 
convertd  and  took  others  as  slaves.  He 
wrote  to  the  pillager,  who  pretended 
Christianity,  and  demanded  the  libera- 


tion of  the  prisoners,  but  he  refused  with- 
insult,and  Patrick  excommunicated  him. 
St.  Patrick  left  Munster  in  462.  A  little 
before  this  occured  the  first  death 
amongst  the  bishops  he  had  placed  over- 
the  church,  St.  Secundinus,  of  Meath, 
in  his  75th  year.  Shortly  after  leaving 
Munster  his  life  was  a^in  threatened 
by  a  chief,  in  the  present  King's  county, 
an  obstinate  pagan.  One  of  Patrick's 
attendants,  learning  of  the  desi^, 
feigned  sickness  knowing  the  Saint 
would  place  him  in  his  conveyance,  and 
thus  beine  mistaken  for  the  Saint,  he- 
was  killed.  But  the  vengence  of  Qod 
fell  upon  the  chief,  the  same  day  he  was 
struck  dead.  The  Saint  again  entered 
Ulster  and  a  chief — a  robber  and  desper- 
ado— named  Maccaldus,  resolved  to  kill 
him  and  with  his  band  awiating  him 
on  a  lonely  road,  one  of  the  robbers 
was  made  to  feign  sickness  and  cover- 
ed with  a  cloak.  They  were  to  ask  Pat- 
rick to  heal  him  and  when  the  Saint 
would  lift  the  covering,  then  to  kill  him. 
But  Patrick  said  to  them,  "he  is  sick- 
indeed,  and  they,  lifting  up  the  cloak, 
found  him  dead,  and  they  were  filled 
with  fear  and  the  chief  was  converted, 
and  going  to  the  Isle  of  Man  to  do- 
penance,  became  renowned  for  his  vir- 
tues and  was  afterwards  Bishop  of 
that  Isle.  St  Patrick  next  entered  Louth 
determining  to  erect  his  jpermanent  see 
there,  but  receiving  divine  intimation 
that  he  should  fix  his  see  at  Ardmacha, 
Armagh,  he  completed  his  work  in 
Louth  and  turned  his  face  towards- 
Armagh.  He  had  now  about  complet- 
ed hu  missionary  labors.  He  found 
Ireland  all  pagan,  a  warlike  but  cbivil- 
rous  people,  with  a  religion  full  of 
poetry, to  which  its  people  were  attached 
as  well  by  its  weird  and  wonderful 
tradition  as  by  the  skill  and  learning  of 
its  priests,  yet  in  the  short  space  of 
twenty -three  years.directed  by  the  finger 
of  God.bad  he  changed  the  whole  face  of 
Ireland,  exalted  and  purified  a  whole 
people,  so  that  they  became  not  merely 
Chnst!ans,  but  Saints.  The  whole  Is- 
land became  dotted  with  churches  and 
monasteries,  which  were  filled  with  holy 
men  and  women.  A  Christian  triumph, 
the  like  of  whjch  has  no  parallell  in  the 
entire  history  of  Qod's  dispensation  to 
men.  St.  Patrick  having  arrived  at 
Armagh  asked  from  the  Chief  of  the 
District,  Daire,  a  certain  elevated  piece 
of  land,  which  was  at  first  refused,  but 
was  afterwards  freely  offered.    Patrick 


■'' : 


I 


PAT 


naSH  CELTS. 


PAT 


bere  laid  out  his  dty,  and  built  his 
metropolitan  cathedral,  which  was  of 
«tone,  and  140  feet  in  length.  Around 
this  sprung  up  the  city  with  its  great 
religious  houses  and  schools  of  learn- 
ing. After  completing  his  cathedral, 
«nd  arran^ng  and  defining  the  bounds 
and  relations  of  the  various  sees  estab- 
lished over  the  Island,  |he  made  a  jour- 
ney to  Rome  to  have  confirmed  au  he 
had  done.  It  is  said  that  he  visited 
Borne  once  before  during  his  mission. 
He  was  received  with  great  kindness  by 
the  Supreme  FontifT,  who  confirmed  all 
ids  acts  and  bestowed  upon  him  many 
marks  of  esteem,  also  precious  gifts  ana 
relics  for  llie  Irish  church.  On  his  re- 
turn to  Ireland,  St.  Patrick  spent  the 
remainder  of  his  life  at  his  see  of 
Armagh,  making  occasional  visitations 
to  other  parts  to  entourage,  strengthen 
snd  bless  bis  spiritual  chlldrai.  He 
also  held  the  first  svnod  called  St.  Pat- 
rick's, which  contamed  thirty-one  chap- 
ters and  the  "Synod  of  Bishops  Patrick, 
Auxilius  and  Isiminus,"  whose  canons 
define  bstter  than  ought  else  the  con- 
dition of  the  Irish  church,  its  found- 
ations, orders  and  also  the  social  condi- 
tion of  the  country.  They  also  show  the 
relationship  to  the  holy  see,  acknowledg- 
ing its  supreme  authority.  This  was 
held  about  the  year  456.  In  his  work 
of  conversion,  St.  Patrick  chiefly  trav- 
eled on  foot  in  imitation  of  the  apostles, 
his  outer  garment  being  a  simple  white 
babit.  He  received  for  himself  no  gifts  or 
presents,  but  received  them  onlyas  al- 
moner for  the  poor  or  the  church.  His  ap- 
pearance was  mild  but  dignified  and 
fifdnUy.  He  was  exalted  in  his  humility 
and  wonderful  in  his  spirit  of  prophecy, 
foretelling  the  advent  of  some  of  his 
«aintly  successors.  He  was  also  ex- 
tremely mortified  in  his  life,  sleeping  on 
the  bare  eround  and  wearing  hur-doth 
around  hb  loins.  His  nights  were  most- 
ly devoted  to  prayer  and  his  days  to 
good  works,  and  he  observed  the  Sunday 
with  singular  solemnity  and  devotion 
never  even  traveling  on  that  day.  It  is 
said  that  having  entered  a  harbor  on  a 
Sabbath  morning,  he  would  not  go 
ashore,  but  celebrated  the  Divine  Mys- 
teries on  board,  being  disturbed  by 
some  heathens  who  were  engaged  in 
building  a  fort  on  the  shore,  he  asked 
them  to  desist  from  labor.but  they  laugh- 
ed at  him,  and  he  foretold  them  that 
iheU:  labor  would  be  in  vain;  and  so  it 
came  to  pas8  for  the  next  night  it  was 


entirely  destrojred  by  the  sea.  St.  Pat- 
rick died  at  his  monastery  of  Saul^  at 
Ulidia,  his  favorite  retreat,  built  on 
land  given  to  him  by  his  first  convert, 
Dicho,  as  he  himself  had  long  before 
foretold.  His  death  was  a  glorious  one, 
surrounded  by  multitudes  of  holy  men, 
his  children  m  Christ,  and  after  receiv- 
injg  the  bread  of  life  from  the  hands  of 
Bishop  Tassach,  lifting  up  his  holy 
eyes  in  adoration,  he  beheld  the  heavens 
opened,  raising  his  hands  he  blessed 
his  people  and  giving  thanks  expired. 
This  event  took  place  on  the  17ih  of 
Martih,  456,  according  to  the  most  prob- 
f.ult  authorities.  According  to  the  four 
Masters,  he  built  seven  hundred' 
churches,  ordained  8000  priests  and 
consecrated  a  great  number  of  bi^ops. 
Some  of  his  writings  are  still  extant, 
among  them  his  epistle  to  Caroticus, 
the  robber  prince,  besides  his  canons 
and  jtroverbs.  We  will  conclude  with 
a  stanza  from  the  sweet  pen  of  Father 
Faber.on 

St.  Patkick's  Day. 
All  praise  to  St.  Patrick,  who  brought 

to  our  mountains 
The  gift  of  God's  faith,  the  sweet 

light  of  his  love. 
All  prai^  to  the  shepherd,  who  showed 

us  the  fountains 
That  rise  in  the  heart  of  the  Savior 

above. 
For  hundreds  of  years 
In  smiles  and  in  tears. 
Our  saint  hath  been  with  us,  our  shield 

and  our  stay. 
All  else  may  have  gone 
St.  Patrick  alone, 
He  hath  been  to  us  light  when  earth's 

lights  were  all  set, 
For  the  glories  of   faith,    they  can 

never  decay; 
And  the  best  of  our  glories  is  bright 

with  us  yet. 
In  the  faith  and  the  feast  of  St.  Pat* 

ricks  day. 

PATTERSON,  GEN.  ROBERT,  a 
distinguished  American  soldier  and  mer* 
chant,  was  bom  in  Cappagh,  County 
Tyrone,  Ireland,  Jan.  12,  1793.  His 
father  was  an  active  participant  In  the 
rebellion  of  '08  and  after  its  failure  es* 
caped  to  America,  and  settled  in  Dela- 
ware County,  Pennslyvania.  Here  our 
subject  received  such  an  education  as 
the  schools  of  the  neigaborhood  offered 
supplemented,  however,  by  instruction 
from  Ids  father,  trho  was  a  man  of  more 


PAT 


HUSH  CBLT8. 


i»AT 


than  ordinary  culture.  For  some  time 
Bobert  assisK^d  his  father  on  their  farm 
and  here  he  obtained  a  vigorous  consti- 
tution and  became  an  expert  in  ptheletic 
exercises,  Uie  Irish  character  of  the 
neighborhood  making  such  sports  pop- 
ular. Young  Patterson  was  especially 
noted  as  a  skillful  and  daring  horseman. 
After  some  time,  he  went  to  Philadel- 
phia and  entered  the  merchantile  house 
of  Edward  Thompson,  the  leading 
American  merchant  in  the  China  trade. 
When  the  war  of  1812  broke  out,  he 
volunteered  and  was  commissioned  a 
first  lieutenant  of  infantry  and  served 
on  the  staff  of  Of  a.  Bloomfleld.  He 
greatly  distiuguishtv.  himself  by  his 
skill  and  daring  in  saving  an  American 
vessel  lying  in  the  Delaware  Biver,  from 
capture  by  a  British  seventy-four,  one 
of  the  blockading  fleet  at  that  point. 
At  the  conclusion  of  the  war  in  1816 
Capt.  Patterson  returned  to  mer- 
chantile pursuits,  and  also  took  an 
interest  in  politics.  He  was  one  of 
the  five  "Col.  Pattersons"  who  brought 
forward  the  name  of  Andrew  Jaukson 
as  the  choice  of  the  Pennslyvania  con- 
vention for  the  presidency,and  support- 
ed him  in  the  state  canvass  with  great 
energy  and  success.  In  1886  he  head- 
ed the  Democratic  electoral  ticket  and 
cast  the  vote  of  Pennslyvania  for  Van 
Buren.  In  1883,  when  President  Jack- 
son visited  Philadelphia,  he  was  receiv- 
ed and  enteitained  at  the  house  of  Qen. 
Patterson;  the  municipal  authorities, 
who  were  whigs,  having  refused  to 
grant  the  usual  courtesies  to  the  chief 
magistrate  of  the  nation.  Qen.  Patter- 
son publicly  entertained  in  behalf  of 
the  citizens^  and  esco  rted  him  through 
the  principal  streets  of  the  city  at 
the  head  of  the  finest  military  dis- 
play ever  organized  in  that  city  before 
the  civil  war.  Qen.  Patterson  by  his 
firmness  and  prudence  as  commanding 
ofBcer  of  the  state  militia  in  Philadel- 
phia, saved  the  city  more  than  once 
from  riot  and  bloodshed.  When  the 
Mexican  war  broke  out  in  1846, 
td  offered  his  services  to  the  govern- 
ment, was  appointed  a  major-general, 
and  placed  in  charge  of  the  troops 
at  Camargo  under  Qen.  Taylor.  He 
was  ordered  to  join  Qen.  Taylor  at 
Tictoria  with  his  troops4.600,  one-third 
of  whom  were  sick  when  he  took  com- 
mand. To  do  this  he  had  to  cross  a 
desert  of  260  miles  without  water,  but 
so  judicoufl  were  his  provisions,  that  he 


succeeded  without  loss.  From  thence  he 
moved  on  to  Tampico  and  captured  the 
town  without  resistance.  He  next 
joined  the  move  on  the  city  of  Mexico 
under  Qen.  Scott,  took  part  in  the  siege 
of  Vera  Cruz  and  the  subsequent  en* 

fagements,  with  credit  and  distinction. 
Lfter  the  war  he  returned  to  his  mer> 
chantile  pursuits,  but  still  continued  as 
senior  officer  of  the  state  militia.  On 
the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war,  he 
was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
Penn^ivania  troops,  and  the  next  year 
Qen.  Scott  placed  him  over  the  Depart- 
ment of  Washington,  which  included 
the  states  of  Maryland,  Delaware.  New 
Jersey  and  Pennsylvania,  and  on  account 
of  the  gravity  of  the  situation  unlimit- 
ed power  was  placed  in  his  hands,  even 
to  suspending  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus. 
He  soon  had  tweuty-five  regimenta  of 
Pennsylvania  troops  under  under  liis 
command  and  immediately  placed  them 
so  as  to  overawe  the  turbulent  spirits  in 
Maryland  and  Delaware,  keeping  open 
the  communication  between  Pmladel- 
phia  and  Washington,  and  also  between 
Baltimore  and  the  National  Capital. 
Mustered  out  of  service  at  the  expira- 
tion of  his  term,  he  returned  home  to 
find  considerable  prejudice  arrayed 
against  liim  on  account  of  his  positions 
on  the  upper  Potomac  prior  to  the  bat- 
tle of  Bull  Bun.  He,  however,  thought 
it  imprudent  to  then  give  the  reasons 
of  his  acts,  and  waited  until  the  stona 
of  civil  war  had  passed  off,  when  he 

{mblished  his  "Carnoaign  in  the  Yal- 
ey  of  the  Shenandoah,^'  which  fully 
vindicated  his  policy.  As  a  merchant, 
Qen.  Patterson  was  eminently  success- 
ful. He  built  up  immense  cotton  mills, 
employing  over  4,000  hands,  and  was 
also  interested  in  sugar  refineries  in 
New  Orleans  besides  seven  cotton  plan- 
tations in  Qeorgia  and  Tennessee,  and 
a  large  amount  of  real  estate  at  home. 
In  all  several  million  dollars  worth. 
He  died  Aug.  7, 1881  in  his  90th  year. 

PATTERSON,  ROBERT,  LL.D.,  a 
distinguished  American  patriot  and 
scholar,  wac  born  in  Ireland,  May  30, 
1748.  He  came  to  Philadelphia  in  1768, 
was  an  instructor  in  Wilmington,  Del- 
aware, in  1774,  and  a  strong  advocate 
of  colonial  rights.  On  the  breaking 
out  of  the  war  of  the  Revolution,  he 
raised  a  company  and  served  with 
bravery.  He  afterwards  became  vice- 
provost  of  the  university  ct  Fennsyl- 


II 


i 

I 
M 


I     i 


'I      > 


?AT 


nUSH  CELTS 


FEB 


va'Ia  and  its  president  from  1779  to 
1814.  Was  director  of  the  United 
States  Mint  in  1805,  and  president  of 
the  American  Philosophical  Society. 
He  died  at  Philadelphia.  July  22,  1824. 
He  was  the  author  of  a  number  of 
scientific  ^orks.  Among  them  are 
"Newtonian  System."  text-l)Ooks;  &c, 
&c.  He  was  greatly  eF-teemed  for  bis 
tahnts  and  scientific  attainments. 

PATTERSON,  ROBERT  M.,  M.D., 
son  of  the  foregoing,  was  a  distinguish- 
ed scientist;  born  in  Philadelphia  1786 
and  graduated  at  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania  in  1804,  graduated  in 
medicine  in  1808;  studied  chemistry 
under  Davy  and  l)ecame  professor  of 
that  chair  and  also  of  natural  philosophy 
in  his  alma  mater,  likewise  In  the  Uni- 
versity of  Virginia  1828-35.  He  was 
director  of  the  U.  S.  Mint  from  1835-58 
and  was  the  author  of  manr  valuable 
scientific  papers.  He  stood  m^^h  among 
the  scientific  men  of  the  country. 

PATTERSON,  GOV  WALTER, 
first  governer  of  Prince  Edwards  Is- 
land, was  a  native  of  Ireland  and  was 
uncle  to  Mrs.  Jerome  Patterson  Bona- 
parte. He  arrived  in  the  colony  in  1770 
and  was  one  of  its  largest  landed  pro- 
prietors. In  1880  he  had  an  act  i>assed 
by  the  provincial  assembly  changing 
the  name,  which  was  at  that  time  caJled 
St.  John,  to  New  Ireland.  This  having 
been  done  without  the  sanction  of  the 
home  government,  it  was  resented  as  a 
presumption.,  and  the  act  disallowed. 
He  then  applied  by  potiLion,  but  no 
direct  answer  was  returned,  and  It  after- 
wards was  changed  by  the  home  gov- 
ernment to  Prince  2!dwards  Island. 
This  sefusal  did  not  arise,  as  pretended, 
so  much  from  the  forwardness  of  the 
governor  and  assembly,  as  from  the 
name  itself,  and  is  but  consistent  with 
uniform  British  animus  to  Ireland. 
Qov.  Patterson  administered  the  ocffle 
of  governer  of  the  Island  for  seventeen 
years  and  was  recalled  in  1787.  He  was 
succeeded  by  Gen.  Edmund  Fanning 
also  of  Irish  descent  but  bom  in 
America, 

PATTERSON, WILLIAM,an  Amer- 
ican patriot,  of  Irish  descent.  Was  born  at 
sea,  but  settled  at  an  early  age  in  New 
Jersey  where  he  studied  law,  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1769  and  soon  ac- 
quired an  enviable  reputation  as  a  law- 


yer of  ability  and  success.  In  1799,  he 
was  U.  S.  senator,  and  in  1790,  he  wa» 
governor  of  New  Jersey.  He  was  after- 
wards judge  of  the  supreme  court  of 
the  United  States  till  his  death.  He  was 
amember  of  the convc.nt<<m  which  form- 
ed the  constitution  of  the  United  Statea 
ir  1787.    He  died  in  1806. 

PATTON,  JOHN,  an  Irlsh-Amerlcaa 
patriot  of  the  Revolution,  was  promi- 
nent amongst  the  patriots  of  Delaware 
in  advocating  ledstance  to  British 
claims.  He  was  sent  as  delegate  to  the 
continental  congress  in  1785  and  '86,  and 
a  representative  to  the  federal  congress 
from  '98  to  '97. 

PAT/ON,  REV.  W,  an  Irish- Ameri- 
can Presbyterian  divine  of  note,  wa» 
bomin  Pennsylvania  in  1798.  He  was 
theoriginator  of  the  Union  Theological 
Seminary,  and  of  the  Evangelical  Alli- 
ance. 

PECKENHAM.  SIR  EDWARD- 
MICHAEL,  a  distinguished  British  gen- 
eral, was  born  in  Ireland  about  1779.  Dis- 
tinguished himself  in  the  Peninsular 
war  and  received  the  unanimous  thanks 
of  both  houses.  He  fell  in  the  action  of 
the  8th  of  Jan.,  before  New  Orleans, 
while  gallantly  leading  his  men. 

PELHAM  HENRY,  a  talented  art- 
ist and  engraver,  and  half  brother  to> 
the  distinguished  artist,  Copley,  was 
al^o  born  in  Boston  about  1740,  of  Irish 
parents.  After  studying  and  working 
with  his  brother  in  Boston,  and  acquir- 
ing local  fame,  he  went  to  London  with. 
hk  brotlier's  family  June  1775.  Here 
in  conjunction  with  Copley,  he  pursued 
his  work  and  study.  His  work  appears. 
in  the  catalogues  of  the  Rojral  Academy 
but  he  confined  himself  principally  to 
miniature  painting,  in  which  he  excell- 
ed, and  acquired  reputation  and  fortune. 
He  died  in  London. 

PEMBRIDGE.  CHRISTOPHER,  a 
native  of  Dublin.    He  was  author  of 
Irish  Annals  which  ended  with  1847, 
and  which  are  quoted  by  Camden. 

PERRY,  EDMUND  SEXTON,  VIS- 
COUNT, was  bom  in  1719,  in  Clare 
and  was  a  prominent  member  of  the 
Irish  house  of  commons  and  its  speak- 
er for  over  fourteen  years,  from  1771  to 
'85.  He  was  an  able  and  popular  pro- 
siding   officer  and  on  his    rctiremcntji. 


FHB 


IBISn  CKLT8. 


PIT 


received  the  unanimous  thanks  of  the 
House,  and  at  the  express  solicitalion  of 
that  branch  of  the  legislature,  was  ele- 
vated to  the  peerage  as  a  reward  for  able 
service.    He  died  in  1806. 

PETER.  8URNAMED  HIBERNI- 
CUS,  a  celebrated  philosopher,  was 
bom  in  Ireland  about  A.  D.  1200.  He 
was  invited  by  Fredrick  II  in  the  most 
pressing  terms  to  become  a  maoter  in 
the  University  of  Naples  which  he  was 
about  to  re-establish,  according  to  Peter 
De  Vincio,  his  chancellor.  Hlbt-micus 
presided  over  the  department  of  PhilosO' 
phy  in  that  institution  and  had  the  un- 
approachable Thomas  A()uinae  the  "Aa- 
geUc  doctor"  as  one  of  his  pupils. 

PETRIE,  GEORGE.  LL.D..  a  talent- 
ed Irish  journalist  and  antiquarian,  bom 
in  Dublin  1790,  was  the  son  of  a  talent- 
ed portrait  painter  and  was  himself  first 
noted  for  his  skill  in  water  colors,  and 
in  much  demand  in  illustrating  works  of 
travel  and  topography,  and  by  this  em- 
ployment first  ^came  familiar  with  the 
arcuffiolocy  of  Ireland  and  soon  attracted 
the  attention  of  antiquarians  by  the  ex- 
tent of  his  information  and  the  correct- 
ness of  his  views  on  this  subject.  He 
became  librarian  of  the  Ro^al  Hibernian 
Academy  1880,  was  associate  editor  of 
the  Dublin  Penny  Journal  1883,  and 
editor  and  founder  of  the  Irish  Penny 
Journal  1842;  was  the  projector  of  the 
museum  and  library  of  the  Royal  Irish 
Academy  for  which  he  collected  over 
400  ancient  Irish  MSS.  He  was  active- 
ly engaged  in  the  ordnance  survey  of 
Ireland  and  had  charge  of  its  historical 
and  antiquarian  department  from  1888 
to  '46.  He  was  secretaiy  and  president 
of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy  and  pro- 
cured for  it  the  original  MSS.  annals 
of  the  Four  Masters.  He  was  also  au- 
thor of  many  learned  antiquarian  pap- 
ers.   He  died  in  L  ablln,  Jan.  18,1866. 

PHELAN,  JOHN  D.  an  eminent 
Irish-American  jurist,  was  bom  about 
1808  and  worked  his  way  by  industry 
and  fine  natural  talent;  studied  law,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  Alabama; 
became  editor  of  the  Huntsville  Demo- 
crat, and  was  elected  to  the  legislature 
1888.  He  was  attorney-general  of  the 
state  from  1886-9,  judge  of  a  circuit 
from  1841-61  and  of  the  supreme  court 
in  1868;  and  afterwards  professor  of 
law  in  the  University  of  the  South, 
located  in  the  state  of  Tennessee. 


PHIL80N,  ROBERT,  a  distinguish* 
ed  citizen  of  Pennsylvania,  was  a  native 
of  Donerail,  Ireland,  who  emigrated  to 
Philadelphia  at  an  early  day,  and  rose 
to  distinction  by  hisabilitV.  He  was 
sent  to  congress  in  1819  and  held  other 
prominent  positions. 

PIERS.  HENRY,  an  eminent  travel' 
er,  was  born  at  Tristeraagh  county, 
Westmeath  about.  1670.  He  left  ac< 
counts  of  his  travels  in  France,  Ger- 
many Italy,  etc.,  a  copy  of  which 
was  placed  among  the  MSS  of  Sir  Jamen 
Ware,  in  the  Chandois  Library.  He 
died  in  1623. 

PIGOT,  GEN.  THOMAS,  was  bom 
in  the  Queen's  county,  Ireland,  Oct.  18, 
1784,  adopted  the  profession  of  arms, 
and  rose  by  meritorious  service  to  the 
rank  of  major-general.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Irish  parliament  for  over 
thirty  years  and  died  in  1798. 


PITCHER,  MOLLY  (MARY  Mc 
CAULBY),  a  celebrated  heroine  of  the 
American  Revolution,  was  a  native  of 
Ireland.  She  accompanied  her  husband, 
a  voung  and  patriotic  Irishman — Corp. 
Pitcher,  of  the  Artillery — into  camp, 
assisting  and  encouraging  him  in  taiany 
a  desperate  engagement.  When  Fort 
Montgomery  was  captured  by  the 
British,  she  was  the  last  to  retr^t  and 
fired  the  parting  gun  into  the  advancing 
foe.  At  the  BJEittle  of  Monmouth  her 
husband  who,  under  Gen.  Lee,  was 
serving  his  ^n  in  an  important  and 
desperate  position  against  overwhelm-' 
ing  numbers,  was  shot  down  while  his 
wife  was  bringing  water  from  a  spring 
near  by  to  reu-esh  him  and  his  gallant 
comQules  in  their  hot  and  desperate 
work.  The  officer  in  command  order* 
ed  the  gun  to  the  rear  tc  save  it  from 
capture,  as  there  was  no  trained  hand 
to  work  it.  Mollv  seeing  hor  hus- 
band  was  beyond  aid,  rusiied  forward 
and  seizing  the  rammer  declared  she 
would  defend  the  position,  and  avenge 
the  death  of  her  husband,  which  she 
did  to  the  last,  handling  the  gun  with 
great  skill  to  the  destruction  of  the  en» 
r>y.  At  this  time  she  was  but  twenty* 
two  years  of  age,  and  the  mother  of 
small  children.  The  next  day  Gen. 
Green  presetted  her  to  Washington, 
who  commissioned  her  a  Sergeant  and 
afterward  had  her  retired  on  half  p^f 


.  } 


A ,« 


li, 


<  \ 


PIC 


IBI8H  CELTS. 


PIO 


PICKENS.  GEN.  ANDREW,  a 
distiDguished  patriot  of  the  AmericaD 
Bevolution.  and  one  of  the  most  suc- 
cessful and  daring  leaders  in  the  South 
during  the  war,  was  born  iit  Pazton, 
Dauphin  County,  Pennsylvania.  Sep* 
tember  19, 1789.  His  paiients  emigrated 
from  the  west  of  Ireland  to  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  afterwards  removed  to  the 
Wtixbaw  settlement,  in  South  Carolina, 
while  our  subject  was  still  a  child.  He 
early  became  inured  to  arras,  the  con 
stunt  dangor  which  threatened  the  set- 
tlemeivt  in  those  days,  from  their  sav- 
age nei<;hbors,  early  initiated  the  boy 
in  the  u-^;  of  arms.  His  first  military 
experience  in  an  organized  and  trained 
body  of  troop,  was  as  a  volunteer,  un- 
der Lieutenant-Colonel  Grant,  in  an  ex- 
pedition against  the  Cherokees,  in  1761, 
and  among  his  associates  were  Marion 
and  Moultrie,  who,  like  himself,  after- 
wards won  fame  and  distinction  in  the 
War  of  the  Revolution.  Young  Pick- 
ens was  probably  as  handsome  and 
chivalrous  as  he  was  brave,  for  about 
this  time  (1765)  he  won  the  hand  of 
Miss  Rebecca  Calhoun,  who  was  famed 
throughout  the  South  for  her  peerless 
b(»uty.  She  was  a  sister  of  Patrick 
Calhoun,  and  aunt  of  the  celebrated 
American  statesman  John  C.  Cal- 
houn.' So  creatly  was  she  admired, 
and  (localm  so  widelv  known,  that 
"Rebecca  Calhoun's  Weddine"  was 
reckoned  an  epoch  in  the  social  history 
of  that  section,  from  which,  for  many 
years,  old  people  used  to  calculate  cotem- 
porary  events,  Our  subject  early  espous- 
ed the  cause  of  the  colonies,  and  was 
bold  and  pronounced  in  his  assertion  of 
colonittl  rights,  and  his  determination 
to  sustain  them  by  force,  if  necessary. 
On  the  first  souna  of  contending  arms, 
he  girded  on  his  sword,  and  tookthe  field, 
at  the  head  of  a  company  of  volun- 
teers. He  soon  became  widely  known 
by  his  activity  and  daring,  and  was  a 
terror  to  the  Tories,  who  gave  aid  and 
comfort  to  the  enemy.  He  rose  rapid- 
ly, and  was  commissioned  a  brigadier- 
general,  wbile  his  fame  and  success  at: 
traded  the  parMsaa  warriors  in  num- 
bers to  his  standard.  His  exploits  were 
mainly  confined  to  the  region  watered 
by  the  Savannah,  in  Georgia  and  South 
Carolina,  and  he  not  only  scourged  the 
British  and  Tories,  but  he  also  scoured 
their  savage  allies — the  Creeks  and 
Cherokees — from  those  regions,  almost 
annihilating  them.     He  greatly  distin- 


guished himself  at  the  battle  of  Cow- 
pens,  and  the  siege  of  Augusta,  and 
was  desperately  wounded  at  Eutaw 
Springs,  where,  in  conjunction  with 
Marion,  he  commanded  the  South  Car- 
olina militia.  After  the  close  of  title 
war,  he  became  a  member  of  the  Leg- 
islature of  his  state,  and  continued  as 
such  uhtil  1798,  when  he  was  elected  to 
Congress.  He,  however,  continued  to 
serve  his  state,  and  also  acted  as  a  com- 
missioner to  the  Indians.  He  was  also 
offered  the  command  of  a  brigade, 
under  Wayne,  to  act  against  the  In- 
dians of  the  North-west,  but  declined. 
In  1801  he  retired  from  public  life  to 
enjoy  the  pleasures  of  a  happy  home 
on  his  plantation,  in  the  Pendleton  dis- 
trict. South  Carolina.  In  1812  he  ac- 
cepted a  seat  in  the  Legislature,  and 
the  following  year  refused  the  nomina- 
tion for  Governor,  desiring  to  spend  his 
declining  years  in  the  bosom  of  his  fam- 
ily, but  lived  long  enough  to  see  his 
son  elected  to  that  honor.  He  died 
August  17, 1817,  aged  78  years. 


PICKENS,  GOV.  ANDREW,  son 
of  the  foregoing,  was  bom  in  South 
Carolina  in  1766,  and  saw  service  under 
his  father,  before  the  close  of  the  Rev- 
olutionary War.  He  became  promi- 
nent in  his  state,  and  one  of  its  politi* 
cal  leaders  for  many  years.  He  was 
elected  Governor  in  1816.  and  held 
other  prominent  state  offices. 

PICKENS,  GOV.  FRANCIS  W., 
a  scion  of  the  above  Irish  family,  was 
bom  in  South  Carolina,  about  1800, 
received  a  thorough  education,  and  be- 
came prominent  m  the  affairs  of  his 
state.  He  was  a  member  of  Congress 
for  ten  years,  from  l835-'45.  and  Min- 
ister to  Russia,  under  Buchanan.  la 
1860  he  was  elected  Governor  of  the 
state,  and  supported  the  "Lost  Cause" 
with 'all  the  ardor  of  his  race.  He  is  a 
statesman  of  fine  ability. 

PICKENS,  ISRAEL,  a  distinguished 
Southern  statesman,  was  born  about  1780 
in  Cabarrus  County,  North  Carolina, 
and  was  of  the  same  Irish  stock  as  the 
foregoing.  He  represented  North  Car- 
olina in  Congress  from  1811  to  1817 ; 
removed  to  ine  Mississippi  Territory 
and  was  elected  first  ffoveraor  of  Ala- 
bama. 1831,  and  United  States  Senator 
in  1827. 


PLU 


ntlBH  CKLTB. 


PLU 


|k-M- 


PLUNKET,  KATHARINA,  prior- 
eas  of  Domibican  Nuns  on  their  revival 
in  Droglieda  1722,  was  educated  in 
Brussels.    She  died  in  1757. 

PLOWDEN,  FRANCIS,  a  historian 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  a  native 
of  Ireland  and  by  profession  a  barrister 
and  conveyancer.  He  was  the  author 
of  "Jum  Arylorum,"  "Church  and 
State,"  a  "Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Usuiy 
and  Annuities,"  and  "History  of  Ire- 
land. "  In  consequence  of  an  oppressive 
suit  against  him  by  the  minions  of  Gov- 
ernment, for  alleged  libel  in  his  history, 
he  retired  to  France  where  he  ever  after- 
ward resided,  and  died  at  an  advance' 
age  in  1829. 

PLUNKET.  SIR  NICHOLAS,  one 
of  the  most  talented  and  polished  chiefs 
of  the  Irish  Catholic  Confederation  of 
1642.  This  confederation  was  formed 
by  Irish  Catholic  chiefs  to  secure  liberty 
of  conscience,  and  the  parties  to  it  were 
sworn  not  to  lay  down  their  arms  uhtil 
such  was  accorded  to  the  Catholics  of 
Ireland.  The  Catholics  had  been  rob- 
bed and  raided  in  peace  as  well  as  war 
from  the  days  of  Elizabeth,  and  the 
free  exercise  of  their  religion  prescribed 
in  as  much  as  Engitsh  law — so  called — 
or  tlie  agents  of  its  power,  could  enforce 
it  Generals  were  appointed  to  orga- 
nize resistance  in  the  four  provin^s.;. 
Lord  Thos.  Preston,  of  the  noble  houde 
of '  Gormantown,  for  Leinster;  Col. 
Barry,  of  Barrymore,  for  Munster;  Col. 
Burke,  of  the  noble  housfe  of  Clapricard, 
for  Connaught;  and  Owen  Roe  O'Neill 
for  Ulster.  Plunket  and  Lord  Muskerry 
were  deputed  to  visit  Charles  I.  and  lay 
before  him  their  grievances.  Charles 
seemed  to  recognize  the  justness  of  their 
cause,  but  was  too  weak  and  vascillat- 
ing  to  offer  any  assurance  of  relief. 
Plunket  atterward  went  as  the  embassa- 
dor of  the  cause  to  continental  princes 
and  to  Rome,  and  was  everywhere  re- 
ceived with  honor  and  distinction.  He 
was  not .  nly  an  ardent  patriot,  but  he 
-was  an  able  and  polished  diplomat,  and 
hiy  mission  was  nut  without  fruit. 

PLUNKETT,  OLIVER,  a  celebrated 
Irisli  prela'e  and  martyr  was  of  the 
noble  family  of  Fingai,  born  about 
1680.  He  received  his  education  nn 
the  continent  and  completed  his  theolo 
gical  course  at  Rome,  lie  became  a 
professor  in  the  College  of  the  Propo- 


ganda  in  that  city,  which  position  he 
eld  for  twelve  years  earning  a  reputa- 
tion tor  'profound  erudition  and  great 
piety.  la  1669  Pope  Clement  IX.  ap- 
pointed uim  Archbishop  of  Armagh 
and  he  soon  after  took  charge  of  his 
diocese.  Burnet  says  of  him  "that  he 
was  a  wise  and  sober  man,  living  in  due 
submission  to  the  government."  He 
was  however  arrested  on  most  absurd 
charges  made  by  a  band  of  perjured 
conspirators,  viz:  that  he  was  in  cor- 
respondence with  the  French  Govern- 
ment, and  that  he  was  to  join  a  body  of 
20,000  French  troops,  which  were  to 
'  nd  at  Carlingford,  with  70,000  under 
c>  command.  He  was  sent  to  New- 
gate Dec.  6, 1679  and  the  following  Oct. 
to  the  Tower.  So  outrageous  and  im- 
probable were  the  charges  that  the  grand 
iury  refused  to  find  a  true  bill  against 
lim.  Insane  bigotry  however  prevailed.' 
Against  his  protest  he  was  tried  in  Lon- 
don, where  he  bad  no  means  of  defense, 
and  sufficient  time  would  not  be  granted 
him  to  send  to  Ireland  for  testimony  to 
show  the  infamy  and  absurdity  of  the 
charge.  The  Earl  of  Essex  was 
so  well  satisfied  of  the  enormity  of  the 
injustice,  that  he  called  on  the  King  to 
interpose  a  pardon,  for  this  charge 
sworn  to  could  not  possibly  be  true. 
Upon  which  the  King  in  anger  replied: 
"Why  did  you  not  testify  at  the  trial, 
it  might  have  done  him  good  then,  I 
dare  not  pardon  him.  His  blood  be  up* 
on  your  head  and  not  on  mine."  Such 
is  the  fruit  of  bigotry.  He  was  executed 
at  TybHm,  July  1st,  1681,  another  vic- 
tim whose  innocent  blood  cries  to  Hea- 
ven for  vengence  against  the  Moloch  of 
Nations.  His  head,  which  was  severed 
from  his  body,  is  preserved  at  Drogheda 
in  the  convent  of  the  Dominican  Nuns, 
and  is  still  adorned  with  silvery  locks. 

PLUNKET,  RT.  HON.  WILLIAM 
CONTNGHAM.  a  distinguished  Irish 
jurist,  orator,  patriot  and  statesman, 
and  one  of  the  ablest  men  of  his  day  in 
either  the  English  or  Irish  Parliaments, 
was  born  at  Enniskillen,  Ireland,  July 
1764  He  graduated  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  where  he  distinguished  himself 
by  his  talent.  He  studied  law  at  Lin- 
coln's Inn,  was  admitted  to  the 
Irish  bar  in  1787,  and  soon  won  recogni- 
tion. He  entered  the  Irish  parliament 
and  ably  supported  Grattan.     He  op- 

i)osed  to  the  last  the  fatal  policy  of  a 
egislative  union,  and  made  oqe  of  the 


'/ft] 


■■■  -  t' 


rtuk 


M 


:m 


POL 


IRISH  OELm 


POL 


most  powerful  speeches  ever  heard  in 
the  Irish  parliament  agaii6t  its  folly  and 
onconstituiionality.  So  incorruptible 
and  true  was  he  to  the  best  interests  of 
his  country  that  he  was  suspected  of 
connection  with  the  United  irishmen. 
He  became  King's  counsel  in  1798. 
Although  an  uncompromising  opponent 
of  the  nefarious  union,  his  commanding 
ability  and  great  legal  accomplishments 
inducied  the  government,  after  the 
Union  was »  oonsumatcd,  to  offer 
him  the  post  of  Solicitor-Oeneral  for 
Ireland,  which  he  accepted,  and  its 
dut'es,  as  prosecuting  officer  of  the 
Crown,  compelled  him  to  appear  as 
prosecutor  of  Emmet  and  the  other 
patriots  who  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
government.  For  this  he  was  subjected 
to  severe  denunciations,  and  it  was  at 
least  to  be  deplored  that  it  was  not  some 
more  fit  instrument  of  a  faithless  govern- 
ment, that  punished  patriots,  less  guilty 
of  a  real  violation  of  law,  than  the  gov- 
ernment which  sought  tneir  death. 
Plu'iket  became  Attorney-General  in 
1805,  but  in  1809  he  entered  the  British 
Parliament,  where  his  brilliant  talents 
and  great  oratorical  powers  were  quick- 
ly recognized,  and  when  he  arose  to 
speak  instant  attention  was  ever  accorded 
to  him,  which  he  never  failed  to  satisfy, 
not  less  by  the  strength  and  clearness 
of  his  statements,  thnn  by  the  charms  of 
his  oratory.  In  the  English,  as  he  had 
been  in  the  Irish  Parliament,  he  was  a 
conotant  and  strong  supporter  of  Catho- 
lic Emancipation,  which  is  the  strongest 
evidence  of  the  broadness,  liberality 
and  true  statesmanship  of  his  principles 
and  view""^  In  1832  he  again  accepted 
the  posiiion  of  Attorney-General  for 
Ireland,  and  in  1827  was  made  Chief 
Justice  and  Baron.  He  became  Lord 
Clmncellur  in  1880,  which  position  he 
held  until  1841.  when  he  resigned.  He 
died  Jan.  4,  1854. 


POLAND,  LUKE  P.,  an  eminent 
American  jurist  was  of  Irish  descent, 
born  in  Vermont  in  1815,  received  an 
academic  education,  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  at  the  age  of  twenty^one, 
soon  (liHtinguished  himself  by  hisabiHty 
and  was  elecied  to  prominent  positions 
in  the  line  of  his  profession.  In  1848  he 
was  elected  one  of  the  Judges  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Vermont,  which  po- 
sition he  held  to  1865,  when  he  was 
appointed  Chief  Justice.    He  was  ap- 


-i4 


Sointed  to^ll  the  vacancy  in  the  U.  & 
enate  caused  by  the  death  of  Judg* 
Collamer. 


POLE,  JAMES  KNOX,  eleventh 
President  of  the  United  States,  was  of 
Irish  descent,  born  in  North  Carolina 
in  1795.  His  grandfather,  who  emi- 
grated from  Ireland  with  his  familjr 
early  in  1700,  was  called  Pollock,  which 
became  corrupted  to  Polk.  Although 
his  father  was  but  a  moderate  well-to- 
do  farmer,  he  sent  James  E.  to  be  edu- 
cated  at  the  University  of  N.  Carolina, 
and  after  graduating  he  entered  the  law 
office  of  Felix  Grundy,  then  an  emi- 
nent lawyer  and  statesman  of  Tenn. 
Polk  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1820 
and  the  year  after  he  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  Leirislature  of  his 
state,  where  he  soon  made  his  mark  and 
was  shortly  after  elected  to  Congress  on 
the  Democratic  tirket.  In  1886  he  waa 
chosen  speaker  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, a  po!>ition  he  held  for  five 
consecutive  sessions,  discharging  ita 
onerous  duties  with  firmness  and  alnlity. 
In  1839  he  was  elected  Governor  of 
Tenn.  and  in  1844  he  was  put  in  nomi- 
nation by  the  Democratic  party  as  their 
candidate  for  President,  against  Henry 
Clay,  the  di-tingui-hed  Whig  leader, 
and  was  elected.  During  bis  term  the 
Oregon  boundry  was  settled.  The 
annexation  of  Texas,  which  took  place 
in  1845,  was  immediately  succeeded  by 
a  war  with  Mexico,  which  country 
was  soon  after  iavaded  by  Gens.  Taylor 
and  Scntt  with  about  60,000  voluntei-rs, 
who  after  e  numi)er  of  battles  against 
great  odds,  raptured  the  city  of  M<  x<co, 
Sept.  14, 1847.  Peace  was  Soon  after 
declared,  and  the  United  States  acquired 
the  territories  of  California  and  New 
Mexico.  Polk,  having  pledged  hinseif 
t«i  a  single  term  of  office,  refused  a  re- 
nomination,  and  retired  into  private 
life,  where  he  died  shortly  afterwards, 
in  1849. 

polk;  WHiLIAM,  a  Revolntion- 
ary  patriot  and  a  prominent  figure  la 
the  Metrhlenberg  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence, was  of  the  same  Irish  family 
as  the  President,  born  in  N.  Carolina 
in  1759,  and  was  an  active  supported  of 
the  great  cause,  advocating  resistance 
to  British  insolence  and  tyranny  by  both 
voice  and  arms,  till  the  fflorious  'result 
was  accomplished.    He  med  in  ISSSb 


w 


PON 


-  nUSH  CELTS. 


>    PON 


POLK,  WM.  H,  an  Americin 
•tatesman,  diplomat  and  patriot,  iwas  a 
brother  of  James  E.,  and  was  born 
May  24, 1816,  in  Maury  County,  Tenn., 
"where  bis  father  bad  located  in  1806. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Uniyeroity  of 
Tennessee,  and  was  admitted  to  the  Bar 
in  1889;  served  in  the  Slate  Legislature 
and  WHS  appointed  by  President  Tyler 
Charge  d' Affairs  to  Kaples,  where  he 
nettotuited  a  treaty  with  the  Two 
Sicilies.  He  afterward  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  the  Mexican  War,  and  was 
fient  to  Congress  from  Tennessee  in 
1857  He  remained  faithful  to' the 
Union  in  1861,  oppo  Ing  the  Qreat  Re- 
bellion in  1)18  state,  but  unhappily  died 
before  pence  and  Union  was  again  pro- 
claimed, December  16, 1863. 


POLLOCK,  JAMES,  LL.D.,  a  tal- 
ented and  able  Americnn  lawyer  and 
legislator,  was  born  in  Milton,  Penn.. 
S<  pt.  11,  1810,  of  Irish  parents,  and 
entered  Princeton  College  where  he 
graduated  with  the  first  houors  in  1881; 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1888,  and 
was  elected  District  Attorney  in  1885 
He  was  elected  to  Congress  in  1843, 
where  he  remained  three  years.  In 
1850  he  became  presiding  judge  of  a 
District  Court  ana  in  1855  was  elected 
Governor  of  the  State.  He  was  also 
director  of  the  United  States  mint  at 
Philadelphia,  and  was'  a  man  of  exten- 
sive learning  and  broad  views. 


POMEROY,  GEN.  JOHN,  a  dis- 
tinguished British  general,  was  bom  in 
County  Kildare,  Ireland,  about  1*^; 
entered  the  armv  and  participated  in 
many  of  the  conflicts  between  the  allies 
and  France.  He  rose  to  the  the  rank 
of  Lieut.  General.  <  He  was  also  a  privy 
councillor  of  Ireland,  and  died  '  junar- 
Tied. 

PONSONBY,  SIR  FREDERICK 
CAVENDISH,  K.  C.  B.,  a  distinguish- 
ed cavalry  ojQScer,  and  a  Major-General 
in  the  British  army,  was  the  second 
son  of  the  Earl  of  Besborough,  and  was 
burn  at  the  family  seat.  County  Kil- 
kenny, Ireland,  in  1788.  He  entered 
the  armv  at  the  age  of  seventeen  as  a 
colonel  in  the  10th  Dragoons.  By  gal- 
lantry and  good  conduct  he  rose* to  be 
a  major  by  1807.  In  1808  he  was  with 
Wellington  on  the  Peninsula  and  Boon 


eatly  distinguished 


greatly  di 
looked  ui 


himself,    being 

Xn  as  the  beau  ideal  of  a, 
er.  He  was  present  with 
bis  troops  at  Talavera,  BHrrosa.  Vimi* 
era,  Salamanca  and  Vittoria,  and  per- 
formed some  of  the  most  daring  and 
brilliant  exploits  ever  recorded  to  the 
credit  of  the  British  cavalry.  Hees* 
peoially  distinguished  himself  on  the 
retrograde  movement  of  the  army  from 
the  Douro,  and  as  it  was  his  duty  to 
protect  the  rear,  he  was  almost  continu- 
ally in  conflict  with  the  enemy's  ad- 
vance, and  they  were  often  made  to  feel 
the  danger  of  a  too  close  pursuit.  It 
was,  however,  at  Waterloo  that  he 
crowned  himself  with  imperishable 
glory.  In  the  absence  of  his  command- 
ing oflScer,  who  had  gone  forward  with 
a  portion  of  the  light  dragoons,  CoL 
Ponsonby  observed  a  French  column 
rapidly  advancing  in  a  small  vallejr 
which  lay  between  the  two  arnaies. 
Seeing  thut  not  a  moment  was  to  be 
lost,  hie  critd  out  to  his  men,  "Come 
on  12th  1"  and  dashed  down  the  field  at 
their  head  and  with  a  cheer  charged  oa 
the  advancing  French  and  drove  them 
back  into  thuir  Unes.  Just  as  he  was 
about  calling  his  men  off,  as  the  men 
were  fighting  at  learful  odds,  he  re^ 
ceived  a  cut  on  his  right  arm  which 
caused  his  sword  to  drop,  and  imme- 
diately received  another  on  his  left 
which  he  raised  to  protect  his  head, 
his  horse  now  was  without  guidance 
and  plunged  into  the  midst  of  the  ene- 
"^my,  when  he  received  another  cut  oi^ 
the  head  which  brought  him  to  the 
esl'th^  insensible.  There  he  lay  all 
night,  and  in  the  mean  time  was  again 
wantonly  wounded  in  the  back  by  a 
lance  plunged  by  a  trail  leur  and  rode 
over  by  a  couple  of  squadrons  of  Prus- 
sian cavaly.  He  was  at  length  accosted 
by  an  English  soldier  whom  he  per- 
suaded to  stay  with  him  till  relief  came 
and  he  was  conveyed  in  a  cart  to  the 
village  of  Waterloo  next  dny.  He  had 
received  seven  wounds,  but  his  vigor- 
ous constitution  and  constant  attention 
bi'onght  him  through.  Gen.  Pon&onby 
was  a  universal  favorite,  and  consider- 
ed one  of  the  most  brilliant  officers  of 
his  day  in  the  army.  His  gallant  bear* 
ing  bespoke  the  chivalrous  bravery 
which  characteriz<'d  him  and  whicli 
was  united  to  splendid  military  talents, 
guided  by  a  cool  head  and  a  correct 
judgment.  He  was  held  in  tiie  hitdi- 
est  repute  by  his  associates,  an4  aii 


/  ' 


I   'i. 


'■^^ 


!.'?! 


'•:  !■ 


I 


.      :4    ] 


\'. 


POR 


inmi  CBLTV. 


POR 


.  opinion  on  military  mntters,  especially 
such  as  related  to  the  cavalry,  was  au- 
thority.   He  died  Jan.  11,  1887. 

PONSONBY,  GEORGE,  second 
son  of  Rt.  Hon.  John  (Speaker  Pon- 
sonby),  and  born  in  Ireland,  March  5, 
.1756;  was  educated  at  Trinity  college, 
.Dublin,  after  which  he  entered  the 
temple  and  completed  bis  course  of 
law.  He  quickly  rose  to  distinction  as 
an  able  and  successful  counsellor,  and 
also  distinguished  himself  in  the  Irish 

Birliament.  He  ablv  opposed  the 
nionto  the  last,  as  did  also  three  other 
members  of  this  family  who  sat  in  the 
Irish  Parliament.  He  rose  to  be  Lord 
Hika  Chancellor  of  Ireland  in  1806.  He 
di^  in  1817. 

PONSONBY,  SIR  WILLIAM,  a 
distinguished  cavalry  officer  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Britain,  and  grandson  of  Right 
Hon.  John  Ponsonby,  Speaker  of  the 
Irish  House  of  Commons,  Was  born  at 
the  family  seat  in  the  county  of  Kil- 
kenny, about  1775;  entered  the  army  at 
an  early  age,  and  rose  by  gallantry  and 
good  concmct  to  be  a  general  officer, 
and,  like  his  relative  Sir  Frederick, 
especially  distmeuished  as  a  cavalry 
](eader  and  tactician.  He  fell  at  Water- 
loo while  leading  a  brilliant  and  suc- 
cessful charge,  June  18, 1815. 

POPE,  PATRICK  H.,  a  prominent 
Irish-American  politician  of  Kentucky, 
vraa  born  about  1790,  and  acquired  a 
high  reputation  for  ability.  He  repre- 
sented his  state  in  the  28d  Congress. 


PORTER,  ALEXANDER  J.,  an 
able  Irish- American  jurist  was  bom  in 
beland  it  1786,  and  was  the  son  of  an 
Irish  patriot  of  '98  who  fell  a  victim  to 
British  inhumanity.  Our  subject  emi- 
grated to  America  with  his  mother  and 
family  shortly  afterwards  and  settled  in 
Tennessee.  He  tried  the  ministry, 
commt'rce,  and  then  the  Bar,  for  which 
his  brilliant  talents  were  admirably 
adapted.  He  removed  to  Louisiana  in 
1809  and  quickly  acquired  fame  and  an 
extensive  practice,  and  was  at  length 
appointed  a  Judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  State,  which  position  he 
held  fifteen  years,  and  in  1838  was 
made  U.  8.  Senator.  He  was  again 
idected  In  1844,  but  died  Jan.  18  of  that 
year  at  Attakapas^  Louisiana. 


PORTER,  GEN.  ANDREW,  » 
soldier  and  patriot  of  the  War  of  the 
Revolution,  was  born  of  Iridi  parents 
in  Pennsylvania  in  1748;  serv^ 
with  honor  during  the  Revolutionary 
War,  and  was  afterward  Gen.  of  the 
State  MilDia  and  Surveyor-Gen.  of  the 
State,  1809.    He  diedin  1818. 

PORTER  REV.  FRANCIS,  an  Irish 
divine  and  writer,  was  born  in  Meath, 
Ireland,  about  1650,  and  completed  his 
education  oa  the  coniinent.  He  enter- 
ed the  Franciscan  Older,  and  was  fo; 
many  vears  professor  of  Theology  in 
the  college  of  St.  Isidore,  Rome,  and 
for  a  time  its  president.  Among  his 
many  works  is  a  volume  entitled, 
"Compendium  Annnlium  Ecciiastica* 
rum  Regius  Hibernias."  published  in 
Rome  in  1690.  It  contains,  amongst 
other  things,  a  list  of  Irish  Kings  and 
an  account  of  the  wars  with  the  Danes. 

PORTER.  MAURICE  DE.  one  of 
the  most  learned  men  of  Ids  age,  whose 
name  in  Irish  was  O'Fihely,  was  a  cele- 
brated Archbishop  of  Tuam,  and  bom 
near  Baltimore  in  the  county  of  Cork. 
John  Comussays  of  him.  "Maurice  a 
Porter  a  native  of  Ireland,  of  the  order 
of  St.  Francis,  was  celebrated  for  his 
profound  knowledge  in  theology,  loeic, 
philosophy  and  metaphysics.  It  is  im- 
possible to  give  an  idea  of  his  polite  and 
at  the  same  time  holy  and  religious 
conversation.  He  was  not  more  noted 
for  great  learning  than  for  piety  and 
cliarming  manners,  and  was  called 
'Flos  Mundi,'  Flower  of  the  Earth. 
HaviuE  taught  the  sciences  for  many 
years  in  the  University  of  Padua,  he 
was  appointed  by  Pope  Julius  II.  Axch* 
bishop  of  Tuam,  and  attended  the 
coundl  of  Lateran.  He  left  many 
monuments  of  his  learning."  Possivi- 
mus  says  of  him:  "Maunce,  an  Irish- 
man, a  minorite  and  Archbishop  of 
Tuam,  composed  a  dictionaiy  of  the 
Holy  Scriptures  printed  at  Venice  in 
1603  by  J.  Anthony  and  J.  Francis,  at 
the  order  of  Mathew  Zare,  Patriarch  of 
Venice.  Besides  this  he  explains  by 
commentaries  the  whole  doctrine  of! 
Scot  (John  Duns  Scot),  his  countryman, 
mrt  of  which  was  printed  by  Lucre  in 
Venice  in  1500.  In  his  exposition  of 
Scot,  the  theorems  were  published  ta 
Venice  by  Soael  in  1614,  and  his  "En< 
chiridion  of  the  Faith"  was  published 
by  Octavianus  Scottu  in  1609."    Ho 


\\ 


POT 


ntlBR  OKLTS. 


POW 


aIao  wrote  a  life  of  John  Scot,  besides 
many  oilier  works.  He  died  at  Gnlway 
on  his  return  to  his  See  from  the  Late- 
ran  Council,  and  was  buried  in  the 
church  of  the  Franciscans  in  that  city. 

POTTINGER.    SIR    HENRY,  an 

able  and  successful  British  diplomat 
and  legislator,  was  bom  in  County 
Down,  Ireland,  in  1789,  went  to  India 
In  service  of  the  Company  in  1804,  and 
rapidly  rose  through  all  j^des  of  the 
service  by  his  tact,  ability  and  skill; 
was  "resident"  in  Cutch  and  Siude  from 
1824  to  '89,  when  he  was  mad&a  baronet 
for  distinguished  services.  He  was 
sent  to  Chma  as  Ambassador  and  Supt. 
of  British  trade  in  1841,  participated 
in  the  capture  of  Amoy  and  other  places, 
also  concluded  the  treaty  of  peace  of 
Aug.,  1842,  which  opened  five  Chinese 
ports  to  the  commerce  of  all  nations, 
and  became  Governor  of  Hong-Kong 
April,  1848.  He  returned  home  in  1844 
and  was  made  a  privy  Councillor,  but 
in  1846  was  sent  to  Cape  Colony  as  Gov- 
ernor, and  the  next  year  to  Madras  as 
Governor  and  Commander-in-Chief, 
which  position  he  held  to  the  time  of 
his  death,  March  18, 1854.  He  is  the 
author  of  "Travels  in  Beloochistan  and 
Sinde." 

POTTS,  REV.  JOHN,  one  of  the 
ablest  and  most  popular  of  Methodist 

Sreachers  in  Canada,  was  bom  at 
[aguire's  Bridee,  County  Fermanagh, 
Ireland,  in  1888;  he  emigrated  to  Am- 
erica in  his  seventeenth  year,  intending 
to  settle  in  the  South,  he,  however, 
stopped  in  Canada  to  vidt  some  relatives 
ana  afterwards  det«rmined  to  settle 
amongst  them.  He  first  engaged  in 
mercantile  pursuits.  His  friends  being 
Methodists  he  joined  that  bodv  and  at 
its  meetings  his  natural  gifts  of  oratory 
and  consistent  successive  thought  was 
first  developed.  He  entered  Victoria 
College,  Coboure,  and  yielding  to  so- 
licitaUons,  he  jomed  the  ministry  of  the 
Methodist  body  before  he  had  com- 
pleted his  studies,  at  the  early  age  of 
nineteen  In  a  short  time  he  was  re- 
ceived into  full  connection  as  it  is  term- 
ed, and  was  stationed  in  London,  Ont., 
and  afterwards  in  Toronto.  It  being 
resolved  to  erect  a  commcmoratory 
church  of  the  centenary  of  Methodism 
in  America,  Hamilton  was  chosen  as  the 
place,  and  Mr.  Potts  as  the  pastor.  In 
every  mission  whiph  he  held  his  people 


strove  hard  to  have  him  retained  for  » 
second  three  years,  but  the  mediocre 
element  in  the  Methodist  body  are  set 
upon  the  triennial  change,  and  ^o  re»> 
son  is  strong  enough  to  make  them  alter. 
Mr.  Potts  was  for  a  while  stationed  in 
Montreal  where  his  fame  as  a  powerful 
and  eloquent  preacher  was  well  sus- 
tained. He  is  without  doubt  the  ablest 
and  most  eloquent  of  Methodists  ia 
Canada,  or  perhaps  in  America. 

POTTS,  RICHARD,  an  IrishAm 
erican  patriot  of  the  Revolution,  early 
opposed  British  aggsession  in  Maryland 
and  took  an  important  part  in  rousing 
the  people  to  resist  ance.  He  was  a  dele- 
gate to  the  Continental  Congress  and 
also  Governor  of  Maryland  in  1781  and 
1782,  and  on  the  adoption  of  the  Federal 
Constitution  he  became  a  U.  S.  Senator, 
which  position  he  resigned  in  1796.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  ability  and  extensive 
knowledge,  and  received  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  from  Princeton  College. 

POWER,  JOHN,  a  distinguished 
officer  of  the  Irish  brigade,  who  went 
to  France  after  the  treatv  of  Limerick 
as  Colonel  of  the  Dublm  regiment  of 
Infantry.  He  sustained  the  reputation 
of  the  Irish  name  by  his  gallant  conduct 
on  various  occasions,  participated 
in  the  reduction  of  Savoy  and  in  many 
important  victories,  gained  often  by  the 
invincible  valor  of  the  Irish  troops.  He 
had  a  namesake  who  was  not  less  dis- 
tinguished and  acquired  great  credit 
for  ability  and  valor,  both  of  whom 
rose  to  the  rank  of  General  officers. 

POWER.  LAURENCE  GEOP- 
FRET,  a  pron?inent  and  able  politician 
and  legislator  of  Nova  Scotia,  is  the 
son  of  Patrick  Power,  M.P.  for  Halifax. 
Our  subject  acquired  a  thorough  edu- 
cation and  soon  became  noted  in  his 
native  city  for  his  ability  and  energ}\ 
Both  father  and  son  advocated  conf^- 
ration,  and  soon  after  its  adoption, 
Laurence  Powers  was  nam^  a  Domin- 
ion Senator,  which  position  he  still 
holds.    The  father  for  many  years  re- 

f resented    Halifax  in  the    Dominion 
'arliament. 

POWER,  TYRONE,  one  of  the 
most  witty  and  taleuted  of  Irish  comic 
actors,  was  the  son  of  rn  Irish  gentle- 
man, and  bom  in  Waterford,  1795.  His 
father  having  died  while  our  subject 


?■ 


POW 


IRISH  CKVta, 


PUR 


was  yet  in  bis  infancy,  his  mother  re- 
moved to  Wales  to  be  dear  some  rela- 
tions who  had  taken  up  a  resideuce 
there.  This  was  near  the  town  of  Car- 
diff in  which  there  was  a  theatre  and 
where  young  Tyrone  first  causht  his 
passion  for  the*  st):ge.  and  wbei  he 
afterwards  made  his  first  appearance  as 
Borneo.  His  efforts  for  some  time  ap- 
pear to  have  been  inthe  serious  line,  but 
not  succeeding  to  the  extent  of  his  aspi- 
rations and  hopes,  and  fearing  his  un- 
suitability,  he  essayed  the  comic,  and 
tried  his  juvenile  strength  in  "Mercu- 
tio,  Benedict.  Charles  Surface  and 
Belcover."  After  this  he  attempted  in 
both  lines,  loth  to  give  up  the  senti- 
mental. He  made  his  debut  at  Dublin 
in  1817  in  Rom«?o,  with  Jeremy  Didler 
as  an  afterpiece.    The  next  year  he  ap- 

Eears  to  have  abandoned  the  stage,  dis- 
eartened  with  its  difficulties,  and  his 
failure  to  make  a  great  success.  The 
passion  was,  however,  too  strong  in 
bim  and  in  1881  we  fln'^  him  again  on 
the  boards,  and  he  appeared  succeasive- 
Ivat  the  Olympia,  Astley's,  and  the 
Lvceum.  In  1828  he  became  Manager 
of  the  Olympic,  and  about  this  time 
made  his  first  appearance  at  Drury 
Lane,  but  made  no  sensation.  He  was, 
however,  soon  to  receive  the  applause 
he  so  faithfully  worked  for.  The  next 
year  he  openeii  at  the  Adelphi  in  a  new 
part  called  Yalmondi,  and  was  received 
with  applause.  This  was  followed  by 
bis  appearance  as  Paddy  O'Halloran  in 
a  neglected  Irish  farce  in  which  he 
achieved  a  triumph.  He  seems  to  have 
undertaken  the  part  with  some  un- 
willingness, but  it  proved  to  be  his  road 
to  fortune  and  fame,  for  from  thence- 
forth he  devoted  his  study  and  talent 
to  the  Jelineations  of  Irish  characters  of 
the  comic  style,  with  eVer-increasing 
popularity  and  applause.  From  thence 
forward  engagements  were  open  to  him 
in  all  the  principal  theatres  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  and  he  appeared 
everywhere  to  crowded  houses  and 
wati  acknowledged  as  unrivalled  in  his 
line.  In  1840  he  came  to  America  and 
was  received  in  a  highly  flattering  man- 
ner; he  made  hosts  of  friends  by  his 
geniality,  wit  and  humor,  and  filled  a 
highly  successful  and  profitable  engage- 
ment. He  sailed  from  New  YorK  on 
the  ill-fated  steamer  President  on  the 
11th  March,  1841.  A  great  storm  aroHC 
the  next  day,  which  continued  for  near- 
ly tliree  days  with  great  violence,  and 


the  steamship  was  never  heard  tnm 
after,  and  is  supposed  to  have  founder* 
ed  with  all  on  boud. 

PRENDEROAST,  EDMOND,  a 
{pliant  Irish  cavalry  officer.  He  dis- 
tin^ished  himself  in  Ireland  in  1689 
ana  '90,  and  went  to  France,  after  the 
treaty  of  Limerick,  in  the  Eine's  regi- 
ment of  cavalry,  of  which  Shelaon  was 
Colonel.  He  participated  in  many  of 
the  famous  battles  won  by  the  generals 
of  Louis  XIV. ,  and  contributed  his  share 
to  the  glory  earned  by  the  Irish  brigades 
in  that  age  and  country. 

PUGH,  GEORGE  E.,  an  able 
and  eloquent  American  lawyer,  orator 
and  politician,  was  of  Irish  descent,  bora 
in  Cincfamati,  Ohio,  Nov.  28. 1822,  and 
was  educated  at  Miami  University.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  Bar  of  bis  native 
State,  where  he  scon  acquired  i,  itinction 
by  his  ability  and  brilliancy.  He  vol- 
unteered for  the  Mexican  War,  and  serv- 
ed with  distinction.  After  its  close  he 
was  elected  to  the  state  legislature,  and 
afterwards  was  appointed  solicitor  for 
Cincinnati.  In  1861  he  was  Attornev 
General  of  the  State,  and  became  U.  S. 
Senator  in  1855,  and  served  with  dis- 
tinction. His  l£^t  years  were  clouded 
bv  a  misfortune,  which  too  many  men 
of  brilliant  intellect  have  succumed  to. 

PUGH,  JOHN,  aa  able  Pennsyl- 
vania  politician,  was  bora  about  1770  of 
Irish  parents,  and  acquired  distinction 
in  his  native  State  by  his  taleats.  Here- 
presented  her  in  the  Eighth  Congress. 

PURCELL,  HENRY,  a  celebrated 
musical  composer,  was  bora  in  England 
of  Irish  parents  about  1658;  developed 
great  musical  talent  at  an  early  age,  re- 
ceived instractions  from  the  best  masters. 
At  the  age  of  eighteen  he  was  organist 
of  Westminster  Abbev,  and  soon  after 
was  made  organist  of  the  Chapel  RoyaL 
Among  his  works  are  the  Opera  of  Dio- 
clesian,  Orpheus  Brittanica,  Anthems, 
Sonatas,  etc.  He  was  considered  to  be 
ranked  by  none  in  England  or  Ireland, 
for  the  originality,  force  and  beauty  of 
his  compositions.    He  died  in  1606. 

PURCELL,  MOST  REV.  JOHN 
BAPTIST,  one  of  the  most  eminent 
and.  able  of  the  Catholic  prelates  of 
Ameiica,  was  born  at  Mallow,  Countj 
Cork,  Ireland,  1801.    His  parents  wen 


PUR 


nUSB  CELTS. 


PUR 


in  humble  circumstances  but  their 
bright  and  pious  boy  had  aspirations 
for  the  priesthood,  and  thev  would  not 
tee  the  favored  call  lost,  if  their  labor 
and  sacrifices  could  aid  their  child  in 
securing  it.  Especially  is  this  so  with 
Irish  mothers.  He  was  kept  at  school 
In  his  native  town  until  he  acquired  the 
necessary  mastery  of  the  clasnics  to  pre- 
pare for  theological  studies.  His 
mo^er  hoped  to  see  him  enter  May- 
oooth  to  complete  his  studies,  but  it 
was  ordained  otherwise,  for  a  wise 
Providence  had  a  greater  field  for  the 
young  Irish  boy,  and  he  came  to  Am- 
erica in  his  eighteenth  year,  to  enter 
that  great  field  of  missionary  labor 
v  here  the  laborers  were  few.  He  did 
not  immediately  gain  entrance  to  a 
seminary,  but  secured  employment  as 
a  tutor,  his  fine  general  trafniuemaking 
him  a  most  desirable  teacher.  In  June, 
1820,  he  entered  Mt.  St.  Mary's,  Em- 
mittsburg,  that  nursery  of  prelatiss, 
which  supplied  the  struggling  American 
Church  with  so  many  distinguished 
«nd  zealous'laborers.  After  three  years 
of  study  and  teaching  he  received  minor 
orders,  and  was  sent  to  France  to  com- 

Slete  his  theological  course,  which  he 
id  at  8t.  Sulpice,  Paris,  and  was  or- 
dained by  Bishop  Quelan,  Archbishop 
of  Paris,  in  Notre  Dame  Cathedral, 
May  21,  1826;  three  hundred  having 
been  ordained  at  the  same  time.  Father 
Furcell  immediately  returned  to  the 
United  States  and  was  ap|M>inted  Pro- 
fts^or  of  Philosophy  in  Mt.  St.  Mary's, 
lu  1828  he  was  named  President  of  the 
institution,  and  as  such  received  as  a 
student  one  who  afterward  acquired 
even  greater  eminence  than  himself — 
JohnMcCloskty,  Cardinal  Archbishop 
of  New  York.  In  1888,  being  then  but 
thirty-two.  he  was  nominated  Bishop 
<of  Cincinnati,  to  succeed  Dr  Fenwick, 
And  consecrated  Oct.  18, 1888,  by  Arch- 
bishop Whitfield  of  Baltimore.  The 
laew  diocese  was  a  vast  one,  comprising 
the  states  of  Ohio  and  Michigan,  its 
Catholic  population  widely  and  sparsely 
dispersed,  except  perhaps  at  two  cen- 
tres, Cincinnati  and  Detroit,  each  of 
which  towns  had  one  church  and  resi- 
dent priests,  as  for  the  rest,  the  devoted 
missionary  had  to  travel  on  horseback 
or  on  foot  through  rough  and  uncer- 
tain roads  seeking  the  scattered  sheep 
iu  a  gnat  wilderness,  and  administering 
the  consolation  of  religion  as  best  he 
luight,  amidst  difficulties  the  most  dis> 


cnuraging.  Everything  was  still  to  \fi 
done  to  organize  and  systematize  th* 
forces  of  religion.  The  great  Iiidi 
emigration  which  was  then  pouring 
into  the  country  was  more  distinctly 
Catholic  than  heretofore,  for  in  Ire'and 
itself  for  many  years  religion  had  again 
become  organized,  and  its  ministers 
could  exercise  their  sacred  office  witli- 
out  halters  around  their  necks  The 
early  Irish  emigration  to  America  for 
more  than  a  century  before  the  year 
eighteen  hundred,  and  which,  especial* 
ly  after  the  revolution  for  half  a  cen- 
tury was  the  main  and  almost  the  sole 
emigration  to  the  United  States,  was 
largely  composed  of  Catholics,  but  who 
came,  as  if  it  were,  without  any  of  the 
accessories  of  their  failh  around  them, 
and  this  arose  from  the  unorcnitiized 
and  persecuted  condition  of  the  Church 
in  Ireland.  The  Irish  protestants  were 
of  course  differently  situated,  and  came 
organized  and  armed  with  all  the  wea* 
pons  of  religion.  Consequently  we  see 
them  from  the  earliest  times  in  the 
Colonies  make  their  mark,  and  the 
Irish  Presbyterian  ministers  were  the 
ablest,  most  eloquent  and  distinguished 
of  all  the  early  Protestant  missionaries 
in  America.  This  early  Catholic  ela* 
ment,  scattered  and  unorganized  as  It 
was,  with  no  priests  or  leaders,  individu-' 
ally  isolated  among  their  Protestant 
countrymen,  without  the  means  of 
practicing  their  religion,  at  length  tor- 
got  it,  and  if  they  did  not  entirely  lose 
It  themselves,  their  children  did,  and  as 
religion  is  an  instinct  in  the  race,  those 
children  attached  themselves  to  its  or- 
ganized  communities  or  churches 
around  them.  Thus  it  was  that  the 
greater  portion  of  the  early  Irish 
Catholic  emigration  to  the  colonies,  es- 
pecially to  New  England,  was  lost  to 
the  church,  and  to  the  faith  of  their 
fathers,  as  instance,  the  O'Briens  acd 
SuUivans  of  Revolutionary  fame,  and 
thousands  of  othero.  So  too,  it  was 
throughout  the  west,  perhaps  in' a  lesser 
degree,  when  our  zealouti  missionary 
bishop  was  called  to  preside  over  his 
dispersed  flock.  What  a  marvellous 
change  has  taken  p^aoe  during  the  hflf 
century  of  his  pastoral  rule.  Six  great 
diocese  have  grown  up  in  place  ot  the 
one  needy  and  poor  one,  each  with 
hundreds  of  churches  and  attending 
ministers  dispensing  the  mysteries  of 
religiou  to  hundreds  of  thousands  of 
faithful,  devoted  and  well-instructed 


'    ,«' 


^11 


t-lnj^H 


PUR. 


XBISH  CELTS 


PUR 


members.  At  the  advent  of  Bishop 
Purcell  there  was  nominally  sixteen 
churches  scattered  over  his  diocese,  but 
many  of  them  were  but  an  excuse  for 
the  name,  and  little  better  than  barns, 
and  worse  still  the  name  Catholic  was 
to  many  a  term  of  approbrium,  a  stigma 
and  a  reproach,  Iguorancc  and  bigotrv, 
if  not  always  rampant,  was  still  an  ob- 
stacle and  a  threat  to  Catholic  advance- 
ment,  to  such  a  degree  that  we  of  to- 
day can  hardly  realize  the  moral  courage 
which  it  was  niecessary  to  cultivate,  and 
live  an  earnest  and  devoted  Catholic.  A 

{)riest,  to  the  blindly  deluded  and  grossly 
gnorant  portion  of  the  community, 
which  generally  included  all  the  pious 
and  otherwise  really  good  old  ladies, 
if  not  the  devil  himself,  was  very  closelv 
allied  to  his  satanic  majesty,  and  this 
enlightened  and  charitable  estimate  was 
encouraged  by  such  eloquent  lights  as 
Lyman  Beecher  and  his  ilk.  Such  a 
state  of  things  would  seem  almost  in- 
credible or  even  impossible  in  "free, 
enlightened  America,*'  but  it  is  never- 
theless true.  The  Catholic  and  his  re- 
ligion was  almost  daily  the  subject  of 
attack,  direct  or  indirect,  in  the  "news- 
papers," and  always  either  ignorantly 
•r  maliciously  misrepresented.  Shortly 
after  the  bishop  had  taken  charge  of 
his  See,  Alexander  Campbell,  an  able 
and  eloquent  Presbyterian  divine  and  a 
champion  of  Protestantism  who  had  a 
powerful  following  in  some  peculiar 
views  of  his  own,  challenged  any  Catho- 
lic divine  to  meet  him  in  an  oral  debate. 
The  bishop,  although  •-i}posed  to  such 

Eolemical  warfare,  as  leading  to  no  good 
ut  rather  as  tending  to  put  obstacles  in 
the  wa}^  of  calm  investigation  by  stir- 
ring up  pride  and  a  spirit  of  disputation, 
thought  that  it  might,  under  the  cir- 
cumstapces  in  which  the  church  and 
Catholics  were  placed,  result  in  giving 
those  who  were  wall  disposed,  a  cliance 
to  bear  Catholic  doctrine  fairly  stated 
and  explained,  and  be  productive  of 
good  results  He  therefore  accepted 
the  challenge,  and  all  the  preliminaries 
having  been  agreed  upon  it  took  place  in 
Cincinnati  in  a  Protestant  church,  1886, 
continuing  for  upward  of  a  week. 
Campbell  was  allowed  the  advantage  of 
being  the  attacking  partv.  the  Bishop 
agi'eeing  to  defend  Catholic  doctrine 
wherever  attacked.  This  left  Campbell 
free  to  choose  his  point  of  attack  and 
make  every  preparation  for  it,  while  the 
Bishop  was  compelled  to  rise  immedi* 


ately  to  defend  without  preparation,  as 
they  of  course  spoke  alternately,  twice- 
each  day.    The  defense  proved  eminent- 
ly satisfactory  to  the  Catholic  commu- 
nity. The  popular  misrepresentations  of 
the  Catholic  doctrines  of    Purgatory, 
Confession,   Indulgences,    etc.,  which 
Campbell  foolishly  relied  upon,  were  ex- 
posed and  denounced  by  the  bishop,  and 
Its  true  teachings  explained  ana  sup- 
ported by  Scripture,  common  sense  and 
apostolic     tradition.       Mr.   Campbell 
brought  the  discussion  to  a  close,  and 
that  It  proved  unsatisfactory  to  him,  was 
evincea  by  the  fact,  that  he  at  first  re- 
fused to  endorse  as  correct  the  report  of 
the  stenographers  for  publication,  as 
had  been  agreed  upon,  unless  he  would 
be  permitted  to  add  additional  argu- 
ments and  explanations,  which  the  pub- 
lishers, disinterested  Protestants,  would 
not  allow,  however  after  the  book  was  ia 
print    and     before    publication,    he, 
endorsed  the  correctness  of  the  report. 
The  young  bishop  was  congratulated 
ou  all  sides  for  the  readiness  and  abHity 
displayed  against  his  able  and  practiced 
antagonist  and  his  name  and  f  amebecame 
widely  known.  The  success  and  strengtb 
of  his  defense  opened  the  eyes  of  many 
well-meaniug  opponents  to  the  claims 
and  consistency  of  Catholic  doctrine, 
while  the  discomfiture  of   so  able   & 
champion  doped   the  mouths  of  the- 
most  rampant  bigots,  and  Catholicity, 
in  that  community,  from  thence  for-^ 
ward  received  an  intellectual  and  social 
recognition,  so  to  speak,  that  was  not 
accorded  to  it  before.     Bishop  Purcell 
now  pushed  forward  with  all  bis  energy 
the  organization  of  religion  throughout 
his  diocese,  visiting,  preaching,  confirm- 
ing and  ordaining  new  laborers  for  the- 
vineyard,  whifh  was  fast  growing  and 
becoming  laden  with  fruit.    Seminaries,, 
churches  adorned  in  a  worthy  manner,, 
institutions  of  all  kinds,  to  meet  everr 
human  misfortune  as  well  as  to  culti- 
vate for  the  enjoyment  of  every  human 
blessing,  soon  sprang  up  under  his  wise 
fatherly  care.     The  beneficent  orders, 
which  are  the  glory  and  tbe  fruit  of  the 
church,  were  seen  jd  by  him  to  rear 
and  foster  the  peculiar  works  or  charitiea 
to   which   their  lives   are    dedicated. 
Jesuits,    unrivalled    in   their  schools, 
Franciscans,  Dominicans,    Passionists, 
and  other  orders  and  commnpities  of 
priests,  while  Bisters  of  Obarity.  Ursu- 
lines,  Sisters  of  TAwcj,  Ladies  of  the 
Sacied  Heart,  Little  Sbteraof  the  Poor, 


PUR 


naiH  CELTS 


PUB 


and  other  noble  societies  of  ladies,  were 
soon  spread  all  over  the  diocese,  dis- 

Gnsing  blessings  and  consolation  to  all. 
1850  after  sev««ral  diocese  bad  been 
erected  within  his  original  charge,  the 
See  was  elevated  to  an  Archepiscopal 
one.  Bishop  Purcell  attended  all  the 
ereat  assemblages  of  the  Catholic  pre- 
Uites  of  the  world  at  Rome,  and  was 
held  in  high  estimation.  His  attitude 
of  semi-antagonism  to  the  dogma  of 
Papal  infalabiiity  at  the  Council  of  the 
Vatican  is  the  only  olflcial  act  which 
cannot  be  admired  and  praised  during 
his  long  pontificate  of  half  a  century. 
It  Is  true  that  he  was  not  alone,  for 
other  eminent  Irish  and  French  bishops 
took  the  same  weak  and  unstable  ground 
of  "prematureness."  Indeed  it  is  not 
strange  that  the  American  and  Irish 
church  should  have  been  affected  with 
what  has  been  called  Gallicanism  of 
what  might  be  termed  the  negative 
kind.  The  perverse  doctrine  of  posi- 
tive Qallicanism  which  had  its  birth  in 
France  under  that  proud,  imperious 
and  immoral  monarch,  Lonis  XIV,  and 
with  which  even  the  great  bishop  of 
Meauz,  Bossuet  was  suspected  of  being 
tainted,  and  which  heresy  was  condemn- 
ed in  the  Council  of  Florence,  but  for- 
mulated in  a  kind  of  negative  form  as 
substantially:  "Let  him  be  anathema 
who  says  that  the  successor  of  Peter, 
can  teach  error  in  faith  or  morals," 
which  seemed  to  give  those  who  loved 
to  make  distinctions  the  liberty  to  say, 
"We  are  not  bound  to  believe  that  the 
pope  is  infallible,  but  only  that  the 
church,  meaning  the  Pope  and  Council, 
are  infallible,  but  admitting  that  it  was 
not  permissible  to  say  that  he  could  teach 
error  in  faith  or  morals.  Itwasinrealitv 
a  distinction  without  a  difference,  but  It 
hovered  continually  over  a  heresy  by 
the  expressions  used  "We  are  not  bound 
to  believe  as  an  article  of  faith  that  the 

S:>pe  is  infallible,  but  only  that  the 
hurch  is,"  which  was  well  calculated  to 
mislead  the  weak.  The  Irish  Church 
cimght  this  lame  theorizing  from  the 
French,  because  from  the  time  of  Louis 
and  for  cue  hundred  years  afterwards, 
the  great  body  of  the  Irish  priests  re- 
ceive their  education  in  France,  and 
the  American  church  was  a  growth  from 
both.  Thus  blame,  if  blame  there  was 
in  opposing  the  bold  proclamation  of 
the  positive  doctrine,  could  not  well  be 
imputed  to  tliose  prelates  who  thought 
It  "inopportune,"  especially  as  all  the 


prelates,  of  those  three  nations,  frHi17 
gave  in  their  adhesion  to  that  great 
fundamental  doctrine  of  Papal  inlalli- 
bility  and  proclaimed  it  in  their  diocese. 
It  seems  strange  that  brave  ard  valiant 
soldiers  of  the  church,  who  would  free- 
ly give  their  lives  hi  attestation  of  the 
truth  of  their  faith,  should  exhibit  thia 
seeminc  moral  weakness  in  opposing 
the  denning  positively  one  of  the  great 
doctrinal  truths  established  by  Jesua 
Christ  himself  in  founding  his  Church 
on  a  Rock;  on  the  ground  too  of  "inop- 
portuneness'M  But  after  all  it  simply 
shows  us  how  weak  and  uncertain  are 
the  greatest  amongst  us  if  he  be  not  "con- 
firmed." "Peter,  Batan  desired  to  sift 
thee  as  wheat,  but  I  have  confirmed  thee 
that  thy  faith  fail  not — confirm  thy 
brethren,"  which  is  truly  the  only  se- 
curity we  have,  that  Satan  sifts  us  not 
as  wheat.  The  venerable  archbishop 
continued  his  labors  with  almost  the 
vigor  of  youth  till  within  a  couple  of 
years  of  his  death,  preaching,  confirm- 
ing, ordaining  and  performing  all  the 
various  duties  peculiar  to  his  omce,  and 
also  daily  hearing  confession  as  faithful- 
ly as  the  humblest  of  his  priests,  never 
having  put  off  the  misdonary.  Hia 
death  was  undoubtedly  hastened  by  a 
great  and  unexpected  burthen  which 
suddenly  confronted  him  in  his  old  age. 
The  causes  which  led  to  it  were  remote 
and  apparently  devoid  of  any  dangerous 
complications,  at  least  when  limited, 
but  when  aggregated  into  large  propor- 
tions could  become,  as  it  proved,  an 
avalanche  of  ruin.  This  cause  was  the 
depositing  of  money  with  ecclesiastics 
for  safe  keeping.  This  habit  grew  to 
great  proportions  in  the  times  of  the 
early  settlements  in  this  country,  especi- 
ally in  wild-cat  times,  when  many  finan- 
cial institutions,  or  what  pretended  to> 
be  such,  were  simply  traps  to  steal. 
Money  for  safe  keeping  was  often  there- 
fore forced  upon  priests  against  their 
strong  protest.  The  clergy  of  Cincin- 
nati, especially  of  the  cathedral,  wer& 
early  Bubjected  to  this  often  inconve- 
nient confidence.  The  bishop  thinking 
that  it  might  be  profitable  to  the  diocese 
and  the  depositor  to  take  such  freely 
offered  deposits  with  the  privilege  of 
using  and  allow  a  fair  rate  of  interest 
for  the  same,  the  secretary  was  there- 
fore allowed  to  take  money  on  these 
conditions.  The  result  was  that  in  the 
course  of  years  large  amounts  of  monfey 
were  received  on  Interest,  loaned  and 


^Wil 


■  ,'■■■   ■  s 

'''::  '  ■'>■- 
.  >■'  ■''■ 


QUA 


nuSH  CKLT8. 


QUA 


to  variooB  purposes, 

tne  interest,  which 


for  the 


•1 1- 


•devoted 

purpose  of  meeting 

at  length,  in  the  unsystematized  man- 
ner in  which  it  was  done,  eat  gradually 
1>ut  surely  into  the  deposits  themselves. 
In  other  words,  deposits  to  the  amount 
that  would  have  required  the  skill  and 
system  of  a  large  bank  to  handle  with 
safety,  were  involved,  handled  without 

3 'Stem  or  experience,  and  but  one  thing 
1  the  time  certain — the  foolish  promise 
to  pay  Jbterest.  It  is  not  strange  then 
that  the  secretary  at  length  found  him- 
self seriouslv  embarrassed,  the  cease- 
less waves  of  interest  which  had  gone 
on  for  years  had  surely  but  impercepti- 
bly washed  away  the  financial  founda- 
tion on  which  he  rested,  and  he  found 
himself  overwhelmed  with  obligations 
without  the  means  to  meet  them.  This 
'blow  was  sudden  and  severe.  The 
venerable  old  prelate  who  had  always 
been  a  father  and  a  benefactor  to  his 
-people,  and  who  had  supposed  that  this 
depository  which  he  had  encouraged 
would  also  prove  a  benefit,  now 
that  he  beheld  its  appalling  folly, 
was  overwhelmed  with  grief  and  dis- 
may. He  gave  up  all  that  he  had,  but 
the  Oak  which  for  eighty  years  seemed 
to  defy  the  storms  of  life,  grand  and 
vigorous  as  ever,  bent  beneath  the 
burthen,  and  he  had  to  ask  the  Holy 
Father  for  an  assistant,  which  was  ac- 
corded to  him.  He  did  not  long  sur- 
vive the  blow,  but  lived  to  complete  the 
fiftieth  anniversary  of  his  elevation  to 
the  episcopal  dignity,  at  wh  ch  he  re- 
ceived many  tender  souvenirs  from  his 
people,  and  shortly  afterwards  expired, 
leaving  behind  him  gigantic  results  as 
the  labors  of  a  well  spent  and  zealous 
life,  devoted  to  the  glory  of  God  and 
the  good  of  his  fellow  men.  He  died  at 
«  convent  near  Cincinnati,  July  4, 1883. 

SUARTER,  RT.  REV.  WILLIAM, 
).,  an  able  Catholic  American  divine, 
was  born  in  Killurine,  Eiog's  County, 
Ireland,  Jan.  24,  1806.  Like  so  many 
others  eminent  for  piety  and  learning, 
he  was  mainly  indebted  to  a  pious  and 
zealous  mother  for  the  early  lessons 
which  moulded  the  future  prelate.  Out 
of  four  sons,  three  devoted  themselves 
to  the  service  of  their  Diviuo  Master. 
She  instilled  into  their  youthful  minds 
A  high  appreciation  of  the  dignity  of  the 
sacred  calling,  telling  them  that  it  was 
more  honorable  than  the  highest  place 
tn  a  kingdom,  for  it  was  truly  in  the 


service  of  God.  Her  words  and  ex* 
ample  produced  golden  fruit.  At  an 
early  age  our  sub^t  gave  evidence  of 
the  bent  of  his  mind.  After  receiving 
his  early  instruction  from  his  pious 
mother,  he  made  his  preliminary  classi- 
cal studies  ^n  Tullamore,  and  so  ex- 
emplary and  benevolent  was  his  conduct 
that  he  was  called  by  his  companions 
the  "little  bishop,"  While  taking  a 
rest  preparatory  to  entering  Maynooth, 
Rev.  Mr.  McAuley,  who  was  at  home 
on  a  visit  from  the  American  mission, 
and  an  honored  visitor  at  his  father's 
bouse,  spoke  often  of  the  great  wants 
of  missionaries  in  the  vast  out  fruitful 
field  of  America.  It  made  a  strong  im- 
pression on  tbe  mind  of  the  future  mis- 
sionanr,  and  he  determined  to  devote 
his  life  to  the  work.  His  mother,  al- 
though gladly  offering  him  to  a  relighus 
vocation,  did  not  anticipate  so  wide  a 
separation,  and  tried  to  dissuade  him 
from  his  purpose,  as  did  also  his  illus- 
trious bishop,  Dr.  Doyle,  who  regretted 
the  loss  to  his  diocese.  He  was,  how- 
ever, firm  in  his  impressions  that  his 
work  was  in  the  new  world,  and  with 
the  blessings  of  his  parents  and  blsbop 
he  sailed  for  America  April,  1823,  being 
then  but  sixteen  years  old.  He  landed 
in  Quebec  and  presented  himself  for  ad- 
mission to  the  seminary,  but  was  refused 
on  account  of  youth.  He  next  tried 
Montreal,  with  like  success,  and  then 
turned  hi^  face  towards  his  future  field 
of  labor.  He  presented  himself  at 
Mt.  St.  Mary's,  Emmittsburg,  Maryland, 
and  was  received  most  graciously  by  its 
president  and  founder,  Dr.  Dubois.  He 
examined  him,  and  finding  him  well 
prepared  in  classical  and  mathematical 
studies,  he  allowed  him  to  commence 
his  theological  studies.  The  next  year 
he  became  professor  of  Latin  and  Greek. 
He  soon  became  highly  esteemed  by 
ooth  faculty  and  students  for  his  ability, 
gentleness,  and  devotion  to  every  duty. 
On  completing  his  studies,  the  college 
was  anxious  to  retain  him,  and  made 
him  flattering  offers,  as  did  also  the 
Archbishop  of  Baltimore,  who  desired 
to  retain  so  able  and  saintly  a  worker  in 
his  diocese,  but  gratitude  to  Dr.  Dubois, 
who  was  now  Dishnp  of  New  York, 
induced  him  to  accept  a  place  in  his 
diocese.  He  left  th^  seminary  Sept  4, 
1829,  and  on  the  19th  of  the  same  month 
was  elevated  to  the  priesthood  and  ap< 
pointed  assistant  pastor  of  St.  Peters 
chui4tfi,  N.T.,  where  he  remained  three 


QU^ 


IBISR  CXXJtB, 


QUI 


Jean,  and  durine  this  time,  1881,  he 
itroduced  the  Sisters  of  Charity  into 
this  parish  to  take  charge  of  a  female 
free  school,  and  who  were  the  pioneers 
of  their  order  in  New  York.  The  next 
year  the  terrible  cholera  scourge  of  1882 
visited  the  city,  and  Father  Quarter  was 
laboring  day  and  night  administering 
to  the  sick  and  dying  and  securing  a 
refuge  and  home  for  the  numerous 
orphans,  who  were  so  quickly  deprived 
of  their  parents.  Four  hours  rest  each 
day  was  all  he  allowed  himself  during  the 
fearful  season,  the  other  twenty  hours 
were  spent  among  scenes  of  misery  and 
agony  that  might  appal  the  bravest.  His 
ceaseless  devotion  won  converts  to  the 
faith  that  could  teach  such  heroic  un- 
selfishness. In  1832  he  became  pastor  of 
St.  Mary's,  N.T.,  which  was  heavily  in 
debt  by  reason  of  building  a  new 
church,  but  Father  Quarter  went  to 
work  with  a  will,  and  on  his  own  re- 
sponsibility, brought  the  Sisters  of 
Charity  into  the  parish,  and  established 
a  free  school,  which  had  soon  five  hun- 
dred scholars,  besides  a  pay  school  of 
one  hundred.  Father  Quarter  continu- 
ed in  this  mission  till  1844,  establishing 
all  kinds  of  good  works  and  edifying  all 
by  his  saintly  example  and  drawing 
many  to  his  faith,  amone  them  a  Luthe- 
ran minister.  In  1848  he  was  nomina- 
ted first  bishop  of  Chicago,  and  conse- 
crated in  New  York  by  Archbishop 
Hughes,  March  10,  1844.  The  new 
bishop  immediately  entered  with  zeal 
and  energy  in  the  work  before  him. 
The  future  great  city  was  just  entering 
on  her  unprecedented  career  of  pros- 
perity. Ten  years  prior  to  his  entrance 
a  few  houses  comprised  all  there  was  of 
Chicago.  When  he  arrived  there  he 
found  a  projected  cathedral  partially 
completed  with  a  debt  of  $6,000  on  it, 
and  the  means  exhausted.  The  bishop 
and  his  brother,  out  of  their  private 
means,  liquidated  the  debt,  and  his  ex- 
ample inspired  bis  flock  to  renewed  ex- 
eit  ons  fo  ih  it  in  a  short  time  the  church 
was  completed.  After  looking  after 
the  most  urgent  spiritual  wants  of  his 
diocese  and  securing  or  ordaining  priests 
to  supply  vacant  posts,  be  turned  his 
attention  to  the  establishment  of  chris- 
tian schools  and  also  started  the  ''Uni- 
versity of  St.  Mary's  of  the  Lake,"  in- 
corporated under  a  charter,  laying  the 
foundation  of  the  same  Oct.  17,  1845, 
and  also  providing  a  seminary  for  the 
education  of  ecclesiastics.     ]New  life 


was  infused  into  every  part  of  the  dio> 
cese  by  the  example  of  the  bishop,  and 
soon  the  diocese  became  dottea  over 
with  institutiQUS  of  learning  and  charity. 
The  new  university  was  opened  July  4, 
1846.  So  powerfully  had  he  attached 
his  people  by  his  ^ooa  works  and  labors, 
(hat  in  his  visitation  in  1847  he  was  re- 
ceived in  the  various  towns  of  his  dio- 
cese like  a  conqueror,  amidst  the  ring- 
ing of  bells  and  the  hymnsof  the  Catho- 
lic school  children.  Bishop  Quarter 
introduced  among  bis  clergy  theological 
conferences,  said  to  have  been  the  first 
of  the  kind  held  in  this  country,  and' 
which  proved  very  iniportant,  and  fruit- 
ful of  good  results.  During  the  Lenten' 
season  of  1848  he  preached  a  controver- 
sial course  of  sermons  in  his  cathedral,, 
the  last  being  on  Passion  Sunday,  de- 
livered with  more  thnn  usual  eloquence 
and  fervor.  It  was  his  last,  for  after  it 
he  felt  indispos^,  and  although  he  at- 
tended vespers  in  the  afternoon  and  gave- 
his  blessing,  his  voice  already  exhibited 
weakness.  His  health  now  rapidly 
failed,  and  he  expired  the  10th  of  April, 
1848,  amidst  the  lamentations  of  his^ 
soiTowing  people. 

QUIN,  JAMES,  an  actor  and  man  of 
talent,  the  son  of  an  Irish  barrister,  waa 
born  in  Covent  Garden  in  1693.  His 
father  dying  in  Dublin — where  they  then 
resided— before  he  had  finished  his  edu- 
cation, he  was  left  without  means.  Con- 
scious of  histronic  talents  he  went  upon 
the  stage,  and  after  some  time  went  to 
England,  where  he  soon  rose  to  high 
reputation,  and  was  a  worthy  rival  of 
Macklin  and  Garrick.  He  retired  f  rom- 
the  stage  in  1761.  While  in  England 
he  was  for  a  time  employed  as  instruc- 
tor in  elocution  to  George  III.,  and  ac- 
cording to  Smollett  was  one  of  the  best 
bred  men  in  the  kingdom.  Thomson, 
the  poet,  who  was  his  intimate  friend, 
pays  an  elegant  tribute  to  him  in  "The 
Castle  of  indolence,"  and  Churchill 
Bt^s  of  him: 
"But  though  prescription's  force  we  dis>^ 

allow. 
Not  to  antiquity  submissive  bow; 
Though  we  deny  imaginary  grace 
Founded  on  accident  of  time  or  place, 
Yet  real  worth  of  every  growth  shall  bear 
Due  praises,  nor,  must  we,  Quin  forget 

thee  there. 
His  words  bore  sterling  weight,  nervous 

and  strong, 
In  manly  tides  of  sense,  they  roiled  along.. 


?:•  'i 


■f 


RAM 


SUIB  CESM, 


RAM 


Happy  in  art,  he  chiefly  luid  pretence 
To  keep  up  numbers,yet  not  forget  sense. 
No  actor  ever  greater  heights  could  reach 
In  all  the  Inbored  artiface  of  speech." 
^uin  died  in  1766. 

QUm.  MICHAEL  J.,  a  talented 
-writer  and  loumalist,  was  bom  in  Ire- 
land in  1796.  He  received  a  classical 
«ducation  and  soon  gained  reputation  as 
a  general  writer,  contributing  extenrive- 
ly  to  the  periodical  literature  of  Great 
Britain.  He  traveled  considerablv  on 
the  continent  and  wrote  "A  visit  to 
Spain,"  and  "Attteamer  VovageDown 
the  Danube."  He  edited  the  Monthly  Re- 
view from  1825  to  '83,  and  was  the  first 
editor  of  the  Dublin  Review,  He  was 
an  able  as  well  as  a  popular  writer.  He 
died  at  Boulogne,  France,  in  1848. 

QUINN,  REV.  THOMAS,  an  Irish 
Jesuit  and  patriot,  was  ];K)rn  in  Dublin 
About  1600  and  educated  in  France, 
where  he  was  ordained.  He  subsequent- 
ly returned  to  his  native  city,  where  he 
administered  to  the  spiritual  wants  of  his 
Catholic  countrymen  for  many  years,  at 
the  risk  of  his  life,  having  to  adopt  all 
aorta  of  disguises  to  escape  the  vigilance 
and  suspicions  of  Puritan  thugs.  Father 
4)uin  wrote  a  report  of  the  state  and  con- 
■dition  of  the  Catholics  of  Ireland  from 
1652  to  1656.  He  was  subsequently  re- 
moved to  Nantes,  France,  and  from  there 
to  St.  Malo,  where  he  died  in  1663.- 

RAIRDEN,  JAMES,  an  endnent 
lawyer  and  politician  of  Indiana,  was 
bora  in  Kentucky  of  Irish  parents  and 
hlB  schooling  was  mostly  acquired  at 
home.  The  family  moved  at  an  early 
day  to  the  White  Water  Valley,  Indi- 
ana, where  our  subject  grew  up  and 
by  his  own  industrv  acquired  a  fair  edu- 
4:ation  and  knowledge  of  law,  which 
profession  he  adopted,  and  soon  acquir- 
ed eminence  by  his  native  ability.  He 
representated  tJbiat  state  in  the  25th  and 
26th  congress. 

RAMSAY,  DAVID,  M.D.,  a  dlstin- 

f;uished  American  patriot  and  legis- 
ator,  was  the  son  of  James  Ramsay,  a 
native  of  Ireland  who  emigrated  to 
Pennsylvania  at  an  early  day,  and  was 
born  in  Lancaster  county,  April  2, 1749. 
He  received  his  educati.  i  at  Princeton, 
where  he  graduated  in  1765,  then  en- 
tered the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
irhere  he  took  his  medical  degree  and 


settled  to  practice  in  Charleston,  S.  C. 
1778.  The  w<tr  of  the  Revolution  saw 
him  in  the  field,  as  It  did  all  the  Irish 
blood  of  the  colonies,  and  he  served 
with  distinction  both  professionally  and 
otherwise,  ^ecially  at  the  siege  of 
Savannah.  He  was  a  leading  member 
of  the  South  Carolina  legislature  from 
the  commencment  to  the  close  of  the 
war,  ever  earnestly  urging  ceaseless  ex- 
ertions and  sacrifices.  He  was  also  a 
a  member  of  the  council  of  safety,  at 
Charleston  1780,  and  on  the  capture  of 
liiat  city,  he  was  among  the  number 
taken  prisoners  and  sent  to  St.  Augus- 
tine, Florida,  where  for  eleven  months 
he,  with  his  associates,  were  kept  in 
close  confinement.  In  1782  he  i)ecame  a 
member  of  the  Continental  Congress, 
and  was  its  acting  president  while  Han- 
cock was  sick,  in  '85-6.  He  published 
a  "History  of  the  Revolution  in  South 
Carolina"  1785,  "History  of  the  Amer- 
ican Revolution"  1790,  "Life  of  Wash- 
ington" 1801,  "History  of  South  Caro- 
lina" 1808  and  an  "Abridged  Univfrsal 
History,  besides  many  medical  and  po- 
litical papers.  He  died  at  Charleston 
May  8.  1815  from  a  wound  inflicted  by 
a  lunaUc. 

RAMSAY,  NATHANIEL,  brother 
of  the  foregoine,  a  distin^ished  and 
heroic  patriot  of  the  American  Revolu- 
tion, was  born  in  Pennsylvania.  May  1, 
1751,  and  graduated  like  his  brother  at 
Princeton,  X^.  J.  He  adopted  law  and 
had  just  settled  to  practice  in  Cecil 
county,  Md.,when  the  Revolution  broke 
out.  Being  an  ardent  advocate  of  the 
popular  cause,  be  immediately  went  to 
work  to  assist  in  or^nizing  the  only 
means  to  insure  their  rights — ^armed 
men.  At  the  battle  of  Monmouth,  he  - 
commanded  a  Maryland  Regiment. 
Gen.  Washington,  with  his  staff,  arriv- 
ed at  this  point  when  the  army  had 
commenced  to  retreat,  through  the  al- 
most fatal  mistake  of  Gen,  Lee,  and 
things  were  fast  assuming  the  appear- 
ance of  a  rout,  when  Washington,  fill- 
ed with  chagrin  and  anger  called  to  him 
Cols.  Ramsay  and  Stewart.alsoof  Mary- 
land,^ and  said  to  them  with  gteat  ear- 
nestness, taking  the  former  by  the  hand, 
"gentlemen,  I  shall  depend  upon  you 
with  your  regiments  to  cherk  this  ad- 
vance, until  I CHU  form  the  main  army." 
"We  bhall  check  them,"  replied  Riun> 
say,  and  they  did,  but  it  was  at  the  cost 
of  almost  the  entire  command,  include 


BAW 


ZBISHCBLTIt 


RBA. 


inff  both  commanding  offloen,  Stewart 
falling  early  and  Ramsay  not  until  he 
stiMxi  almost  alone  falling  in  a  hand  to 
hand  flgbt  with  cavalry,  ri  was  left 
.for  dead  on  the  field,  trashing, 
ton  acknowledged  tbe  heroic  ef- 
fort, and  Ramsay  was  accord- 
«d  high  praise  for  his  despprote  bravery. 
He  was  afterwards  appointed  by  Wash- 
ington,  naval  officer  at  Baltimore,  and 
Was  held  in  the  bighpst  esteem  by  his 
fellow  citizens.    He  died  Oct.  28, 1817. 

RAWDON,  FRANCIS  HASTINGS, 
HHrquis  of  Hastings  and  Earl  of  Moira, 
son  of  the  earl  of  that  name,  was  born 
at  Moira.  Ireland,  and  was  educated  at 
Oxford,  entered  tbe  army  at  seventeen 
and  was  sent  to  America  in  1773,  He 
was  present  at  the  Battle  of  Bunker 
Hill  and  afterwards  became  aid-de- 
camp to  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  partici- 
pating in  the  battles  of  Long  lelaiui 
and  White  River,  the  hot  attacks  on 
Forts  Washington  and  C'.inton  and 
was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  adjutant- 
general.  In  1778,  he  attempted  to 
attract  the*  Irishmen  of  New  York 
to  the  royal  cause  by  organizing 
the  "Volunteers  of  Ireland"  offer- 
ing flattering  inducements,  but  it  did 
not  prove  asucci'ss.  He  participated 
in  the  battle  of  Monmouth,  where  he 
distinguished  himself  and  was  rewarded 
with  the  rank  of  General.  He  next 
served  with  Cornwallis  in  the  South 
and  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  battle 
of  Camden,  1780.  He  commanded  the 
southern  forces  after  Cornwallis  went 
North,attncked  and  defeated  Gen.  Green 
lit  "Hobkirks  HUl,"  April  26, 1781;  re- 
lieved "Fort  Niuetjf  Six,"  but  incurred 
iust  obloque  for  his  execution  of  Cul. 
layne,  Jtuy  1781.  He  soon  after  sailed 
for  England,  but  was  captured  by  a 
French  cruiser  and  taken  to  Brest.  In 
1788  be  was  made  Baron  Rawdon,  was 
aid-do-CHmp  to  the  King,  and  became 
an  intimate  friend  to  Uie  Prince  of 
Walts  (Geo.  IV).  He  succeeded  to  the 
estate  and  title  of  his  uncle,  tbe  Earl  of 
Hastings  17'<9,  Succeded  bis  father  as 
Earlof  Moira  in  1798,  and  becnme  a 
major-general.  He  commanded  the 
forces  sent  to  the  aid  of  the  Duke 
of  York  in  Flanders  in  1794.  and 
the  expedition  to  Quiberon  1795.  In 
1?08  he  was  constable  of  the  "Tower" 
and  commander  ^t  the  forces  in  Scot- 
land, and  succeded  m  affecting  a  recon- 
ciliation between  the   King. and  the 


Prince  of  Wales,  "^e  was  made  Lord 
Lieutenant  of  Irelt  id  in  1805;  and  Mas- 
ter-general of  the  Ordnance  in  1808. 
On  the  assination  of  Mr.  Perceval  1812, 
he  was  called  on  by  the  King  to  form  a 
cabinet  but  did  not  succeed,  and  was 
appointed  governor  general  of  India 
1818.  Shortly  after  arriving  there  he 
changed  the  policy  of  non-intervention, 
pursued  by  previous  adminstrations,  as 
to  wars  between  native  princes,  and 
laid  the  foundation  of  the  future  Britiih 
power  in  tk3  East.  He  was  made  a 
marquis  in  1816;  successfully  conducted 
the  Nepaul,  Pimlaries  and  Mahratta 
wars,  and  retired  in  1823.    He  became 

fovernor  of  Malta  iu  1824,  but  died 
Toy.  28, 1826  on  board  of  the  Revenge 
near  Naples,  after  an  active  life  spent 
in  extending  British  power. 

READ,  GEORGE,,  one  of  the  sign- 
ers of  the  Declaration  of  Independence 
was  born  in  Maryland  of  Irish  parents 
in  1784.  He  received  his  eriucation 
from  that  celebrated  Irish  teacher,  Dr. 
Allison,  ot  Philadelphia.  After  leav- 
ing school  Y-i  studiea  law,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  at  an  early  age.  He 
began  practice  at  Newcastle,  Delaware, 
in  1774  and  soon  became  very  popular 
and  was  several  times  elected  to  the 
assembly  of  the  state.  Being  a  strong 
patriot  he  was  sent  to  the  Cuntinentu 
Congress  and  remained  there  for  many 
years  in  succession.  He  put  his  signa- 
ture to  the  great  Declaration  in  1776. 
He  w»s  U.  S.  senator  from  Delaware 
from  '89  to  '98  and  chief  justice  of  the 
state  from  '98  till  his  death  in  1798. 


READ,  GEORGE  C.,a gallant  Amer 
lean  naval  officer,  was  b<  >rn  in  Ireland 
1788  and  emigrated  to  the  United  States 
with  his  parents  when  a  child.  He 
entered  the  navy  as  a  midshipman  in 
1804.  was  a  lieutenant  in  1810,  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  bravery  in  the 
war  of  181'<}  participating  with  praise  in 
the  battle  between  the  Constitution  and 
the  Guerriere,  became  a  captain  in  1825 
and  rear-adm'ral  1862.  He  died  the 
same  year  at  Philadelphia,  Aug.  22. 


READ,  THOS.  Buchanan,  a  talent- 
ed Irish-American  po(*t  and  artist  was 
born  in  Penosylvania  in  1822.  He  was 
the  author  of  "Sheridan's  Ride"  and 
many  poems  of  merit.     He  resided 


.■"■.■-*i^ 


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■-''i 


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BBO 


ntuH  OEvn 


mo 


prindpally,  the  hter  yean  of  his  life, 
in  Floreace  and  Rome,  where  he  prac> 
ticed  and  studied  his  art  He  died  in 
New  York  in  1872. 

BEAD,  THOS.  B.,  an  able  American 
statesman  of  Irish  descent.  He  re- 
ceived a  finished  education  and  settled 
in  Mississippi  at  an  early  day,  there  he 
quidclyrose  to  eminence  and  became 
U.  8.  Senator  in  1826.  He  died  sud- 
denly Nov.  26, 1820,  while  on  his  way 
to  Washington  to  attend  his  senatorial 
duties,  aged  alx>ut  40  years. 

READE,  JOHN,  a  Canadian  poet 
and  journalist  of  talent,  was  bom  at 
Bdl^sbannon,  Donegal,  Ireland  and 
received  Ids  education  at  home.  He 
emierated  to  Canada  and  adopted  the 
profession  of  journalist.  His  fine  liter- 
ary talents  so<m  brought  him  into  no- 
tice, and  be  quickly  gained  reputation 
outside  of  his  journalistic  labors.  He 
is  a  poet  of  no  mean  merits  His  "Proph- 
ecy of  Merlin"  and  "Yashti"  are 
worthy  of  a  master,  and  many  other  of 
his  effoxU  reveal  the  master's  hand.  He 
is  counected  with  the  staff  of  the  Mon> 
treal  Gazette,  and  holds  a  well  sustained 
reputation  as  a  litenuy  man  of  great 
capacity  and  merit. 

BEADY,  CHAS.,  an  able  Irish-Am- 
erica n  jurist  and  legislator  of  Tennessee, 
was  bom  in  Butheford  coun^,  Tenn., 
Dec.  22,  1802,  educated  at  Greenville 
College  and  Nashville  University,  where 
be  took  the  degree  of  M.  A.;  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  nax  and  soon  acquired 
distinguished  success;  was  prominent 
in  organizing  the  judiciary  of  liis  ntate, 
and  twice  sat  on  the  Supreme  Court 
Bench,  and  was  a  member  of  the  thirty- 
third,  thirty-fourth  and  thirty-fifth  U. 
8.  Congress.  He  cast  his  fortune  with 
the  South  in  the  Great  ilAbellion. 

BEGAN,  JOHN  H.,  a  prominent 
American  politician  of  the  South,  was 
bora  in  Tennessee  of  Irish  parents,  Oct. 
8, 1818;  rectived  a  liberal  education  and 
was  admitted  to  the  Bar.  He  removed 
to  Texas  at  an  early  day;  was  made  Dep. 
Surveyor  of  the  state  iu  1840,  and  held 
various  other  positions  of  trust.  In  1847 
he  became  Judge  of  the  District  Court 
and  a  member  of  the  85th  and  86th 
Congresses.  He  joined  the  South  in 
the  Great  Bebellien,  and  l)ecame  Post 
Master  General   of  the  Confederacy. 


He  was  flnhaequently  confined  in  Foit 
Warren  as  a  prisoner  of  State,  but  re- 
leased 1^  order  of  President  Johnson. 

BEGINALD,  ARCHBISHOP  OP 
ABMAGH,  and  primate  of  an  Iro' 
land,  a  teamed  t^nd  apostolic  Irish 
prelate  and  misdonaiy,  waa  ft 
member  of  the  Dominican  order,  and 
became  famous  in  Italy  and  Switzer- 
land. He  was  sent  by  the  General 
Chapter  of  Ids  order,  at  which  St.  Do- 
minick  presided,  to  establish  houses  in 
England.  He  also  visited  his  own 
country  before  he  returned  to  the  Con- 
tinent. He  renudned  i^  Bome  for  some 
time,  when  Gregory  IX.  appointed  him 
Primate  of  all  Lneland.  He  retumed  to- 
Bome  after  some  years;  where  he  died 
in  1256. 

BEID,  MAYNE,  a  noted  and  volum- 
nious  writer  of  fiction,  adventurer  and 
soldier,  was  born  in  Ulster,  Ireland,  in 
1818.  He  came  to  ^the  United  States 
when  he  was  twenty  years  of  age,  and 
immediately  turned  his  face  towuds  the 
great  West  for  adventure;  ascended  the 
Bed  and  Missouri  rivers  to  see  Indian 
and  trapper  life,  and  for  the  love  of  ad- 
venture; afterwards  traveled  extensively 
through  the  States  and  at  length  settled 
in  Philadelphia,  where  he  gave  vent  ta 
his  teeming  imagination  in  the  produc- 
tion of  cmtracteristic  works.  On  the 
breaking  out  of  the  Mexican  War,  he 
immedifttely  volunteered,  and  greatly 
distinguished  himself  at  Chapultipec, 
where  he  was  wounded.  He  has  since 
devoted  himself  to  literature,  and  be- 
came the  idol  of  the  boys,  by  his  West- 
em  stories,  among  wnich  are  "The- 
Scalp  Hunters,"  "The  Bifle  Rangers," 
"The  White  Chief,"  "Oceola,"  "The- 
Castaways,"  and  innumerable  others. 
He  gravitates  between  London  andi 
New^ork  and  is  very  popular. 

BICHABD,  ABCHBISHOP  OF 
AIUIAGH,  an  able  and  learned  divine, 
was  a  native  of  Dundalk.  He  took  his 
degree  of  Doctor  at  the  University  of 
Oxford,  and  was  afterwards  Chancellor, 
A.  D.  1888.  In  1847  he  was  made 
Archbishop  of  Armagh.  He  was  an 
able  preacher  and  a  learned  theologian, 
and  preached  extensively  in  England, 
Ireland  and  France.  Weir  refers  to  & 
collection  of  his  sermons  in  manu- 
script, and  especially  to  one  preach- 
ed   before    the     Pope,     at     a    con- 


'?mvnati3imm 


i 


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dstory  held  on  the  6th  of  July,  1800. 
at  Avignon,  In  favor  of  Bishops  and 
parish  priests.  He  had  been  summon- 
ed to  Avignon  at  the  complaint  of  the 
minor  brothers  of  Armagh,  the  begging 
friars,  and  others  of  the  regular  clergy 
for  his  position  as  to  the  rights  of  the 
Bishops  and  parish  priests  as  opposed 
to  the  regular  orders.  In  his  sermons 
be  drew  the  following  inferences:  1st, 
That  our  Saviovu*  as  a  man  was  very 
poor,  but  not  that  he  loved  poverty  for 
Itself.  2d,  That  our  Lord  had  never  beg- 
ged. 8d,  That  he  never  taught  men  to 
beg.  4th,  That  he  taught  the  contrary. 
6th,  That  a  man  cannot  with  prudence 
and  holiness  confine  himself  to  a  life  of 
constant  mendicity.  6th,  That  minor 
brothers  are  not  obliged  by  their  rule  to 
beg.  7th.  ThattheBullof  Alexander IV., 
which  condemns  the  Book  of  Masters, 
does  not  invalidate  any  of  the  aforesaid 
<^r?!Ubions,  and  some  other  inferences, 
in  regard  to  preferences  which  parish 
pHebtj)  tmd  Bishops  should  receive.  He 
L.  .J  at  Avignon  before  any  conclusion 
was  reached  on  the  merits  of  the  dis- 
pute. He  was  the  author  of  a  great 
many  \7orks.  Among  them  a  "Lue  of 
St.  Munchin,"  "Praises  to  the  Mother  of 
God,"  "On  the  poverty  of  Jesus  Christ," 
etc.,  etc.  His  Ix)dy  was  removed  to 
Armagh  in  1870  by  Stephen,  Bishop  of 
Meath,  and  numerous  miracles  were 
credited  to  Ids  intercession. 

RICHARDSON,  JOHN,  a"  learned 
Irish  prelate  of  the  established  Church, 
and  an  author  of  repute  in  that  church. 
He  published  observations  on  the  New 
Testament  and  other  religious  essays. 
He  died  in  1654. 

RICHARDSON,  JONATHAN,  a 
painter  and  author  of  considerable  merit, 
was  of  Irish  extraction,  bom  in  1665. 
Havine  a  fair  education  he  became  a 
lawyers  clerk,  but  abandoned  it  for  Uie 
more  congenial  occupation  of  painting. 
Having  developed  considerable  talent 
in  that  line  he  determined  to  devote 
himself  to  art,  and  became  a  pupil  of 
Riley,  the  portrait  painter,  whose  neice 
he  married.  He  soon  became  noted  in 
his  profession,  and  after  the  death  of 
Knrller  and  Dehl  was  considered  as  the 
head  of  his  profession  in  England.  He 
was  author  of  The  Art  of  Criticism  in 
Painting,  Notes  and  Remarks  on  Para- 
dise Lost,  Drawings  and  Piuiurea  in 
Italy,  etc.,  etc    He  died  in  1746. 


RILEY,  CHARLES  VALENTINE, 
a  distinguished  American  Agriculturist, 
was  bom  in  London,  England,  of  Irish 
tArentB,  Sept.  12, 1848;  cnii<^'ated  to  the 
U.  S.  in  his  seventeenth  year,  and  en- 
gaged  on  a  farm.  His  peculiar  culture 
was  soon  recognized  and  in  1868  he  be- 
came editor  of  the  entomological  de- 
partment of  the  Prairie  Fanner  of 
Chicago,  and  State  Entomologist  of 
Missouri,  1868,  He  it  was  who  first 
recommended  Paris  Green  for  the  de- 
stractionof  the  "Potatoe.Bug"  and  the 
cotton  worm,  and  made  many  valuable 
suggestions  and  discoveries  in  regard  to 
the  destruction  of  insects.  For  hu  great 
services  in  this  regard,  especially  as  to 
grape  culture,  he  received  a  gold  medal 
from  the  French  government  in  1878, 
and  is  justly  regarded  as  one  of  the 
greatest  of  public  benefactors  in  this 
department  of  industry. 

RILEY,  JOHN,  an  eminent  painter,  , 
was  bom  in  London  of  Irish  parents  in 
1646.  Havihg  adopted  the  profession 
of  portrait  painting,  he  soon  rose  to  dis- 
tinction, and  on  the  death  of  Sir  Peter 
Lelyhewas  appointed  painter  to  the 
King.  Contraiy  to  the  general  rule 
among  his  profession,  he  was  exceeding- 
ly modest  and  distrustful  of  his  own 
merits.    He  died  in  1691. 

ROBB,     DR    JNO.    GARDNER, 

Krhaps  tti'i  most  able  and  distinguished 
esbyterian  divine  of  Canada,  was 
b'brn  in  Belfast,  June  27, 1888,  and  was 
educated  at  (Queen's  College,  where  he 
graduated  with  honors  in  1854,  taking 
first  place  in  Metaphysical  and  Econo- 
mical Sciences,  in  liogic,  in  Jurispru- 
dence, in  Common  and  Commercial 
Law,  and  in  Constitutional,  Colonial 
and  Intemational  Law.  He  took  up 
the  study  of  Theology,  and  was  licensed 
to  preach  in  1851.  He  soon  took  a 
prominent  place  amongst  his  brethren 
m  Ireland.  In  1874  he  accepted  a  call 
to  Cook's  Church,  Toronto,  and  has 
now  among  his  Canadian  brethren  a 
foremost  position,  distinguished  alike 
for  abilitv,  eamestness  and  eloquence. 
He  is  looked  upon  as  authority  in  all 
matters  of  moment  relating  to  hu  creed. 

ROBERTSON,  DR.  WILLIAM,  a 
protestant  Irish  divine  of  talent,and  an 
author  of  much  repute  among  the  die* 
senters.  He  received  the  degree  of  D. 
D,  from  the  University  of  Glasgow. 
He  died  in  1788,  greatly  regretted. 


■■d 


S4 


BOB 


nuiH  cBLm 


BOG 


V 


BOBINSON.  STUABT.  D.  D..  an 
able  and  learned  Presbyterian  divine 
and  flcliolar.wag  born  at  Btrabane,  Ire- 
land, Not.  20,  1816,  came  to  America 
with  his  parents,  entered  Amherst  col- 
lege, where  he  graduated  in  1886,  stud 
led  theology  at  the  Union  Seminary, 
Va.,  where  he  taught  two  years.  He 
was  afterwards  at  Princeton  and  settled 
as  a  pastor  in  West  Virginia,  1841.  re- 
moved to  Frankfort  in  1847  and  to  Bal- 
timore 18S3.  He  became  a  professor 
in  Danville  Seminary,  Ey.  1861  and 
pastor  of  the  second  Presbyterian 
church,  Louisville.  Kentucky,  in  1858. 
He  also  owned  and  edited  the  'Tresby- 
terian  Critic,"  Baltimore  1855-6  and 
"The  True  Presbyterian."  Louisville, 
afterwards  called  the  "True  Christian 
Commonwealth"  1861-8.  He  visited 
tlie  Holy  Land  in  1878.  and  lias  since 
been  noted  for  his  discourses  on  the 
"Pentateuch."  He  is  held  in  high  repute 
especially  ^y  Southern  Presbyterians. 

BOBINSON,  WILLIAM  B..  a  dis- 
tinguished journalist  and  politician  of 
Kbw  York  was  bom  in  tbe  county  Ty- 
rone, Ireland,  about  1820,  revived 
his  academic  education  at  Cookstown, 
entered  his  collegiate  course  at  Bel- 
fast, when  ill  health  compelled  him  to 
abandon  his  studies,  and  his  physician 
reconunended  as  a  last  resort  to  recup- 
erate his  wasted  system,  a  sea  voyage. 
He  accordingly  sailed  for  New  York, 
where  he  arrived  after  an  eight  week's 
Vbyage,  completelv  restored  to  health 
June  1886.  The  following  year  he  en- 
tered Yale  college  and  graduated  in 
1841.  He  remained  at  Yale  for  two 
years  longer,  connected  with  the  law 
department  and  in  '44  took  his  degree 
of  A.  M.  About  this  time  he  became 
assistant  editor  of  the  New  York  Trib- 
une, and  also  its  Washington  correi- 
pondent,  tmder  the  rignatiire  of  Ricfae- 
lieu,  and  while  there  also  corresponded 
with  the  Richmond  Whig,  th^  Boston 
Atlas,  the  Louisville  Journal  and  other 
prominent  papers.  He  also  contributed 
to  the  K.  Y.  Herald  and  various  literary 
Journals  of  the  east  Afterwards  he 
was  successively  editor  in  chief  of  the 
Buffalo  Express,  tbe  Newark  Mercury, 
the  People  and  the  Irish  World.  In  1854, 
he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  bf  New  York, 
and  practiced  with  success  in  New  York 
Oitv.  In  1859  he  visited  his  old  home 
ana  after  his  return  in  1862,  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  President  Lincoln,  Assessor  of 


I  Internal  Revenue  for  Brooklyn,  and  was 
prominent  in  party  politics  in  New 
York.  In  1866  he  was  elected  to  con- 
gress as  a  democrat  from  Ihe  fourth  dis- 
trict New  York  City,  and  in  1881  from 
the  second  district  Brooklyn.  He  ia  a 
man  of  varied  talents  and  full  of  that 
energy  which  insures  success  in  aify 
walk  of  life  in  wliich  he  may  engage. 

ROCHE,  BEGINA  MARIA,  a  pop- 
ular and  talented  novelist,  was  bora  in 
Ireland  in  1755  and  developed  at  an 
early  age  fine  talents  as  a  writer. 
Among  her  works  are  the  Chfldren  of 
the  Abbey.  4  volumes,  a  justly  popular 
and  elegant  production  both  as  regards 
invention  of  plot,  chasteness  and 
beauty  of  language.  The  Nocturnal 
Visit,  4  volumes,  the  Monastery  of  St. 
Columb,  5  volumes  and  numerous  other 
tales  of  a  hif^h  order  of  merit.  She 
died  at  Waterford,  Ireland,  May  1845. 

BOCHFORD,  JOHN,  a  natural 
mathametician,    of  extraordinary  in- 

Sinuity  and  skill,  was  a  native  of 
ilkenny  and  born  about  1775.  He  flour- 
ished in  those  days  when  catholic  edu- 
cation in  Ireland  was  under  a  ban,  or 
just  daring  to  assert  itself.  TLe  little 
instruction  he  received  was  from  the 
"hedge  schoolmaster"  those  often  un- 
rivalled  compounds  of  profound  know- 
ledge, limitless  pretentions  and  singular 
iniorance,  whose  knowledge  someUmes 
of  the  Latin  ddssics  and  Euclid  was  aa 
astounding  as  their  non-acquaintance 
with  the  modern  industries  and  appli^ 
sciences  was  complete  and  universal- 
Neither  is  this  singular  from  the  man: 
ner  in  which  the  poor,  per^secuted  and 
proscribed  Irish  catholic  had  to  acquire 
that  knowledge,  which  had  become  aa 
if  it  were  a  very  part  of  his  nature,, 
inbred  as  it  had  been  through  many 
generations  of  his  scholarly  ancestors, 
whose  schools  for  ages  had  been  the 
most  renowned  in  Europe,  whose  peo- 
ple the  most  universally  cultivated,  and 
wltose  traditions  he  knew  so  well.  This 
it  was  which  inspired  him  to  seek  and 
cultivate  learning  under  circumstancea 
which  have  no  parallel  amongst  the 
people  of  the  earth.  Who  would  think 
of  addressing  the  poorest  of  peasants 
in  the  lancuage  of  Csefar  and  Cicero 
and  yet  when,  as  burke  said,  the  laws 
were  such  as  to  "debase  in  them  human 
nature  itself,"  it  is  said  that  even  in 
those  darkest  days  of  Irish  learning. 


BOS 


niBE  GBXiTI 


,BOB 


you  mfcht  have  often  found  among  the 
poor  Mtinstrr  boys,  as  they  trod  their 
native  niouutains,  those  who  could  an- 
swer you  buck  in  the  language  of  Tally. 
The  subjt  ct  of  our  ftketcn  was  the  dis- 
coverer of  a  simple  process  of  lines 
crossing  each  other,  prefienting  the  ap- 
pearance of  a  section  of  stairs,  where 
the  lines  of  the  steps  are  all  projected 
to  meet  the  base  and  the  extreme 
vertical  line,  in  connection  with  the 
data  given,  by  which  he  could  solve 
the  most  difficult  problems  in  indeter- 
mfaiate  such  ay  can  only  be  solved  bv  the 
introduction  of  Xand  T, which proauces 
a  Quadratic  Ec[uation  bythe  usual  mode 
of  mathematicians.  Ha  died  about 
1880. 

BOCHFORD.  M.,  an  Irish  patriot 
and  diplomat,  was  a  member  of  the 
JxUh.  Catholic  Confederate  Chieftains 
of  1642  and  distinguished  himself  in 
both  civil  and  milita^  capacities  in  the 
cause  of  bis  country  and  religious  lib- 
erty. He  went  to  France  as  the  embas- 
sador of  the  Irish  cause  and  was  flatter- 
ingly received  and  promised  assistance. 
He  was  a  polished  and  able  diplomat, 
and  highly  cultivated.  He  returned  to 
Lreland  and  aided  Owen  Roe  O'Neill  in 
his  gallant  rei^istance  to  the  enemy  of 
their  race. 

ROGERS,  THOMAS  J.,  a  distin- 
guished citizen  of  Pennsylvania,  was 
oorn  at  Waterford,  Ireland  in  1781,  and 
came  to  this  country  in  1784,  with  his  pa- 
rents, who  settled  in  Pennsylvania,  where 
our  sul^ect  was  educated.  He  repre- 
sented Pennsylvania  in  congress  from 
1818  to  1824.  He  died  in  New  York 
ci^,  Dec.,  7. 1832. 

RORY  THE  GREAT,  a  celebrated 
monarch  of  Ireland,  B.  C,  87.  He 
was  of  the  race  of  It.  kings  of  Ulster, 
and  the  first  of  th<»t  family  who  became 
monarch  of  Ireland.  From  his  days 
down,-  his  tribe  or  race  was  known  as 
Clanna-Rory  (children  of  Rory). 

ROSCOMMON,  T.llNTWORTH 
BILLON,  JSarl  of,  an  able  poet  and 
-Writer  of  merit,  whs  born  about  1638 
in  Ireland  and  received-  his  education 
partly  under  Dr.  Hall,  and  afterwards 
on  the  continent.  His  youth  was  spent 
in  dissipation,  but  he  reformed  and  de- 
voted his  maturer  ye  >r8  to  literature. 
Hu  poems  were  once  highly  praised. 


and  still  find  a  place  in  collections  of 
Britisli  poetry,  but  are  no  longer  popu- 
lar.   He  died  in  1684. 

ROSS,  JAMRS,  an  Irish-American 

{latrtot  of  the  Revolution,  was  born  of 
rish  parents  about  1760  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, received  a  good  education  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar.  Was  a  strong 
advocate  of  resistance,  and  served  hu 
country  by  boUi  tongue  and  sword  in 
the  great  struggle.  Was  a  member  of 
the  convention  which  formed  the  con- 
stitution of  Pennsylvania  in  1790,  and 
was  U.  S.  senator  from  1794 1^  1803^ 
He  died  Nov.  24, 1847. 

BOGS,  HON.  JOHN,  a  distinguished 
Canadian  Statesman  and  lawyer  was 
bom  in  Country  Antrim,  Ireland,  in 
1818,  and  emigrated  with  his  parents  to 
Canada  when  an  infant  He  received 
as  good  an  education  as  Upper  Canada 
afforded  In  those  early  days.  He 
adopted  the  profession  of  ue  law, 
was  called  to  the  Bar  in  1889,  and  soon 
acquired  a  fair  practice,  the  most  lu- 
crative in  the  Province.  He  also  took 
a  part  in  the  political  struggles  of  the 
day,  and  attached  himself  to  the  Reform 
party  under  the  leadership  of  Baldwin. 
He  established  about  this  time  a  news- 
pap-^r  devoted  to  the  interests  <*f  reform 
and  became  a  candidate  for  the  Cana-' 
dian  House.  He  obtained  a  seat  in  the 
Legislative  Council,  and  was  aUK)  offer- 
ed a  seat  in  the  Executive  Council,  but 
declined.  In  1851  he  accepted  office 
under  the  Hinck's  administration  and 
became  Solicitor  General.  In  the  great 
interiml  improvements  of  Canada  he 
took  a  prominent  part,  and  was  one  of 
the  leading  spirits  in  organizing  a  push- 
ing forward  to  completion  the  Grand 
Trunk  Bailway,  going  to  England  in 
1852  in  its  interests,  securing  the  means 
for  its  construction  and  becoming  Presi- 
dent of  the  great  corporation.  The 
same  may  he  said  of  his  connection  with 
the  Victoria  Bridge,  and  indeed  he  took 
a  prominent  part  In  all  the  great  works 
of  improvement  in  Canada.  He  con- 
tinuea  to  hold  office  under  various  ad- 
ministrations, having,  on  the  retirement 
of  Mr.  Richard,  and  his  elevation  to 
the  Bench,  become  Attorney  General. 
In  the  MacNab  coalition  Government 
he  became  Speaker  of  the  Legislative 
Council;  in  the  Maodonald  Ministry 
of  1858,  Receiver  General,and  President 
of  the  Council  under  the  Cartier  ad- 


TV 


BOT 


IBZBH  OKUm 


BOW 


!' 


ministration.  Ha  was  a  strong  advocate 
for  the  policy  of  confederation,  and 
ably  supported  McGee  in  popularizing 
Uiat  policy.  His  wife  was  a  sister  of 
Hon.  Root.  Baldwin,  that  eminent 
Irii^-Canadian  statesman. 

R0S8E,  WILLIAM  PARSONS, 
EARL  OF,  a  celebrated  Irish  astrono- 
mer and  the  owner  and  constructor  of 
the  most  perfect  telescope  ever  built, 
was  the  eldest  son  of  Sir  Laurence  Par- 
sons (Earl  of  Rosse),  the  Irish  patriot, 
apd  was  bom  in  the  year  1800.  He 
early  showed  a  strong  inclination  for 
astronomical  investigations,  and  quickly 
gained  reputation  for  his  skill  and  abili- 
ty. By  patient  investigation  and  ex- 
periment he  overcame  the  two  great  ob- 
ittiicles  in  the  construction  of  large  tele- 
scopes, viz:  spherical  aberration  and 
the  absorption  of  light  by  specula.  The 
metal  for  the  speculum  of  his  great 
telescope,  three  tons  in, weight,  was 
cast  in  April.  184^,  and  was  polished 
and  mounted  in  his  observatory,  which 
was  situated  in  his  park  at  Carson- 
town,  King's  county,  Ireland,  and 
cost  upwards  of  £80.000.  The  ad- 
justments of  this  celebrated  instrument 
are  so  perfect  and  well  balanced,  that, 
although  it  weighs  upwards  of  twelve 
tons,  it  can  be  moved  in  any  direction 
with  the  greatest  ease.  This  instru- 
ment developed  much  astronomical 
knowledge  till  then  hidden,  resolving 
what  were  supposed  to  be  nebula  into 
groups  of  well  defined  stars,  and  gives 
a  much  more  accurate  knowledge  of 
Uie  moon's  surface.  This  able  astrono- 
mer and  mechanician  died  in  1867,  and 
his  SOD  who  succeeds  him  in  his  title  is 
following  his  footsteps  in  the  investi- 
gation of  astronomical  subjects. 


ROTH,  DR.  DAVID,  an  Irish  divine 
and  philosopher,  and  one  of  the  most 
learned  and  eloquent  men  of  his  age, 
was  born  in  County  Kilkenny,  Ireland, 
about  1570.  He  finished  his  education 
on  the  Continent  and  became  Professor 
and  Doctor  of  Theology  in  the  College 
of  Douay,  and  still  later  Bishop  of  Os- 
sory.  He  was  skilled  in  all  the  learning 
of  the  day,  and  according  to  Usher  was 
unrivalled  in  the  atent  and  profundity 
of  hit  knowledge;  a  renowned  orator, 
a  subtile  philosopher,  a  profound  theo- 
logian and  a  learned  historian;  he  wrote 
<m  all  aubjeota,  and  contributed  materi 


ally  to  the  mm.  of  human  knowledge. 
He  was  the  author  of  many  works  in 
Latin,  and  amonsr  them  "Hibonia 
Resurgeras,"  which  was  printed  •!& 
Rouen  and  Cologne  in  1631.  and  fdso  & 
work  on  the  antiquities  of  Ireland. 


ROTHE,  JOHN,  a  gallant  and  ablo 
Irish  officer,  who  supported  James  II. 
in  Ireland  against  William  of  Orango 
at  the  head  of  a  gallant  regiment, 
which,  with  him,  went  to  France  after 
the  treaty  of  Limerick.  He  rose  to  Uie 
rank  of  general  officer  by  his  valor  and 
skill  displayed  on  various  occasions  at 
the  head  oi  his  gallant  Irish  regiment, 
adding  lustre  to  the  French  arms  and 
reputation  to  Irish  dash  and  valor. 

ROTHE  ACT  H.,  an  Irish  monarch 
who  flourished  about  B.  C.  660,  was 
said  to  have  been  the  first  to  invent 
cnariots,  which  he  constructed  to  hide 
the  deformity  of  his  legs,  which  the 
sides  of  the  chariot  hid  from  view,  thus 
enabling  him  to  appear  in  pubUo  with- 
out  his  defect  being  observed. 


ROWAN,  JOHN,  an  able  American 

Jurist,  orator  and  statesman,  was  born 
n  Pennsylvania  in  1748  of  Irish  parents, 
removed  with  them  to  Kentucky  when 
ten  years  old,  was  educated  at  Bards* 
town,  studied  law  and  was  admitted  ta 
the  Kentucky  Bar,  was  a  member  of  tho 
State  constitutional  convention  1799, 
and  was  ejected  to  the  Legislature;  be* 
came  Secretary  of  State  in  1804;  was 
noted  for  his  ability  and  readiness  in 
debate.  As  a  criminal  lawyer  he  rank* 
ed  perhap  first  in  Kentucky  in  his  day» 
having  all  the  popular  requisites;  pa^os, 
wit.boldness  andtempestuous  eloquence. 
He  was  elected  toCongress  in  1807,  Judge 
of  the  Court  of  Appeals  in  1819,  and 
United  States  Senator  for  a  full  term  in 
1825,  where  he  distinguished  himself. 
He  was  Commissioner  of  Claims  against 
Mexico,  1889,  and   held   many  other 

Sositions  of  honor  and  trust.    Me  died 
uly  18. 1848. 

ROWAN,  ADMIRAL  STEPHEN 
C,  a  distinguished  American  naval 
officer,  was  bom  iu  Ireland  about  1810, 
and  came  to  the  U.  S.  with  hlA  parents. 
Entered  the  U.  S.  Navy  in  ISM  and 
gradually  advanced  by  skill  and  good 
conduct.    Daring  the  war  of  the  Rebel> 


BUM 


ntiBH  CKvn. 


BUS 


lion,  he  exhibited  masterly  abilities  on 
yarious  occasions  and  rose  lapidlv.  He 
-was  honored  after  tbe  war  with  the 
dignity  of  Vice  Admiral,  1870. 

ROWAN.  LIEUT.  GEN.  SIR  WM. . 
A  distinguished  soldier  in  the  service  of 
Britain,  was  bom  in  County  Antrim, 
Ireland,  in  1789;  entered  the  army  as 
Ensign  in  1808  and  served  with  credit 
in  Surflr.  Portugal,  Spain,  North  Am- 
«rica,  Iranceand  Belgium  at  Waterloo, 
rising  gradually  by  valuable  services. 
He  was  Civil  and  Military  Secretary  to 
Lord  Beaton  in  Canada  from  1882  to 
'89,  and  became  a  Maj.  Gen.  in  1846. 
In  1840  he  was  Commander  of  the  Bri- 
tish forces  in  Canada,  and  for  a  time 
acting  Gov. -General.  He  was  made  a 
Lieut  Gen.  in  1864. 

ROWE,  PETER,  an  able  Irish-Am- 
erican politician  of  New  York,  who  won 
influence  and  position  Tiy  bis  native 
ability,  energy  and  force  of  character, 
and  at  length  represented  his  district 
in  the  U.  S.  Congress,  1853. 

RUMOLD  ST..  bishop  of  Dublin 
and  afterwards  of  Malines  in  Brabant. 
He  was  the  son  of  an  Irish  prince  and 
was  baptized  by  Gualafir,  bishop  of 
Dublin  under  whom  he  was  slso  edu 
cated.  He  embraced  a  religious  life 
and  was  nominated  bishop  of  Dublin. 
He  set  out  for  Rome  but  his  zeal  led 
him  to  preach  the  gospel  everywhere 
on  the  way.  He  was  received  by  the 
Pope  with  great  kindness.  On  leaving 
Rome  he  started  to  return  by  the  way 
of  France,  and  stopping  at  Malines  he 
was  receivid  with  great  respect  by 
Count  Odo  who  prevailed  on  nim  to 
stay  among  them  and  gave  him  some 
ground  on  which  to  build  a  mon* 
astery.  Sometime  afterwards  Malines 
being  raised  to  a  bishopric,  Rumold  was 
nnmed  as  first  bishop.  He  was  assasinat- 
«d  by  two  wretches,  one  of  whom  he 
had  repremanded  for  lending  a  scandar 
lous  life,  and  bis  body  thrown  into  a 
liver, 776.  Count  Odo  recovered  the  body 
and  had  it  interred  in  the  church  of 
St.  Stephen.  A  splendid  church  was 
built  in  honor  of  him,  iu  which  his 
relics  were  deposited  in  a  silver  shrine 
and  which  became  the  metropolitan 
church  of  the  Low  Countries.  Alex. 
IV  transferred  his  festival  from  June 
S4,  the  day  of  hia  death  to  July  1,  on 
account  of  Bt.  John's  day. 


RUSSELL,  DR.  CHARLES  WILL- 
IAM, an  eminent  Irish  divine  and 
bcholar  was  bnm  May  14,  lfti2  at  Eil- 
lough,  cauuty  Down,  Ireland.  He  re« 
ceived  his  primnry  education  at  Drog- 
heda  and  Downpatrick,  and  early  cave 
evidence  of  those  distinguisr.pd  qualities 
which  afterwards  placed  him  among 
the  first  scholars  of  his  day.  He  also 
early  gave  evidence  of  t&e  religious 
character  of  his  mind,  his  piety  and 
love  of  the  services  and  duties  of  relig* 
ion  foreshadowing  the  vocation  for 
which  he  was  destined.  In  his  four- 
teenth year  he  was  prepared  to  enter 
Maynootb.and  soon  won  the  admiration 
of  students  and  professors,  not  less  by 
his  brilliancy  than  by  his  suavity,  al- 
ways maintainia^  a  foremost  place 
in  all  his  classes.  In  his  twentieth  year 
he  was  elected  to  the  Duuboyne  estab- 
lishment and  two  years  afterward  waa 
a  prominent  candidate  for  the  chair  of 
Rhetoric,  but  withdrew  in  favor  of  the 
Rev.  Thomas  Furlone,  afterward  Bish- 
op of  Ferns.  After  his  ordination  he 
continued  in  the  college  as  a  professor, 
filling  various  departments  and  in  1845, 
when  the  chair  of  ecclesiastical  history 
was  established  in  Maynooth,  he  was 
appointed  thereto.  In  1857,  on  the 
death  of  Dr.  Renehan,  he  became  pres- 
ident of  the  college.  Besides  his  col- 
legiate duties,  he  v»  as  a  regular  contrib- 
utor to  the  Dublin  and  Edinburg  Re- 
views, and  his  articles  always  attracted 
unusual  attention.  In  his  younger  days 
he  published  translations  from  the  Ger- 
man of  Yon  Schmidt.and  from  Leibnitz's 
system  of  Theologv.  In  1859  he  pub- 
lished a  life  of  Cardinal  Mczzofanti  and 
other  celebrated  linguists,  and  was  him- 
self highly  cultivated  in  modern  lan- 
guages. In  1869,  Dr.  Russel  was  ap- 
pointed a  member  of  the  RoytNl  Com- 
mission on  Historical  Manu8cripit\  and 
edited  in  conjuction  with  Mr.  Prjnder- 
gast  several  volumes  of  state  payers  re- 
lating to  Ireland.  Dr.  Russell  also  con- 
tributed articles  to  the  Encyclopedia 
Britannica,  North  British  Review,  Eng- 
lish Encyclopedia,  etc-  Dr.  (Cardinal) 
Newman  was  a  great  admirer  and  friend 
of  our  oubiect,  and  says  he  had  more  to 
do  with  bis  conversion  to  catholicity 
tiian  anyone  else,  not  as  much  by  argu- 
ment and  reasoning  as  by  the  mildness, 
gentleness  and  suggestivenei>s  of  his 
ways.  Dr.  Russell  was  frequently  of- 
fered a  mitro,  and  had  some  difBculty 
in  always  avoiding  the  honor,  but  m 


'i;  -k 


*' 


ft  *   ^t» 
i 


i 


RUS 


XBXta.  OBLtBi 


BUS 


loTed  rather  the  nnobtruslve  life  of  the 
icholar.  His  death  resulted  from  an 
accident  which  occured  to  him  in 
1877— a  fall  from  his  horse— which,  al- 
thoo^  it  did  not  result  fatally  at  the 
time,  gave  himji  shock  which  resulted 
in  undermining  his  constitution,  and 
after  lonir  suffehses,  in  death,  Feb.  26, 
1^  I^.  Russell  was  not  more  dis- 
tinguished as  a  scholar  of  varied  and 
eztensiye  learning,  than  he  was  as  a  re- 
fined and  cultivated  gentleman,  impress- 
ing, yet  wlnniu^  everyone  who  ap- 
proached him,  by  a  sweet  and  benign 
dignity,  which  axsiured  the  beholder  of 
the  innate  nobility  and  purity  of  his 
character.  His  whs  one  of  those  rare 
characters,  like  a  Francis  de  Sales,  that 
are  alone  Uie  production  cf  the  Christ- 
ian religion,  and  which,  :f  needs/ be, 
give  us  a  further  assurance  of  its  di- 
vine character. 

RUSSELL,  JEREMIAH,  a  promi- 
nent Irish-American  politician  of  New 
York,  was  l)om  about  1780  and  receiv- 
ed a  liberal  education.  He  held  many 
local  positions  of  trust,  and  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  28th  United  States^  Congress. 

RUSSELL,  MOST  REV,  PAT- 
RICK,  an  eminent  archbishop  of  Dub- 
lin; who  suceeded  Peter  Talbot  three 
years  after  his  death.  Aug.  1688.  He 
was  educated  on  the  contment,  where 
he  acquired  fame  by  his  great  ability 
and  zeal.  He  returned  to  Ireland  dur- 
ing the  cessation  of  violent  persecution 
in  the  days  of  Charles  II,  and  was  ele- 
vated to  the  see  of  Dublin.  He  held 
veveral  synods,  in  Dublin,  to  correct 
abuses  and  establish  strict  discipline, 
which  was  of  necessity.much  neglected, 
in  the  days  of  violent  persecution. 
Among  the  regulations  he  established 
was  that  every  priest  having  the  charge 
of  souls  shoiua  provide  a  teacher  to 
conduct  a  parish  school,  and  that  he 
should  carefully  inspect  the  school,  and 
i;emove  the  teacher  if  incompetent  or 
neglectful;  and  further,  that  every  priest 
should,  under  pain  of  suspension,  give 
a  abort  instruction  or  exhortation  every 
Sunday  after  the  gospel,  in  explanation 
of  some  essential  point  of  doctrine. 
On  the  overthrow  of  the  Stuart  dynas- 
ty, he  returned  to  France,but  afterwards 
came  back,  and  ended  his  days  and  la- 
bors in  the  land  of  his  love,  at  the  dose 
of  theyear  1699. 


RUSSELL,  WILLIAM,  a  talented 
Ohio  politician,  was  bom  in  Ireland  and 
emigrated  to  Ohio  at  an  early  dav.  He 
rose  to  prominence  by  his  abilltv  and 
sat  in  the  United  States  House  of  Rep^ 
resentatives  for  many  ye^rs,  commenc> 
ing  with  the  20th  Congress. 

RUSSELL,  WILLIAM  H.  LL.D., 
best  known  as  the  celebrated  war  cor- 
respondent of  the  London  Times,  was 
born  in  Ireland  1821.  Was  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  stucfied  the 
profession  of  law  and  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  London.  He  however  turn- 
ed his  attention  to  journalism  and  be- 
came war-correspondent  for  the  London 
Times  from  the  Crimea,  the  graphic 
and  pointed  character  of  whicli,  gained 
him  great  celebrity.  He  was  afterwards 
employed  as  the  war  correspondent 
of  this  same  journal  in  all  the  great  wars 
which  have  since  taken  place.  In  1868, 
he  founded  the  Army  and  Navy  Gazette 
which  he  still  edits. 

RUSH,  BENJAMIN,  one  of  the 
most  eminent  of  the  Revolutionary 
patriots  and  a  signer  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence  was  bom  at  Byberry 
near  Philadelphia,  Dec.  24,  174S,  of 
Irish  parents,  his  mother  being  a  sister 
of  Dr.  Finley,  the  celebrated  Irish  di- 
vine and  teacher,  who  became  president 
of  Princeton  College  in  1771,  and  under 
whose  eye  he  received  a  large  part 
of  his  fducation.  When  our  subject 
was  but  six  years  of  age  he  lost  his 
father.    His  mother  shortly  afterwards 

E laced  him  under  the  care  of  his  uncle, 
\T.  Finley,  who  at  the  time  conducted 
a  private  academy  in  Maryland.  Her 
boy  showing  great  aptitude  for  study 
and  flneability,  like  a  true  Irish  mother, 
as  she  was,  should  her  little  farm  near 
Phildelphia,  removed  into  the  city,  and 
ensagea  in  trade  so  that  she  migtat  ac* 
quire  the  means  to  secure  him  a  collegi- 
ate education.  He  entered  Princeton 
College  in  1764,  and  so  thorough  was  his 
training  under  his  uncle  that  ne  gradu- 
ated in  two  years,  and  then  entered 
upon  the  study  of  medicine  under  Doc- 
tors Redman  and  Sbippen,  eminent 
practitioners.  In  1766,  ne  was  enabled 
through  his  mother's  generous  exertions 
to  go  to  Europe  to  complete  his  educa- 
tion, took  his  medical  degree  in 
Edinburgh,  1768,  and  then  spent  some 
time  in  Paris,  returning  home  the  fa^ 
of  that  year.    He  oooimenoed  practioa 


BUS 


KBIBB  CMtM, 


BUT 


He 

and 

Rep- 

ienc> 


in  Pbiladelpliia  and  quickly  acquired 
an  enviable  reputation  and  an  extensive 
practice.  His  great  skill,  polished  and 
charming  manuera,  kindness  and  con- 
sideration to  all  his  patients,  poor  as 
well  as  rich,,  his  unselfish  devotion, 
attention  and  generosity  to  the  poor, 
made  him  unusually  popular.  In 
1760,  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
chemistry  in  the  Phiiadelpliia  Medical 
College,  but  arduous  as  were  his  pro- 
fessional duties,  he  was  not  a  passive 
spectator  of  public  affnirs.  His  gener- 
ous Irish  blood  gushed  and  pulsated 
warmly  for  liberty,  and  in  common 
with  his  kindred  and  race  in  America, 
with  both  pen  and  voice  he  advocated 
boldly  the  rights  of  the  people,  and 
their  duty  to  assert  those  rights  by  arms 
if  necesary.  So  prominent  was  he  in 
his  advocacy  of  the  union  and  inde- 
pendence of  the  colonies,  that  he  was 
urged  to  ta^e  a  seat  in  the  first  session 
of  the  ConiLiental  Congress,  but  he  de- 
clined  on  account  of  nis  professional 
duties,  tut  in  1776,  when  some  of  the 
PeoniE^lvania  delegates  who  were  un- 
willing to  go  so  far  as  to  defy  all  British 
authority  and  declare  for  independence, 
withdrew,  he  felt  it  his  duty  to  accept 
the  post,  to  fill  the  cap,  to  give  all  his 
energv,  ability  and  effort  to  sustain  the 
just  lights  of  the  people;  to  accept  the 
full  responsibilities  and  the  dangers  of 
the  cause  he  so  ardently  advocated,  it 
beinff  a  duty  paramount  to  every  other, 
as  it  Involved  more  than  any  other  the 
happiness  and  well  being,  not  only  of 
themselves,  but  of  future  generations. 
He  afllxed  his  name  to  the  great  charter 
of  liberty,  the  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence. The  following  year  Congress 
appointed  him  physician-general  of  the 
middle  department,  to  the  duties  of 
which  he  gave  his  special  attention,  re- 
f usins  all  other  public  employment.  In 
1787,  ne  was  a  member  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Convention  which  ratified  ue 
Federal  Constitution,  in  1789,  he  was  ap- 
pointed professor  of  the  theory  and 
{>ractice  of  medicine  in  the  medical  col- 
ege  of  Philadelphia^  and  in  1796  to  the 
same  chair  in  the  Pennsylvania  College. 
He  was  also  officially  connected  with 
thj  U.  B.  Mint  in  Philadelphia  for 
many  years.  As  a  lecturer.  Dr.  Rush 
was  recognized  as  the  first  in  his  pro- 
fession, and  his  popularity  drew  stu- 
dents from  all  parts  of  the  United  States 
to  the  colleges,  in  which  he  lectured. 
He  retained  the  three  chairs  to  which  he 


was  appointed  until  his  death,  which  oe- 
cured  on  the  19th  of  April  1818,  in  the 
sixty-eighth  year  of  his  age.  His  death 
was  looked  upon  as  a  public  calamity 
in  that  city,  whose  people  he  had  served 
so  well.  Dr.  Rush  had  well  earned  the 
exalted  place  he  held  in  the  estimation 
of  his  fellow  citizens,  for  in  every  re- 
lation of  life  he  had  exhibited  the 
grandest  traits  of  character.  ~Ai  a  pa- 
triot, scholar,  physician,  scientist,  he 
took  rank  with  the  highest,  while  he 
maintained  the  character  of  a  model 
Christian  gentleman.  In  1793  when  a 
malignant  form  of  yellow  fever  broke 
out  in  Philadelphia,  causing  many  of 
the  craven  members  of  his  profession  to 
flee,  he  remained  like  a  true  hero,  as 
he  Wii  ,  and  with  son>e  faithful  students 
whom  he  inspired  with  a  just  apprecia- 
tion of  the  duties  of  their  noble  profes- 
sion, he  fearlessly  battled  with  the  dan- 
ger, and  aItho>iign  prostrated  himself  by 
the  fell  acourge.  yet  the  moment  he  was 
able  to  leave  bis  bed,  he  went  forth  to 
save,  inspiring  his  patients  with  hope 
and  confidence  and  saving  hundreds. 
It  was  by  such  acts  that  he  endeared 
himself  to  his  fellow  citizens  and  that 
he  demonstrated  too,  the  nobility  of  his 
character,  and  the  grandeur  of  the 
principles  whicb  governed  his  life. 

RUTLEDGE,  EDWARD,  one  of 
the  most  eloquent  and  eminent  patriots 
of  the  American  Revolution,  was  the 
son  of  Irish  parents  who  emigrated  to 
America  with  their  family,  and  settled 
in  South  Carolina  shortly  before  his 
birth,  which  happened  in  Charleston, 
South  Carolina,  Nov.  1744.  He  receiv- 
ed a  classical  education  and  wan  sent  to 
England  to  study  law  in  the  Temple. 
On  returning,  he  ardently  entered  into 
the  discussion  of  colonial  rights  and 
like  the  other  members  of  his  family 
was  an  eloquent  and  fiery  advocate  of 
resistance  to  British  claims.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Continental  Congress  of 
1774  and  one  of  the  signers  of  the  Dec- 
laration of  Independence.  He  also,  like 
John,  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  act- 
ive measuren  to  resist  British  arms,  and 
distinguished  himself  by  his  bravery, 
was  taken  prisoner  at  Charleston  and 
kept  in  confinement  for  a  year.  He 
afterwards  served  in  the  state  assembly, 
and  in  1798  was  elected  governor  of 
Soutli  Carolina  which  office  he  held  at 
at  the  time  of  his  death.  He  is  said  to 
have  been  second  to  no  orator  in  hia 


#♦??- 


iMi.  • 


RUT 


XBISB  OBUn 


BTA 


day  in  America,  unless  Patrick  Heniy, 
■whom  he  excelled  in  sweetness  and 
polish,  if  inferior  in  force.  He  was  a 
younger  brother  of  John  and  Hugh. 

BUTLEDGE,  HUGH,  brother  of  the 
foregoing  was  Vom  in  Charleston,  South 
Cteurolina  about  1740,  studied  law  and 
became,  a  judge  of  the  admiralty  court 
in  1776,  speaker  of  the  legislativccoun 
dl  m  1777,  was  arrested  by  the  orders 
of  the  British  commander  in  South 
Carolina  in  1780,  and  imprisimed  at  St, 
Augustine,  was  exchanged  in  1781,  and 
ivas  speaker  of  the  House  in  1782,  and 
chancellor  of  the  state  from  1791  till 
hiBdeath,  Jan.  1811. 

BUTLEDGE,  DB,  JOHN,  father  of 
the  celebrated  American  patriot  of  that 
name,  an  early  South  Carolina  physician 
of  note,  was  a  native  of  Ireland  and 
emigrated  with  his  family  to  America 
•bout  1740.  He  was  a  sterling  patriot, 
also  a  man  of  culture,  and  acquiring 
considerate  means,  he  sent  his  son  to 
fhe  "Temple"  in  London  to  study  com- 
mon law,  that  beingthe  custom  in  Ire- 
land in  that  day.  He,  however  instill- 
ed into  their  minds  an  ardent  love  for 
liberty  and  the  natural  rights  of  men, 
-which  bore  ample  fruit  in  the  days  of 
the  Bevolution. 

BUTLEDGE,  JOHN,  one  of  the 
most  eminent  afiiong  the  American 
statesmen  and  patriots  of  the  revolution, 
was  bora  In  Ireland  in  1789;  emigrated 
with  his  parents  to  America  and  settled 
in  South  Carolina.  He  received  a  liber- 
al eduoation.  which  he  finished  in  Eng- 
land, where  he  studied  law  at  the  Tem- 
ple. He  returned  home  in  1761, 
commenced  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion with  distinguished  success,  and  in 
the  mean  time  was  a  stronc  and  eloquent 
advocate  of  the  rights  of  the  colonies. 
He  fired  not  only  the  hearts  of  his 
own  countrymen  but  even  the  indiffer- 
ent, by  his  irresistible  eloquence,towork 
and  labor  and  risk  for  the  common 
cause.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Con- 
tinental Congress  from  1774  to  '76,  and 
in  1776,  when  action  was  wanted,  he 
was  made  President  of  the  Colony  of 
South  Carolina  and  Commander-in- 
Ohlef  of  its  forces,  which  he  set  about 
organizing  and  equipping,  and  was  ever 
where  dufy  or  danger  called.  In  1779 
he  was  elected  Gk>veraor  of  the  State, 
Chancellor  of  the  State  in  '84«  and  a 


member  of  the  convention  which  form- 
ed  the  Federal  Constitution,  and  signed 
that  instrument.  He  was  a  member  of 
Congress  from  1796  to  1800;  afterwards 
Chief  'Justice  of  South  Carolina,  and 
then  a  «*»<.:: 'ce  of  Uie  Supreme  Court  of 
theU.  S.,  and  finally  Chief  Justice  of 
the  U.  8 ,  which  pontion  he  held  until 
his  death,  Jan.  28. 1800. 

BYAN,  ABBAM  J.,  a  distinguished 
"poet-priest  of  the  south/'widely  known 
by  his  devotion  to  the  "Lost  Cause," 
and  by  the  beauty  and  poetic  power  of 
his  Southern  war  lyrics,  is  of  Irish  de- 
scent, born  in  Mobile,  Alabama  about 
1885.  He  early  gave  evidence  of  his 
poetic  imagination,  which,  however,  was 
lareely  controlled  by  religious  fervor, 
and  while  still  young,  he  felt  a  call  to  the 
priestly  vocation.  He  made  his  ecclesi- 
astical studies  and  was  elevated  to  the 
priesthood  at  the  canonical  age,  and  at 
once  devoted  himself  with  an  unselfish 
zeal  and  earaestness  to  the  duties  of  his 
holy  calling,  in  his  native  state.  It  was 
not  till  after  the  war  of  Secession  broke 
out,  that  his  magical  poetic  powers  be- 
came widely  known.  He  seems  to  have 
been  ardently  devoted  to  the  Southern 
Cause,  and  'the  gallant  and  desperate 
struggle  which  his  Southern  brethren 
made  seems  to  have  called  forth  his 
deepest  admiration,  sympathy  and  en- 
thusiasm, which  he  gave  expression  to 
in  some  of  the  most  thrilling  war  songs. 
He  has  not,  however,  confined  himself  to 
such  efforts  alone.  His  most  pretentious 
ones  are  of  the  narrative  form  and  exhibit 
poetic  fancies  and  inspirations  of  the 
most  exalted  and  genuine  kind,  as  in 
"A  ^ystenr"  and  "Thdr  Story  Bun- 
neth  Thus."  A  short  one  to  the  mem- 
ory of  his  brother,  who  fell  in  the  South- 
em  cause,  is  very  fine  and  we  subjoin  a 
couple  of  verses  as  a  sample  of  his  style. 

"Toung  as  the  youngest  who  donned 
the  gxaj, 

True  ss  the  truest  who  wore  it, 
Brave  as  the  bravest,  he  marched  away 

(Hot  tears  on  the  cheeks  of  his  mother 

Triumphant  waved  our  flag  one  day- 
He  fell  in  the  front  before  it. 

Firm  as  the  firmest  where  duty  led, 

He  hurried  without  a  falter: 
Bold  as  the  boldest  he  fought  and  Ued, 
And  the  day  was  won— but  the  field  wm 
red— 


BTA 


IBUH  0XLT8 


RYA 


,  And  the  blood  of  bis  fresh  young  heart 
WAS  shed 
On  bis  country's  hallowed  altar." 
His  poems  have  been  published  in 
book  form  and  have  bad  a  very  large 
sale.    He  is  also  noted  as  a  lecturer  of 
great  power  holdijig  his  audiences  in 
wrapt  attention  after  be  fairly  enters 
his  subject,  possessing  that  intense  earn- 
estness whicn  loses  the  man  in  the  sub- 
ject, and    which    carries   the  hearers 
along  with  him  regardless  of  time.    He 
Is  yet  in  the  prime  of  life  and  the  full- 
ness of  bis  intellectual  powers  and  it  is 
Erobable  that  he  may  yet  leave  behind 
im  e£Fort«  still  more  worthy  of  his 
bigh  poetic  gifts. 

RYAN,  GEO.  P.,  a  bravo  and  talent- 
ed American  naval  officer,  was  hciA  in 
Boston  of  Irish  parents.  May  8, 1843; 
was  appointed  a  midshipman  in  1857 
and  graduated  in  1860.  He  was  active- 
ly en^iged  throughout  the  war;  was 
commissioned  a  lieutenant  in  '62  and 
liieut.  Commander  in  1866.  From, 
1867  to  '69  be  was  Professor  of  Chemis- 
try and  Physics  at  the  Naval  Academy, 
Annapolis,  and  in  1874  was  made  full 
Commander.  He  was  one  of  the  Am- 
erican commission  to  take  observations 
of  the  transit  of  Venus,  1874.  He  un 
fortunately  perished  with  his  vessel, 
U.  S.  Sloop  of  War  Huron,  in  a  storm 
off  the  coast  of  North  Carolina,  Nov. 
'24, 1877,  in  the  prime  of  life,  with  a 
brilliant  future  l)efore  him. 

RYAN,  MOST  REV.  JOHN  PAT- 
.  RICE,   one  of  the  most  eloquent  of 
Catholic  American  divines,  was  born  in 
.  Ireland  about  1880  and  early  gave  evi- 
dence of  those  brilliant.qualities  which 
distinguishes  him  to-day.    He  made  bis 
•classical  and  theological  studies  at  home 
and  graduated  with  a  high  reputation 
for  ability,  eloquence    and  scholarly 
parts.    Having  been  destined  for  the 
American  miraion.    he    came  to   the 
United  States  in  1852.  and  entered  the 
cliocese  of  St.  Louis  as  a  candidate  for 
the  priesthood.     He  was  elevated  to 
that  dignity  the  next  year  and  entered 
at  once  upon  the  duties  of  his  sacred 
ealling  in  that  city.    His  many  brilliant 
and  graceful  qualities  soon   won  for 
bim  nosts   of   admirers    and   friends 
among  all  classes  of  his  fellow  citizens, 
especiiilly  among  his  brethren  of  the 
clergv.  which  is  the  strongest  evidence 
of  ms  priestly  qualltlee.    His  bishop, 
<h6  Most  Rev.  Dr.  Eenrlck,  was  early 


won  by  bis  ener^,  zeal  and  piety,  and 
honored  bim  with  the  mast  important 
trusts.  He  also  soon  established  a  wide 
reputation  as  a  pulpit  orator,  and 
strangers  sojourning  in  St.  Louis  were 
invariably  invited  by  their  hosts  to  hear 
him  preach,  as  a  rich  intellectual  treat 
not  accorded  to  them  often.  So  con- 
spicuous were  his  talents,  so  dignified 
and  blameless  bis  life,  that  more  than 
once  was  he  selected  for  a  mitre,  but  he 

E referred  to  remain  with  his  beloved 
ishop.  At  length,  at  the  request  of 
his  archbishop,  hie  was  named  bis  coad- 
jutor and  on  April  14. 1872.  was  con- 
secrated in  St.  Louis,  titular  bishop  of 
Tricomia  and  coadjutor  to  the  arch- 
bishop of  St.  Louis.  He  has  ably  as- 
sisted his  distinguished  superior  in 
buildinsup  the  great  religious  institu- 
tions which  distinguishes  this  "Rome 
of  America,"  and  since  bis  election  to 
the  episcopacy,  he  has  largely  taken 
upon  himself  the  burthen  of  the  more 
laborious  duties  of  his  aged  superior, 
who  has  long  since  past  the  three  score 
and  ten  vears  alloted  to  man.  In  1888  be 
attended  the  call  to  Rome  of  the  higher 
American  prelates,  in  place  of  Dr.  Ken- 
rick  who  was  excuiiea  on  account  of 
age. '  While  abroad,  he  visited  his  na- 
tive land,  where  he  was  received  with 
distinguished  honor,  and  whei'e  he  in> 
creased  his  reputation  as  a  pulpit  orator 
bv  some  masterly  efforts  in  Dublin. 
Since  his  visit  to  Rome  he  has  been 
honored  by  the  title  of  archbishop. 
Dr.  Ryan  is  a  prelate  of  oommanding 
presence  and  great  dignity  of  manners, 
which  added  to  bis  aceomplisbmeuts  as 
a  scholar  and  orator,  place  him  in  the 
front  rank  of  living  American  prelates. 

RYAN,  RT.  X.EV.  BISHOP  STE- 
PHEN y..D.D.,  a  learned  American 
Catholic  divine,  was  a  member  of  the 
order  of  the  "Lazerists,"  and  was  bom 
in  Upper  Canada  of  Irish  parents  Jan. 
1, 1826.  The  family  removed  to  Penn- 
sylvania when  our  subject  was  an  in- 
fant. He  received  his  education  in  St. 
Charles  Seminary,  Philadelpnia,  and 
made  his  theological  studies  ia  St. 
Mary's  Seminary,  Barrens,  Mo.,  having 
joined  the  reli^pous  order  which  con- 
ducted it.  He  was  raised  to  the  priest- 
hood June  24, 1842,  in  St.  Louis,  and 
for  some  years  remained  a  professor  in 
St.  Mary's  Seminary.  He  was  after* 
wards  Iresldent  of  St.Vincent's  Collcj 
Mo.,  and  in  1807  was  named  Fro 


ji 


■  ^ 


■fk 


m 


"y 


loiiegeL 
vinoal 


^(n 


RTD 


IBIBB  CELTS. 


SAB 


of  his  order  in  the  United  States.  He 
was  consecrated  Bishop  of  Buffalo, 
Nov.  8,  1868.  succeeding  Bishop  Ti- 
mon,  and  is  a  prelate  more  noted  for  pro- 
found learning  and  piety  than  great  bril- 
liancy. 

BYAN,  THOMAS,  a  prominent 
legislator  and  lawyer  of  Kansas  of  Irish 
extraction,  was  born  at  Oxford,  N.Y., 
Nov.  25. 1887.  He  receive!  his  educa- 
tion (Academical)  in  Pennsylvania, 
whither  the  family  had  rem07<>d; 
studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the 
Bar  in  1861.  He  volunteered  in  the 
great  Rebellion,  served  with  credit, 
and  was  severely  wounded  at  the 
'^Wilderness,"  fighting  at  the  head  of 
his  company.  In  18^  he  removed  to 
Kansas,  successively  held  various 
positions  of  trust,  and  in  1876  was 
elected  to  the  46th  Congress  from  the 
Third  District  of  Kansas,  and  has  con- 
tinued to  hold  the  position  to  the  pre- 
sent time,  1888.  He  is  very  popular 
and  one  of  the  most  promising  legisla- 
tors of  Kansas. 

RYAN.  GEN.  WILLIAM  A.  C, 
a  gallant  soldier,  was  born  in  Toronto, 
Canada,  of  Irish  parents.  March  38, 
1848.  and  educated  in  Buffalo,  N.Y.  On 
tile  breaking  out  of  the  War  of  Secession 
he  joined  the  army  as  a  volunteer  in 
1861  and  rose  from  the  ranks  to  be 
Captain  in  the  192d  N.  Y.  Vol.  In  1860 
he  joined  an  expedition  to  secure  Cu- 
ban independence,  was  Chief  of 
Staff  and  inspector  General  under  Jor- 
dim,  and  displayed  grei^  bravery  and 
darhig.  He  repeatedly  made  descents 
on  the  Island  for  the  same  purpose. 
His  last  effort  proved  fatal,  the  vessel 
on  which  he  sailed  from  Jamaica  Oct. 
28, 1878,  to  make  another  attempt  on 
the  Island,  was  captured  by  a  Spanish 
war  steamer  and  all  on  board  condemn- 
ed by  court  martial  to  death,  as  pirates. 
Fifty-four  of  them  were  shot,  including 
Gen.  Rvan,  when  the  British  man-o^ 
war"Niobe"  came  into  port,  and  her 
commander  interposed  his  objection  to 
a  further  slaughter. 

RYDER,  REV.  JAMES,  an  able 
and  learned  American  Catholic  divine, 
wai  bom  In  Dublin  in  Oct.  1800;  came 
to  tiie  U.  B.  when  a  boy  with  his  parents; 
waa  educated  at  Georgetown  College, 
and  there  entered  the  Jesuit  order  as  a 
noflot,  itu^ad  his  theology  in  Rome, 


and  was  there  ordained  priest.  H* 
taught  theology  at  Spoeleto.  returned 
to  the  U.  S.  ana  became  Vice  President - 
of  Georgetown  College,  and  President 
from  18«)to  1845.  He  held  pastorates  in 
Fredeiick.  Md.,  and  in  Philadelphia, 
and  was  President  of  the  College  of  the 
Holy  Cross,  Worcester.  He  was  also- 
Superior  of  the  order  in  the  U.  S.  Ho 
was  a  man  of  profound  learning,  but 
unostentatious  and  simple.  He  died  at 
Philadelphia,  Jan.  13,  1860. 


SABINE.  SIR  EDWARD,  one  of 
the  most  scientific  voyagers  of  the  i^res- 
ent  century  was  bom  in  Dublin,  Ire- 
land, Oct.  1788.  and  was  educated  ia 
the  military  schools  of  Marlow  and 
Woolwich.  He  entered  the  artillery 
service  in  his  sixteenth  year  and  by 
1818  was  in  command  of  a  comp;iny 
when  he  was  ordered  to  Canada.  He  par- 
ticipated in  the  campaign  on  the  Niagarai 
frontier,  and  commanded  the  artillery 
at  the  seige  of  Fort  Erie,  1814.  After 
the  war  ne  retumed  to  England  and 
was  detailed  for  the  Ross  and  Parry 
Arctic  Expedition  1818  and  the  PHrrv 
expedition  the  next  year.  During  this- 
time  he  made  important  investigations' 
as  to  terrestrial  magnetism,  which  he 
laid  before  the  Royal  Society  in  an  e  Ae 
paper,  and  also  aided  in  preparing  tlie- 
"Natiual  History  of  Parry's  Expedi- 
tion" 1834  From  1831  to  '35,  he  mtido 
extensive  voyages  to  test  the  variations- 
of  the  magnetic  needle,  the  figure  of 
the  earth  oesides  problems  in  meter- 
ology,  and  in  1836,  published  "An  ac- 
count of  Experiments  to  Determine  the 
Figure  of  the  Earth."  He  became 
secretajy  of  the  Royal  Society  1837  and 
was  afterwards  on  duty  in  Ireland.  In 
1886-8,  he  published  valuable  reports  on 
studies  and  experiments  in  magnetio 
forces,  which  led  to  the  establishment 
by  the  govemmentof  a  system  of  mag- 
netic observatories.  He  also  published 
many  very  valuable  papers  on  the 
magnetic  phenomena  from  observationa 
made  in  different  parts  of  the  earth, 
besides  contributing  numeious  memoira 
to  the  British  Association,  of  which  ho 
was  president  in  1868,  and  to  the  Royal 
Society,  of  which  he  was  also  president 
from  1861-71.  He  was  made  a  Kniuht 
of  Bath  in  1869,  and  a  full  Generalin 
1870.  He  is  a  member  of  the  French 
Academy  of  Science  and  of  many  other 
scienti^o  locietiefl. 


SAD 


IBISH  CELTS. 


BAR 


BADLIERi  MRS.  J.  (MARY  ANN 
MADDEN),  one  of  the  ablest  and 
most  proline  of  the  female  writers  of 
America,  was  bom  at  Cootehill.  County 
Cavan,  Ireland,  Dec.  81,  1820.  The 
death  of  her  father  hastened  b^  pecun- 
iary troubles  which  reduced  his  family 
from  competency  to  comparitive  indi- 
gence, induced  our  subject  to  emigrate, 
which  she  did,  accompanied  bv  a 
younger  brother,  arriving  in  Canaaa  in 
August  1844.  She  had  been  carefully 
educated  and  had  already  developed  a 
literary  faculty  of  considerable  taste 
and  capacity,  having  as  early  as  her 
eighteenth  year  contributed  most  ac- 
ceptably to  literal^  journals  both  in 
Ireland  and  England,  aitiong  them  the 
"La  Belle  Assemblee."  On  her  arrival 
in  Montreal  she  sought  literary  labor, 
and  became  acquainted  with  James 
Sadlier,  the  Montreal  member  of  the 
New  York  firm  of  D.  &  J.  Sadlier,  the 
well-known  publishers,  whose  wife  she 
became  in  1946.  In  the  meantime,  she 
labored  at  her  chosen  work,  and  was  a 
valued  contributor  of  the  "Literary 
Garland,"  Montreal,  besides  making 
translations  from  the  French  and  doing 
other  literary  work.  From  thence  for- 
•waid  she  led  a  most  busy  life,  translat- 
ing, composing  and  editing,  giving  to 
the  w^orld,  and  especially  to  Irish  and 
catholic  literature,  thousands  of  pages 
of  valuable,  elegant,  sound  and  int«rest- 
ing  literary  matter.  In  1860  she  remov- 
ed, with  ner  husband  and  family,  to 
New  York  city  and  there  continued  with 
unabated  zeal  and  industry  to  contribute 
to  the  best  literature  of  the  day.  Her 
journalistic  labor,  especially  editorial 
matter,  on  the  live  issues  of  the  times 
was  mainly  on  the  New  York  Tablet 
which  she  has  edited  for  many  years. 
She  has  also,  at  times,  largely  contrib- 
uted to  the  Boston  Pilot,  New  York 
Freeman's  Journal,  Montreal  True  Wit* 
ness  and  other  papers.  Among  her 
chief  (original)  works  are:  "Willie 
Bourke,"  "Alice  Rio;xlon,"  "New 
Lights  or  Life  in  Galway,"  "TheBlakes 
and  Flanirains,""The  ConfederateChief- 
tains,"  "Confessions  of  an  Apostate." 
"Bessy  Conway,"  "Old  and  New  or 
Taste  vs.  FasMon,"  "The  Hermit  of 
the  Rock,"  "Con  0'Regan,""01d  House 
by  the  Boyne,"  "Aunt  Honor's  Keep- 
sake," "The  Hieress  of  KilorKan,""Mc- 
Carthy  More,"  "Maureen  Dhu"  and 
"Life  of  Thos.  D'Arcy  McOee."  besides 
numerou*  translations  from  the  French, 


numbering,  altogether,  over  sixty  vol' 
umes'.  Some  of  her  oricinal  produc 
tions  have  received  the  highest  encom' 
iums  from  eminent  conti  mporaries  such 
as  Dr.  Brownson,  T.  D.  McGee,  and 
others, who  also  held  her  personally  ia 
the  highest  esteem.  She  is  not  only 
gifted  as  a  prose  writer,  but  she  is  also 
a  poetess  of  no  mean  order.  She  still 
lives  and  labors,  surrounded  by  a  large 
family,  which  she  haa  carefully  brought 
up.amidst  her  multitudinous  labors,  her 
husband  having  been  dead  for  many 
years.  One  of  her  daughters,  Anna, 
se-ms  to  inherit  her  gifts,  and  has 
already  contributed  a  number  of  ac- 
ceptable works  to  the  literature  of  th» 
day.  If  we  consider  the  purport,  the  tone, 
cbasteness,  moral  worth  and  literary 
excellence  of  her  labors,  Mrs.  Sadlier 
undoubtedly  ranle  among  the  very  first 
at  female  writers. 

SARSFIELD,    PATRICK,   EARL. 
OF  LUCAN.  a  distinguished  Irish  sol- 
dier and  patriot,  was  born  in  Ireland 
1645,  served  early  in  life  on  the  continent 
under  the  English  flag,  and  distinguish- 
himself  under  the  Duke  of  Monmouth, 
against  whom  he  fought  afterwards  at 
Sedgemore.    At  the  period  of  th6  Rev- 
olution of  1688  he  was  in  Ireland,  a 
member  of  parliament,  and  one  of  the- 
ablest  and  most  powerful  of  the  Cath- 
olic noblemen  of  Ireland.    He  offered 
his  services  to  the  imbecile,  James  U, 
1689  and  fought  at  the  Boyne,  lost 
through  the   shameless  cowardice  of 
James.    Sarsfleld    compelled  Willianv 
to  raise  the  seige  of  Limerick,  and  cap- 
tured his  artillery  Aug.,  1790,  he  was 
in  command  of  the  reserve  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Auehrim,  July  12, 1791,nndat  the 
second  siege  of   Limerick,  compelled 
William,  by  his  gallant  defence,  to  offer 
the  most  liberal  terms,  by  which  all  the- 
Irish  forces  which  desired  to  go,  were 
to  be  landed  in  France.    The  most  im- 
portant parts  of  the  treaty,  however,  in. 
the  regard  to  the  property  and  rights  of 
the  Irish  Catholics,  were    afterwards 
shamefully  violated.     Sarsfleld,  with 
many  distinguished  officers  and  large- 
bodies  of  men  went  to  France,  where' 
many  of  them  won  tides  and  fame, 
and  shed  upon  the  French  arms  an  ad- 
ditional lustre  and  glory.    Sarsfleld,  at 
the  head  of  his  gallant  Irish   troops, 
greatly  distinguished  himself  at  Stein- 
kirk,  Aug.  1693.    His  career  in  Fraoctt 
was  short  but  glorious;  he  f(^  at  the- 


■ "'"  ■■si 

.'ill 


CniJ 


SAY 


jKoan  cMun. 


SCO 


l»ttleof,Landen,  Jaly  19,  1608.  and 
4M  he  beheld  his  life  blood  giuhinK  from 
the  fatal  wound,  he  lorrowfufly  ex- 
•claimed,  "Oht  that  this  had  been  for 
Irdand." 

.  SAYAOB  JOQK,  an  eminent  New 
Toik  jurist,  was  the  son  of  Irish  emi- 
grants, bom  about  1790,  received  a  lib 
•iral  education  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar.  In  1814  he  was  a  ^necnbor  of  the 
legislature  an  'd  181^ '  it  to  Congress, 
where  he  rem^  id  terms.  He  was 
distiict  attor.  . ,  ::<;:ur>t.Toller  of  the 
state,  chief  juslv'*  <.rf  s^r:  cipreme  court 
•of  New  York  anc  .  .i^-toi  .>f  the  United 
States  for  New  Yuis:,  besw  holding 
other  positions  of  trust  and  honcr. 

SAYAGE.  JOHN.  LL.D.,  a  learned 
an  able  Irish-American  writer  and  poet, 
was  born  in  Dublin,  Dec.  18, 1828.  He 
received  a  good  education  and  possess- 
ing artistic  talent  he  studied  at  the  art 
8(£ool  of  the  Royal  Dublin  Society. 
Full  of  youthful  fire  and  patriotism,  he 
Joined  the  "Young  Ireland  Party"  in 
1848  and  edited  a  journal  in  the  inter- 
'Cst  of  the  movement.  He  was  impli- 
•cated  in  the  rising,  having  organized  an 
4Uined  band  of  peasantry.  Ue  escaped 
to  New  York  and  first  became  a  proof 
reader  on  the  New  York  Tribune,  and 
aoon  was  a  welcome  contributor  to  a 
■number  of  popular  publications,  besides 
ddng  newspaper  work  in  New  York, 
Washington,  and  New  Orleans.  He 
edited  the  Manhattan,  a  monthly  of 
much  literary  ability,  and  was  the  au- 
thor of  a  number  of  popular  war  songs, 
having  been  active  and  energetic  in 
rapport  of  the  Union  cause  during  the 
BeDellion.  He  was  the  author  of  "The 
Starry  Flag"  and  has  published  several 
volumes  of  poems  of  considerable 
merit,  besides  dramas,  sketches  and 
biographies.  He  now  occupies  a  lucra- 
tive official  position  in  New  York  dty, 
but  is  still  active  with  his  pen. 

SAYAGE,  JOHN  H.,  an  able  Irish- 
American  lawyer,  soldier  and  legislator, 
was  bom  about  1813  in  Teimessee  and 
received  but  an  ordinary  education, 
•erved  before  he  was  of  age  as  a  vol 
nnteer  on  the  frontier  of  Texas.  He 
afterwards  on  returning  home  studied 
.  kw  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1887,  and  in  1841  was  elected  attorney- 
federal.  In  1847,  he  again  took  up 
4uiDt  and  served  gallantfy  during  the 


Mexican  war,  was  appointed  major  of  the 
14th  Reg.  U.  S.  Infantry  by  Pres.  Polk 
and  served  with  bravery  and  distinction 
at  Conturas.  Churabusco,  Molina  del 
Hey  and  Cliapultepec,  in  which  last  bat- 
tle he  was  wounded  sad  promoted  for 
gallant  conduct,  ^fter  the  war,  ha 
resumed  the  practice  of  his  profession, 
was  elected  to  congress  in  1848  and 
served  with  ability  for  a  number  of 
terms. 

SAURIN.  RIGHT  HON.  WIL- 
LIAM, an  eminent  Irish  lawyer,  and 
Attomey-general  of  Ireland  for  many 
years,  was  bom  in  1767.  He  was  call- 
ed to  the  bar  in  1790  and  soon  made 
his  mark  as  an  energetic  and  successful 
advocate.  In  1798,  he  received  a  p»t- 
tent  of  precedence  and  soon  after  was 
appointra  solicitor  general.  He  was 
like  all  eminent  lawyers  of  his  day  in 
Ireland,  a  member  of  the  Irish  parliv 
ment,  where  he  displayed  the  sane 
ability  which  distinguished  him  at  the 
bar.  In  1807  he  became  attorney  gen- 
eral for  Ireland  which  office  he  heM  till 
1822,  when  he  resigned  on  account  of 
declining  health  and  wassucceeded'by 
Plunkeit.    He  died  in  1840. 

SCOTT,  COLONEL  EDWARD,  a 

distinguished  Irish  officer,  in  the  ser- 
vice of  France  in  the  days  of  Louis 
XIY,  was  bdm  in  Ireland  about  1660, 
and  fouffht  under  the  catholic  confed- 
erate chieftains.  He  defended  Kinsale 
against  the  Duke  of  Marlborough,  but 
was  obliged  to  capitulate  to  buperior 
force.  After  the  treaty  of  Limerick,  he 
went  to  France  and  was  first  Lieut.  Colo- 
net  of  the  Olancarthy  regiment.  He  left 
behind  him  a  brilliant  record,  having 
distinguished  himself  on  various  occa- 
sions, and  won  honor  for  race  and 
nameintheincountrjrof  hisexiie.  He 
held  important  positions,  won  by 
valor  and  skill,  and  was  deservedly 
held  in  the  highest  esteem. 

SCOTT,  JOHN,  EARL  OP  CLON- 
MEL,  one  of  the  government  tools  in 
the  denationalization  of  Ireland,  was, 
bom  in  Tipperary  about  1720  and  was 
bred  to  the  bar,  where  his  caliber 
soon  attracted  notice,  as  much  bv  an 
overbea  ing  assurance,  as  by  tafents. 
Between  the  years  1744  and  '88.  he  fill 
ed  the  highest  legal  offices  in  Ireland, 
was  solicitor  and  attornev-general,  and 
prime  sergeant  of  Irelana  and  in  1784 


BED 


IBIBB  CBJJtB, 


6EH 


iMcame  chief  justice  of  the  King's 
BiSDCh.  As  ft  reward  for  his  devotion 
to  the  government,  he  wa^  made  a 
Baron  and  Earl.  He  died  in  179S. 


SCOTT,  JOnN  MORIN,  an  Irish- 
American  patriot  of  the  Revolution, 
distinguished  himself  by  his  ability  and 
ardent  advocacy  of  resistance  to  British 
authority  in  New  York  and  was  a 
member  of  the  Continental  Congress 
from  1780  tQ  1788. 

SCOTUS,  MARIANUS  a  celebrated 
chronicler,  or  historian  and  scholar  of 
the  eleventh  century,  was  a  native  of 
Ulster  and  was  bom  early  in  that  ce.i 
tuiy.  After  becoming  master  of  the 
learning  of  his  day,  about  1056.  he,  like 
so  many  of  his  countrymen,  went  to 
the  continent  to  spread  the  light  ac 
quired  in  the  celebrated  schools  of  his 
native  land.  There  he  became  widely 
known  and  celebrated  for  his  learning 
and  research.  He  is  sometimes  con- 
founded with  the  other  Marianus 
Bcotus,  the  pious  and  learned  prelate, 
founder  and  first  abbot  of  a  celebrated 
Irish  monastery  and  church  at  Ratis- 
bon  Germany  who  lived  about  the 
same  time.  Their  real  names,  how- 
ever, were  entirely  differnii 


SCOTUS, 
John. 


JOHN  DUNS,  see  Duns 


SEDNA  n,  a  wise  and  valiant  mon- 
arch of  Ireland  who  lived  about  600 
B.  C.  He  provided  for  and  organized 
a  standing  army.  This  body  was  com- 
posed in  times  of  peace  of  three  legions 
of  three  thousand  men  each,  which 
were  increased  in  times  of  war  to  the 
extent  needed.  Each  legion  had  a  com- 
maiider  whose  rank  was  about  the  same 
as  a  modern  colonel,  and  who  had  a 
competent  number  of  inferior  officers 
under  him.  Three  legions  made  a  di- 
vision of  the  army  andwas commanded 
by  a  general.  The  men  received  into 
it  had  to  underso  certain  tests  as  to 
bravery  and  ability,  and  were  required 
to  die  rather  than  turn  their  backs  to 
the  enemy. 

6BDULIUS,  ST.,  Abbot  and  Bishop 
of  Dublin  was  honored  for  his  learn- 
ing as  well  as  virtues.  Died  in  the  year 
786,  February  Id,  on  which  day.his 
f  tait  if  kept. 


SEDULIUS.  a  famous  doctor  of  the- 
church  and  author  of  great  erudition, 
who  flourished  in  the  fifth  century. 
He  was  not  only  celebrated  as  a  theolo- 
gian but  also  for  poetry  andprofac 
learning.  His  own  writings  testify  as 
to  his  being  a  Scot,  the  name  by  which- 
the  Irish  alone  were  known  on  the  con> 
tiuent  until  the  eleventh  century.  ThlS' 
is  also  confirmed  bv  Usher,  Trithemius, 
and  John  Sichara  the  latter  saying 
"Sedulii  ScoU  Hibemiensis  in  omn^ 
Epistolas  Paul!  coUectaneum."  Trith- 
emius says  "from  his  earlier  youth  he 
was  a  disiciple  of  Heiderbertus,  Arch- 
bishop of  the  Scots,  and  was  very  skill- 
ed in  profane  learning  as  well  as  divine,, 
and  excelled  'n  poetry  and  prose.  He^ 
(raveled  in  avi  Italy,  Asia,  Achaia, 
and  came  t'«  R  3  where  he  became 
illustrious  -irh.  arning."  He  men- 
tions sou  <^i  i)ii>  works  which  he  had 
seen,  "  -'cL  '  Poems  and  Paschal 
feasts  in  4  '  ">  .i:s.  14  books  on  the  epis- 
tles of  Paic ,  o'us  on  the  miracles  of 
Christ  'tne  to  the  Emperor  Theodosius,. 
oneK  ":  i^riscianus.  and  one  on  the 
second  cdiiion  of  Donatus  besides  many 
o'liera."  He  says  he  was  made  a  bishop,, 
and  flouriitbed  about  A.  D.  488. 

SEMMES,  BENEDICT  J,  an  able 
legislator  and  physician  of  Maryland, 
of^  Irish  descent,  w.is  bom   in    1788, 
graduated  at  the  medical  school  In  Bal- 
timore, in  1811,  aid  acquired  an  exten- 
sive practice  in  his  profession.  He  was  a. 
member  of  the  legislature  and  speaker  of 
the  House,  and  introduced  and  carried 
a  bill  abolishing  religious  tests  for  offi- 
ce.    He   was   afterwards    elected  to 
congress,  but  had  to  resign  in  his  sec- 
ond term  on  account  of  health.    He- 
was  held  in  the  highest  esteem  for  his- 
talents  and  high  moral  character. 

SEMMES,  RAPHAEL,  a  famous 
confederate  naval  commander, was  bora 
in  Charles  county,  Maryland,  of  Irish 
parents,  entered  the  United  States  navy 
m  1826  as  a  midsbipiuan,  served  in  the 
Mexican  war,  and  volunteered  on  the 
staff  of  Gen  Worth,  so  as  to  be  actively 
engaged  in  battle.  1847.  He  became  a 
commander  in  1866,and  was  secretary  of 
the  Light  House  board  in  1859,  resigned 
in  1861  on  the  secession  of  the  South 
and  joined  the  confederate  navy, 
soon  gained  worldwide  notoriety  by 
his  exploits  as  commander  of  the  Sumpi- 
ter,  and  afterwards  of  the  Alabama,  & 


6EZf 


IKUM  CMVn, 


em 


capturing  and  destrojing  American 
yessels  and  property.  After  the  war 
lie  became  professor  of  moral  pbiloso- 

giy  in  the  state  seminary  of  Jjouisiana. 
e  is  the  author  of  "Service  Afloat 
And  Ashore  during  the  Mexican  War," 
"Campaign  of  Gen  Scott  in  Mexico," 
^'The  Cruise  of  the  Alabama"  and 
^'Memoirs  of  Service  Afloat  during  the 
War  between  the  States."  In  1867,  he 
brcame  editor  of  the  Memphui  Bulletin 
And  also  is  a  popular  lecturer  in  the 
South. 

SENAN.  SAINT,  an  abbot  and 
l>ishop,  founder  of  a  number  of  relig- 
ious houses,  honored  as  one  of  the  great- 
•est  Saints  of  Ireland  and  whose  birth 
and  work  were  foretold  by  St.  Patrick. 
He  was  born  in  Corcobaskin,  Thomond, 
now  Moyarte,  County  Clare.  His  pa- 
rents were  Christians,  his  father's  name 
ICrcan,  of  a  distinguisbed  family. 
Senan  bad  all  the  advantages  which  a 
liberal  Christian  education  could  impart, 
besides  his  mother  was  said  to  be  a  wo- 
man of  more  than  ordinaiy  piety  and  vir- 
tue, who  did  not  fail  to  instil  into  his 
joutbful  mind  the  most  sublime  ideas  of 
the  holiness  and  grandeur  of  a  truly  relig- 
ious life.  Young  Senan  was  made 
prisoner  in  an  expedition  into  a  neigh- 
boring territory,  having  to  accompany 
his  father  who  was  chief  of  a  clan.  He 
was,  hcwever,  soon  released  and  be- 
came a  pupil  of  the  abbot  Cassidan  with 
whom  he  studied  until  he  became  noted 
both  for  learning  and  piety,  and  after- 
Wfuds  took  from  him  the  monastic  vow 
And  habit.  He  then  visited  other  rellg- 
iouB  houses  perfecting  himself  in  wis- 
dom and  every  Christian  perfection. 
He,  after  some  time,  made  a  journey  to 
Rome,  then  as  now,  the  great  heart  of 
the  Christian  world,  out  from  which 
the  warm  purified  ¥ood  of  Christ- 
ian faith  and  zeal  is  poured  over  tne 
whole  earth.  It  is  supposed  that  he 
received  consecration  while  in  Rome. 
On  his  return  he  stopped  for  some  time 
with  St.  David  at  his  monastery  of 
Menevia  in  Wales,  and  ever  afterwards 
kept  with  him  an  active  interchange  of 
friendship.  On  his  return  he  employed 
himself  in  propagating  the  gospe. 
among,  the  remaining  heathens  and 
made  many  conversions.  His  first  re- 
ligious house  was  at  Inniscarra  on  the 
Lee,  five  miles  from  Cork,  and  here  he 
also  erected  a  church.  Some  idea  may 
be  formed  of  the  fame  and  liberality  of 


the  schools  of  Ireland  even  at  this  time, 
when  it  is  incidently,  stated  that  a  ves- 
sel arrived  in  the  harbor  from  the  con- 
tinent with  fifty  religious  students  on 
board,  who  came  to  enter  the  Irish 
schools.  Our  saint  took  ten  of  them, 
and  the  remainder  quickly  found  re- 
treats in  like  institutions.  Our  saint 
did  not  prosecute  his  work  without 
some  trouble  and  vexation.  The  chief- 
tain of  the  territory  in  which  he  estab- 
lished his  monastery,  whose  name  was 
Lugadius  attempted  to  lyirthen  h*m 
with  a  tax,  and  that  .acknowledgement 
of  dependency  which  the  retainer  paid 
to  his  chief.  This  the  Saint  resisted, 
and  the  chief  threatened  to  root  out 
the  community,  and  sent  some  of  his 
adherents  for  that  purpose.  The  holy 
abbot  met  them  at  the  gate  of  his  mon- 
astery dressed  in  full  canonicals  and 
threatened  the  vengeance  of  God  on 
the  first  man  that  would  dare  to  put 
violent  hands  on  God's  annointed. 
These  men,  knowing  from  common  re- 

Eort  the  power  and  wonders  that  the 
oly  men  everywhere  around  them 
were  daily  doin^,  were  afraid  to  pro- 
ceed, and  the  chief,  himself  relenting, 
our  saint  was  troubled  by  him  no  more. 
Senan  shortly  after  this,  taking  some  of 
his  disciples  with  him,  established  a 
•ew  community  at  Inislum^e,  supposed 
to  be  an  isle  between  LimericK  and 
Iniscathy,  and  also  built  a  churcb  after 
converting   many  heathens.    He  also 

Siive  the  veil  to  two  daughters  of  Bun- 
an  the  dynast  of  Hyfiginite.  In  those 
days  maidens  often  took  the  veil  and 
remained  at  home.  They  gradually 
afterwards  for  their  greater  protection 
were  formed  into  communities.  He 
also  founded  an  establisliment  at  Inis 
Tuaiscert  supposed  to  be  an  isle  off  the 
coast  of  Kerry  and  also  at  Inis-Mor, 
supposed  to  be  Deer  Isle  at  the  junction 
of  the  Fergus  and  Shannon,  and  also  at 
Inis  Coarach,  an  isle  off  the  County 
Clare,  besides  manv  others  and  lastly 
he  founded  his  celebrated  monasteiy 
and  school  of  Iniscatery  about  th&year 
687.  Here  the  great  St.  Eiaran  became 
his  pupil  and  wonderful  things  are  re- 
lated of  the  two  holy  men.  Here  also, 
he  had  trouble  wim  a  petty  chief, 
named  Mactalius,  who  was  a  pagan, 
and  who  laid  some  claim  to  the  island. 
He  was  instigated  by  the  Druids  to  take 
it  by  force  and  kill  the  Saint,  but  thefar 
efforts  were  all  bafiled,  although  the 
Dmids  used, all  their  evil  magic,  but 


'i! 


SEW 


IBIBH'OBLn 


SBW 


the  visible  vengeance  of  God  fell  upon 
tbem,  and  the  chief,  alarmed  for  his 
own  safety,  interfered  no  more  with  the 
8»int.  This  isle  was  covered  with 
wood  when  our  Saint  commenced  his 
work,  but  among  his  conventional  rules, 
manual  labor  for  certain  hours  was  one, 
and  the  isle  soon  became  highly  culti- 
vated and  adorned,  and  its  school  be- 
<»nie  one  of  the  largest  and  most  cele- 
brated in  Ireland.  These  were  indeed 
the  perfection  of  free  schools,  in  com- 
parison to  which  our  boitsted  system 
of  free  schools  are  a  fraud.  They  were 
open  alike  to  all,  rich  or  poor,  who  not 
only  received  tuition,  but  were  taken 
care  of.  The  rich  were  expected  to 
give  from  their  abundance  to  support 
the  school,  the  poor  received  all  the  ad- 
vantages.perhapsonly  helping  by  a  little 
heneficial  labor,  either  intellectual  or 
manual.  This  was  a  free  school  system 
which  filled  Ireland  with  holy  men  and 
with  educational  advantages  which  no 
government  institution  may  hope  *.c 
equal.  The  rules  of  all  those  monas- 
tmes  and  schools  rigidly  excluded  wo- 
men,even  from  entrance  to  the  grounds. 
8t.  Senan  converted  many  pagans  and 
jseems  to  have  worked  many  miracles 
in  attestance  of  the  Divine  power  and 
authority  of  Christianity.  Hie  opposed 
to  the  diabolical  power  of  the  Druids, 
which  they  used  to  blind  their  dupes, 
the  Divine  power  which  Christ  placed 
in  the  hands  of  his  disciples  to  confound 
the  devil  and  his  works,  and  he  suc- 
ceeded, before  he  died,  in  eradicating 
the  last  vesiiges  of  paganism  from  the 
territory  over  which  he  was  placed. 
He  died  in  the  odor  of  sanctitv,  about 
the  year  560  and  his  festival  is  kept  on 
the  1st  of  March. 


SEWARD,  WILLIAM  H.,  the  cele- 
brated American  statesman  and  lawyer, 
was  mainly  of  Irish  descent,  born  in 
New  York  State  in  1801.  He  was  ed- 
ucated at  Union  College  and  in  1819 
went  south  as  far  as  Georgia,  where 
he  engaged  in  teaching.  Returning 
north  ue  same  year,  he  commenced  the 
study  of  law  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1822,  settled  at  Auburn,  N.  Y., 
«nd  became  law  pnrtner  of  Judge 
Miller,  whose  daughter  he  married. 
He  soon  became  noted  for  his  abilities, 
both  as  a  lawyer  and  speaker  and  in 
1818  was  chosen  president  of  a  Whig 
State  Convention.    This  was  about  the 


time  9t  the  great  anti-mason  excitement. 
Seward,  bdng  opposed  on  principle  to 
secret  organization  was  elected  to  the 
N.  Y.  senate.  In  1884,  he  was  a  can- 
didate for  governor  of  New  York  but 
was  defeats!  by  the  Democratic  candi- 
date. In  1888,  he  was  again  put  in 
nomination  and  succeeded.  His  policy 
was  a  broad  liberal  one,  and  he  was  per- 
sonally very  popular,  but  bis  position 
on  the  slavery  question  was  more  radi- 
cal than  his  party.  In  1849,  he  was 
elected  U.  S.  senator  and  became  the 
acknowledged  leader  of  the  party  who 
were  determined  to  stop  the  farther  ex- 
tension of  slavery,  and  in  the  debate  on 
the  admission  of  California,  he  annun- 
ciated what  is  called  the  Higher  Law 
doctrine,  bv  sirving  there  was  a  higher 
law  than  the  Constitution  which  regu- 
lated the  authority  of  Congress  over 
the  public  domain— the  law  of  God  and 
the  interests  of  humanity.  In  1860  he 
was  the  master  mind  and  the  acknowl- 
edged leader  of  the  Republican  party, 
but  the  ambition  of  would  be  leaders 
prevented  him  from  getting  the  nomi- 
nation for  president  and  Abraham 
Lincoln  was  taken  as  a  compromise 
candidate.  He.  however,  placed  Mr.  Se- 
ward at  the  head  of  his  cabinet — secre- 
tarv  of  state — and  he  guided  the  nation's 
poficy  through  the  most  perilous  period 
of  her  history,  with  great  prudence, 
energy  and  success,  although  not  with- 
out severe  criticism.  At  the  time  of 
the  assassination  of  President  Lincoln.an 
attempt  was  also  made  upon  i^^ecretary 
Seward's  life  as  he  lay  sick  m  bed.  He  was 
wounded  so  severely  that  it  was  at  first 
supposed  to  be  fatal,  but  he  recovered 
and  continued  to  direct  the  foreign 
affairs  of  the  country  througliout 
Johnston's  administration.  It  was  dur- 
ing this  period  he  negotiated  the  pur- 
chasing of  Alaska.  He  resigned  office 
on  the  accession  of  Grant,  and  retired 
into  private  life.  Although  his  polit- 
ical life  was  a  busy  one,  it  did  not  en- 
engross  his  entire  attention.  He  was 
engaged  in  some  of  the  most  famous 
law  cases  of  his  time,  both  criminal  and 
civil  and  his  defense  of  Freeman  will 
always  be  considered  as  one  of  the 
finest  of  forensic  efforts.  SewRrd, 
without  doubt,  was  one  of  the  ablest 
and  most  talented  of  American  states- 
mrn  and  orators.  Besides  his  labors  in 
law  and  politics  he  was  the  author  of 
lives  of  .John  Quincy  Adams  and  De 
Witt  Clinton.    He  died  in  1872. 


^-1 


--.•f: 


■-■*'■ 


\  A 


BHA 


nuSR  CBLTI 


6HB 


SEYMOUR,  MICHAEL  HOBART. 
AD  able  and  eloquent  Irish  divine  of 
thfi  established  church,  perhaps  not  less 
noted  for  bigotrv  than  talents,  was  bom 
in  Ireland  in  18(».  and  educated  at  Trin- 
ity College,  Dublin,  entered  the  estab- 
lished church  and  held  several  curacies 
in  Ireland,  He  went  to  London,  and 
became  noted  as  a  lecturer  at  the  Black- 
friars,  but  while  he  had  undoubted 
powers  of  oratory,  it  was  exhausted 
mainly  in  tirades  against  his  catholic 
fellow  citizens.    He  died  June.  1874. 

SHANLEY,    WALTER,  a   dlstin- 

giiished  engineer  and  publi>  man  of 
anada  was  bom  in  the  County  Leitrem, 
Ireland,  from  whence,  with  his  father, 
an  Irish  Imrrister,  he  emigrated  to  Can- 
ada in  1887.  Our  subject  adopted  the 
profession  of  engineer  and  soon  dis- 
tinguished himself  and  became  profes- 
donally  coiinected  with  the  principal 
public  works  of  Canada  from  1840-60. 
Amongst  them  the  Beaufaaraois  &  Well- 
land  Canals  the  Ottawa  &  Prescott  and 
the  Grand  Trunk  Railways,  the  Ottawa 
&  French  River  Navigation  Surveys, 
and  was  general  manager  of  the  Grand 
Trunk  from  1858  to  m  He  was  also 
endneerof  the  Great  Hoosac  Tunnel, 
and  was  also  a  member  bf  the,Canadian 
Parliament.  He  has  a  brother,  Frank 
Shanley.  also  an  able  engineer  and  an- 
other, James,  a  prominent  Canadian 
barrister  residing  in  London,  Ontario. 

SHANNON    HON.    THOMAS,  a 

Prominent  Irish  American  politician  of 
^hiowho  emigrated  to  that  State  at 
an  early  day.  He  soon  gained  distinc- 
tion by  talents  and  energy  and  was 
elected  to  the  U.  S.  Congress  in  1896. 

SHANNON,  GOV.  WILSON,  a  tal- 
ented  Irish- American  patriot  was  bom 
in  Ohio,  1802  and  rose  to  be  governor 
of  his  native  state  in  1887,  again  in  1843. 
Was  minister  to  Mexico  in  1844,  elect* 
ed  to  Congress  in  18S8,  territorial  gover- 
nor of  Kansas  in  1856.  He  died  in 
1877 

SHAW,  HON.  JABIBS,  a  promi- 
nent Canadian  politician  and  military 
man  was  bom  in  County  Wexford,  Ire- 
land, and  emigrated  to  Canada  in  1820, 
where  his  talents  and  energybrought  him 
Into  prominence.  He  represented  Lanark 
and  Renfrew  in  the  Assembly,  and  in 
1867,  he  was  called  to  a  seat  in  the  Cana- 


dian senate.  He  took  an  active  part  In  th» 
Rebellion  of  1887  imd  to  prominently 
connected  With  the  Canadian  military. 

SHEA,  DAVID,  a  leamed  Oriental 
scholar  and  professor  of  Oriental  Ian* 
euaees  at  Haueybury  College  was  b<Hn 
in  Dublin  in  1T73,  and  was  educated  at 
Trinity  College  in  that  city.    He  first 
devoted  liimself  to  merchantile  pursuits 
and  while  chief  clerk  of  an  extensive 
house  at  Malta,  hd  acquired  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  Persian  and  Arabio 
tongues.     He  was  afterwards  offered 
a  professorship   in  the  above   college 
which  he  accepted,  and  applied  himself 
to  translation  from  those   languages. 
Among   his  works    are  "Mirkhoud'a 
History  of  the  early  Persian  Kings" 
and  at  the  time  of  his  death  had  com* 
pletcd  a  translation  of  the  "Dabestan" 
which  was  published  by  the  Asiatic 
Society  after  his  death.  He  died  in  1886. 

SHEA,  JOHN  D.  GILMARY, 
LL.D,  a  distinguished  author,  historian 
and  philologist,  was  born  in  New  York 
City  of  Irish  parents  July  22, 1825.  was 
educated  at  Uolumbia  College,  studied 
law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He 
however,  devoted  himself  from  the  first 
to  literature,  and  may  be  said  to  have 
been  the  pioneer  in  investigating,  un* 
earthing  and  translating  the  records  of 
the  early  French  missioners  and  settle- 
ments m  this  country.  Among  his 
numerous  works  are  "Discoveries  and 
Explorations  of  the  Mississippi  Valley," 
1858,  "History  of  the  Catholic  Missions 
Among  the  Indian  Tribes  of  the  United 
States,^'  "Perils  of  the  Ocean  and  Wild- 
erness," 1857,  "The  Catholic  Authors 
of  America,"  "The  Fallen  Brave,  "^ 
"Early  Voyages  Up  and  Down  the 
Mississippi,*^  Novum  Belgium  an  Ac- 
count of  the  New  Netherlands  in  1648- 
4,"  •  Operations  of  the  French  Fleet 
under  I)e  Gras8e,""Thei  Lincoln  Metaio> 
rial,"  besides  translating  or  editing  nu- 
merous volumes,  among  them,  Charle- 
voix s  History  of  New  Prance,"  6  vols. , 
"Documents  on  the  Early  History  of 
Canada  and  Louisana,"  "Washington's 
Private  Diaiy"  "Colden's  History  of 
the  Five  Indian  Nations,"  besides  gram- 
mars and  dictionaries  of  the  Indian  Ian* 
guage  and  school  histories.  He  also 
edited  the  ''Historical  Magazine,  and 
has  also  contributed  largely  to  tha 
Catholic  periodicals  of  the  day,  besides 
a  large  amount  of  work   for  Frank 


BHB 


niRB  CVLTl. 


flav 


Leslies  illustrated  periodicRls.  He  It 
not  leas  noted  for  the  accuracy  and  fair- 
neM  of  hia  historical  deductions  than 
he  is  for  the  extent  and  thoroughness 
of  his  labors,  and  justly  enloys  a  hisrh 
xeputation  among  the  schofars  of  tBe 
country. 

SHEE.  MARTIN.  ARCHER,  a 
talented  artist  and  poet  was  bom  in  Ire- 
land, about  1770,  and  was  educated  in 
the  art  schools  in  Dublin  under  West 
tod  others.  Ke  earl^  exhibited  mark- 
ed talents  and  invariably  took  all  the 
medals  for  which  he  competed.  He 
went  to  England  while  yet  young,  at 
the  suggesUon  of  Edmund  Burke,  who 
introduced  him  to  Sir  Job:.  ua  Reynolds, 
under  whose  patronage  he  entered  the 
Royal  Academy,  and  very  soon  acquire 
ed  an  enviable  reputation  and  a  largn 
patronage.  His  pictures  were  consid- 
ered worthy  of  exhibition  the  next 
year,  and  he  was  made  an  associate 
member.  He  was  intimate  with  all  the 
distinguished  men  of  the  day,  and  was 
recognized  as  the  rival  of  Lawrence. 
He  was  elected  president  of  the  Royal 
Academy,  of  London,  1880,  and  was 
almost  as  brillisnt  an  orator  as  he  was 
a  painter.  At  about  this  time,  he  was 
made  a  baronet  as  a  reward  for  his  con- 
tributions to  British  art.  He  died  Aug. 
19, 1860.  He  was  the  author  of  seveml 
poems  of  medt,  a  tragedy  and  a  novel. 

SHEIL  RICHARD  LALOR,  a  dis- 
tinguished British  lawyer,  orator,  and 
statesman,  was  born  in  Dublin,  Aug. 
17, 1791,  and  was  educated  at  the  Jesuit 
College  at  Btonvhurst,  England,  and 
Triniiy  College  Dublin,  where  he  grad- 
uated. He  studied  law  at  Lincoln's  Inn 
and  was  admitted  to  the  Irish  bar  in 
1814.  He  also  devoted  considerable 
attention  to  literature  and  was  the  au- 
thor of  several  successful  dramas,  and 
ttmo  contributed  to  the  "New  Monthly 
Magazine,"  the  very  popular,  "Sketch- 
es of  the  Irish  Bar.''  Hejoined  O'Con- 
nell  in  his  efforts  for  Catholic  eman- 
cipation and  became  famous  for 
the  elegance  and  eloquence  of  his  pub- 
lic speeches.  He  represented,  with 
O'Connel.  the  Catholic  Association  be- 
fore the  House  of  Lordsin  1825,  and  was 
active  in  the  political  contest  in  which 
O'Conneli  was  first  returned  to  parlia- 
ment, 1828.  After  the  passage  of  the 
"Relief  Act"  of  1839  he  was  returned 
to  parliament  for  Milburne  Port;  in 


the  County  Louth,  1881  and  for  Tip- 
perary  in  1882,  and  he  soon  acquired  a 
a  reputation  second  to  none  of  his  day 
as  a  Parliamentary  orator.  He  contin- 
ued with  O'Conuell  to  fight  for  Irish 
rights  through  the  "Repeal"  of  the 
Union  until  1838,  wh<)n  he  accepted 
ofllce  from  the  govemmeot.  He  be 
came  Vice-President  c'  the  Board  of 
Trade,  member  of  the  Privy  Council, 
and  Judge  Advocate-General,  1841. 
From  18«h90,  he  was  Master  of  the 
Mint,  when  he  was  appointed  Minister 
to  Tuscany,  He  died  at  Florence,  May 
38, 1851.  Shiel  was,  without  doubt,  the 
most  polished  and  classical  orator  of  his 
day  in  Great  Britain,  and  the  moment 
he  arose  to  speak  in  the  House  of  Com 
mons,  instant  attention  was  accorded  to 
him.  His  memoirs  were  written  by  W. 
Torrens  McCullagh,  2  \v.^  ,  and  a  col- 
lection of  his  speeches  wu.  published 
in  London,  1846. 

SHELBURNE,  WILLIAM  PITZ- 
MAURICE  PETTY,  Eariof,and  Mar. 
quis  of  Lansdown,an  able  British  Prime 
Minister  and  statesman,  tiie  friend  of 
struggling  America,  was  bom  in  Dublin, 
Ireland,  May  25, 1787,  and  was  the  son 
of  Hon.  John  Fltz-Maurice  of  the  an- 
cient Norman  Irish  family  of  the  Lords 
of  Kerry,  who  became  Earl  of  8hel- 
buroe  in  the  peerage  of  Ireland,  1758. 
He  received  his  early  education  at  Lix- 
naW,  the  home  of  his  grandfather,  the 
Earl  of  Eerry.  He  entered  Oxford  in 
1758,  and,  after  completing  his  studies, 
entered  the  army  as  an  oflflcer  in  the 
SOth  Gen.  Wolf's  regiment.  He  served 
in  the  expedition  against  Rochef  ort,  and 
greatly  distinguiBhed  himself  at  Minden, 
1769  and  Kloster  Hampen  1760,  and 
was  made  an  aid-de-camp  to  the  King 
with  the  rank  of  Colonel.  He  entered 
Parliament  fdr  Chipping,  Wycombe  in 
1751,  and  about  this  time  succeeded  as 
Earl,  on  the  death  of  his  father.  May 
10, 1761.  He  now  became  a  member  of 
the  Privy  Council,  and  President  of  the 
Board  (Hf  -Trade  under  the  Granville 
ministry  1768.  '  He,  however,  opposed 
the  policy  which  led  to  tlie  enactment 
of  the  Stamp  Act,  and  other  measures 
distasteful  to  the  Colouies,  and  was  tiia 
personal  friend  of.  Benjamin  Fran^.lin. 
For  his  stand  on  \ie3e  questions  lie  was 
dismissed  from  of 'Ice  Sept.  8, 176.3.  He 
then  attached  himself  to  ?itt  (Cimtliam) 
and  declined  to  enter  the  Rockingham 
Administration  1766.    He  became  Sec* 


.1 


25 


SHE 


ntisB  cBvn 


SHE 


ntary  of  State  for  the  Southern  Depar^ 
ment  under  Pitt  (Chatham)  1766.  and 
exerted  himself,  without  succeM,  to  mod- 
erate the  arbitrary  Colonial  policy, 
of  Orafton  and  Townaend,  who  shaped 
the  government  policy  during  the  long 
illness  of  Chatham.  He  at  length, 
October  '68  resigned  his  rost  in  disgust, 
and  became  a  determined  and  powerful 
opponent  of  th>3  Grafton  and  ^orth  ad- 
ministrations, especially  in  regard  to  the 
American  poIicy,and  was  intimately  as- 
sociated withBarre  and  the  other  friends 
of  America.  Shelburne  was  intimate 
with  all  the  distinguished  literary  men 
of  the  day,  and  had  a  passion  for  the 
collection  of  rare  historical  and  other 
HSS.  and  pictures.  His  library  and 
picture  gallery  at  Lanesdown  House, 
became  the  most  valuable  in  England. 
Ht)  was  also  well-known  to  the  literary 
and  scientific  men  of  the  continent,  ana 
was  a  great  friend  of  the  Abbe  Morrelet, 
who  converted  him  to  the  free  trade 
views  of  political  economy.  He  was  a 
man  of  liberal  mind,  broad  views  and 
varied  knowledge,  and  seemingly  de- 
void of  all  bigotry.  He  became  Secre- 
taiy  of  State  in  the  foreign  office  in  the 
Bockingham  Admistration,1782,  having 
the  grateful  task  of  negotiating  the  pre- 
liminaries of  peace  with  America;  be- 
'came  premier  on  the  death  of  that  min- 
ister in  1782,  but  did  not  long  hold 
power.  He  called  the  younger  Pitt 
into  his  cabinet  and  appointed  him 
chancellor  of  the  exechequer  although 
only  in  his  2drd  year,  and  his  estimate 
of  the  young  statesman  was  more  than 
lustifled.  He  was  compelled  to  retire 
Defore  a  coalition  of  Fox  and  North, 
which,  however,  did  not  last  long.  Shel- 
burne had,  however,  retired  from  the 
field  of  political  strife,  but  his  young 
Chancellor  of  the  Exechequer  succeeded 
him,  and  defeating  the  coalition,  came 
into  power,  which  he  held  almost  unin- 
terruptedly till  his  death,  a  period  of 
more  than  twenty  years.  In  1784,  Fitz- 
Maurlce  was  created  Marquis  of  Lans- 
down.  He  died  May  3, 18U5.  He  was 
married  twice,  first  to  Sopliia,  daughter 
of  the  Eur!  of  Qrauville,  and  secondly 
to  his  cousin,  Louisa  Fitzpatrick, 
daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Ossory. 

SHELDON,  DOMINICK,  a  gallant 
Irish  p^trfot  and  soldier  was  born 
about  1665  in  Ulster  and  commanded  a 
troop  of  cavalry  in  the  regiment  of 
Tirconnel  in   1689.     He  succebsfully 


defended  the  town  of  Ardee  against  a 
large  force  under  Lord  Blaney  and 
served  with  distinction  in  the  war  be- 
tween tames  II  and  William  of  Orange, 
in  Ireland.  After  the  treaty  of  Limer- 
ick, he  went  to  France  and  was  appoint- 
ed Colonel  of  an  Irish  regiment.  There 
he  greatly  distinguished  himself  by  his 
bravery,skill  and  dash,  and  participated 
in  some  of  ihe  most  renowned  victoriea 
which  crowned  the  French  arms  in  the 
days  o  Louis  XIV.  He  became  a  gen- 
eral officer,  and  was  ever  held  in  the 
highest  esteem  in  the  land  of  his  exile. 

SHERIDAN,  FRANCES,  wife  of 
T.  Sheridan,  whose  maiden  name  waa 
Chamberlain  was  born  about  1724  in 
Dublin  and  was  a  lady  of  fine  talent. 
At  the  age  of  fifteen  she  produced  a 
romance '  'Eugenia  and  Adelaide. "  She 
wrote  "Sidney  Biddulph,"  a  novel, 
'*Nourjahad,"an  Eastern  romance,  and 
"The  Comedies  of  the  Discovery,"  and 
the  Dupe,  and  left  an  unpublished  play 
"The  Trip  to  Bath,"  which  formed  the 
basis  for  the  "Rivals,"  which  was  dram- 
atized by  her  daughter  and  successfully 
brought  out  in  Dublin. 

SHERIDAN.  HELEN  SELINA, 
Countess  of  Oifford,  a  talented  poetess, 
was  a  daughter  of  R.  B.  Sheridan,  bom 
In  1807.  She  early  exhibited  more  than 
ordinary  talents  which,  were  cultivated 
with  care  and  improved  by  the  brilliant 
society  which  visited  her  father's  house. 
In  her  eighteenth  year,  then  celebrated 
for  her  beauty,  she  married  Capt.  Price 
Blackwood,  an  Irish  officer,  afterwards 
Baron  Dufferin.  who  died  in  1841 .  She 
afterwards,  in  1862.  married  the  Earl  of 
Gifford  who  died  shortly  afterwards. 
She  is  the  author  of  many  songs  and 
ballads,  among  them,  '"I'he  Irish  Emi- 

f  rants  Lament"  aud  "The  Farewell  of 
"erence."  The  distinguished  Lord 
Dufferin,  the  celebrated  British  states- 
man and  diplomat  is  her  eldest  son. 
She  died  June  18.  1867. 

SHERID\N.  GET^ERAL  PHILIP, 
one  of  the  i.^ost  celebrated  and  suc- 
cessful General  in  the  war  of  the 
great  rebellion,  and  especially  distin- 
guished as  a  brilliant  and  dashing 
cavalry  officer,  was  born  in  Perry 
county,  Ohio,  in  1881;  his  parents  hav- 
ing emigrated  from  Ire  and  and  settled 
there  a  short  time  previously.  The 
family  was  large  and  not  over  burden- 


8HB 


IBISH  CELTS. 


BHB 


ed  with  wealth,  and  so  young  Pbil, 
with  a  spirit  of  true  mnniiness.  while 
yet  a  mere  boy,  souglit  to  make  his  own 
way  in  the  world,  and  for  this  purpose 
traveled  to  Lanesville,  where  he  found 
employment.    He  must  have  acquired 
In  one  way  or  another  a  fair  share  of 
education,  and  undoubtedly  improved 
his  time,  for  we  find  him,  when  only 
sixteen  years  of  age,  of  such  brightness 
and  capacity  as  to  attract  the  attention 
of  the  member  of  congress  of  his  dis- 
trict, who  appointed  him  a  cadet  to 
West  Point.    He  passed  the  preliminary 
examination,  which  is  as  much  as  the 
average  boy  with  the  best  advantages 
usual^  does.     He  entered  West.  Point 
in  IS^  and  graduated  "well  up"  in 
1853.     McPberson.    Hood.   Schofield 
and  other  distinguished  officers  belong- 
ed to  the  same  class.    His  reputation 
and  standing  in  the  Academy  was  first- 
class;  noted  for  his  industry,  his  mftnli- 
ness,  his  coolness,  courage  and  his  ex- 
pertness  and  skill  in  the  physicaltrain- 
fng  in  which  they  were  schooled.    His 
first  military  duty  was  at  Fort  Duncan, 
in  Texas,  a  post  at  that  time  surround- 
ed by  roving  bands  of  Apaches,  of 
doubtful  friendship.    This  the  young 
officer  had  soon  reason  to  know,  for 
one  day,   happening   to   roam  some 
distance  from  th«  fort  with  two  com- 
panions,  they  suddenly  found   them- 
selves surrounded  bv  a  band  of  Indians, 
.  hc»ded   bv  one  of  their   most  noted 
chiefs.    The  chief  called  upon  the  little 
party  to  surrender,  and  not  dreaming  of 
anyatt^^mpt  at  either  escape  or  resist- 
ance, dismounted  to  disarm  them  and 
hold  them  prisoners.  Quick  as  thc^ught, 
however,    Sheridan  vaulted   into  the 
vacant  saddle  of  the  chief  and  flew  for 
the  fort.    As  he  approached  the  fort  a 
company  was  just  marching  out  for 
drill  ana  he  ordered  it  to  follow  him  on 
the  run.     They  arrived  in  time  to  save 
their  companions   and  to  punish  the 
marauders,    Sheridan  himself  striking 
down  their  leader.     This  gallant  action, 
instead  of  bringing  praise  or  reward, 
was  rather  coiidemnea  by  the  command- 
ing officer  of  the  fort,  possibly  because 
lie  ordered  the  company  off  the  impor- 
tant duty  of  drill,  lo  the  timely  aid  of 
two  of  their  companions;  be  this  as  it 
may,  for  the  two  yearM  he  was  stationed 
there,  the  able  disciplinaiian  in  com- 
mand made  it  as  uncomfortable  for  the 
dashing  young  officer  as  possible.     In 
1865  Shendan  was  transferred  to  the  4th 


Infantry,  then  in  Oregon,  and  for  • 
while  previous  to  starling  was  in  com* 
mand  ©f  Fort  Wood,  New  York  Har- 
bor. After  arriving  in  Oregon  he  was 
employed  in  various  duties  and  in  the 
spring  of  '58  was  with  Major  Rains  in 
the  'campaign  against  the  Yokema  In- 
dians, distinguished  himself  in  the 
battle  of  the  Cascades,  and  received 
very  special  and  honorable  mention  in 
Gen.  Scott's  report.  He  became  com- 
mandant of  the  Yokema  Reservation, 
and  ttie  next  three  years  of  his  life  was 
spent  in  this  wild  region,  constantly  on 
the  lookout  for  the  wily  foe,  whose  dis- 
positions could  never  lie  relied  upon  for 
twenty-four  hours.  Early  in  1861  ho 
was  commissioned  a  captain  and  trans- 
ferred to  the  18th  Infantry,  then  com- 
manded by  Col.,  now  Gen.  W.  T.  Sher- 
man, and  ordered  to  report  at  Jefferson 
Barracks,  Missouri.  At  the  breaking 
out  of  the  war  he  was  appointed  Quar- 
ter Master  General  of  the  Army  of  the 
South  West.  The  position  was  a  very 
important  one.for  everything  had  to  be 
organized  as  of  new,  no  provision  having 
ever  been  made  for  such  a  collossiu 
emergency.  Sheridan  put  order,  life 
and  efficiency  into  the  department,  and 
was  retained  in  that  line  of  duty  much 
longer  than  his  marshal  spirit  wished 
for.  At  the  seige  of  Corinth,  however, 
where  he  was  on  duty,  the  necessity  of 
an  efficient  cavalry  force  became  ap- 
parent, and  Sheridan  to  his  great  satis- 
faction was  chosen  to  handle  it  He 
was  commissioned  by  the  Governor  of 
Michigan  Colonel  of  the  Second  Volun- 
teer Cavalry  of  that  State.  He  was  now 
in  his  element,  and  his  men  and  horses 
got  just  enough  rest  to  make  it  a  luxury. 
The  enemy  were  soon  aware  of  the 
change,  to  their  cost.  They  were  con- 
tinually barrassed;  the  young  cavalry 
leader  would  sometimes  swoop  down  on 
their  convoys  when  least  expected.  On 
the  6th  of  June,  '68.  he  had  his  first  en- 
counter with  the  Forest  cavalry  near 
Donaldson's  Crossroads,  and  after  a 
sharp  engagement  routed  them.  On 
July  1st,  with  his  little  brigade  of  two 
regiments,  he  encountered  the  n  bel 
General  Chambers  at  the  head  of  nine 
regiments,  about  6,000  men,  and  charg- 
ing down  on  them  with  that  impetuosity 
wiiich  always  characterized  him,  he 
utterly  routed  them,  pursuitig  them  for 
twenty  miles.  For  tnis  gallant  action 
he  received  the  hiehest  praise  from  the 
i  General  commauoing,  and  was  recom* 


(  ■  vi'.V 


m 


^■i 


S,l 


I 


SHE 


IBISH  CBSJtB, 


BBS 


\ 


:l    I 


mended  for  promotion.  He  accordingly 
was  made  a  Brigadicr-Oeneral,  and  in 
the  September  following  defeated  Col, 
Faulkner  at  Rienzi.  Hi4  uniform  suc- 
cess, ent  -prise  and  daring  made  his 
name  widely  known  and  popular,  and 
he  was  looked  upon  as  the  most  promis- 
ing  of  the  cavalry  officers  of  the  North. 
Alter  this  time  his  command  was  great- 
Iv  enlarged,  and  when  Bragg's  army 
threatened  Louisville,  Sheridan  was  sent 
to  defend  it,  and  he  made  the  road  so  hot 
for  the  enemy  that  Bragg  felt  compelled 
to  change  his  mind.  He  next  distin- 
guished himself  at  the  battle  near  Perry- 
ville,  Oct  Ist,  leading  the  van  of  the 
Eleventh  division,  and  is  credited  with 
saving  the  whole  army  fnim  disaster  by 
his  desperate  daring  and  the  skilful 
manuvering  of  his  troops,  but  it  cost 
him  400  of  his  men.  We  next  find  him 
under  Rosecrans  at  Murfreesborough, 
one  of  the  most  desperately  contested 
battles  of  the  war,  where  hCiWas  in  com- 
mand of  a  division,  and  four  successive 
times,  althoua;ii  with  far  inferior  num- 
bers, he  repulsed  Gen.  Hardee's  troops, 
when  he  at  length  received  reinforce- 
ments and  immcdidtcly  led  a  desperate 
advance.  Gen.  Rousseau,  who  brought 
up  the  reinforcements,  thus  humorously 
describes  the  position  at  the  time:  "I 
knew  it  was  hell  in  there  before  I  got 
in,  but  I  was  convinced  of  it  when  I 
saw  Phil.  Sheridan  wilh  hat  in  one 
hand  and  sword  in  the  other,  flghtin, 
as  if  he  was  the  devil  incarnate,  or  hai 
a  fresh  indulgence  from  Father  Tracy 
every  five  minutes."  Father  Tracy 
was  Lhe  highly  popular  and  indefatiga- 
ble Chaplain  of  Gen.  Rosecrans.  Sheri- 
dan was  now  only  just  six  months  in 
active  service  in  the  field,  and  yet  such 
was  his  dash,  skill  and  success  that  be- 
fore the  year  '02  ended,  he  was  commis- 
sioned a  Major  General.  During  the 
winter  of  '62  and  '68  Sheridan  was  not 
idle.  He  devoted  himself  incessantly 
to  improving  and  perfecting  his  troops, 
and  kept  their  soldierly-  experience 
alive  by  an  occasional  raid  into  the 
enemy's  lines.  Sheridan's  division  was 
on  the  advance  towards  Chattanooga 
and  was  engaged  almost  continually  in 
skirmishing  with  the  enemy,  and  took  a 
conspicuous  part  in  the  battle  of  Chick- 
amauga,  Sept.  20th,  taking  prisoners 
from  five  different  divisions  and  captur- 
ing one  batle  flag.t  He  also  took  part 
in  tho  battle  of  Chattanooga  or  Mission 
Ridge*  Nov.  80)  and  Stone  River,  Jan., 


'64,  his  iivision  always  being  in  the 
hottest  of  the  fight  and  invatiably  victo* 
rious.  l£a,r\j  in  '64  Sheridan  was  trans« 
ferred  to  the  East.  Grant,  having  been 
summoned  to  Washington  in  March, 
was  commissioned  Lieutenant-General 
and  entrusted  with  the  command  of  the 
entire  land  forces  of  the  United  States, 
and  was  to  be  left  untrammelled  as  to 
the  movements  of  the  armies  and  the 
selection  of  general  officers  to  cora> 
mand.  them.  Sheridan  was  immediate- 
ly assigned  to  command  the  cavalry  of 
the  army  of  the  Potomac.  The  advance 
on  Richmond  commenced  about  1st  of 
May.  On  the  8d  Sheridan  crossed  the 
Rapidan  with  his  whole  force  and  im- 
mediately started  on  a  reconnoitering 
and  raiding  expedition  in  the  rear  of  the 
enemy,  met  the  rebels  at  Gray's  Church, 
Parker's  Store,  Todd's  Tavern,  Fred- 
ericksburg, Chilclsburg,  and  Beaver 
Dam  Station,  and  at  the  latter  place  re- 
leased over  800  Union  prisoners.  He 
destroyed  large  quantities  of  military 
stores,  bridges,  and  tore  up  rail  by  the 
mile.  On  the  11th,  when  within  six 
miles  of  Richmond,  he  encountered  a 
superior  force  of  the  enemy  under  the 
celebrated  Gen.  Jeb.  Stuart,  and  a 
desperate  encounter  took  place,  which 
ended  in  the  defeat  and  death  of  that 
distinguished  confederate  chief  and  the 
capture  of  several  guns  and  many  pri- 
soners. On  the  following  day  he  pushed 
his  raid  to  within  a  mile  of  Richmond, 
and  having  succeeded  in  the  object  of 
his  raid,  he  returned  to  the  main  body. 
He  next  crossed  the  Chickahominy  and 
found  Meadow  Bridge  partially  de- 
stroyed and  impassible  for  artillery  and 
cavalry,  and  the  passage  contested  by 
a  large  body  of  the  enemy.  The  river 
being  fordable  at  that  point  he  imme- 
diately dashed  in,  in  the  face  of  the 
enemy,  and  after  a  sharp  conflict  put 
them' to  flight.  While  thus  engaged 
the  enemy  threw  a  large  force  in  nis 
rear,  and  he  found  himself  between  two 
fires;  ordering  a  portion  of  his  troops  to 
continue  the  pursuit,  he  turned  the  re- 
mainder on  the  new  assailants,  and 
charging  them  with  his  usual  impetu- 
osity, he  utterly  routed  them— chasing 
them  through  Mechanicsville,  killing 
many  and  taking  several  hundred 
prisoners.  He  then  pushed  on  with  h'js 
whole  force,  in  the  meantime  seeing  to 
the  reconstruction  of  the  bridge,  and 
carrying  destruction  everywhere,  made 
the  enthe  circuit  of  the  enemy's  rear  ia 


DtlSH  CELTS. 


SHE 


an  incredibly  short  space  of  time.  On 
the  crossing  of  James'  River,  by  the 
Main  Army,  on  June  14  and  15,  Gen. 
Sheridan  guarded  the  flank,  and  it  was 
done  without  the  loss  of  a  man  or  gun, 
in  the  face  of  the  enemy.  Grant  having 
failed  to  take  Petersburg,  which  was 
the  key  of  Richmond,  by  direct  assault, 
commenced  a  regular  investment  of  the 
city.  Sheridan  now  became  indefati 
gable.  He  was  continually  raiding 
around  the  doomed  city  in  force;  his 
first  heavy  brush  was  at  Gordonsville, 
where  he  almost  literally  destroyed  a 
body  of  the  enemy's  cavalry.  He  met 
them  again  at  Jones'  Bridge  and  St 
Mary's  Church  witL  like  success.  For 
a  month  he  was  scarcely  ever  out  of  the 
saddle,  often  taking  his  scanty  meals  on 
the  road,  his  horse  on  a  trot.  The  cele- 
brated raid  of  the  rebel  Gen.  Early  up 
the  Shenandoah  Valley  almost  to  Har 

{er's  Ferry,  took  place  about  this  time, 
t  was  intended  as  a  diversion  in  favor 
of  Lee's  army  in  Richmond,  by  threat- 
ening Washington,  and  to  thus  draw  the 
investing  army  to  its  defence.  It  was 
the  last  vigorous  exertion  of  the  expir- 
ing Confederacy,  and  created  consider- 
able excitement,  carrying  off  and  de- 
stroying niueh  booty.  It  failed,  how- 
ever in  Its  object,  for  the  warlike  states- 
men who  inuabited  Washington  were 
poworless  now  to  control  the  movements 
of  the  troops,  and  consequently  could 
not  call  the  investing  army  to  their  de- 
fense, as  they  did  once  before.  Gen. 
Sheridan  was  despatched  to  attend  to 
Early  and  he  was  soon  in  front  of  that 
enterprising  Confederate.  On  the  19th 
of  Sept.  he  attacked  Early  near  Win- 
chester and  defeated  him  after  a  bloody 
and  obstinate  fight,  capturing  several 
tiiousaud  of  his  men.  He  followed  him 
closely  and  encountered  him  the  next 
day  at  Fisher's  Hill,  where  he  again 
routed  him,  and  pursued  him  through 
Harrisonburg  and  Staunton.  As  a  re- 
ward for  these  brilliant  services,  he  was 
raised  from  Captain  to  Brigadier-Gene- 
ral in  the  regular  army.  About  a  month 
after  Early^  final  rout,  Sheridan  having 
been  called  to  Washington  on  business 
connected  with  his  command,  left  every- 
thing serene  in  his  front,  his  troops  rest- 
ing on  their  position  near  Cedar  Creek 
and  Strasbourg.  The  enemy,  learning 
of  his  absence  and  being  strongly  rein- 
forced, determined  on  an  aggressive 
move  and  suddenly  on  the  mof bing  of 
the  19th  of  Oct.  made  a  fierce  and  well 


sustained  attack  on  Sheridan's  position. 
It  proved  successful,  tho  Union  forces 
being  driven  back  three  or  four  miles; 
guns,  amunition  and  supplies,  besides 
many  prisoners,  were  captured;  things 
were  fust  assuming  the  appearance  of  a 
complete  and  disastrous  route  when  as- 
sistance came  unexpectedly  in  the  per- 
son of  Sheridan  ana  his  stafF.  He  had 
started  early  that  morning  from  Wash- 
ington, and  was  leasurly  making  for  his 
camp  not  dreaming  of  danger  or  dis- 
aster, when  after  a  while  sounds  like 
the  distant  thunder  of  artillery  could 
be  distinguished.  He  hurried  forward 
and  at  last  became  aware  by  the  close- 
ness and  direction  of  the  sonnds  that  his 
troops  had  given  way  and  were  retreat- 
ing before  the  enemy.  It  may  easily 
be  imagined  what  effects  this  thought 

Eroduced  on  the  fiery  commander  who 
ad  never  experienced  defeat.  He 
dashed  on  with  the  swiftness  of  the 
wind,  his  splendid  charger  seeming  to 
partake  of  his  master's  excitement,  and 
smelling  the  battle  from  afar  seemed 
anxious  to  mingle  in  the  fray.  To  the 
consuming  anxiety  of  that  master  every- 
thing seemed  slow,  moments  were  as 
hours,  but  at  length  breathless  and  hat- 
less,  bis  horse  exhausted  and  covered 
with  foam,  he  dashes  in  amongst  his 
defeated  and  despairing  troops,  and  witJi 
a  voice  which  rang  out  above  the  din  of 
battle,  ordered  a  halt!  ^'^stantly  there 
was  a  change.  His  very  presence  seem- 
ed an  assurance  of  victoiy .  The  broken 
and  disordered  lines  are  quickly  formed 
and  present  to  the  enemy  once  again  a 
formidable  front,  while  quickly  behind 
them  officers  are  massing  and  reorganiz- 
ing theshattered  columns.  The  artillery 
is  In  position  and  the  cavalry  arc  in  the 
flanks  with  their  front  to  the  enemy. 
And  while  the  surprised  enemy  are 
speculating  over  the  change  the  angry 
and  ringing  tones  of  Sheridan  shout  out 
a  charge,  and  away  they  go  like  tigers 
for  their  prey,  with  shame  in  their 
hearts  before  the  angry  face  of  their 
fiery  and  fearless  leader,  but  with  a 
burning  desire  to  wipe  out  their  dis- 
grace and  re-establish  once  again  a  claim 
to  their  gallant  leader's  confidence  and 
praise.  The  struggle  was  not  long,  but 
desperate  and  bloody;  animated  by  the 

f>resence  of  their,  to  them,  invincible 
eader,  they  pushed  their  foe  with  a 
reckless  daring  which  was  irresistible 
and  before  which  they  reeled,  and  broke, 
and  fled.     Sheridan  was  everywhere. 


SH2 


IRISH  CKLTS 


SHE 


bareheaded,  with  sword  in  hand,  en- 
couraging his  men  to  deeds  of  valor; 
and  wiien  the  route  commenced,  bear- 
ing down  on  the  discomfited  foe  at  the 
h^uA  of  his  cavalry,  scattering  them 
like  chaff  in  every  direction,  The  vic- 
tory was  complete.  Nenrly  all  the  ar- 
tillery and  supplies  of  Early's  formid- 
able command  tell  into  the  hands  of  the 
victor.  The  battle  field  and  line  of  re- 
treat was  covered  with  the  dead  and 
wounded,  and  over  1500  were  taken 
prisoners.  This  was  undoubtedly  the 
most  brilliant  feat  of  the  war.  A  dis- 
astrous and  seemingly  inextricable  rout, 
turned  into  a^  most  brilliant  victory  by 
the  personal  exertions  and  wonderfully 
inspiring  power  of  one  man,  in  the  face 
of  a  superior  force,  exulting  in  victory, 
and  led  by  a  most  skilful  and  able  gen- 
eral, is  so  extraordinary  that  it  stamps 
the  man  as  one  whose  military  genius 
entitles  him  to  rank  with  the  greatest  of 
generals.  For  this  he  received  the  un- 
stinted praise  of  his  superiors,  the  thanks 
of  the  country,  and  was  rewarded  with 
the  rank  of  Major  General  in  the  regu- 
lar service.  Thus,  in  a  little  over  two 
years,  this  modest  little  captain,  without 
political  influence,  family  interests  or 

Stwerful  friends,  rose  to  the  position  of 
ajor  General.  Another  winter  passed 
over  the  expiring  Confederacy,  and 
Sheridan  took  the  field  the  end  of  Feb- 
ruary, 1866.  March  2d  he  took  Staun- 
ton and  defeated  Early  once  f'gaiu  at 
Waynesboroui^h,  who  then  hastened  OLt 
of  the  valley  with  the  miserable  rem\  r)U. 
of  his  forces,  never  again  o  appear.  He 
next  turned  his  attention  to  the  ^^pply 
lines  of  the  beseiged,  destroying  the 
nilroads  and  canals,  and  thus  contract- 
ing their  means  of  communication. 
After  resting  his  weary  troops  a  few 
days,  he  started  from  his  base  at 
Whito  House  Landing  with  the  6th 
Corps  and  9000  cavalry  for  the  purpose 
of  destroying  the  Danville  and  South 
Side  Rail  Road,  which  was  of  vital  im- 
portance to  the  rebels,  and  about  their 
la^t  and  only  line  of  connection  with  the 
South.  Of  course  it  was  always  closely 
watched  and  strongly  cuaraed,  and 
(vhep  ftheridan's  designs  oecame  appa- 
rent, I;.rge  reinforcements  were  sent  to 
(^ard  and  make  it  secure  from  danger. 
'i  i\  >  first  conflict  for  iv.  possession  took 
p.;a,r3  on  '!"irch  8t.st  ut  Five  Forks,  or 
6<m<ia  Court  House.  It  was  a  well 
<  c«»<»>fted  action.  Th3  enemy  succeeded 
*'\  sustainir)g  themselves,  and  Sheridan, 


finding  that  the  opposing  forces  were 
too  numero^  for  him,  fell'  a  short  dis- 
tance back  to  Denwiddie,  and  deploy- 
ing the  main  portions  of  his  cavalry  as 
skirmishers,  leaving  only  enough  men 
to  take  charge  of  the  horses,  he  sent  for 
reinforcements,  and  the  2d  Corps,  com- 
posed in  ^reat  part  of  Irish,  was*  tent 
to  his  assistance.  The  following  day 
saw  the  battle  renewed  with  increased 
confidence  and  determination  on  one 
side,  and  with  all  the  stubborn  energy 
of  despair  on  the  other.  If  Sheridan 
succeeded,  the  last  ray  of  hope  to  save 
Richmond,  or  even  the  Army  of  the 
South,  would  be  extinguished.  It  may- 
well  be  conceived  that  no  effort  was 
wanting  on  either  side  to  se'^nre  the  de- 
sired result.  The  battle  •'^as  fought 
with  equal  valor  on  both  sides.  The 
Irish  brigades,  pushed  on  by  "Little 
Phil" — who  was  everywhere  in  the 
field,  even  personally  puttiog  batlallions 
into  position— out  did,  if  possible,  their 
established  reputatiun  fx'-  reckless 
bravery  and  Irresistible  cVuu,  Sb^ri* 
dan,  by  his  example  m  well  as  words, 
let  his  men  know  that  the  position  mitist 
be  carried,  and  ere  the  .vinking  sun  dis- 
appeared behind  the  tree  tops,  the  ene- 
my, sullen,  discomfileil  t<ia  beaten,  re- 
tired within  he  lines  A  Richn.ond, 
leaving  in  the  Ji''  d'3  of  .•  j  victora  over 
6000  prisoners,  '.  elides  g<its  and  amu- 
nition.  The  reiiult  of  liiis  was  that 
Richmond  was  no  longer  tenable.  The 
.spirit  of  the  Southern  army  was  broken. 
's'j.'i  collapse  of  the  Confederacy  was  too 
^<!vdrent  to  the  most  confiding  and 
simple,  to  give  the  faintest  hope  that 
farther  resistance  could  produce  aught 
but  increased  disaster,  and  the  g-allant 
Lee  beheld  his  once  proud  army  hope- 
lessly and  utterly  dispirited,  melting 
away  beneath  his  eyes.  He  attempted 
by  a  hasty  retreat  to  escape  'with  the 
wretched  remains  of  his  throops,  but 
Sheridan  was  too  watchful.  He  cut  off 
his  line  of  retreat|on  Staunton,  and  Lee, 
finding  himself  hemmed  in,  had  no  al- 
ternative but  unconidtional  surreuder. 
And  thus  ended  'he  war  of  the  Great 
Rebellion.  Gen.  Sheridan  was  justly 
and  universally  recognized  as  one  of  the 
great  instruments,  under  a  benign  Provi- 
dence, which  brought  about  the  glorious 
result,  and  everywhere  throughout  the 
country  he  was  received  with  the  high- 
est houors,  and  with  an  unstinted  meed 
of  praise.  In  1807  he  was  appointed  to 
command   the  5th   Military  Division, 


SHE 


HaSH  CELTS. 


BHB 


Comprising  the  States  of  Louisiana  and 
Texas.  His  administratioD,  however, 
clashed  with  President  Johnson's  wishes, 
and  he  was  removed,  against,  however, 
the  expressed  wishes  of  the  Command- 
in-Chief,  Gen.  Grant,  who  supported 
Sheridan  in  his  line  of  policy.  On  the 
resignation  of  Grant,  when  elected 
President,  and  the  promotion  of  Sher- 
man in  his  place  as  General  and  Cora- 
roander-in  Chief,  Sheildnn  was  raised 
to  the  Lieutenant  Generalship,  which  he 
held  until  the  retirement  of  Sherman 
under  the  act  of  Congress,  which  retires 
all  officers  at  the  age  of  63  years,  when 
he  became  Generafand  Commander-in- 
Chief,  which  position  he  still  holds. 
Sheridan  is  undoubtedly  one  of  the 
ablest  military  officers  that  America 
has  as  yet  produced.  Active,  brave 
and  skilful,  cool,  but  impetuous,  and 
possessing  that  maenetism  which  can 
infuse  into  his  men  entire  confidence 
in  his  ability  to  lead  them  to  yictory, 
and  is  almost  always  certain  to  insure 
the  same. 

SHERIDAN,  RICHARD  BRINS- 
LET,  perhaps  the  most  brilliant  mind 
that  ever  swayed  or  charmed  the  Par- 
liament of  England,  and  who  as  a  wit 
orator,  and  dramatist  combined,  stands 
undvalled  either  in  ancient  or  modem 
times,  was  u  son  of  Thomas  Sheridan, 
the  tragedian,  and  elocutionist 
was  bom  in  Dublin  Oct.  81,  1751,  was 
educated  at  Harrow  and  in  Dublin,  and 
studied  law  at  Lincoln's  Inn.  Having, 
however,  made  a  romantic  marriage 
while  yet  young,  and  before  he  comple- 
ted his  studies,  he  had,  to  recourse  to 
literature  for  a  mainten'mce.  His  first 
dramatic  attempt  was  the  Rivals,  which 
was  at  the  time  but  imperfectly  suc- 
cessful. The  Duenna  and  the  School 
for  Scandal,  which  soon  after  followed, 
placed  him  foremost  among  living 
dram^tiBts,  and  his  reputation  was  fully 
fiustamed  by  the  Critic.  In  1776  he 
became  one  of  the  proprietors  of  Drury 
Lane  Theatre,  and  in  1780  he  entered 
Parliament  as  member  from  Stafford. 
Here  new  and  still  greater  fame  and 
glory  awaited  him.  He  was  dis- 
couraged by  fricinds  as  to  the  possi- 
bilities of  Parliamentary  success,  and 
warned  that  no  man   could  acquire  su- 

{)reme  abilHv  in  more  than  one  of  the 
eadtng  walks  of  life.  He  however 
PMlcklyproved  the  f al  lacy  of  such  asser- 
tions, and   although  launched  in    his 


Parliamentary  career  into  the  midst  of  a 
trio  of  Statesman  and  orators  such  as  the 
British  Parliament,  or  perhaps  the 
world,  before  or  since.has  never  rivalled, 
yet  such  was  the  brilliancy  of  his  genius 
and  the  capacity  and  variety  of  nis  in- 
tellectual powers,  that  he  was  recog- 
nized as  second  to  none  of  his  dis- 
tincruished  rivals  (Burke,  Pitt,  and 
Fox),  as  an  orator  or  debater,  and 
for  two  and  thirty  years  pursued  a 
splendid  Parliamentary  ca  er,  during 
which  time  he  was  peerless  n  wit  and 
had  but  few  equals  in  floquence. 
Among  his  most  brilliant  efforts  was 
his  speech  on  the  impeachment  of  War- 
ren Hastings.  He  was  thrice  In  office, 
for  short  periods, under  the  Rockingham 
and  Whig aiiministrations.  The  destruc- 
tion of  Dniry  Lane  Theat/o,  of  which  he 
was  part  owner,  by  fire,  together  with 
lavish  habits  in  his  expenditures,  invol- 
ved him  deeply  in  debt,  and  made  ibe 
latter  years  or  his  life  full  of  trouble 
and  bitterness.  His  failure  at  last  to 
secure  a  seat  in  Parliament,  deprived 
hip  of  protection  from  arrest,  and  his 
person  was  more  than  once  seized  by 
the  harpies  of  the  law.  Thus,  in  the 
midst  or  difficulties,  fears  and^'nTowe, 
this  highly  gifted  mac  fourd  reliei  in 
death  on  the  7th  of  July,  1818.  Hi> 
Poems  and  plays  were  collected  in  two 
volumes  by  Moore,  who  also  « vote  a 
life  of  him. 

SHERIDAN,  THOMAS,  s'^r  .?  the 
well-known  friend  of  Dean  Pr  it,  and. 
father  of  R.  B.  Sheridan,  w<.-.  born  in 
1721,  at Quilca  in  Ireland,  edur^^e*!  a.% 
Westminstf  School  and  at  TviiiUy  Col- 
lege, Dub'  In  1743,  he  we^it  iipoti 
the  stage,  l  soon  ranked  high  as  a  tiiig- 
edian.  I  lext  became  manager  of  the) 
Dublin '1 1 leater,  but  was  ruined  by  tMO 
much  competition.  Ho  subsequently 
gavelet-  ures  on  elocution,  and  was  bi«> 
manap«r  of  Drury  Lane  theatre.  London, 
for  81  (time.  His  chief  works  ere  a 
Dicti  lary  of  the  English  Language 
and  a  Life  of  Dean  Swift.  He  died  fa 
1788. 

SHERIDAN,  THOMAS,  D.D.,  an 
Irish  divine,  scholar  and  wit,  was  born 
in  County  Cavan,  Ireland,  about  1634, 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and 
entered  *he  ministry  of  the  establirhod 
church,  lie  taught  a  classical  school  in 
Dublin,  v^ecame  chaplain  to  the  Loi-d 
Lieuteutaut,  and  was  a  friend  of  Dean 


ir! 


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SHI 


HUSH  CELTS. 


SHI 


Bwitt  through  whose  inflnence  he  ob- 
tained "a  living"  in  Cork,  but  subse- 
?[uently  taught  in  Cavan.  He  was  noted 
or  his  wit  and  extra vagance.qualities  eo 
conspicuously  developed  in  his  emi- 
nent jfrandson.  He  is  the  auhor  of 
translations  of  Persius  and  of  (Sopho- 
cles.   He  died  in  Dublin,  Sept.  10, 1788. 

SHIEL.  GEO.  E.,  an  able  and  influ- 
ential legislator  of  Oregon,  was  a  native 
Ireland,  and  gained  distinclion  in  hia 
adoptf  d  stale  by  his  ability.  He  has  held 
important  positions  in  that  state,  and 
was  a  representative  to  the  STthCongress. 

SHIEL,  Sm  JUSTIN,  a  distin- 
guished British  Soldier  and  diplomat, 
was  a  youncer  brother  uf  Richard  Lalor 
8.  and  was  born  in  Dublin,  towards  the 
close  of  the  last  century.  He  received 
a  thorough  education,  entered  the 
army  and  served  with  distinction  in 
various  parts  of  the  world,  rose  to  the 
rank  of  Major-General,  and  was  knight- 
ed. He  also  filled  civil  positions  under 
the  ^overument,  and  was  minister  to 
FersTu.  He  is  the  author,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  his  wife,  a  lady  of  talent,  of  a 
vair-ible  woik  on  Persia,  entitled 
"Glimse^  of  life  and  manners  in  Per- 
sia" 18m. 

SHIELDS.  BENJAMIN  G.  a  prom 
Inent  politician  and  advocate  of  Ala 
bama,  was  of  Irish  pare  at  age,  received 
Ills  education  in  the  South  and  won 
reputation  I.;y  bis  conspicuous  talent. 
He  represented  his  district  in  the  United 
States  Congress  in  1841,  and  was 
bighly  esteemed. 

SHIELLS  JAMES,  a  talented  Irish 
American  politician  who  settled  at  an 
early  day  in  Ohio,  and  acquired  dis- 
tinclion by  his  ability.  Hn  was  elected 
to  Congress  in  1820,  but  deaiii,  out  an 
end  to  his  career  iu  1831.  He  died  in 
Butler  county  in  that  State. 

SHIELDS,  GEN.  JAMBS,  a  distin- 
guished Irish-American  soldier  and 
statesman,  was  born  at  Dungannon, 
County,  Tyrone,  Ireland,  in  1810.  He 
emigrated  to  the  United  Stares  with  his 
parents  in  1826,  studied  law  and  sought 
the  great  West  for  fame  and  fortune. 
He  settled  in  Easkaskia,  Illinois  in 
1882,  and  by  his  native  energy  and  ster- 
ling qualities,  soon  acquirea  reputation 
and  practice  in  his  profession,  making 


hosts  of  friends  by  bis  genial  presence 
and  happy,  pleasing  manners.  In  1888, 
he  was  sent  to  the  legislature  from  Ran- 
dolph  county,  where  he  made  the  ac* 
quaintaneof  men  destined  for  national 
reputiition:  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  Abra- 
ham Lincoln,  John  J.  Hardin,  and  wi^ 
recognized  as  their  peer.  In  1889,  he 
was  state  auditor,  in  1848  made  judee 
of  the  state  supreme  court,  and  in  184S 
commissioner  of  the  land  office.  On  the 
breaking  out  of  the  Mexican  war,  he  of- 
fered his  services,  was  appointed  a  brig- 
adier general,  bv  James  E.  Polk,  and 
took  command  of  the  Illinois  troops.  He 
served  under  Gen.  Taylor  on  the  Rio 
Grande  and  afterwards  joined  Gen. 
Scott  on  his  march  to  t  le  City  of  Mexico. 
At  Cerro  Gordo,  he  was  supposed  to  be 
mortally  wounded,  a  ball  passing 
through  his  right  lung  and  coming  out 
at  his  back,  which  wound  was  said  to 
have  been  clenned  by  a  Mexican  sur^on 
passing  a  silk  handkerchief  entirely 
through  from  breast  to  back.  He  soon 
a^ain  joined  his  command  before  the 
City  of  Mexico  and  was  again  danger- 
gerously  -^vounded  at  Chapultc'pec,  by  a 
ball  in  his  stomach,  and  was  brevetted 
major-general  for  gallant  services.  In 
1848  he  was  appointed  governor  of  the 
Territory  of  Oregon,  but  he  was  soon 
after  elected  United  States'  senator  from 
Illinois  and  took  his  seat  in  that  illustri- 
ous body  the  following  year.  In  1855, 
he  removed  to  Minnesota  and  upon  the 
admission  of  that  state  into  the  Union, 
he  was  again  sent  to  the  United  States 
Senate.  In  1860,  he  removed  to  Califor- 
nia, where  he  married.  On  the  breaking 
out  of  the  war  of  the  Rebellion,  he  o^ 
fered  his  services  and  was  commissioned 
a  brigadier-general,  joined  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac  and  distinguished  liimself 
in  the  Shenandoah  valley,  having  had 
two  desperate  encounters  with  Stonewall 
Jackson.  He  was  the  only  Northern 
general  that  ever  succeeded  in  foiling 
that  able  and  wily  southern  leader  in  a 

E itched  battle.  In  18C3  Shields  resigned 
is  commission  and  settled  first  in  Wis- 
consin, but  soon  after  removed  to  Mis- 
souri, where  he  resumed  the  practice  of 
the  law  and  was  sent  to  the  state  legisla- 
ture from  Carroll  County.  In  1879  he  was 
again  elected  to  the  United  States  senate, 
to  serve  out  an  unexpired  term,  being, 
perhaps,  the  only  man  who  represents 
three  states  at  different  times  iu  that 
august  body.  Geu.  Shields  was  a  man 
of  great  practical  eense  and  solid  talents. 


BLO 


iUUtU  CEI<T8 


SMI 


.As  a  soldier,  he  was  brave,  skillful  and 
aggressive.  He  died  June  1st,  18 « 9,  at 
'OUumwa,  Iowa. 

SHIRLEY,  RT.  REV.  WALTER 
A.  an  eminent  divine  of  the  established 
church,  was  born  at  Westport  Ireland 
1797  and  was  educated  at  Oxford.    He 

gained  a  prize  for  an  able  essay  on  'The 
tudy  of  Moral  Evidence'and  afterwards 
becameone  of  the  examiners  of  Oxford. 
In  1846  he  was  selected  as  preacher  of 
the  Bampton  Lectures  at  Oxford,  and 
Afterwards  appointed  Bishop  of  Sodor 
«nd  Man.    He  died  in  1847. 


SLOAN,  SIR  HANS,  an  eminent 
phvsician  and  naturalist  was  born  in 
1660  at  Eillileagh,  in  Ireland,  and  fin- 
ished his  studies  at  Montpeliei  settled 
In  London  in  1684  and  becam«.  a  fel- 
low of  the  college  and  member  of  the 
Royal  society.  In  1687  he  went  to 
Jamaica  as  physician  to  the  Duke  of 
Albermarle,  and  during  the  fifteen 
months  he  remained  there,  he  made  a 
valuable  collection  of  objects  of  natural 
history.  The  publications  of  papers 
on  various  scientific  and  medical  sub- 
jects brought  him  promptly  into  no- 
tice, both  at  home  and  o^i  the  continent 
and  he  soon  acquired  great  reputation 
and  an  ample  fortune.  He  was  made 
secretary  of  the  Royal  society,  and  on 
the  death  of  Newton  he  succeeded  him 
as  president.  He  was  also  president  of 
the  college  of  physicians,  physicfan 
general  to  the  army  and  physician  to 
the  King,  and  was  by  him  created  a 
baronet.  Sloan  bequeathed  the  whole 
of  his  immense  collection  of  natural 
curiosities,  medals-,  and  books  to  the 
public,  on  the  pajrment  of  a  trifling 
sum,  and  it  constitutes  the  basis  of  the 
British  Museum,  His  chief  work  is 
The  Natural  History  of  Jamaica.  He 
died  in  1753. 

SLO  ANE,  JOHN.a  prominent  politl- 
cinn  of  Ohio  was  of  Irish  descent  born  in 
Pennsylvania  1789,  removed  early  to 
Ohio  and  was  elected  to  the  assembly  in 
1804, and  Speaker  1805,served  in  the  war 
of  1812  as  a  soldier,  was  receiver  of 
public  monies  for  eleven  years,  and 
went  to  Congre-^s  in  1819,  where  ho  re- 
mained ten  terms.  He  held  various 
other  positions  of  trust,  and  was  Sec- 
retary of  the  Treasury  under  Fillmore. 
He  died  May  15. 1856. 


SLOAN,  SAMUEL,  a  distinguished 
American  financier  and  railroad  pro- 

gctor,  was  born  at  Lisburn,  Ireland 
ec.  35, 1817.  He  came  with  his  parents 
to  New  York  in  1819  and  receivwi  a 
good  common  school  education.  He 
was  industrious  and  energetic  and  held 
several  local  oflices  in  Kings  County, 
New  York.  Having  been  very  fortu- 
nate in  his  investments,  he  became 
wealthy,  and  invested  largely  in  railroad 
stock,  and  in  1855  was  elected  pres- 
ident of  the  Hudson  River  railroad, 
holding  the  position  for  ten  years.  Sub- 
sequently he  was  commissioner  for  the 
"Trunk  Lines"  west,  and  was  generally 
chosen  arbitrator  in  railroad  disputes. 
In  1868  he  was  elected  president  of  the 
Delaware,  Lackawana  &  Western  Rail- 
road Company,  he  also  became  presi- 
dent of  the  Marquette  Houghton  & 
Ontonagon,  of  Michigan,  and  of  the 
Oreat  Northeren,  Texas.  He  is  prob- 
ably interested  in  more  railroads  than 
any  man  in  the  world,  it  being  stated 
that  at  the  present  time  (1884),  that  he 
is  a  director  in  thirty -eight  roads. 

SMILIE,  JOHN,  an  able  and 
patriotic  American  legislator  and  poli- 
tician, was  born  in  Ireland  in  1736,  em- 
igrated to  Auterica  and  settled  in 
Pennsylvania  with  his  parents,  when  a 
youth.  He  entered  ardently  into  the 
controversy  of  colonial  rights,  advocat- 
ing armed  resistance,  and  was  amongst 
the  first  to  organize  and  take  the  fleld'in 
his  adopted  state.  He  held  many  im- 
portant positions,civil  and  mi1itary,dur- 
in^  the  war,  and  was  a  member  of  the 
third  Congress,  and  again  from  1799  to 
1818.  It  was  he  who  brought  forward 
the  bill  in  Congress  declaring  war 
against  Great  Britain  in  1812,  support- 
ing it  by  an  able  and  fiery  speech,  de- 
nouncing the  pretentious  and  arrog- 
nance  of  England  and  calling  upon 
Congress  to  submit  no  longer  to  out- 
rage on  the  high  seas,  but  to  teach  the 
blatant  bully  a  lesson  in  the  only  way 
it  would  be  effective.  His  efforts  con- 
tributed largely  to  the  position  taken, 
and  to  its  results.  He  died  during  the 
struggle  with  his  harness  on,  in  Wash- 
ington, Dec.  80,  1818  advocating  to  the 
last,  resistance  to  the  ancient  enemy, 
until  every  pretense  of  interference  was 
disavowed. 

SMITH,  JAMBfl,  a  patriot  of  the 
American  Revolution  aud  one  of  the  sign* 


4 


il 


4 


r'  il 


m 


SMI 


mSR  CELTS. 


SMI 


en  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence, 
was  a  native  of  Ireland.born  in  1718,  and 
came  to  the  colonies  with  his  father  at  an 
early  age.  He  bad  the  advantages  of  the 
best   (Vacation  the  country  afforded, 
having  been  a  pupil  of  his  countryman, 
the  celebrated  Dr.  Allison,  of  Philadel- 
phia.   After  completing  his   classical 
education,  he  took  up  the  study  of  the 
law  in  Lancaster,  and  after  his  admis- 
rion  to  the  bar,  settled  for  practice  in 
York,  Pennsylvania.    Like  sm  his  race 
be  was  an  ardent  advocate  for  liberty 
and  the  rights  of  the  people  to  legislate 
for  their  own  wants  and  well-being. 
He  zealously  and  ably , from  the  first, 
opposed  the  claims  of  the  English  gov- 
ernment to   tax    the   colonies  agunst 
their  wills,  and  boldly  maintain^  the 
right  of  the  Colonies  to  resist,  by  force 
of  arms,  if  necessary,  any  attempt  to 
collect  the  same.      He  found  willing 
listeners  amongst  his  countrymen,  es- 
pecially his  race,  who  were  even  then 
m  Pennsylvania  a  powerful  portion  of 
the  people,  and  who,  when  the  storm 
burst,  eagerly  sprang  to  arms,  mainlv 
composing  the    celebrated    "Pennsyl- 
Tania  Line,"  which  did  such  gallant 
work  during  the  Bevolutionary  War. 
Smith  was  sent  as  a  delegate  from  York 
to  tiie  Continental  Congre8S,and  had  the 
honor  of  affixing  his  name  to  our  great 
charter  of  freedom,  the  Declaration  of 
Ivdependence.    He  was  also  active  in 
CL«^  field,  having  been  one  of  the  finst  to 
raise  a  company,  serving  gallantly  in 
the  first  actions,  and  was  promoted  to  a 
Colonelcy.    He  continued  his  activity 
in  raising  troops  during  the  war,  and 
at  the  same  time  filled  important  civil 
position,  both  state  and  national.    He 
also  acquired  high  standing  in  his  pro- 
jfession,  and  continued  in  active  prac- 
tice for  over  sixty  years.    He  was  also 
one  of  the  pioneers  in  the  iron  develop- 
ments of  Pennsylvania,  owning  large 
interests  in  mines  and  works.    In  fact 
he  was  a  model,  public-spirited  citizen, 
who  by  his  energy,  indust.y  and  ability 
added  material] v  to  the  prosperity  and 
well-being  of  his  state  and  country.  He 
continued  vigorous,  intellectually  and 
physically,  to  a  green  old   see,  being 
eighty-seven  when  he  retired  from  the 

Jractlce  of  his  profession.  He  died 
uly  11, 1806,  at  the  great  age  of  ninety- 
three.  It  was  said  of  him  by  an  emi- 
nent contemporary  that:  "He  united  the 
readiness  aud  point  of  Foote  to  the 
ckaalcal    taste   of  Sheridan,    that  he 


spumed  dullness  and  whipped  pride; 
but  never  assailed  the  timid,  the  humble, 
or  the  modest."  A  glorious  tribute,and 
worthy  of  a  father  of  the  Republic. 

SMITH,  JEREMIAH,  LL.D.,  aa 
able  and  learned  Irish- American  scholar, 
was  born  in  New  Hampshire  in  1759. 
He  held  many  important  positions  and 
at  length  became  governor  of  his  nativo 
state  in  1809-10,  and  was  highly  esteem- 
ed. 

SMITH,  JOHN  W.,  a  distinguished 
and  able  common  law  writer  and  re- 
porter, was  born  in  London.  1809,of  Irish 
Birents,  who  returned  and  settled  in 
ublin,  where  our  subject  was  edu- 
cated, at  Trinity  College,  after  which 
he  studied  law,  commenced  practice 
as  a  special  pl^er  and  was  called 
to  the  bar  at  the  Inner  Temple  in  1884. 
He  is  the  author  of  "A  Compendium  of 
Merchantile  Law,"  1834;  "An  Element- 
ary View  of  the  Proceedings  in  an 
Action  at  Law,"  1885;  "A  Selection  of 
Leading  Cases  in  Various  Branches  of 
Law."  His  legal  works  are  all  held 
as  of  the  highest  authority.  He  is  also 
author  of  poems  of  merit. 

SMITH,  JONATHAN  B.,  a  gallant 
oflicer  of  the  Pennsylvania  Line,  was 
of  Irish  descent,  born  in  Pennsylvania 
1741,  fought  at  the  battle  of  Princeton, 
and  was  a  member  of  the  Continental 
Congi-ess  in  1777-8.  He  died  about 
1800. 

SMITH  JOHN  BLAIR  D.  D.,  son 
of  Dr.  Robert  Smith,  was  born  in  Lan- 
caster county.  Pa.,  June  12th  1756,  re- 
ceived his  preliminary  education  from 
his  father,  and  graduated  at  Princetoo 
1778,  and  from  Hampden  Sydney  Col- 
lege in  theology,  where  his  brother  was 
at  the  time  President.  In  1769  he  also 
became  President  of  that  Coll^,  and 
he  was  fdmous  throughout  the  Virginia 
Valley,  for  his  eloquence  as  a  preacher, 
and  his  power  as  a  revivalist,  was  called 
to  the  Third  Presbyterian  church, 
niiladelphial791,  and  was  first  Presi- 
dent of  Union  College  1796.  He  agaiD 
returned  to  Philadelphia  when  he  died, 
August  1799. 

SMITH  MICHAEL,  a  disHnguished 
member  of  the  Irish  bar  and  also  of 
the  Irish  Parliament,  was  bom  in  the 
Kings  County,  in  17M.  He  distinguish- 


SMI 


IBIBH  CtUtB. 


SHT 


son 


ed  himself  at  n  very  earlv  age,  while  In 
college  at  Dublin,  and  was  called  to  the 
Irish  bar  in  1769  and  soon  after  took  his 
degree  of  LL.D.  In  1788,  he  took  his 
seat  in  the  Irish  Parliament,  was  after- 
wards elevated  to  the  bench  as  one  of 
the  barons  of  the  exchequer,  still  later 
be  WHS  made  Master  of  the  Rolls,  and 
was  also  one  of  the  privy  council  in 
Ireland.    He  died  in  1808. 

SMITH,  DR.  NATHAN  RYAN. 
M.  D.,  LL.D,  a  talented  and  skillful 
Irish-American  phynician,  surgeon  and 
scientist,  was  born  in  New  Hampshire 
1797.  He  invented  a  safe  method  in 
Lithotomy,  a  new  suspensory  apparatus 
for  fractured  inferior  extremities,  and 
was  held  as  high  authority  by  his  pro- 
fessional brethren  in  matters  of  surgery. 

SMITH,  RICHARD,  a  successful 
and  talented  American  journalist  was 
born  in  Ireland,  1828.  He  was  super- 
intendent of  the  Cincinnati  Chamber  of 
Commerce  in  1849,  and  became  editor 
and  proprieter  of  the  Cincinnati  Oa- 
zette,  one  of  the  mostlmpoitantRepub- 
lician  papors  of  the  west,  a  position  he 
still  fills  with  credit  and  ability. 

SMITH,  ROBERT,  D.  D.,  an  able 
Presbyterian  divine,  of  Pennsylvania, 
was  bom  in  Ireland  in  1728,  and  emi- 
grated to  America  with  his  parents, 
who  settled  in  Chester  county ;  at  an  early 
day.  He  was  educated  at  the  school  of 
Dr.  Blair,  whose  sister  he  married,  and 
entered  Uie  Presbyterian  ministry  in 
1761.  He  established  a  classical  school 
and  a  theological  seminary  in  Lancaster 
county,  where  he  trained  many  distin- 
guished men.  He  died  at  Rockville, 
Pa..  AprU  16th  1798. 

SMITH,  SAMUEL  STANHOPE, 
D.  D.,  son  of  Dr.  Robert,  and  eminent 
and  learned  Presbyterian  divine,  and 
pulpit  orator,  was  born  in  Lancaster 
county  Pennsylyania,  March  16,  1760, 
graduated  in  1769,  and  returning  home 
studied  theology  and  taught  in  his 
father's  Academy;  was  a  professor  at 
Princeton  from  1770  to  '78  and  entered 
the  ministry  in  1774;  was  first  presi- 
dent of  Uampden  Svdney  College  1775- 
9  and  then  accepted  the  chair  of  moral 
Philosophy  in  Princeton  and  that  of 
theology,  1788;  vice  president  of  the 
College  in  1786  and  president  in  1796. 
He  was  prominent  in  the  assemblies  of 


the  church,  and  was  distinguished  for 
his  dignified  manners  and  gracefu 
oratory.  He  was  the  author  of  "An 
Essay  on  the  Variety  of  Complexions  ia 
the^  Human  Speeds,"  "A  Volume  of 
Sermons"  "Lectures  ou  the  Evidences 
of  the  Christian  Religion  and  Moral 
Philosophy  "  "A  system  of  Natural  and 
Revealed  Religion'^  and  History  of  the 
United  States.  He  died  at  Princeton 
August,  21  1810. 

SMITH,  SIR,  WILLIAM,  son  of  Sir 
Michael,  he  finished  his  education 
and  took  his  degrees  at  Oxford,  was 
afterward  admitted  to  the  Irish  bar  and 
subsequently  took  his  degi-ee  of  LL  D. 
He  also  became  a  member  of  the  Irish 
Parliament  and  sat  there  till  thesuicidal 
act  of  Union,  became  solicitor  general 
and  accompanied  his  father  in  his  Cir- 
cuit as  second  judge  and  succeeded  on 
the  election  of  his  father  to  the  Rolls; 

SMYTHE,  ANDREW  WOODS, 
M.  D.,  one  of  the  most  eminent  of 
surgeons,  was  bom  in  Ulster,  Ireland 
Feburai^  16,  1888,  where  he  received 
his  preliminaiT  education,  emigrating 
to  the  United  States  in  1849,  he  began 
the  study  of  medicine  in  New  Orleans, 
and  graduated  from  the  medical  de- 
partment of  the  University  of  Lousiana 
1869.  He  earned  reputation  for  skill 
as  a  surgeon  and  became  house  surgeon 
of  one  of  the  great  charity  institutions 
of  that  ci^.  There  he  made  many 
famous  and  successful  surgical  opera- 
tions, and  in  May  1864  he  performed 
the  first  and  only,  successful  one  re- 
corded, of  tying  the  arteria  innominata. 
Up  to  that  time,  more  than  twenty  of 
the  most  eminent  surgeons  of  the  world 
had  tried  and  failed.  His  skill  and 
judgement  is  held  as  unrivalled  by  hi» 
professional  brethern. 

SMYTH,  THOMAS,  D.D.,  an  emi- 
nent American  Presbyterian  divine, 
was  bom  at  Belfast,  Ireland,  July  14, 
1808,  where  he  was  educated,  came  to 
the  U.  S  in  1880.  studied  divinity  at 
Princeton  and  became  pastor  of  the 
Second  Presbyterian  Church  at  Charles- 
ton, South  Carolina.  He  is  the  author 
of  many  works  in  defense  of  his  church 
views,  also  "Unity  of  the  Human  Rac; 
Proved  to  be  the  Doctrine  of  8criptur  i. 
Reason  and  Science,"  1860;  and  "Tlte 
True  Origin  and  Source  of  the  Meckle  > 
,  bury  Declaration  of  Independence." 


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SMYTH,  OENEBAL  THOS.  A.,  a 
■nllant  and  able  Union  soldier  in  tbe 
'Great  Rebellion,  was  born  in  Ireland, 
and  came  to  the  United  States  with  his 

Birenls,  who  settled  at  Wilmington, 
elaware.  He  volunteered  at  tbe  open- 
ing of  the  trouble,  1861.  and  participat- 
ed in  almost  all  the  en^gements  in 
which  the  Army  of  tl  e  Potomac  was 
engaged.  He  gradually  rose  by  dis- 
tinguished services,  and  was  made  a 
brigadier-general  for  gallant  conduct  at 
Cold  Harbor,  June  81st,  1864.  He 
commanded  the  2nd  division  of  the  2nd 
army  corps  before  Richmond,  and  fell, 
mortally  wounded,  near  Farmville, 
and  died  April  7,  1865,  at  Peters- 
burgh,  one  of  the  last  chivalrous  sacri- 
fices of  the  war. 

SOUTHERN,  THOMAS,  a  dramatic 
writer, was  born  in  1660  at  Dublin,  edu- 
'Cated  at  Trinity  College  in  that  city.and 
studied  law  at  the  Middle  Temple;  gave 
it  up  for  literature,  and  became  a  dram- 
atic author,  afterwards  entering  the 
army  he  served  with  distinction.  He 
was  the  intimate  friend  of  Dryden, 
Pope,  and  that  literary  circle.  Of  his 
works,  the  tragedies  of  Isabella  and 
Oronooka  are  still  acted.  He  died  in 
1746. 

8PAIGHT,  GOV.  RICHARD  D.,  a 
prominent  Irish-American  patriot  and 
fiiatesman,  was  born  in  Ireland  about 
1740,  received  his  academic  education 
th'-re,  graduated  at  the  University 
of  Glasgow,  and  emigrated  to  Ameiica. 
He  took  an  active  part  in  tne  Revolu- 
tionary struggle.flrst  as  aid-de-camp  to 
General  Caswell,  and  became  distin- 
guished for  his  talents,  ablity  and 
energy.  In  1781,  he  was  elected  to  the 
KorUi  Carolina  House  of  Commons, 
and  from  1782  to  1786,  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Continental  Congress,  and 
the  latter  year  was  eI<'Cted  a  member  of 
the  convention  which  drew  up  our 
present  Constitution.  In  1792,  he  was 
elected  governor  of  his  adopted  state, 
North  Carolina,  which  position  he  held 
for  three  years.  He  was  in  Congress 
from  1798  to  1801.  He  fell  in  a  duel 
with  the  Hon.  James  Stanley,  Septem- 
ber 6, 1802. 

SPAIGHT,  RICHARD  D.,  son  of 
the  foregoing  was  born  at  Newbern, 
North  Carolina  in  1796;  graduated  at  | 
the  university  of  that  state  in  1816,  and 
early  distiuguished  himself  by  his  talents  I 


and  eloquence,  was  state  senator  ai  a 
very  early  age,  serving  from  1820  to  '22, 
afterwards  continuously  from  1824  to 
'84,  and  in  the  meanMme  served  one 
term  in  Confess,  1828-24.  He  was 
governor  of  his  native  state  from  1885 
to  '87  and  held  a  distinguished  place 
amongst  the  ablest  men  of  the  state. 
He  died  in  1850. 

SPARKS,  NICHOLAS,  one  of  the 
pioneers  of  the  City  of  Ottawa,  capital 
of  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  and  most 
munificient  of  its  citizens,  was  born  in 
Wexford,  Ireland,  1794.  and  emigrated 
to  Canada  in  1816.  He  settled  near  tbe 
present  City  of  Ottawa,  and  by  his  fore- 
sight and  prudence, raised  himself  from 
a  poor  boy,  to  wealth  and  standing,  ex* 
empUfyingtbe  generous  character  of  his 
race  by  his  public-spirited  munificence. 
He  died  in  1862. 

SPENCE.  ROBERT,  a  talented 
Canadian  politician  and  editor,  was  a 
native  of  Dublin,  and  emigrated  to  Can- 
ada when  a  youth,  where  he  gradually 
rose  to  distinction  by  the  force  of  his 
native  talents  and  energy,  and  at  length 
became  conspicuous  as  a  political  editor, 
and  supported  Sir  Francis  Hinck's  pol- 
icy. In  the  Sir  Allen  MacNub  coalition 
government  1855,  Spence  became  one 
of  the  ministry  as  postmaster-eeneral. 
He  has  uniformly  acquitted  himself 
with  marknd  ability  in  all  the  positions 
to  which  he  has  been  called  by  his 
Canadian  fellow  citzens.  . 

STAFFORD,  REV.  W.,  a  distin- 
guished Canadian  priest,  remarkable 
for  his  eloquence  and  success  in  the 
cause  of  total  abstainance,  was  the  son 
of  a  Wexford  emigrant  and  was  bom 
near  Perth,  Canada,  March  1st.  1832. 
He  received  his  education  at  St.  Theresa 
College,  where  he  spent  six  j^ears,  and 
studied  theology  at  Regiopohs.  While 
there  he  used  to  visit  the  penitentiary 
for  the  purpose  of  instructing  the  con- 
vices,  and  became  satisfied  from  his  ob- 
servations and  enquiries  that  a  lar^e 
f)ortion  of  crime  had  its  foundation  m 
ntemperance.  This  fact  stimulated 
him  to  continual,  persevering  and  won- 
derfully successful  exertions  in  bring- 
ing whole  communities  from  the  cus- 
tomary use  of  liquors  into  strict  total 
abstainance,  and  in  some  instances, 
making  marvellous  changes  for  the  bet- 
ter, in  the  wellbeiDg,  peace  and  pros- 


STA 


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tor  at  a 
10  to '22, 
1824  to 
red  one 
He  was 
3m  1885 
;d  place 
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e  of  the 
i,  capital 
nd  most 
born  in 
migrated 
near  the 
his  fore- 
lelf  from 
dinir,  ex- 
ter  of  his 
lificence. 


talented 
>r,  was  a 
i  to  Can- 
jradually 
rce  of  his 
at  length 
3al  editor, 
ack's  i)ol- 
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»me  one 
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himself 

positions 
d  by  his 


a  distin- 
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ss  in  the 
iS  the  son 
was  bom 
Ist.  1832. 

Theresa 
rears,  and 
3.  "While 
nitentiary 
;  the  con- 
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t  a  lar^e 
Illation  in 
stimulated 
and  won- 

In  bring- 
a  the  cus- 
itrict  total 
instances, 
or  the  bet- 
and  pros- 


perity of  whole  districts.  In  1853,  he 
was  ordained,  and  shortly  afterwards 
was  made  director  of  Regiopolis  and 

Erofessor  of  logic  and  philosophy.  His 
ealth  becoming  impaired  by  work  and 
study,  he  went  south  to  recuperate  and 
whilespending  the  winter  in  South  Caro- 
lina, he  was  arrested  for  denouncing  the 
indecencies  of  the  slave  auctioc.  He 
was,  however,  released  on  claiming  the 
rights  of  a  British  subject.  He  visited 
Ireland  the  next  year,  but  he  wai  not 
charmed  with  the  distinctions  in  ',he  so- 
cial world  which  he  saw,  and  naively 
expressed  it  by  saying  "equality  in  this 
CO''  "'  .terthan  quality  in  Ireland." 
In .  .,  ne  resigned  his  position  in  Regi- 
opalis  College  and  was  stationed  at 
Wolf's  Island,  where  his  good  work  in 
building  up  institutions  of  charity  and 
education  is  still  evident.  In  1868,  he 
was  transferred  to  Lindsay,  where  his 
marvellous  powers  in  the  cause  of  tem- 
perance was  exhibited.  He  was  not 
less  zealous  in  the  cause  of  education, 
for  he  considered  it  a  most  powerful 
handmaid  of  temperance,  and  his  influ- 
ence in  both  these  respects  was  strongly 
felt  throughout  Canada.  He  was  offer- 
ed the  head  mastership  of  the  Ottawa 
Normal  School,  but  had  to  decline  on 
account  of  his  more  important  duties. 
In  his  district  he  succeeded  in  bringing 
about  the  erection  of  a  fine  school  build- 
ing, and  one  of  the  most  imposing 
Young  Ladies'  Seminaries  in  Canada 
was  erected  for  the  "Ladies  of  Loretto" 
through  his  exertions.  He  was  held  in 
the  highest  esteem  by  all  classes  of  his 
fellow  citizens,  for  his  broad  liberality, 
public  spirit,  energy  and  influence  in 
everything  that  tendered  towards  the 
public  good.  His  reputation  as  a  pow- 
erful temperance  orator  was  not  con- 
fined to  Canada.  At  the  request  of 
Cardinal  Manning,  he  lectured  through- 
out the  United  Kingdom  on  this  subject, 
with  great  success  and  applause.  He 
died  afier  a  brief  illness,  Nov.  12,  1882, 
in  the  midst  of  his  labors  and  Ins  suc- 
cess, universally  regreted  by  all  classes 
of  his  fellow  citizens.  The  press  of  Ca- 
nada, without  exception,  accorded  to 
him  unstinted  praise  for  his  ability,  elo- 
quence, liberality  and  public  worth, and 
recorded  his  death  as  a  public  calamity. 

8TANIHURST.  NICHOLAS,  a  eel- 
ebrated  Irish  physician  and  writer,  was 
bom  in  the  early  part  of  the  sixteenth 
century,  and  was  the  author  of  a  num- 


ber of  medical  works  of  great  repute  iO' 
his  day,  among  them,  "Dieta  Medicor- 
um."  He  was  in  active  practice  about. 
1550. 

8TANNYHURST,  RICHARD,  a 
learned  Irish  divine,  was  born  in  1546. 
He  was  uncle  to  the  celebrated  Arch- 
bishop Usher  and  being  connected  with 
influencial  Protestants,  he  remanied  for 
some  years  in  Dubhn,  after  pursuing  a. 
course  of  studies  at  Oxford.  To  bo- 
more  free  to  practice  his  religion,  he, 
however,  went  to  the  continent  and  set- 
tled in  the  Netherlands,  where  his  wife- 
died,  after  which  he  took  holy  orders 
and  become  famous  for  his  great  learn- 
inir.  He  was  appointed  (  haplnin  to 
Albert,  Archduke  of  Austria  and  Gov- 
ernor of  the  Low  Countries.  He  was 
author  of  many  works,  among  them 
"On  the  affairs  of  Ireland,"  "Harmonia 
sece  catena  dialectica  in  Porphir- 
ium"  printed  in  London  1570,  and  after- 
wards in  Lyons  and  Paris.  Life  of  St. 
Patrick,  printed  at  Antwerp  in  1587 
"Hebdomala  Mariana"(Week  of  Mary) 
and  Hebdomala Eucharistica"  printed  at 
Doway  in  1614.  He  translatea  Virgil's 
JEneia  into  heroic  verse,  printed  in  Lon- 
don 1583,  and  David's  Psalms  into  Latin 
and  English,  bisides  mi  ny  other  valuable  • 
works.  He  died  in  1618,  and  left  be- 
hind him  few  if  any  superiors  in  gea- 
eral  learning. 

STANNYHURST,  WILLIAM,  son 
of  the  foregoing  and  but  little  less  cfcle- 
brated,  was  born  in  Brussels,  wm 
educated  by  the  Jesuits,  and  entered 
that  order  at  the  age  of  sixteen.  Like 
his  father  he  was  a  man  of  various  and 
extensive  learning,  and  the  author  of  a 
great  number  of  valuable  works.  He 
died  towards  the  end  of  the  seventecth 
century. 

STAPLETON,  DR.  THOMAS  a» 
learned  and  able  Catholic  divine,  was 
born  in  Ireland  in  1535,  and  educated  in 
France.  He  b<'Came  noted  for  his  con- 
troversial writings  and  was  one  of  the 
ablest  and  most  trench*)  nt.disputants  of 
his  -lay.  He  became  professor  of  Divin- 
ity at  Louvain,  and  died  in  1598. 

STARK.  JOHN,  one  of  the  bravest 
of  the  revolutionary  patriots,  was  born 
in  Londot'derry  New  Hampshire,  August 
28,1728.  His  parents  emigrated  from  tho- 
North  of  Ireland  and  it  was  among  the- 


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Irish  set  tiers  of  this  vicinity, that  the  pota- 
toe  was  first  cultiyated  as  a  general 
article  of  food,  and  hence  its  name  of 
"Irish  potatoe."  The  life  led  by  the 
hardy  settlors  of  this  section  of  America 
was  well  calculated  to  produce  heroes, 
«8pecially  from  a  brave  rac6.  The  se^ 
tlersriflehad  to  be  his  constant  com- 
panion, as  he  was  liable  to  interview  at 
any  time,  even  up  to  the  door  of  his 
rune  habitation,  wild  beasts  and  not  less 
wild,  but  more  treacherous  savages. 
Every  settler  was  not  only  a  husbuid- 
man  but  a  hunter  and  trapper.  Our 
subject  was  note'l  from  early  boyhood 
for  his  skill  in  all  the  arts  of  the  wood- 
man as  well  as  for  his  cool  and  un- 
daunted bravery.  When  a  mens  boy. 
while  on  a  hunting  excursion,  he  was 
captured  by  a  party  of  Indians,  but 
made  them  feel  his  prowess  and  darine 
before  they  succeeded.  In  1766  Stark 
was  appointed  a  lieutenant  in  Captain 
Robert  Roger's  company  of  Rangers, 
afterwards  famous  as  Major  lloeers  of 
the  corps  of  Rangers.  This  body  of 
men  were  famous  for  their  success  and 
bravery  in  the  French  and  Indian  wars. 
They  served  the  country  all  along  the 
'dangerous  frontier,  from  Fort 
Edward  to  Ticonderoga  and  Crown 
Point.  In  1757  they  had  a  rash  and 
bloody  battle  near  Lake  George,  with 
«  greatly  superior  force,  all  the 
officers  but  Stark  being  wounded,  he 
had  to  conduct  a  reireat  through 
the  wilderness  in  the  middle  of  winter, 
which  difficult  task  he  performed,  with 
l^reat  skill  and  success,  and  by  an 
universal  vote  was  promoted  to  be  a 
captain.  On  the  attack  on  Ticonderoea, 
in  June  of  the  following  year,  Stark  be- 
haved with  distineuished  skill  and 
courage.  In  this  action  fell  the  young 
and  gallant  Lord  Howe,  k  ho  had  be- 
come a  great  friend  and  admirer  of  Stark, 
and  Stark  himself  warmly  cherished 
the  memory  of  his  noble  friend,  and 
their  campaign  together,  to  the  last  hour 
of  his  life.  In  the  reductiou  of  Ticon- 
deroga  and  Crown  Point,  by  Lord 
Amherst,  he  took  a  distinguished  part. 
After  this,  aliout  1760,  he  retired  to 
private  life,  and  the  cultivation  of  the 
arts  of  peace.  The  troubles  with  the 
mother  country  which  bad  long  been 
culminating  found  an  intellii^ent  in- 
terpreter in  the  liberty-loving  Siark.and 
a  bold  and  fearless  defender  of  Colonial 
lights.  A  large  portion  of  the  settlers 
4>z  this  section  of  the  country  were  Irish^ 


like  the  Starks,  who  had  left  their  old 
homes  that  they  might  enjoy  the  bless- 
ings of  lil}erty  in  the  far  off  settlements 
of  the  New  World,  and  less  if  possible, 
than  any  others,  were  they  willing  to 
forego  the  treasure.  Stark  was  a 
whig  from  principle,  and  from  the  time 
he  left  the  army  in  176(),  to  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  Revolutionary  war,  he 
was  an  apostle  of  liberty  to  the  brave 
young  Irish  scions  around  him,  and  they 
instinctively  looked  to  him  as  a  leader 
in  case  of  trouble.  The  first  sound  of 
war  saw  Stark  in  his  saddle  making 
for  the  scene  of  action,  followed  by 
hundreds  of  his  companions.  These 
hardy  patroits  arriving  near  tiie  field  of 
strife, jbut  Stark  at  their  head,  and  Gen- 
eral  Word  considered  him  a  timely 
and  able  assistant.  On  the  morning 
of  the  17th  of  June  seeing  from  his 
position  that  a  battle  was  imminent, 
without  any  orders  he  brought  his  men 
up  to  the  main  body,  ana  about  the 
same  time  the  enemy  commenced  their 
advance.  His  conduct  was  the  theme 
of  praise,  he  fouffht  his  men  with  great 
coolness  and  skill,  and  was  the  last  to 
retreat  when  their  ammunition  had 
given  out.  He  retired  in  good  order 
across  Charleston-Neck  to  Merlin  Hill, 
and  joined  the  mainlK  ly  of  the  Ameri- 
cans. After  the  evacuation  of  Boston 
he  marched  his  regiment  to  New  York 
and  campaigned  actively  till  May, 
when  he  was  ordered  to  Canada.  His 
troops  were  near  Ticonderoga  when 
the  news  of  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 

Eendence  was  received,  and  it  was 
ailed  with  regular  Irish  enthusisam. 
He  joined  General  Washmgton  shortly 
before  the  battle  of  Trenton,  and  led 
the  van  on  that  memorable  mornitg, 
when  the  Hessians  were  surprised  aua 
captured.*  and  march' d  with  the  com- 
mander in  chief  to  Princeton.  In  the 
early  part  of  the  fol  owing  spring  he 
went  to  Exter  to  consult  with  Gen- 
erals Sullivan  and  Porr  for  the  next 
campaign,  but  finding  that  he  had  been 
superceeded  he  resigned  his  commission 
and  returned  to  his  farm,  but  be  did 
not  cease  to  support  the  cause,  but 
counseled  wery  young  man  to  fight  to 
the  last  for  country  and  home,  send- 
ing htsown  young  son.  The  loss  of 
Stark  was  soon  felt.  Ticonderoga  was 
taken  and  the  American  forces  were  on 
the  retreat.  New  Hampshire  aroused 
herself  to  renewed  exertions,  and  the 
cour  oilof  the  State  sent  for  Stark,  but 


STA 


XBI8H  CELT8. 


BTA 


he  would  not  accept  of  any  command, 
unless  he  had  entire  freedom  of  action. 
The  troops  would  have  no  commander 
but  Stark,  for  in  hhn  they  placed  im- 

SlfcH  confidence,  his  leaderslMip  alone 
(Aug  to  them  an  assurance  of  success. 
He  was  put  in  command,  with  general 
<nrder8  to  bang  on  the  rear  of  Burgoyne's 
army,  and  harrass  his  march.  In 
August  he  arrived  with  his  troops 
at  Bennington  and  Count  Baum  was 
detached  from  Burgoyne's  army  with  a 
laree  force  to  forage  for  cattle,  horses 
and  supplies,  and  to  destroy  tiie  small 
iNHly  whioii  had  commenced  to 
threaten  their  rear.  This  proved 
the  commencement  of  Burgoyne's 
misfortunes.  Stark  completely  out- 
generaled Baum.  defeated  him,  and 
captured  the  entire  body.  This  was 
the  most  decisive  victory  yet  gained  in 
the  war,  but  it  produced  results  which 
led  to  greater.  It  crippled  and  dis- 
heartened Burgoyne's  army,  and  in 
the  same  ratio  stimulated  the  hopes  and 
courage  of  the  American  forces  under 
Gates.  Congress  vecognteed  his  gal- 
lant services  and  elevated  him  to  the 
place  to  which  he  was  entitled  by 
service,  skill  and  success.  He  was 
henceforth  one  of  the  most  active  of 
Che  American  geneials.  Washington 
placed  the  utmost  confidence  in  uim 
and  gave  him  important  commands. 
His  action  was  not  less  patriotic  at 
Newbern,  where  officers  and  men  alike 
threatened  to  resort  to  violence,  because 
being  about  to  vetum  to  tueir  homes, 
they  were  suffering  for  clothing  and 
without  pay.  Stark  hf  his  example, 
his  influence  and  his  patriotic  appeals 
assistetl  greatly  in  allaying  and  quieting 
the  trouble,  saving  the  army  from  dis- 
grace, heipineto  preserve  unsulUed  the 
reputalion  wuicb  men  and  «>fficers  alike 
so  h  'Uorobly  made,  and  the  sacrifices 
which  gave  to  their  country  peace  and 
independence.  Stark  returned  to  his 
farm  and  lived  long  to  enjoy  the  rising 
greatness  and  prosperity  of  his  country, 
and  the  respect  and  veneration  of  his 
fellow  citizens.  He  died  May  8,  1822 
in  the  ninety -fourth  yebr  of  his  age. 

STARRS.  REV.  WILLIAM,  an 
able  American  Cntholic  divine,  was 
born  at  Drumquin,  county  Tyrone, 
Ireland  about  1810,  received  a  cbissical 
education  and  entered  Maynooth  Col- 
lege, where  he  read  part  of  his  theology, 
€aDM  to  the  United  States  in  1828,  and 


completed  his  theological  studies  with 
the  Sulpiciansat  Baltimore,  and  was  or- 
dained Priest  Sept.  1884,  in  the 
Cathedral,  New  York  City,  of  which 
he  was  afterwards  assistant  pastor  for 
ten  years.In  18R8  he  was  made  vicar-gen- 
eral the  diocese  and  pastor  ofthc  Cathe- 
dral. On  the  death  of  Archbishop 
Hughes,  he  became  administrator  of 
the  diocese,  until  Archbisliop,  (now 
Curdinal  McCloskey.)  was  transferred 
to  that  see.  Father  Starrs  continued 
as  vicar-general,  and  was  'theologiin 
of  the  Archbishop  in  the  Plenary 
Council  of  Baltimore  1866.  He  was 
indefatigable  in  all  charitable  works, 
and  was  an  able  and  eloquent  preacher. 
He  died  February  6, 1873. 

ST AUNTON,SIR  GEORGE  LEON- 
ARD,  M.D.,LL.D.,  an  able  British  din- 
lomat,  was  born  in  Galway,  Ireland, 
April  19, 1787,  received  his  education 
in  Dublin,  and  studied  medicine  in  that 
city  and  Montpelier,  France,  where  he 
took  his  degree.  He  returned  home  in 
1760,  wrote  for  London  nerlodicals  with 
much  favor,  and  secured  the  friendship 
of  Dr.  Johnson  and  other  eminent  lit- 
erary men.  In  1763,  he  received  the 
appointment  of  physician  in  the  Island 
of  Granada,  and  there  held  other  public 
offices  of  trust,  among  them  attorney- 
general,  he  havinc  be»"  admitted  to  the 
bar.  Here  he  acquired  considerable  prop- 
erty, and  in  1774  made  the  acquaintance 
ana  friendship  of  Lord  Macartney.then 

Sovernor  of  the  Island,  and  with  whom 
e  WHS  taken  prisoner  and  sent  to  France, 
in  1779,  on  the  capture  of  that  Island 
by  the  French.  He  accompanied 
Macartney  to  the  East,  and  became  bis 
secretary  when  Governor  ofMadras,  1781, 
and  there  displayed  his  promptness  and 
decision  in  the  arrest  of  Major-Genrral 
Stuart  of  the  Madras  Army,  also  in 
treating  with  Tippoo  dahib.  He  also 
took  a  prominent  part  in  the  celebmtcd 
embassy  to  China  under  Macartney,  1792, 
of  which  he  publi'^hed  a  very  interest- 
ing narrHtive.  He  died  in  London, 
January  14,  1802. 

STAUNTON.  SIR  GEORGE  THOM- 
AS, son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in 
England,  May,  26,  1781.  accompanied 
his  father  to  China  when  ten  years  old, 
and  learned  the  Oliine  e  laneuage;  en- 
tered the  service  of  the  East  India  Com- 
pany in  China,  and  rose  to  the  highest 
positions.    In  1816,  he  was  a  member 


I 

"'Is 


-h: 


I 
11 


8TE 


ntlBH  CELTS. 


STE 


cf  the  Amherst  Embassy,  aud  returning 
to  England.wasa  memberof  parliament 
for  over  thirty  years.  He  wrote  "Mem* 
oirs"  of  his  father,  and  was  the  author 
of  translations  from  the  Chinese,  besides 
an  autobiograpby  and  other  Work.  He 
died  August  16, 1869. 

STEELE,  SIR  RICHARD,  one  of 
the  lights  of  English  literature,  was  bom 
in  1071  at  Dubnn,  and  was  educated  at 
the  Cliarter  House  and  at  Merton  Col- 
lege, Oxford.  He  first  entered  the  mil- 
itary service  and  ros3  to  the  rank  of 
Captain.  He.  however,  sold  out  his 
commission  and  devoted  himself  to 
Nterature,  for  which  his  talents  were  so 
eminently  fitted.  His  first  production  was 
"The  Christian  Hero,  in  1701 ".  It  was 
soon  followed  by  the  "Comedies  of  the 
Funeral,"  "The  Tender  Husband"  and 
the  "Lying  Lover."  In  the  begining 
of  Queen  Anne's  rciga,  he  obtained  the 
office  of  gazetteer  and  in  1710  was 
made  commissoner  of  stamps.  The  Tat- 
ler,he  began  in  1700,and  be  subsequent- 
ly was  in  part  or  in  whole,  author  of 
"The  Spectator,'  "auardian,""£ngli8h- 
men,"  "Spintser,"  "Lover, '  "Reader" 
and  "Theatre."  In  1718  he  was  elected 
member  of  parliament  for  Storkbridge, 
but  was  expelled  for  what  the  house  was 
pleased  to  call  libels.  He  was  after- 
wards elected  for  Boroughbridge.  Dur- 
ing the  reign  of  George  I,  he  was 
knighted,  nude  surveyor  of  the  royal 
stables,  manager  of  the  King'scompany 
of  Comedians,  and  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners of  forfeited  estates,  and  acquir- 
ed a  large  sum  from  the  play  of  the 
"Conscious  Lovers."  His  benevolence 
together  with  his  lavish  habits  kept  him. 
however,  in  a  state  of  constant  embar- 
rassment. He  was  prostrated  bv  a  par- 
alytic attack  which  rendered  him  in- 
capable of  further  work,  and  he  retired 
to  Llangunnor  where  he  died  in  1720. 
Steele's  fame  rests  chiefly  on  his  genius 
as  a  writer.  For  chasteness,  purity,  and 
classic  simplicUy  of  language,  he 
remains  unexcelled,  and  his  works  will 
always  be  eoasideredas  amongst  the 
best  English  models. 

STEPHENS.  EDWARD  BELL,  an 
able  correspondent,  and  man  of  letters, 
was  born  in  Dublin  1707,  whei'e  he  wns 
educate^!,  and  was  for  some  time  assist- 
ant professor  of  chemistry  |n  the  uni- 
versity. He  went  to  London  aftersome 
years  and  devoted  himsdf  tomagacine 


writing,  from  whence  he  went  to  Spala 
and  acted  as  special  correspondent  for 
the  Times  during  the  CarlJst  War.  lo 
1887,  he  pubitohed  his  woric  "The 
Basque  Provinces,"  and  continued  his 
literary  labors  till  his  death,  which  took 
place  at  Madrid,  October  10, 1844. 

STEPHENS,  W.  A.,  a  Canadian  poet 
of  talent  was  born  in  Belfast,  Ireland,Ia 
1800,  and  emigrated  tc  Canada  with  lids 
father  at  an  early  day.  He  was  th» 
author  of  the  first  original  volume  of 
poems  published  in  Upper  Canada ; 
"Hamilton"  and  although  open  to  criti- 
cism  for  want  of  evenness,some  parts  ex« 
hibit  power  and  taste^  He  also  wrote 
ccnsiderable  for  the  press,  both  inprosa 
and  verse.    In  politics  he  is  a  reformer. 

STERLING.  JOHN,  one  of  the 
ablest  of  the  modem  school  of  ttdnkers, 
was  the  son  of  Capt.  Edward  Sterling, 
a  native  of  Waterford.  Ireland,  and 
was  born  at  Eames  Casile.  on  Uie  Isle 
of  Bute  in  1800.  In  1814.  the  family 
for  hwhile  resided  in  France,  but  after* 
wards  settled  in  London, where  in  1824, 
John  was  sent  to  Trinity  Cdlege, which 
he  left  without  taking  a  degree.  He  at 
firstlntended  to  devote  himself  to  the 
minlstTT  of  the  church  of  Enirland.  but 
after  a  brief  Mai,  abandoned  it  and  gave 
his  attention  to  general  litemiure.  He 
became  a  contributor  to  the  Athenoeum 
and  other  periodicals,  and  became  an 
intimate  of  Coleridge,  Wordsworth, 
Carlyle  and  Fred  Maurice,  the  sister  of 
whose  wife  he  married.  On  account  of 
his  health,  he  traveled  in  the  West  In- 
dies, Maderia,  France  and  Italy.  In 
1841,  he  produced  his  tragedy  of  Staff- 
ord, but  it  did  not  prove  a  success.  He 
died  in  1844  and  his  literary  remains 
were  publiiiued  by  Arch-deacon  Hare 
and  his  life  by  Thomas  Carlyle. 

STERNE.  DR  JOHN,  a  learned 
Irish  physiciah,  was  a  nephew  of  the 
famous  iTsherand  was  born  in  Meath 
1622.  He  wrote  more  on  theology  than 
medicine,  and  was  oue  of  the  ablest  of 
his  creed  in  Ireland.  His  son.  of  the 
same  name,  was  protest  ant  bishop  of 
Clogher,    Dr.  Sterne  died  in  1669. 

STERNE,  LAWRENCE,  a  divine, 
wit  and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  bora 
in  1718  in  Clonmel,  Ireland,  and  was 
educated  at  a  school  nenr  Halifax  and 
at  Cambridge.    He  obtained  a  number 


;■:•■<• 


PLATi  as. 


I' 


STE 


.IRI8R  CKVn, 


STE 


of  preferments  in  the  church  of  E&g- 
lana,  but  his  character  seems  to  have 
not  been  well  fitted  for  that  state.  In 
1760  he  published  the  first  two  volumes 
of  Tristram  Shandy  and  the  remainder 
appeared  successively  in  1761-2,  '65  and 
'67.  Some  of  his  latter  years  were 
spent  in  traveling  on  the  continent  and 
his  travels  gave  Inrth  to  the  Sentiment- 
al Journey.  Besides  the  al)ove  he  wrote 
sermons  and  various  minor  pieces.  He 
died  in  1768.  His  writings  are  distin- 
guished for  wit,  humor,  and  pathos  and 
exhibit  genius  of  a  high  order;  unfortu- 
nately, however,  they  are  sometimes 
blemished  by  a  too  loose  morality, 
which  coming  from  a  clergyman  is  not 
only  without  excuse,  but  somewhat 
shocking 

STEVENSON.  SIR  JOHN  AN- 
DREW, a  talented  Irish  musician  was 
born  in  Dublin  in  1700  and  was  the  son 
of  a  musical  professor,  became  leader 
of  St.  Patrick's  cathedral,  Dublin, 
1788.  He  composed  the  music  for  some 
of  O'Eeefe's  popular  musical  farces. 
Dr.  Holton's  Opera  "The  Contract"  and 
Mrs.  Atkinson's  "Love  in  a  Blaze."  He 
produced  a  number  of  original  operas 
and  gises  and  the  much  admired  orato- 
rio "The  Thanksgiving,"  besides  many 
pieces  of  church  music.  His  most  pop- 
ular efforts  were,  however,  his  arrange- 
ments of  Moore's  melodies.  He  was 
knighted  in  1802,  and  received  the  de- 
gree of  Doctor  of  Music  from  the  Uni- 
versity. He  died  at  the  seat  of  his 
daughter,  the  Marchioness  of  Headford, 
County  Meath,  Ireland,  September 
1888. 

STEWART,  ALEXANDER  T.,  the 
celebrated  Amerian  merchant  prince, 
was  born  near  Belfast,  Ireland,  October 
1808.  He  studied  at  Trinity  College, Dub- 
lin, but  did  not  complete  his  course.  In 
1828,  he  emigrated  to  the  United  States 
and  settled  in  New  York  Citv.  He  at 
first  taught  school  for  awhile,  but  in 
1825  he  commenced  his  famous  merchan- 
tile  house,  which  under  his  shrewd  and 
far-seeing  business  tact,  became  one  of 
the  largest  in  the  world.  In  1848,he  built 
the  then  great  store,  comer  of  Cham- 
bers Street  and  Broadway,  whioli  he 
afterwards  made  exclu.^ively  wholesaJe. 
His  business  advauced  its  proportion  so 
fast,  that  t^t  length  he  purchased  a 
whole  square,  bounded  by  North  and 
Tenth  Streets,   Fourth  Avenue    and 


Broadway,  and  built  the  immense  iro? 
buildine  which  now  stands  there,  an^ 
occupied  it  as  his  retail  store.  It  cost 
him  $2,750,000  and  about  2,000  persons 
are  employed  on  its  seven  floors.  At 
times  during  the  war,  his  income  was 
said  to  have  been  $2,000,000  yearly. 
He  was  appointed,  by  Grant,  secretary 
of  the  treasury,  but  an  old  law  prohibit- 
ed such  ofilcer  from-  being  connected 
with  the  importation  of  merchandise, 
he  was  unable  to  hold  it.  Although 
a  close  business  man,  he  was  munificienk 
in  his  liequests.  In  1847,  during  the 
famine,  he  sent  a  ship-load  of  provis- 
ions to  his  native  land,  and  after  the 
Franco-Prussian  war,  sent  like  relief  to 
France.  He  subscribed  $50,000  to  the 
sufferers  of  the  great  Chicago  fire,  and 
at  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  pushing 
forward  immense  charitable  schemes 
for  the  relief  and  assistance  of  the 
worthy  poor.  At  the  time  of  his  death 
hn  was  said  to  be  worth  $50,000,000. 
His  real  estate  in  New  York  City  alone 
being  assessed  at  over  $5,000,000  and 
probably  worth  twice  that  amount.  He 
died  without  leaving  any  near  relative, 
and  the  bulk  of  his  estate  he  left  to  his 
wife,  desiring  her  to  carry  out  his  hu- 
mane designs.  To  his  attorney  and 
friend.  Judge  Hilton,  he  left  $1,000,000 
and  appointed  him  to  '7ind  up  his 
business.  His  private  residence  was 
one  of  the  grandest  in  America,  and 
contained  a  valuable  art  gallery.  He 
died  April  10,  1876. 

STEWART,  ADMIRAL  CHARLES 
known  by  the  appellation  of  "Old  Iron- 
sides, "a  distinguished  and  gallant  Amer- 
ican naval  ofBcer,  was  born  in  Philadel- 
phia, July  28, 1778,  of  Irish  parents.  His 
father,  who  was  a  mariner,  made  Amer- 
ica his  home  when  a  young  man,  and 
took  part  with  the  struggling  Colonies. 
He  died  about  1788,  leaving  a  family  of 
eight  children,  our  subject  being  the 
youngesjt.  When  thirteen  years  of  age, 
he  determined  to  follow  his  father's 
vocation,  entered  the  merchant  service 
as  a  cabin  boy,and  developing  a  natural 
capacity  for  the  sea.  he  rose  to  be  a 
captain,  or  master,  when  quite  young. 
In  1798,  when  a  war  with  France  seem- 
ed imminent,  and  it  was  necessary  to 
strengthen  the  navy,  young  Stewart, 
althougd  only  twenty,  was  commission- 
ed a  lieutenant,and  made  his  first  cruise 
under  Commodore  Barney,  a  brother' 
Celt    The  year  1800  saw  um  in  com* 


STE 


IBUH  OBIiTR 


STE 


mand  of  the  war  schooner  "Experi- 
ment" and  early  that  year  he  captured 
the  French  schooner  "Two  Friends," 
in  an  action  of  ten  minutes.  In  the  war 
with  the  pirates  of  Tripoli,  he  greatly 
distinguished  himself , winning  the  praise 
and  mendship  of  Decatur.  In  1804, 
he  became  master  commandant,  and  in 
1806,  captain,  and  was  detached  about 
this  time  to  superintend  the  construction 
of  gunboats.  In  1812,  he  was  placed  in 
command  of  the  frigate  Constitution, 
which  he  made  famous  during  the  war 
by  Ills  brilliant  victories  over  British 
f ngates  of  superior  force  and  snatched 
the  boast  and  prestige  of  supremacy  on 
the  sea  from  the  red  flag  of  Britain. 
His  Greatest  victory  was  perhaps  over 
the  British  frigates  "Cyane"  and  "Le- 
vant" together,  of  greatly  superior 
force,  lust  before  the  dose  of  the  war 
1815.  When  he  returned  home  he  was 
received  everywhere  with  the  greatest 
demonstrations  of  jov  and  gratitude. 
Kew  York  presented  nim  wiui  a  mag- 
nificent gold  box  and  gave  hiin  a  pubuc 
banquet.  Pennsylvania,  his  native 
state,  returned  him  public  thanks,  and 
presented  him  with  a  gold  bilted  sword: 
nd  Congress  voted  mm  the  thanks  of 
<jountryand  a  gold  medal;  his  sturdy 
old  vessel  became  known  as  "Old  Iron- 
sides," and  at  length,  the  gallant  com- 
mander, himself,  as  he  grew  old,  was 
lovinj^y  called  by  the  same  appellation. 
Thus  it  was  in  this  war,  both  by  land 
and  sea,  that  the  commanders  who  pre- 
emtnently  distinguished  them8elves,and 
ahed  undving  lustre  on  American  arms, 
were  Irifu  C^lta,  Jackson  and  Stewart. 
After  the  war.  Stewart  took  command 
of  the  new  74  gun  frigate  "Franklin" 
with  which  he  cruised  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean Sea.  ,  He  was  afterwards  in  com- 
mand of  American  squadrons  at  various 
foreign  port8,and  in  the  Paciflc,and  was 
in  acUve  service  up  to  the  breaking  out 
of  tiie  Great  Rebelllon.when  he  retired, 
being  in  his  eighty-fourth  year,  to  give 
way  for  younger  and  more  actire  men. 
He  spent  the  remainder  of  his  dajrs  on 
his  beautiful  estate  on  the  banks  of  the 
Delaware,  near  Bordentown,  New 
Jersey,  presenting  almost  the  robust- 
no»  of  youth  when  a  nonogenarlan. 
He  died  November  9,  1869,  and  was 
honored  with  a  grand  and  imposing 
public  funeral  in  Philadelphia.  The 
famous  young  Irish  patriot  and  leader, 
Charles  Stewart  Parnell,  is  a  worthy 
grandson  of  our  illustrious  subject. 


STEWART,  OEN.  John,  a  oallant 
soldier  and  mitriot  of  the  Revolution, 
was  bom  in  Ireland,  and  emigrating  to 
America,  settled  among  his  coimtrymen 
in  Pennsylvania,  where  he  married  a 
sister  of  Gen.  Wayne.He  was  an  ardent 
patriot,  and  early  entered  the  struggle 
lor  independence,  commanded  a  corps 
of  light  infantry,  and  had  a  desperate 
engagement  at  Indian  Field  with  Em- 
mmck's  command  of  Tories  and  In- 
dians, greatly  superior  in  numbers, 
August  81, 1778;  was  with  his  brother- 
in-law,  "Mad  Anthony,"  at  the  storm- 
ing of  Stony  Point,  displaying,  if  possi- 
ble, equal  recklessness,  and  also  receiv- 
ing from  Congress  a  gold  medal  for  his 
gallantry  on  that  occasion,  July  IS, 
1779.  He  was  afterwards  killed  by  » 
fall  from  his  horse  near  Charleston. 

STEWART,  SIR  JOHN,  an  emi- 
nent member  of  the  Irish  bar,  was  ap- 
pointed attomey-g«neral  of  Ireland  in 
1799  and  also  one  of  the  privy  councO, 
was  also  a  member  of  Parliament  and 
was  created  a  baronet  in  1808  for  his 
services  against  the  liberties  of  Ireland. 
He  died  in  1826. 

STEWART,  SIR  WILLIAM  VIS 
COXTNT  MOUNTJOY,  a  distinguished 
oflScer  in  the  English  service,  was  bom 
in  Ireland  about  ?660.  He  served  in 
Hungary,and  participated  in  the  siege  Of 
Buda  in  1676,  and  on  his  retum  to  Ire* 
land  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  brigadier- 
general.  In  1688,  having  undertaken  a 
mission  from  Lotd  Deputy  Tryconnel  to 
James  II,  then  at  Paris,  he  was  thrown 
into  the  Bastlle  for  his  trouble,  and  was 
confined  there  till  1692,  when  being  re- 
leased, he  joined  King  William  in  Flan- 
ders and  lost  His  life  at  the  battle  of 
Stelnkirk,  August  24,  the  same  year. ' 

STEWART,  SIR  WILLIAM,  son 
of  the  foregoing  was  born  in  Ireland 
about  1676,  entered  the  army  a^  an  early 
age  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant- 
general  and  was  master-general  of  the 
ordnance.    He  died  in  August  1741. 

STEWART  WILLIAM,  a  noted 
nurseryman  and  agriculturist  of  Illi- 
nois, was  born  near  Belfaf^  Ireland,  in 
1802.  He  received  a  good  education 
and  at  the  age  of  fifteen  shipped,  as  a 
sailor  on  a  vessel  bound  to  the  United 
States,  and  as  he  had  studied  navigation 
acd  kindred  branches,  he  soon  beoam* 


8T0 


IKI9H  OKIiTS. 


8TU 


mate  of  his  vessel.  The  ship,  however, 
was  captured  by  pirates  after  a  couple 
years  and  our  subject  barely  escaped 
with  his  life.  He  then  settled  amonsnt 
his  countrymen  in  Maine,  where  ne 
married  in  1823.  and  some  time  after- 
wards, in  1835,  removed  to  Illinois  and 
settled  in  Adams  County,  where  he 
opened  a  nursery,  and  became  noted  for 
his  skill,  enterprise  and  success  in  his 
profession.  He  was  the  author  of 
many  improvements  that  are  fast  com- 
ing into  general  use,and  are  of  acknowl- 
edged value.  He  has  received  the  highest 
praise  from  the  most  cultivated  and  ad- 
vanced of  bis  co-laborers.  He  died 
December  18, 1866. 

STOKES,  OEORQB  OABRIEL. 
D.  C.  L.,  one  the  most  able  and  noted 
scientists  of  the  age,  was  bom  at  Skreen, 
Ireland,  in  1819,  and  finished  his  educa 
tion  at  Cambridge,  1841,  as  senior 
wrangler,  won  the  "Smith  Prize,"  and 
-was  elected  a  "Fellow."  In  1849,  he 
he  became  Lucasian  professor  of  math- 
ematics, and  also  a  member  of  the  "Roy- 
al Society."  and  in  1861,  made  the  not- 
able discovery  of  the  change  in  the 
ref Tangibility  of  light,  known  as  "flor- 
escence" for  which  he  was  awarded  the 
Rumford  Medal  of  that  societv,in  1852. 
He  contributed  papers  on  mathematical 
physics  to  the  transactions  of  the  Cam- 
bridge Philosophical  Society,  and  made 
by  experiment  the  re-discovery  of  the 
fact,  that  luminous  either  is,  in  relation 
to  the  transmission  of  light,  an  elastic 
solid,  although  a  fluid  in  relation  to 
the  motion  of  the  heavenly  bodies.  In 
1869,  he  was  president  of  the  British 
Association  for  the  advancement  of 
science,  and  has  contributed  to  the  tran- 
sactions of  manv  of  the  first  scientific 
associations  of  the  day. 

STOKES,  WHITLEY,  a  learned 
and  distinguished  lawver,  philologist 
aod  historian,  was  bom  in  Dublin  about 
1880,  educated  at  Dublin  Uni\ersily, 
entered  on  the  study  of  the  law  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar,  settled  to  prac- 
tice in  London,  and  soon  won  an  envi- 
able place  in  the  profession.  He  also 
took  a  deep  interest  in  philological  stud 
ies  and  became  secretary  of  tne  society 
of  that  name.  He  held  the  position  of 
assistant  secretary  of  the  goverment  of 
India,  home  department,  and  legal  ad- 
visor of  the  vice-refl»l  government  of 
India  at  Oalcutta^    He  has  given  much 


attention  to  Celtic  and  Oriental  studiee 
and  is  considered  high  authority  on  the 

Shilology  and  history  of  those  races. 
[e  is  the  author  of  "Irish  Glosses," 
1860,  "The  Play  of  the  Sacrament," 
"Old  Irish  Olossaries."  "Gwreaus  an 
Bys,"  "A  Cornish  Mystery,"  "Indian 
Succcession  Act,"  "Hindu  Law  Books" 
and  translations  of  Gaelic  manuscripts, 
and  many  other  kindred  subjects. 

STRANGFORD,  PERCY  C.  8. 
SMYTHE,  VISCOUNT,  a  distinguish- 
ed British  diplomat  and  man  of  letters, 
was  bom  in  Ireland,  1780.  and  educated 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  .He  early 
entered  the  diplomatic  service  of  Britain 
and  in  1800,  was  secretary  of  the  lega- 
tion at  Lisbon,  where  he  became  famil- 
iar with  the  language  and  made  a  trans- 
lation of  the  poems  of  Camoens.  He 
was  embassador  to  Portugal  in  1806,  to 
Sweden  hi  1817,  to  Turkey  in  1890  and 
to  Russia  in  1826.  He  succeeded  his 
father  as  viscount  in  1801  and  in  1829 
was  raised  to  an  English  peerage  as 
Baron  Penshurst. ,  He  was  a  man  highly 
cultivated  in  poetry,  art,  antiquarian 
lore  and  general  literature,  and  was  a 
frequent  contributor  to  the'  'Gentlemen's 
Magazine"  and  to  "Notes  and  Queries." 
He  died  hi  1846. 

STRANGFORD,  PIERCY  ALLEN 
F.  SMYTHE,  VISCOUNT,  second  son 
of  the  foregoing,  a  talented  miscellan- 
eous writer,  was  boru  in  1826,  and  suc- 
ceeded his  elder  brother  as  viscount. 
He  contributed  lan;ely  to  the  literature 
of  the  day,  and  hu  works  appeared  in 
two  vols,  after  his  death,  "Selected 
Writings,  Political,  Geographical  and 
Social.*^    He  died  in  1869. 

STUART,  GEORGE  HAY,  a  noted 
American  philanthropist,  was  born  in 
County  Down,  Ireland,  April  2,  1816, 
was  educated  at  ^ainridge,  Ireland, 
settle  in  Philadekl^ia  where  he  became 
president  of  the  Mechanic's  National 
Bank.  During  the  civil  war  he  was 
president  of  the  United  States  Christian 
Commlasion,  and  subsequently  of  the 
Indian  Commission,  and  is  a  prominent 
leader  in  all  the  "Evangelicar  religious 
and  philanthropical  liu>t)rs  of  the  day, 
and  most  munificent  in  his  aid. 

STUART,  MARY,  a  young  hero- 
ine of  the  noble  house  of  O'Donnd, 
the  daughter  of  Barj,  Arince  of  T^ 


if 


S(JL 


IBIBH  CELTS. 


SUL 


connel,  was  born  in  England  whence 
her  mother  had  been  sent  a  hostage  in 
1606,  after  her  husband  was  obliged  to 
At  to  the  continent  from  the  conspiracy 
of  Cecil.  The  King,  although  perse- 
cuting the  father,  took  the  infant  under 
royal  protection  and  command  her  to 
be  called  Mary  Stuart.  On  the  death 
of  her  father  at  Rome,  the  Countess, 
her  mother,  was  allowed  to  return  to 
Ireland,  when  she  educated  her  daugh- 
ter, and  filled  her  mind,  which  was  of 
noble  mould,  with  grand  and  lofty 
ideas  of  religion  and  duty.  Mary, 
when  twelve  years  of  age,  was  taken 
by  her  grandmother,  the  Countess  of 
Kildare,  to  England,  who  presented  her 
to  the  E  ing. whose  ward  she  was.  The 
King  was  much  pleased  with  the  graces 
of  her  mind  and  person,  and  ^ve  her 
a  large  sum  as  a  marriage  portion,  and 
the  Countess  of  Kildare.  wtio  was  very 
rich,  made  her  heiress  to  her  fortune. 
She  had  offers  uf  marriage  from  the 
noblest  in  the  land,  and  amongst  them 
one  who  was  as  persistent  as  he  was  de- 
sirable to  her  friends.  The  only  object- 
ion our  young  heroine  had  was  religious 
differences,  and  looking  upon  marriage 
as  more  than  a  mere  civil  union,  and 
one  fraught  with  great  difficulties  and 
danger,  she  would  not  consent  to  a 
union  not  blessed  by  religion.  Her 
posidon  was  fast  becoming  beset  with 
diffculties,  and  becoming  suspected  also 
of  aiding  the  escape  of  two  young  Irish 
noblemen,  her  relatives,  who  were  sent 
from  Ireland,  prisoners  on  account  of 
religion,  she  was  called  before  the 
the  council.  She  then  determined  to 
escape  herself,  and  with  a  young  lady 
attendant,  both  disguised  as  boys,  she 
succeeded  in  reaching  Flanders  in  safe- 
ty, where  she  joined  her  brother  and 
was  by  him  presented  to  the  Infant:) 
who  received  her  with  every  mark  of 
distinction.  Her  name  was  in  eveiy 
mouth,  and  the  Pope,  Urban  VIII,  ad- 
dressed to  her  a  letter  praising  her  hero- 
ism and  devotion,  and  giving  her  his 
apostlic  benediction. 

SULLIVAN,  ALEXANDER  M.,  a 
distinguished  Irish  orator,  statesman 
and  writer  was  born  about  the  com- 
mencement of  the  second  quarter  of 
the  present  century.  After  complet- 
ing his  education,  he  entered  upon 
the  study  of  the  law  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar.  In  the  meantime,  his 
active  and  patriotio  mind  was  not  in- 


sensible to  the  wrongs  of  his  country, 
his  graceful  and  vigorous  pen  enriched 
the  patriotic  literature  of  the  time,  and 
he  soon  became  recognized  as  one  of 
ablest  and  mdst  polished  contributors  of 
the  Irish  press.  In  conjunction  with 
his  brother,  he  soon  controlled  and  ed- 
ited the  Irish  Nation  and  it  became  the 
oracle  of  the  conservative,  but  fearless 
and  aggressive  patriotism  of  Ireland. 
The  political  article  of  Alex  M-,  who 
was  the  leading  spirit  of  this  disting- 
uished family  were  characterized  by 
vim,  power,  and  solid  reasoning,  and 
charmed  the  senses  while  they  convinc- 
ed the  intellect.  His  great  talents  were 
not  confined  to  the  newspaper  alone. 
He  was  returned  to  I'arliament  for 
Meath,  and  his  career  there  was  n<>tles9 
brilliant  and  conspicuous.  As  a  parlia- 
mentary speaker,  he  soon  took  rank 
amongst  the  ablest  in  the  House.  His 
style  is  earnest  and  graceful,  and  his 
treatment  of  a  subject  original,  com- 
prehensive, perspicuous,  anaembellish- 
ed  by  apt  and  graphic  illustrations, 
drawn  from  a  storehouse  of  general 
knowledge.  This  general  culture  ac- 
counts auo  or  his  wonderful  readiness 
MS  an  impromptu  speaker,  thoroughly 
posted  on  all  living  issues  and  questions 
i)f  the  day,  backed  by  an  accurate 
knowledge  of  history,  he  stood  without 
a  rival  among  his  contemporaries,  in 
ability  to  master  a  subject  at  a  moment's 
warnings  aLd  could  talk  by  the  hour 
without  any  special  preparation,  and 
move  his  hearers  to  the  highest  pitch 
of  enthusiam  and  interest.  Even  at 
such  time  his  oratory  swept  on,  like 
some  majestic  stream,  from  the  com- 
mencement to  the  end,  no  hesitation, 
no  trip  or  recall,  all  his  energies  seemed 
awakened,  his  intellectual  arms  stretch- 
ed orft  on  all  sides,  grasping  in  advance 
the  right  ideas,  the  most  forcible  argu- 
ments, the  happiest  illustrations,  and 
carrying  along  with  him  thu  interest 
and  go«xl  will,  if  not  the  reason  of  his 
idversaries.  He  has  for  the  present 
abandoned  journalism  as  a  profession, 
and  having  removed  to  the  British 
>f  etropolis  has  taken  up  the  practice 
of  the  law.  and  is  fast  acquiring  fame 
and  fortune,  and  winning  a  place  and 
reputation  in  the  first  rank  of  Britisti 
lawyers  and  advocates.  He  is  married 
to  an  American  ladv  of  Irish  descent, 
nee  Donovan,  and  in  the  summer  of 
1881  he  made  a  trip  to  this  countiy  witli 
his  vriffl  and  visited  bar  native  citv, 


8UL 


miH  CKLTt. 


8XJL 


New  OrleuiB.  His  commandiDg'abill- 
ties  are  recognized  on  all  hands,  and  in 
the  great  fields  of  lonmalism,  parlia- 
mentary debate  and  law,  he  is  second 
to  none  of  his  contemporaries. 

SULLIVAN.  SIR  BENJAMIN,  a 
distinguished  jurist  and  diplomat  of  the 
British  East  India  Colonies,  was  bom 
in  Cork.  Ireland,  about  1748.  He  went 
to  the  East  Indies  in  the  employ  of  the 
company,  and  at  length  becam<<  one  of 
the  p>>3eion  judges  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Madras,  and  received  the. 
honor  of  knighthood  in  1801,  for  valu- 
able services.    He  died  1806. 

SULLIVAN,  DENIS  B.,  a  distin- 
guislied  Irish  lawyer  and  journalist,  is  a 
younger  brother  of  Alex.  M.  He  was 
also  connected  with  the  Irish  Nation, 
and  was  one  of  its  most  brilliant  and 
gifted  contributors.  As  a  political  and 
ceneral  writer  he  was  not  perhaps  in- 
ferior to  any  of  bis  brothers,  having  a 
graceful  and  classic  style.  He  was  ed- 
ucated in  the  Catholic  University,  and 
after  graduating  entered  upon  the  study 
of  the  law.  In  the  meantime,  however, 
he  entered  the  field  of  ioumalism  and 

E roved  his  capacity  in  that  arena.  He 
as  still  later  (riven  up  journalism,  and 
devotes  himself  entirely,  of  late  years, 
to  the  profession  of  the  law,  and  has 
acquired  an  extensive  and  lucrative 
practice  on  the  Munster  circuit,  one  re- 
markable for  so  young  a  member  of  the 
bar.  The  last  of  this  talented  fam- 
ily of  brothers  is  Donald,  who 
is  but  little,  if  any,  inferior 
to  the  others  in  mental  ability, 
'  but  he  has  devoted  himself  moi-e  to  the 
financial  and  business  interests  of  the 
great  and  oatriotic  paper  which  this 
gift^i  family  so  ably  conducts.  It 
may  safely  be  said,  that  no  one  family 
in  the  United  Kingdoms,  in  their  dav, 
presented  such  an  array  of  splendid 
ability  as  does  this  family. 

SULLIVAN,  GOV.  JAMES,  one  of 
the  most  ardent  and  distinguished  pat- 
riots of  the  American  'Revolution, 
equally  noted  for  his  masterly  ability  as 
a  lawyer,  statesman  and  orator,  was 
the  son  of  John  Sullivan,  an  Irish 
schoolmaster,  who  emigrated  to  the 
colonies  in  1728,  and  settl^  at  Berwick, 
Maine,  where  he  opened  a  school  and 
taught  for  many  years.  His  pupils 
never  lacked  instruction  in  the  rights  of 


the  people  to  govern  themselves,  at  he 
was  early  a  strong  advocate  of  colonial 
rights,  holding  it  to  be  the  duty  of  the 
people  as  freemen  to  resist,  by  force  of 
arms,  the  imposition  of  taxes,  other 
Uian  those  imposed  by  themselves,  and 
for  their  own  benefit.  He  lived  to  see 
his  descendants  take  a  conspicuous  part 
in  the  great  struggle  of  liberty,  and  a 
new  republic,  gigantic  in  its  propor- 
tions, built  and  cemented  in  great  part 
by  the  blood  and  the  sacrifices  of  his 
race,  arise  in  the  home  of  their  exile, 
to  bless  future  generations.  He  lived 
to  the  extraordinary  age  of  one  hun- 
dred and  five  years.  Our  subject  was 
born  April  22,  1744,  in  Maine,  was  edu- 
cated by  his  father  and  worked  on  the 
farm.  Nearly  all  the  settlers  in  those 
days  having  farms,  even  if  tliey  resid- 
ed in  the  small  towns.  He  was  grow- 
ing to  be  a  fine,  athletic  young  man 
when  he  met  with  an  accident  while 
felling  a  tree,  which  nearly  cost  him  his 
life,  anJ  ]eft  him  with  one  leg  shorter 
than  the  other.  This  necessitated  him 
to  adopt  a  profession,  as  the  weakness 
of  his  limb  precluded  hard  manual 
labor,  and  he  commenced  the  study  of 
the  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar. 
He  soon  attracted  attention  and  prac- 
tice. He  also  early  took  strong  grounds 
against  the  claims  of  the  Home  govern- 
ment, and  was  a  determined  and  able 
opponent  to  taxation  without  represen- 
tation, and  became  conspicuous  by  his 
ardor,  eloquence  and  zeal  in  firing  the 
hearts  of  the  people  to  resistance,  as  the 
critical  moment  approached  in  which 
the  first  blood  was  spilt  for  coimtry 
and  liberty.  In  1776  we  find  him  a 
member  of  the  provincial  congress.  In 
1776  he  had  already  acquired  a  leading 
position  at  the  bar,  and  we  find  him  ap- 
pointed a  judge  of  the  Superior  court 
of  his  State.    He  was  also  active  in  or- 

Sanizing  troops  for  State  and  national 
efense,  but  his  lameness  prevented 
him  from  assuming  a  role  hisuraveand 
generous  spirit  would  have  so  willingly 
undertaken.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Continental  Congress  in  1782,  also  a 
member  of  the  Executive  Council  and 
Judge  of  Probate.  In  1790  he  was  ap- 
pointed attorney-general.  When  Maine 
was  separated  from  Massachusetts  he 
took  up  his  residence  in  the  latter  and 
was  elected  governor  in  1807,  and  re-e- 
lected the  following  year,  but  died  while 
in  office,  December  10, 1808.  As  a  hw- 
yer  he  ranked  among  the  very  first  of  his 


"^4 


SUL 


IBISH  CEX/Ok 


SUL 


day,  In  America,  and  was  retained  in 
moat  of  the  important  cases  whicli  'de- 
manded the  attention  of  the  courts  of 
the  commonwealth  of  Massachusetts  in 
hlfl  day.  His  ability  may  be  meuured 
1)y  the  fact  that  be  was  generally  suc- 
cessful although  bis  opponents  were 
such  legal  luminaries  as  Dexter,  Otis, 
Dana  and  Parsons,  to  none  of  whom 
was  he  second.  He  was  favored  by  a 
commending  presence,  while  dignity 
and  thought  illumined  his  fine,  ex- 
pressive face.  The  distinguishing 
characteristics  of  his  mind  were  force, 
oomprehensiveness  and  repressed,  but 
intense,  ardor;  nothing  escaped  the 
piercing  intensity  of  his  scrutiny.  His 
arguments  were  clear,  close,  pointed  and 
forcible,  and  always  directed  towards 
pertinent  results,  no  verbosity  or  clap- 
trap for  admiration,  but  aimed  to  se- 
cure conviction.  Whilst  he  but  seldom 
called  up  his  pathetic  powers,  he  did 
not  lack  this  characteristic  of  his  race, 
for  it  Is  said  that  when  he  did  re- 
sort to  pathos  in  his  advocacy,  it 
proved  as  intense  and  irresistible  as  his 
other  masterly  qualities.  Among  the 
works  which  he  left  are  "A  Histoid  of 
the  District  of  Maine,"  a  "Dissertation 
on  Banks,"  and  on  the  "Sueability  of 
States";  "Historyjof  Land  Titles  in 
Massachusetts,"  "The  Constitutional 
Liberty  of  the  Press,"  "History  of  the 
Penobscot  Indians,"  &c.  He  was  a 
man  of  solid  and  [extensive  acquire 
ments,  and  was  honored  bv  one  of  the 
great  seats  of  learning  with  the  degree 
of  LL.  D. 

SULLIVAN,  OEN.  JOHN,  a  dlstin- 
guished  American  patriot  and  soldier 
of  the  Revolution,  was  of  the  same 
family  as  Oov.  James,  and  was  bom  at 
Berwick,  Maine,  February  17, 1740,  he 
studied  under  his  f  athel*  and  worked  in 
his  youth  on  the  farm.  When  about 
twen^-one,  he  commenced  the  study  of 
law,  and  after  being  admitted  to  prac- 
tice he  settled  in  Durham,  Kew  Hamp- 
shire, opened  an  office  and  soon  won 
reputation,  both  as  a  lawyer  and  poli- 
tician. He  was  an  ardent  advocate 
of  colonial  rights  and  was  one  of  the 
earliest  to  defy  by  overt  acts  the  min- 
ions of  power.  As  early  as  1774  he,  in 
company  with  John  Langdon,  seized 
the  fort  at  Portsmouth,  New  Hamp- 
shire, and  carried  off  one  oundred  bar- 
rels of  powder  and  a  quantiQr  of  arms, 
which  they  Moored  for  future  use  by 


the  patriots^  He  was  chosen  a  delegate 
to  the  Continental  Congress  in  1774,  aud 
when  the  Continental  Army  was  organ* 
ized  in  177Q,  he  was  chosen  one  of  Uia 
first  eight  brigadier-generals  appointed, 
and  early  the  next  year  was  made  a 
maj. -general  and  superseded  Arnold  la 
command  of  the  troops  engaged  in 
Canada.  Shortly  afterwards  be  joined 
Wasbinffton  in  New  York,  and  on  the 
illness  of  Gen.  Green,  he  succeeded  to 
the  command  of  the  forces  at  Brook- 
lyn, who  were  held  to  repel  the  invad- 
er, who  had  already  landed  on  Htaten 
Island.  Unfortunately,  by  lack  of  vig^ 
ilance,  Sullivan  found  himself  sur- 
rounded by  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  and  he 
was  taken  prisoner  in  the  disastrous 
battle  of  Long  Island,  which  followed. 
He  was,  however,  soon  after  exchaneed 
and  placed  in  command  of  Lee's  divi- 
sion In  New  Jersey,af ter  the  capture  of 
that  officer.  In  1777  he  was  with 
Washington  at  the  battles  of  Brandy- 
wine  and  Germantown,  and  the  sue* 
ceedintr  year  operated  against  the  ene- 
my in  luode  Island  and  besieged  New* 
port  by  land,  but  failed  for  want  of 
cooperation  by  the  French  fleet,  under 
D'Estaing,  which  had  been  agreed  up- 
on. In  1779  be  made  his  memorable 
campaign  against  the  Indians  of  West- 
em  New  York,  and  their  British  and 
Canadian  allies,  and  thereby  gave  » 
death  blow  to  the  wily  savage  tribes, 
which  Iiad  so  long  harrassed  the  fron- 
tiers. Some  diragreement  with  the 
Board  of  War  about  this  time  led  to  his 
resigning  his  commission  in  the  army, 
and  ne  was  soon  after,  1780,  again  sent  as 
a  delegate  to  Congress,  where  he  sat 
that  and  the  following^year.  He  was 
also  govemor  of  New  Hampshire  from 
1786  to  1789,  when  on  the  adoption  of 
the  Federal  Constitution  he  was  ap- 
pointed United  States  District  Judge 
for  New  Hampshire,  which  office  he 
held  until  his  death,  which  occurred 
January  28, 179S,  having  only  reached 
his  flf  ty-flf  th  year. 


SULLIVAN,  JOHNL.,  a  noted  Irish 
American  engineer  and  inventor,  was 
bom  about  17t)5.  Hd  was  engineer  of 
the  first  -canal  ever  constmcted  in  the 
U.  S.,  the  Middlesex,  1814.  He  pat- 
ented a  steam  tow  boat  as  early  as  1804, 
prior  to  tliat  of  Fulton.  He  afterwards 
became  a  homceopathio  phjiician,  and 
dledial868. 


was 


BUL 


JBXtB.  (MUn 


BUL 


SULLIVAN,  SIR  RIcmaRD  JO- 
SEPH, a  traveler  and  \f riter  of  note, 
was  born  in  Ireland  and  obtained  em- 
plovment  in  the  EaHt  India  Company, 
while  quite  young,  through  the  in- 
fluence o{  his  relatives,  Lawrence  Sulli- 
van,  then  chairman  of  the  company. 
After  some  years  he  returned  home  and 
made  a  tour  of  Qrcat  Britain  and  Ire- 
land, which  he  phblished  in  2  volumes, 
and  also  produced  an  Analysis  of  the 
Political  History  of  India  and  Philo- 
sophical Rhapsodies  of  Abker  of 
Betlis.  His  most  important  work  was 
"A  View  of  Nature  in  Letters  from  a 
Traveler  among  the  Alps,"  6  vol.  He 
was  a  member  of  Parliament  for  Rom- 
nvin  1*^,  and  for  Seaford  In  1802. 
He  was  made  a  baronet  in  1804  and 
died  in  1806. 

SULLIVAN,  mOHARD,  a  distin- 
guished Irish  patriot,  scholar  and 
writer,  was  a  brother  of  Alex.  M.,  and 
for  a  time  one  of  the  editors  of  the 
Publin  Nation.  He  was  educated  in 
the  Catholic  University  of  Ireland  and 
graduated  with  high  reputation  for 
ability  and  scholaiihip.  He  perhaps 
was  the  ablest  of  the  brothers  as  a 
writer  of  fiction,  and  the  columns  of 
the  Nation  were  often  graced  by 
charming  and  patriotic  stories  from  his 
gifted  pen.  Having  a  passion  for 
travel  and  adventure,  he  aocouapanied 
his  friend  Dr.,  afterwards  Bishop, 
Quinn,  to  Tasmania,  where  for  several 
years  he  edited  the  Sydney  Freeman. 
He  was  outspoken  in  his  paper  as  re- 
gards the  causes  which  led  to  the  at- 
tempted assassination  of  the  Duke  of 
Edinburg  in  that  country,  and  was  sub- 
jected to  prosecution  for  the  same.  His 
undying  hatred  to  English  oppression 
and  rule^  finally  led  him  to  seek  a  more 
coLgenial  atmosphere,  when  he  crossed 
the  Pacific  and  landed  in  California. 
There  he  became  editor  of  the  Monitor, 
which,  under  his  charge,  became  one 
of  the  best  written  papers  in  America. 
His  constitution,  never  vigorous,  was 
graduallv  undermined  by  incessant 
mental  labor,  and  he  at  length  suc- 
cumbed, in  the  very  prime  of  life  and 
vigor  of  his  mental  powers.  He  died 
in  California,  1880.  He  was  perhaps 
the  most  scholarly  and  finished  writer 
of  this  talented  family. 

SULLIVAN,  ROBERT  BALD- 
WIN, an  eminent  Canadian  statesman 


and  lawyer,  was  bom  atBandon.Coun* 
ty  Cork.  Ireland,  1801,  and  emigrated 
with  his  parents  to  Canada  in  1819. 
He  received  a  good  education  and  on 
arriving  in  Canada,  first  engaged  in 
commercial  pursuits.  The  death  of 
his  elder  brother,  who  was  eogaged  in 
the  study  of  the  law,  changed  his  in> 
tention,  and  determining  to  adopt  that 
profession,  entered  the  office  of  bis  un- 
cle, Dr.  Baldwin.  He  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  after  a  due  course  and  soon  es- 
tablished an  enviable  reputation  as  an 
advocate  and  lawyer.  About  1884  he 
first  appeared  prominently  in  Canadian 

S)litics  as  an  opposer  of  the  policy  of 
r.  MacKcnzie.  The  city  of  Toronto 
had  just  been  incorporated  and  Mac- 
Kenzie  became  its  first  mayor  after  a 
hot  contest.  The  next  vear,  however, 
Mr.  Sullivan  succeeded  in  carrying  the 
city  against  MacEenzie,  and  succeeded 
him  as  mayor.  Although  he  had  not 
committed  himself  to  any  of  the  old 
purties,  his  opposition  and  success 
against  the  extreme  liberals,  made  him 
the  recognized  head  of  the  conserva- 
tive party,  for  the  time  being,  in  upper 
Canada.  Sullivan  was  now  called  in- 
to the  Executive  Council  by  Sir  Fran- 
cis Head,  Ck>vernor  General.  Capt., 
afterwards  Admiral  Baldwin,  his  rela- 
tive, being  also  a  member.  Sullivan 
was  soon  afterwards  appointed  Com- 
missioner of  Crown  Lands  and  also  a 
Le^iative  Councilor.  OnMr.Thomp- 
son,  afterwards  Lord  Sydenham,  sue- 
ceeding  Sir  Francis  Head,  in  1889, 
the  important  question  which  now  agi* 
tated  the  Canadian  Colonies  and  peo- 

Ele  after  the  MacEenzie- Papeneau  re- 
ellion  of  1837  failed,  was  responsible 
government,  which  the  mother  coun- 
ty saw  the  necessity  of,  at  length, 
sanctioning.  To  this  policy  the 
toadies  and  tories  of  Canada  were 
bitterly  opposed,  and  the  opposi- 
tion  in  *he  Legislative  Council  was 
especially  powenul.  The  new  gover- 
nor-general however  found  a  powerful 
and  able  advocate  and  supporter  of  the 
new  policy  in  Mr.  Sullivan,  imd  he  be- 
came one  of  his  most  trusted  council- 
ors.  Mr.  Sullivan  threw  himself  into 
the  contest  with  .all  his  energy  and 
zeal,  and  by  his  eloquence,  earnestness 
and  solid  reasoning  succeeded  in  con- 
vincing and  swaying  a  majority  of  the 
Le^slative  Council  He  was. also  a 
strong  advocate  of  the  Legislative 
Union  of  the  Canadas,  and  at  ue  same 


^'i 


''Mi' 


^, 


8UL 


nUSR  OELSS. 


BWI 


tfme  coQspicuouo  for  the  broadness, 
flnnness  and  liberality  of  his  views  on 
the  subject,  as  <M)ntrasied  with  the  views 
of  the  bigots  of  Upper  Canada,  who 
were  neither  few  nor  weak,  and  who 
were  desirous  of  reducing  the  Lower 
Province  to  a  condition  of  servitude. 
Sullivan's  speech  on  the  question  in  the 
Legislative  Assembly  was  not  only 
powerful  and  elegant,  but  unanswer- 
able. Sullivan  continued  to  be  the 
most  eloquent  and  able  supporter  of  the 
*  gov. -general's  policy  in  the  Legislative 
Assembly.  On  the  formation  of  the 
Baldwin-Lafontnine  Ministnr  in  1848, 
Sullivan  became  pi'esident  of  the  Coun- 
cil, and  amongst  his, Irish  associates 
were:  J.  E.  Small,  solicitor  general, 
west;  Robert  Baldwin,  attorney-gener- 
al; Francis  Hincks,  inspector-general; 
T.  O.  Aylwin,  solicitor-geueral,  east: 
D.  Daly,  secretary  of  the  Province,  anu 
H.  H.  Killaly,  president  of  the  Board 
of  Works.  On  the  return  of  the  Bald- 
win Lafontaine  ministry  to  power  un- 
der the  administration  of  Uie  Earl  of 
Elgin,  in  18^3,  Mr.  Sullivan  became 
secretary  of  the  Province  of  Canada. 
He  had  on  the  first  retirement  of  the 
Baldwin  ministry  resigned  his  place 
and  resumed  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession in  Toronto,  and  again  quickly 
Acquired  a  large  practice.  On  accept- 
ing office  again  with  his  old  associates, 
he  made  arrangements  to  remove  to 
Montreal,  then  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment, but  a  vacant  judgshlp  be- 
ibg  tendered  to  him  on  the  Up- 
per Canadian  Beneh,  he  accepted 
the  same,  never  having  had  much 
relish  for  party  strife.  No  Can- 
adian statesman  of  his  time  entertained 
broader  or  fairer  views,  or  was  less  in- 
fluenced by  party  bias.  He  looked  on- 
ly to  Uie  prosperity  of  United  Canada, 
and  to  sustainine  and  defending  the 
just  rights  of  all  her  people  against  en- 
croatjhme&ts  from  any  quarter.  He 
did  not  long  survive  his  retirement 
from  public  life  but,  died  in  1858,  in  the 

{)rime  of  life  and  the  vigor  of  his  intel- 
ectual  powers.  He  was  married  twice 
— leHving  a  numerous  family  by  his 
second  wife,  who  afterwards  became 
Lady  Hincks.  Sullivan  was  undoubt- 
edly one  of  the  ablest  men  of  his  day 
in  Cenada. 

SULLIVAN,  TIMOTHY  D.,  a  tal- 
ented Irish  patriot,  poet  and  journalist, 
an  Ider  brother  of  Alex.  M.,  and  but 


little,  if  any,  inferior  to  him  in  ability. 
He  was  associated  with  him  in  editing 
the  Nation,  and  was  more  especially 
the  poet  of  this  gifted  familv.  He  often 
inspired  his  countrymen  through  the 
columns  of  that  paper  with  the  choice 
and  patriotic  effusions  of  his  ^fted 
muse,  earning  for  himself  a  wide-spread 
popularity  among  the  most  ardent 
lovers  of  their  countrv.  He  is  hardly 
as  conservative  a  patriot  as  A.  M.,  but 
while  being  more  enthusiastic,  is  neither 
rash  nor  impracticable.  He  represents 
Westmeath  in  Parliament,  and  while 
he  is  not  ns  attractive  or  brilliant  a 
speaker  as  his  brother  A.  M..  he  com- 
mands universal  attention  and  respect 
when  he  rises  to  address  the  House.  He 
is  a  worthy  re^i'esentative  of  this  tal- 
ented and '  patriotic  family,  an  elegant 
and  practicable  writer,  a  gifted  poet, 
and  a  public  speaker  and  debater  of 
fine  ability.  May  he  live  to  behold  the 
independence  of  his  country. 

SWIFT,  JONATHAN,  a  celeorated  ^ 
wit,  writer  and  divine  of  the  Church  of 
England,  was  bom  in  1667,  at  Dublin, 
and  was  educated  at  Kilkenny  School, 
Trinity  College,  Dublin  «nd  Oxford. 
He  lived  for  some  years-with  Sir  WiU 
iiam  Temple  as  an  assistant  and  com- 
panion,  and  when  that  statesman  died 
he  left  Swift  a  legacy  and  his  posthum- 
ous works.  He  was  disappointed  in 
his  expectations  of  church  preferment 
in  England  and  accompanied  Lord 
Berkeley,  o.ue  of  the  Lord  Chief  Jus- 
tices to  Ireland,  as  chaplain,  and  ob- 
tained from  him  a  Kving  on  which  he  re- 
sided after  marrying  the  lady  whom  he 
celebrated  under  the  name  of  Stella, 
but  whom  he  would  never  acknowledge 
as  his  7:i!i3.  He  had  some  other  en- 
gagement troubles  about  fliis  time,  not 
altogether  creditable,  especially  in  a 
minister.  In  1701  he  took  a  doctor's 
degree,  and  on  the  accession  of  Queen 
Anne  he  visited  England.  In  the 
course  <of  the  nine  ensuing  years  he 
published  several  works,  but  it  was  not 
till  1710  that  he  became  active  as  a  pol- 
itical writer.  Having  joined  the  tories 
he'  became  intimate  with  Ha^ley  and 
Bolingbroke,  and  exerted  himeielf  stren- 
uously' iu  behalf  of  his  new  allies.  He 
expected  an  English  mitre  but  received 
only  the  deanery  of  St.  Patrick.  He 
returned  to  Ireland,  but  was  exceeding- 
ly unpopular  on  account  of  what  was 
oonsidei-ed  an  uniMttriotio  course.    The 


TW 


ntlSH  CELTS. 


TAI 


policy  which  he  ever  afterwards  pur- 
sued, however,  soon  wined  out  all  the 
faults  of  the  past,  and  he  lived  to  be 
one  of  the  most  popular  of  patriots. 
Among  the  writing  which  produced 
this  result  the  Drapier's  Letters,  pub- 
lisled  in  1724,  stand  foremost.  In 
17&1  he  OTve  "Gulliver's  Travels"  to 
the  s^oritf  As  he  advanced  in  years 
he  suffered  from  deafness  and  other 
causes,  and  at  last  his  intellect  was  af- 
fected.   He  died  Oct.,  1746. 

TAAFFE,  MARSHAL  FRANCIS, 
third  earl  of  Carlingford  and  uncle  of 
tiie  celebrated  Count  Taaffe  of  the  Ger- 
man Empire,  was  bom  in  the  County 
Sligo,  Ireland,  about  1640,  and  was 
sent  in  his  youth  to  Ulmutz  to  prose- 
cute his  studies.  He  early  became  one 
of  the  pages  of  honor  to  the  Emperor 
Ferdinand,  and  soon  after  obtained  a 
captain's  commission  from  Charles,  5th 
duke  of  Lorraine,  in  his  own  regiment. 
He  was  subsequently  made  chamber- 
lain to  the  emperor,  and  rose  by  dis- 
tinguished services  to  be  a  marshal  of 
the  empire,  a  counsellor  of  the  state, 
and  a  cabinet  officer.  He  was  highly 
esteemed  by  most  of  the  crowned  heads 
of  Europe,  anu  r'hen  he  succeeded  to 
his  hereditary  honors  in  Ireland,  spe- 
cial acts  of  Parliament  were  passed, 
both  in  Finland  and  Ireland,  to  hinder 
4iny  outlawries  or  attainders  from  ef- 
fecting the  reversion  of  his  titleo  or  es- 
tates.    He  died  in  August,  1704. 

TAAFFE,  LUCAS,  a  major-gv?neral 
in  the  British  army,  was  born  in  Ire- 
land of  an  ancient  family,  and  was  ap- 
pointed Governor  of  Ross.  In  1649  he 
mDantly  defended  that  place  against 
Cromwell,  and  was  an  araent  support- 
er of  the  House  of  Stuart.  He  was 
subsequently  obliged  to  expatriate  him- 
self, and  entering  the  army  of  the 
he  served  with  distinction  in  Italy  and 
Spain.  He  afterwards  returned  to  Ire- 
land, where  ho  died  about  1690. 

TAA.FFE,  NICHOLAS,  nephew  of 
the  foregoing,  vicount  of  Corren,  in  the 
county  of  Sligo,  and  count  of  the  Ger- 
man Empire,  and  one  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished soldiers  of  his  day,  was  born 
in  County  Sligo  about  1680.  No  field 
being  open  for  an  honorable  ambition 
t>J  home,  he  turned  his  eyes  towards  the 
continent  whore  so  many  of  his  coun- 
trymen were  gaining  podtion  and  re- 


nown, and  entered  the  Austrian  service 
where  he  rose  to  the  hiehest  honors  and 
distinctions.  He  obtained  the  golden 
kpy  as  chamberlain,  from  the  Emperor 
Charles  VI,  as  he  did  from  his  succes- 
ors,  while  as  an  oflQcer  he  gained  great 
credit  against  the  Turks,  and  in  1788, 
he  achieved  the  renowned  victory  of 
Belgrade.  He  married  the  daughter 
and  heiress  of  Count  Spindler  of  Lutz, 
and  died  on  80th  December,  1769. 

TALBOT,  JAMES,  LL.  D.  Baron 
Talbot  de  Malahide,  a  distinguished 
scientist  and  mathematician,  was  born 
in  Ireland,  Nov.  22. 1805.  He  finished 
his  education  at  Cambridge,  where  he 
obtained  a  scholarship  and  distinguish- 
ed himself  both  in  mathematics  and 
classics.  He  obtained  a  seat  in  Parlia- 
ment in  1&33,  but  devoted  himself  to 
scientific  study  and  investigations  in 
geology,  zoology  and  archeeology. 
Was  president  of  the  Roy -il  Irish  Aca- 
demy and  of  the  Archeeological  So- 
ciety of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  and 
has  added  materially  to  the  advance- 
ment of  those  sciences  to  which  he  lia'i 
given  attention. 

TALBOT,  PETER,  archbishop  of 
Dublin,  a  learned  and  able  Irish  di- 
vine and  confessor,  was  a  nephew  of 
the  earl  of  Tyrconnel,  was  born  about 
1620,  and  when  a  mere  youth,  feeling 
a  desire  to  embrace  a  religious  life, 
then  full  of  danger  in  his  native  land, 
he  went  to  Portugal  to  be  educated, 
and  in  his  sixteenth  year  entered  the 
novitiade  of  the  Jesuits.  He  afterwards 
went  to  Rome  where  he  completed  his 
studies  in  one  of  their  houses  in  that 
city,  and  was  then  ordained  a  priest. 
He  again  returned  to  Portn.^ul,  wliere 
he  taught  and  was  afterwards  profes- 
sor of  moral  theology  in  Antwerp, 
where  he  published  a  treatise  on  "The 
Nature  of  Faith  aud  Heresy— the  Nul- 
itv  of  the  Protostant  Church  and  its 
Clergy."  He  is  said  to  have  been  the 
prelate  whorcjceived  Charles  II  into  the 
Catholic  fold  at  Cologne,  1696,  and  was 
commibsioned  privately  to  intimate  the 
fact  to  the  Court  of  Spain.  On  the 
marriage  of  Charles  II  with  the  In- 
fanta of  Portugal, he  was  appointed  one 
of  her  chaplains,  and  after  being  re- 
lieved from  his  vows  as  a  -Jesuit,  he 
was  consecrated  at  Antwerp,  archbish- 
op of  Dublin,  1669.  He  repaired  to 
ok  see  and  there  found  an  assembly  of 


TAL 


ibhh  cbltb. 


TAN 


the  ecclesiastics  presided  over  by  tbe 
archbisbop  of  Armagh.  Talbot 
ddmed  tne  authority  to  oversee  the 
proceedu  n:,  which  being  denied,  he  ap- 
pealed to  Kome,  which  again  confirmed 
tiie  pre-eminence  of  the  see  of  Armagh. 
Talbot  returned  to  Dublin  in  1670.  and 
waited  on  Lord  Berkeley,  the  lord  lieu- 
tenant, who  received  him  with  honor, 
and  permitted  him  to  appear  before  the 
cduncil  in  his  archepiscopal  character. 
The  "ame  year  he  commenced  a  synod 
in  Dublin,  and  enforced  the  publication 
of  the  bonds  of  marriage  and  prohibit- 
ing its  contract?  ug  with  Jews,  Turks  or 
Moors.  Lord  Berkeley  being  removed, 
the  bigoted  and  tyrannical  Essex  suc- 
ceeded, and  forthwith  proscription  com- 
menced. The  archoishop  was  ac- 
cused on  trumped  up  charges  of  an  in- 
tent to  introduce  Gatholfcs  into  the 
City  Council,  and  judging  the  intention 
cf  the  government  by  the  sorrowful 
aud  blo<^y  past,  he  quietly  left  the  city 
•ndwent  back  to  the  continent  from 
whence  he  addressed  a  pastoi^l  to  his 
people,  on  their  duty  to  bear  with  pa- 
tience the  threatening  evils,  1674.  In 
1676  he  came  to  reside  with  friends  at 
Pool  Hall,  England.  His  health  break- 
ing down  he  was  permitted  through 
the  duke  of  York  to  return  to  Dublin, 
where,  in  1678,  he  was  arrested  for 
complici^  in  that  infamous  and  ddm- 
erical  "  Popist  plot."  Although  the 
whole  story  proved  to  be  so  baseless  a 
fraud  that  it  fell  to  pieces  of  its  own 
inconsistency,  yet  was  this  venerable 
old  man  so  broken  down  by  labor,trial8 
and  infirmities,  that  he  was  unable  to 
perform  his  duties,  cast  into  prison  and 
there  kept  for  two  years,until  death  re- 
lieved htm  from  Us  heartless  perseou* 
tors,  1680. 

TALBOT,  RICHARD,  Duke  of 
Tyrcoanel,  an  Irisli  patriot  and  soldier, 
was  bom  about  1660.  He  was  chief 
governor  of  Ireland  under  James  II., 
and  served  that  unworthy  monarch  to 
the  last  Lady  Morgan  says  of  him, 
"Two  qualities  ho  possesaed'in  an  emi- 
nent degree,  wit  and  valor,  and  if  to 
gifts  so  brilliant  and  so  Irish  be  joined, 
evotion  to  his  country  and  fidelity  to 
an  unfortunate  royal  family,  with 
whose  exile  he  began  life  and  with 
whose  ruin  he  finished  it,  it  cannot  be 
doDied  even  though  his  course  may 
liave  been  a  mistfuten  one,  whatever 
«lement0  of  evil  it  may  have  produced. 


were  counterbalanced  by  much  sroater 
and  more  striking  good."  He  fe  said 
t*  have  be^n  a  man  of  magnificent 
physique,  with  mai^uers  both  noble  aud 
reflneo.  His  wife  was  also  a  most 
beautiful  and  brilliant  woman,  a  sister 
to  the  duchejs  of  Marlborough.  After 
the  death  of  her  noble  husband  she 
bidlt  a  convent  for  Poor  Clares  in  Dub« 
lin,  into  which  she  retired  and  lived  to 
the  great  age  of  92  years.  His  death 
took  place  in  1760. 

'  TALTAM,  HENRY,  DD.  LL.  D. 
F.  R.  8.,  one  of  the  ablest  and  most 
learned  of  modem  oriental  scholars, 
was  born  in  Ireland,  1788,  and  was  ed- 
ucaied  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and 
at  the  Universities  of  tiottingen  and 
Leyden,  and  graduated  as  a  doctor  la 
law,  theology  and  philosophy.  He 
gave  great  attention  to  the  eastem  lan> 
guages,  and  became  the  chief  modern 
authority  in  matters  relating  to  the  Cop> 
tic.  He  discovered  in  the  east,  at  the 
Netican  Convent,  the  collection  of  the 
manuscript,  which  have  become  the 
basis  of  research  in  the  Syriac,  and 
which  are  now  in  the  possession  of  the 
British  Museum.  He  is  the  author  of 
numerous  valuable  archseological  and 
philological  works,  and  desrrvedly 
stood  amongst  the  foremost  scholars  of 
his  day.    B^  died  in  1868. 

TANDY,  JAMES  NAPPER,  a  cele- 
br<»ied  Irish  patriot  and  one  of  th» 
United  Irishmen  in  '06,  was  bom  in 
1767,  and  was  a  merchant  in  Dublin  in 
1701.  He  became  secretary  of  the 
Catholic  Association  and  was  a  bold 
and  outspoken  leader  in  Irish  rights. 
Oa  arbitrtry  meastires  being  taken  b;r 
the  government  to  put  down  the  United 
Irishmen  he  escaped  to  France  and  wai» 
commisbioned  a  General  of  Brigade 
in  the  exuedition  against  Ireland,  fitted 
out  in  '98,  under  Gen.  Rey.  A^'ter  tlie 
f dlure  of  this  he  took  refuge  in  Ha'ji- 
burg,  but  was  delivered  up  to  tbe  Drit- 
ish  government  and  condemned  to 
death,  but  not  executed,  and  after  the 
peace  of  Amiens,  Napper  Taiidy,  was 
liberated.  He  again  tools  service  in  tht* 
French  army  and  had  command  of  a 
vegiment  when  he  died,  in  1802,  at 
Bordeaux. 

TANNER,  BDMOND.  a  learned 
Irish  divine  and  doctor  of  theology  waa 
contemporaiyof  lUchanl  Creagh,  arch* 


TAT 


IBIBH  CELTS. 


TAT 


Ushop  of  Armagh,  amoTig  other  works 
he  wrote  commentories  on  the  work  of 
St.  Thomas,  A.  D.,  1685. 

TATE,  Ki^iUM,  a  poet  and  dra- 
matist of  talent,  was  bom  in  Dublin,  in 
1663,  and  educated  in  Trinity  College 
in  that  city.  He  turned  his  attention 
to  literature,  and  sought  London,  where 
alone  in  those  days  could  the  English 
writer  find  sufficient  pecunary  reward 
for  his  efforts.  He  soon  gained  notor- 
ie^  and  employment,  aud  <.n  1693  suc- 
ceeded Sh>  Jwell  as  poet  laureate  of 
England.  He  assisted  Dryden  in  the 
composition  of  Absalom  and  Archi- 
tophel,  and  also  remodeled  King  Lear, 
wldch  adaptation  long  kept  the  stage. 
He  was  the  author  of  ten  dramas,  but 
ir  better  known  by  his  version  of  the 
psalms,  which  he  pat  into  verse  in  con- 
junction with  zncholas  Brady,  and 
which  are  still  used  in  the  book  of  com 
mon  prayer.  He  died  at  Southwork 
August  13, 1716. 

TAYLOR.  QEOROB,  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  Declaration  of    Inde- 

Eindence,  was  bom  in  Ireland  in  1716. 
e  received  a  good  education,  and  it 
was  his  oniy  capltfil  on  arriving  in  this 
country.  He  took  the  first  employ- 
ment that  presented  itself,  which  was 
that  of  a  laborer.  He  however  soon 
got  a  situation  more  in  keeping  with 
his  training,  a  clerkship  in  an  iron 
works.  His  employer  dying,  he 
some  time  afterward  married  his 
widow,  and  became  manager  of  consid- 
erable property  in  iron  works,  which 
he  handiea  with  success.  Before  the 
stamp  act  passed  he  had  become  a 
member  of  the  Legislature  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  was  noted  for  his  talent  and 
capacity  for  business.  He  displayed  at 
this  time  all  the  ardor  of  his  countiv- 
men  in  discussing  the  questions  of  dif- 
ference with  the  mother  country,  but 
the  Quaker  element  in  that  common- 
wealth was  indisposed  to  any  precipi- 
tancy in  a  separation  which  involved 
war.  It  was  the  Irish  element,  the 
Waynes,  and  the  Hoevs  and  the  Tay- 
lors which  placed  Pennsylvania  so 
Jutcklv  and  gallantly  into  line.  In 
776  Taylor  was  sent  to  the  Continent- 
al Congress  and  had  the  honor  of  affix- 
ing his  name  to  the  great  charter  of 
American  Independence.  Mr.  Taylor 
removed  to  Delaware  the  next  year  to 
aoqage  there  in  business,  and  did  not 


again  during  Us  short  life  appear  ixk 
public,  but  supported  the  govemment 
by  every  means  in  his  power.  He  died 
in  1781. 

TAYLOR,  SIR  MEADOWS,  a  tal- 
ented soldier,  legislator,  historian  and 
writer,  was  born  in  Ireland,  1810.  He 
entered  the  military  service  of  the  East 
India  Company  when  a  youth,  where  he- 
quickly  distinguished  himself,  became 
a  colonel  and  was  decorated  with  the 
star  of  India  knighthood.  He  married 
an  India  princess  and  was  president  or 
administrator  of  several  native  courts. 
Be  was  a  learned  and  able  archaologlst 
Oi*  India  remains.  He  is  the  author  of 
"Confessions  of  a  Thug,"  8  vol.;  "Tip- 
poo  Sutaun,  a  Tale  of  the  Mysore 
War,"  8  vol.;  "Notices  of  Cromlechs, 
Cairns  and  other  Ancient  Scytho — 
Druidical  Remains  of  India,"  "Tara,  a 
Mahratta  Tale,"  8  vol.;  "Ralph  Dar- 
nell, a  Tale,"  8  vol.;  "Manuel  of  the 
History  of  India  from  the  Earliest 
Times."  Col.  Taylor  was  undoubted* 
ly  the  best  authority  on  India  history^ 
and  remains  that  ever  wrote  in  the 
English  language.  He  died  May,. 
1876. 

TAYLOR,  WILLIAM  OOOKB,  L- 
L.  D.,  an  author  of  extensile  and  var- 
ie<^  l«Amiug,  was  bom  at  Youghal, 
Ireland,  in  the  year  1800,  and  grad- 
uated at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  witb 
the  highest  honors.  After  finishing 
his  course  he  determined  to  devote  him- 
self to  literature  and  sought  the  only 
market  which  literary  Irishmen  had,to 
find  employment  and  compensation  for 
their  labor— London.  Here  his  ex- 
tensive learning  and  great  industry^ 
soon  found  employment  and  he  was  re- 
cognized as  imnvalled,  if  not  for  pro- 
foundity,  at  least  for  variety  and  ex- 
tent of  knowledge.  He  was  a  great 
promoter  of  education  and  gave  much 
attention  to  developing  the  best  me- 
thods, and  his  opinion  on  this  subject 
was  eagerly  sought  and  held  as  the- 
highest  In  *he  kingdom.  He  wis  sent 
by  guvemment  to  the  continent  to  in- 
vestigate the  educational  systems,  and 
had  returned  and  vas  appointed  on  tLe 
establishment  of  the  lora  lieutenant  of 
Ireland  to  carry  out  his  educational 
views,  when  he  was  cut  ofF  by  the  pes- 
tilence that  ravaged  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,  in  1849.  Among  his  works- 
are  his  manmls  of  "Ancient  and  ModU> 


SiJij  .'ii 


TEN" 


man  CBL<r& 


TEN 


em  History."  "Ltfe  and  Times  of  Sir 
Robert  !*eel,"  "History  of  Mobaume- 
danism/'  "ReTolutlons  and  Remarkable 
Conspiracies  of  Eurape,"  "Tlie  History 
of  tbe  House  of  Orleans,"  &c.  He 
died  in  1840. 

TEMPLE,  SIR  JOHN",  nepbew  of 
Sir  William,  an  eminent  solicitor,  was 
bom  In  Dublin,  about  1660.  He  held 
the  position  of  attoraey-general  of  Ire- 
land, and  was  also  speaker  of  the  Irish 
House  of  Commons.    He  died  in  1704. 

TEMPLE,  SIR  WILLIAM,  son  of 
the  master  of  the  rolls  in  Ireland,  and 
grandson  of  Sir  William  Temple,  Pro- 
vost of  Dublin  UniTersity  and  member 
-of  the  Irish  Parliament,  was  bom  in 
Dublin,  about  1625.  and  succeeded  his 
father  as  master  of  the  rolls  by  rever- 
sionary grant.  He  was  educated  part- 
ly in  Dublin  and  partly  at  Cambridge. 
In  his  nineteenth  year  he  be.s:an  an  ex- 
tensive tour  of  the  continent,  remain- 
ing for  two  years  In  France.  On  his 
return  to  Ireland  he  obtained  a  seat  in 
its  Parliament.  Charles  II  employed 
him  as  a  diplomat,  in  which  capacity 
Temple  displayed  ablilities  of  the  first 
order.  He  was  twice  employed  in  se- 
cret misrions,  and  as  envoy  extraordi- 
nary to  the  Hague,  he  concluded  within 
the  short  space  of  five  days  the  treaty 
of  the  triple  alliance.  He  was  also  one 
of  the  negotiators  at  the  Congress  oj 
Aix  la  Chapelie,  and  signed  the  peace 
•of  1678,  was  appointed  embassador  to 
the  Hafue  in  1674,  and  was  employed 
abroad  in  other  important  matters,  m 
1679  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  king's 
new  council,  but  was  poon  displaced 
for  too  great  freedom  of  speech.  He 
never  afterwards  took  part  in  public 
affairs,  and  died  in  1698.  His  work 
form  4  octave  volumes. 

TENNENT,  SIR  JAMES  EMER- 
SON, LL.  D.,  a  talented  writer  and 
man  of  culture,  was  born  in  Belfast, 
Ireland,  April  7,  1794,  and  was  the  son 
■of  a  wealthy  merchant,  William  Emer- 
son. He  received  his  education  in 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  traveled 
on  the  continent  and  in  the  East,  and 
met  Lord  Byron  in  Greece,  when  he 
became  flered  also  with  enthusiasm  for 
Grecian  independence.  He  studied  law 
«nd  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1821.  but 
never  practised,  married  the  dnughter 
•of  William  Tennent,  a  wealthy  banker  | 


of  Belfast,  whose  name  he  assumed  the 
next  year  by  royal  license,  was  chosen 
as  a  Whig  to  tbe  first  Reformed  Par- 
liament, in  1882.  from  Belfast;  subse-. 
Quently  withdrew  from  the  Whigs  wiUi 
Sir  James  Graham  and  Lord  Stanley, 
in  what  was  called  the  "Derby  dllly,'* 
became  a  supporter  of  Sir  Robert  Peel, 
was  president  of  the  India  Board,  m 
1843.  He  was  knighted  and  appointed 
civil  secretary  to  the  governor  of  Cey- 
Ion,  in  1851,  was  returned  to  Parliament 
for  Lisbura,Ireland,becamesecretary  of 
the  Poor  Law  Board  as  a  conservauve, 
and  secretary  of  the  Board  of  Trade. 
He  procured  the  pas^ng  of  an  act  m 
Parliament;  securing  copyrights  on  de- 
signs. He  is  author  of  "Belgium."  3 
vol.;  "Christianky  in  Ceylon;"  "The 
Story  of  the  Gens;"  "The  Wild  Ele- 
phant;" "Ceylon,  an  Account  of  the 
island.  Physical,  Historical  and  Topo- 
graph ncal.  He  also  contributed  large- 
ly to  "Notes  and  Queries"  and  other 
standard  periodicals.  He  died  in  Lon- 
don, March  6, 1869. 

TENNENT,  REV.  WILLIAM  a 
noted  and  able  Presbyterian  divine, 
was  bora  in  Ireland,  June  8,  1705,  and 
emigrated  with  his  father  who  brought 
his  family  to  America  about  1720.  His 
elder  brother  Gilbert  was  ako  a  minis- 
ter Lud  under  him  he  studied  both 
classics  and  theology  in  New  Jersey, 
whefe  they  resided.  William  was  an 
indefatigable  student,  and  so  ceaseless 
was  his  application  that  his  health  at 
length  gave  way.  About  this  time  he 
had  a  very  narrow  escape  from  being 
buried  alive.  One  day  he  was  convers* 
ing  with  his  brother  in  Latin,  when 
suddenlv  he  fainted  and  seemed  to  ex- 
pire. He  was  all  prepared  for  burial, 
when  his  physician,  who  had  been  ab- 
sent during  this  time,  returned,  and,  on 
examining  him,  thought  he  perceived 
signs  of  life.  His  boriy,  however,  was 
cold  and  stiff,  and  had  oeen  so  for  three 
days.  His  brother  delayed  the  funeral 
for  awhile,  but  at  length  Insisted  on 
burying  him,  when  all  of  a  sudden  he 
opened  his  eyes  and  groaned.  He 
slowly  recovered,  but  for  some  time  af- 
terwards all  tbe  past  was  a  blank,  but 
he  at  length  came  to  a  normal  state.  He 
became  widely  known  as  an  eloquent 
preacher,  and  perhaps  not  less  on  ac- 
count of  his  cataleptic  experience,  and 
an  imaginary  view  of  the  other  world, 
which  was  connected  in  his  mind  w^th 


THO 


IBIRH  CBLTS. 


TflO 


it.  When  the  revolution  burst  in  the 
colonies  he  went  to  reside  with  a  son  in 
South  Carolina,  where  he  died  in  1777. 

THESST,  WILLIAM,  a  brave  and 
reliant  Irish  oflScer,  in  the  service  of 
France  in  the  time  of  Louis  XIV.  He 
earned  honor  and  distinctior  by  his 
gallant  conduct  on  various  occasions, 
and  well  sustained  the  reputation  of 
Irish  valor.  He  served  under  Catinat 
and  other  celebrated  commanders  and 
participated  in  some  of  the  great  vic- 
tories won  through  the  aid  of  the  gal- 
lant Irish  brigades  in  France. 

THOMPSON,    LAUNT,    a  distin- 

Siished  sculptor,  was  bom  in  Queen's 
ounty  Ireland,  in  1888.  Emigrated 
with  his  widowed  mother  to  the  United 
States,  and  settled  in  Albany,  New 
York,  1846,  and  after  preparatory 
studies  he  entered  the  office  of  Dr. 
Ormsby  to  pursue  a  course  of  medicine. 
Having  a  passion  for  drawing  he,  in 
the  meantime,  developed  no  mean  ca- 
pacity, and  giving  up  medicine  he  en- 
tered the  studio  of  Erastus  D.  Palmer, 
a  sculutor,  as  a  pupil  and  assistant, 
where  he  remained  nine  vears,  and  be- 
came noted  for  his  skill  and  accuracy 
as  a  medallionist.  He  settled  in  New 
York  in  1808,  and  became  a  valued 
member  of  the  Academy  of  Design. 
Among  his  works  are  busts  of  "Edwin 
Booth,  as  Hamlet,"  "Gen.  Dix,"  "Bry- 
ant," the  poet,  and  a  colossal  statue  of 
Napoleon.  He  afterwards  went  to  re- 
side in  Florence,  Italy,  the  home  of 
sculptors,  where  'he  still  works  with 
high  hopes  and  aims. 

THOMPSON,  ROBERT  ELLIS,  an 
emineut  American  Presbyterian  divine 
and  scholar,  was  bom  near  Lurgan, 
Ireland,  in  1844,  and  came  to  the 
United  States  with  his  parents,  who,  in 
1867,settled  in  Philadelphia.  He  entered 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  where 
be  graduated  in  1865,  and  commenced 
the  study  of  theology  in  a  Reformed 
Presbyterian  Seminary,  where  he  grad- 
uated in  1867,  and  became  assistant  ed- 
itor of  the  American  Presbyterian,  and 
also  assistant  professor  of  mathematics 
and  Latin  in  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. In  1874  he  became  professor  of 
social  science,  and  Just  previously  was 
ordhined  to  the  ministry  of  the  Re- 
formed Presbyterian  Church.  He  has 
iMen  editor  of  the  Pennsylvania  Month- 


ly for  many  years.  Among  his  works 
is  "Social  Science  and  National  Econo- 
my," 1875.  He  is  a  member  of  many 
learned  societies. 

THOMPSON.  REV.  WILLIAM,  an 
Irish  divine,  and  poet  of  considerable 
merit,  was  educated  for  the  ministry 
and  became  Protestant  dean  of  Raphoe, 
Ireland.    He  died  about  177U. 

THOMPSON,  WILLIAM,  a  cele- 
brated Irish  Naturalist,  was  bora  about 
1806.  He  undertook  a  complete  Nat- 
ural History  of  Ireland,  but  had  only 
completed  and  published  the  depart- 
ment of  birds,  when  he  died  in  1852 

THOMPSON,  GEN.  WILLIAM,  « 
distinguished  soldier  and  patriot  of  the 
American  Revolution,  was  bom  in 
Ireland,  about  1780,  emigrated  to 
Pennsylvania  in  early  life  and  soon  be- 
came active  in  military  aflairt-,  and  in 
defense  of  the  colonv  aj^inst  loth  the 
French  and  the  Indians.  He  com- 
manded a  company  in  the  French 
war,  1759-60;  and  after  its  termina- 
tion settled  at  Fort  Pitt,  (Pittsburg,) 
and  was  one  of  the  purchasers  of  the 
old  fort.  He  was  also  a  strong  ad- 
vocate for  colonial  rights  and  legislative 
independence,  and  on  the  breaking  out 
of  the  war  of  the  Revolution  he  raised 
a  regiment  of  riflemen  and  took  the 
field, arriving  at  Cambridge.Mass.,  June, 

1775.  He  bad  his  first  brush  with  the 
enemy  at  "Lachmere  Point,"  Nov.  10, 

1776.  In  Mnrch,  1776.  he  was  appoint- 
ed s  brigadier  general  and  succeeded 
Oen.  Leeln  command  of  New  York, 
March  19,  and  atferwards  join^ 
the  forces  invading  Canada,  un- 
der Montgomery  ancl  Arnold;  com- 
manded the  column  that  attacked 
Three  Rivers,  June  6,  and  get- 
ting in  an  exposed  position,  was  cap- 
tured. He  was  paroled  in  August,  fol- 
lowing, but  was  not  exchanged  'till 
1778.  He  died  at  or  near  Carlisle, 
Pennsylvania,  before  the  close  of  the 
war,  Sept.  4, 1781. 

THOMSON,  CHARLES,  LL.  D.,. 
secretary  of  the  Continental  Congress, 
one  of  the  most  distinguished  patriots 
of  tue  American  Revolution,  and  called 
the  "bam  Adams  of  Pennsylvania," 
was  born  at  Mayhera,  Derry,  Ireland, 
Nov.  29,  1729.  The  father  and  four 
boys  started  for  Amerioi,  1741,  to  seek 


fi 


THO 


ntXSH  CSLTB. 


THO 


4hdr  fortunes  in  the  new  world,  where 
«t  least  the  fruits  of  their  toil  would  be 
thdbr  own.  The  father  unfortunately 
died  on  the  voyage,  leaving  his  four 
brave  boys  to  push  their  way  in  the 
new  Uma.  They  landed  at  Newcastle, 
Delaware,  Charles,  at  the  time  was  on- 
ly deven,  but  the  elder  brother  soon 
found  employment,  and  our  subject  had 
the  advantage  of  studying  under  Dr. 
Allison,  his  countryman,  the  most 
-coted  classical  scholar  of  his  day  in 
America,  who  then  taught  an  academy 
at  Thunder  Hill,  Md.  Thomson  him- 
self became  a  teacher  in  Philadelphia 
and  the  friend  of  Benjamin  Franklin. 
He  soon  was  noted  for  his  thorough- 
ness, broad  culture,  and  spotless  In- 
tegrity, and  was  put  on  the  commis- 
sions to  treat  with  the  Iroquois  and 
Delaware  Indians,  who  soon  learned  to 
place  in  him  the  highest  confidence, 
and  gave  him  the  title  of  "Truthteller." 
He  engaged  in  Commercial  business, 
:and  marned  Hannah  Harrlsoni  an  aunt 
•of  President  Harrison.  He  became 
prominent  in  literary  and  patriotic  as- 
sociations, in  fact  in  all  public  spirfted 
•organizations,  apd  was  an  ardent  ad- 
vocate with  tongue  and  pen  of  the  peo- 
ples rights.  He  was  chosen  Secretary 
of  Uie  Continental  Congress  on  its  first 
Assembling  at  Carpenter's  Hall  Phila- 
delphia Sept.  6, 1774,  and  continued  to 
hold  that  important  position  uninter- 
ruptedly till  1789, 01  until  the  Continen- 
tal Cougress  was  superseded  by  the 
Federal  Constitution,  and  he  it  was 
who  was  chosen  to  inform  Washington 
of  his  elevation  to  the  office  of  First 
F^esident  of  the  United  States  of  Am- 
erica. Oluurles  Thompson  resided  the 
latter  years  of  hit  long  and  honored 
lifA  at  Lower  Morion.  Montgomery 
County  Pennsylvania;  when  he  died  at 
the  venerable  age  of  ninety  f*ye,  Aug. 
16, 1824.  Dr.  Thompson  wa»  a  ripe 
scholar,  and  was  the  author  of  valu- 
fible  documents  on  the  Indians  and  the 
Bevolutionary  troublra,  a  translation  of 
the  whole  Bible,  the  Old  Testament  be- 
ing from  the  "Septuagint"  also  a  q^- 
opsis of  the  Four  Evangelists,  beluga 
History  of  the  Conception,  Birth,  Doc- 
trine, Miracles,  Death,  Resurection  and 
Assension  of  Our  Lord  Jesus  Christ," 
Philadelphia,  1816. 

THOMSON,  JAMES,  one  of  the 
leading  scientists  of  the  age  and  an  emi- 
nent civil  and  mechanical  engineer,  was  a 


brother  of  Sir  William,  and  a  son  of 
James  Thomson,  LL.  D.,  afterwards 
professor  of  matbenutics  in  the  Univer« 
slty  of  Glasgow.  He  was  born  at  Belfast, 
Ireland,  1816,  and  educated  under  his 
father  there,  and  afterwards  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Qlaseow,  where  he  graduat- 
ed, lw7,  and  then  entered  the  Housley 
Iron  Works  at  Tipton,  to  become  fam- 
iliar with  practical  mechanics;  later  he 
was  employed  by  Sir  Wm.  Fairbaim, 
the  eminent  civil  engineer.  In  1857  he 
became  professor  of  civil  engineering  in 
Queen's  College.  Belfast,  and  in  1873. 
in  the  University  of  Glasgow.  He  has 
given  great  attention  to  practical  me- 
chanics engineering,  especially  in  re- 
gard to  irrigation  and  water  supply;  he 
invented  the  "Vortex  Turbine,''  the 
"Jet  Pump,"  the  "International  Reser- 
voir for  Draining  Swamp  Lands."  and 
successfully  ezpmined  the  problem  of 

Slacial  action,  by  showing  the  lowering 
y  pressure  of  the  freezing  temperature 
of  water.  He  has  contributed  numer- 
ous valuable  papers  to  the  transaction 
of  the  leading  scientific  associations  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  including 
phvsics.  mathematics  and  mechanics, 
ana  undoubtedly,  is  one  of  the  most 
practical  scientific  men  of  the  age. 

THOMSON,  WILLIAM,  an  able 
and  learned  Irish  scientist,  was  bom  at 
Belfast,  Nov.  2, 1806,  and  became  noted 
for  his  extensive  and  exact  knowledge 
in  every  department  of  science  and  art. 
He  has  associated  with  Professor  Ed- 
ward Forbes,  and  sent  by  the  British 
Government  to  the  j£gean  archipelago 
and  contributed  nearly  eighty  papers  to 
the  transactions  of  different  societies  on 
scientific  investigations,  including  bo- 
tany, zoology  and  ornithology  His 
great  work,  however,  was  his  "Natural 
History  of  Ireland,"  4  vol.  He  died 
February  17, 1852. 

THOMSON,       SIR      WILLIAM, 

Jounger  brother  of  James  and  son  of  Dr. 
ames  Thomson,  b  perhaps  the  ablest 
scientific  man  of  the  age,  at  least  of 
those  who  speak  the  BnKlish  language, 
was  bom  in  Belfast,  Ireland,  June, 
1824,  educated  at;  Glasgow  under  his 
father,  and  at  Cambridge,  where  he 
graduated  in  1846  as  second  wraneler 
and  was  elected  fellow.  In  184o  he 
was  elected  to  the  chair  of  Natural 
Philosophy  in  Glasgow  University  und 
the  same  year  be^me  editor  of  the 


THO 


nusa  CKLTI 


TIO 


"Ciimbridge  and  Dublin  Mathematical 
Journal."  where  he  first  published  his 
researches  on  the  mathematical  theory 
ol  electricity.  He  invented  quadrant 
and  portable  electrometers  of  extreme 
delicacy  and  ereat  accurHcy,  the  former 
was  adopted  by  the  Kew  Observatory 
for  the  automatic  registration  of  the 
electric  state  of  the  atmosphere.  He 
was  also  inventor  of  the  mirror  galvano- 
meter and  the  syphon  recorder,  instru- 
m'nts  of  the  greatest  vplue  in  sub- 
marine telegrophy,  and  wLich  rendered 
communication  by  Atlantic  cable  a 
]X}8sibility.     He  made  important  ex- 

E crimen ts  in  maenetism,  especially  in 
eat,  among  which  were  those  regard- 
ing the  conversion  of  water  into  ice,  at 
the  freezing  point,  without  the  expen- 
diture of  force;  the  specific  heat  of  sub- 
etances;  the  relation  between  the  force 
expended  and  the  heatproduced  in  the 
compression  of  gas.  He  has  published 
many  important  scientific  papers. 
Among  them  none  which  attracted 
more  attention  than  that  in  'the  Philo 
flophiral  Magazine,  1863,  in  regard  to 
the  "Universal  tendency  in  nature  to 
the  dissipation  of  mechanical  energy." 
In  1868.  he  delivered  the  Barkerian  lec- 
ture on  "The  Electro-Dynamic  Proper 
ties  of  Metals."  He  received  the  royal 
medal  of  the  L6ndon  Royal  Society, 
ond  the  Keith  prize  of  the  Edinburgh 
Royal  Society.  He  delivered  the  "Bme 
Lecture,"  18io6,  and  the  same  year  was 
Imighted  for  his  valuable  discoveries  in 
the  advancement  of  science.  He  was 
president  of  the  British  Association  and 
of  the  Geological  Society  of  Qlasgo^, 
and  Fellow  of  St.  Peter's  College,  Cam- 
bridge. He  published  in  conjunction 
with  Tate  an  "Elementary  Treatise  on 
Natural  Philosophy."  which  became 
the  standard  work  on  that  subject,  and 
in  1872  issued  a  volume  of  papers  on 
electro  statics  and  magnetism.  He  vis- 
ited Canada  and  the  United  States  in 
1876,  and  about  that  time  perfected  a 
Tide  calculating  machine.  Thomson 
undoub'edly  stands  at  the  front  of  liv- 
ing scientists. 

THORNTON,  MATHEW,  a  distin- 
guished  patriot  of  the  American  Revo- 
lution, and  one  of  the  signors  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence,  was  born 
in  Ireland,  about  1714,  and  when  about 
three  vears  old,  emigrated  to  America 
with  bis  parents,  who  finally  took  up 
llieir  residence  in  Worcester,  Manachu- 


setts.  After  acquiring  a  classical  eda> 
cation  he  commenced  the  study  cf  med- 
icine, and  on  being  admitted  to  prac* 
tice.  he  settled  in  Londonderry,  N.  H. 
There  he  soon  became  proniinent, 
and  was  active  in  the  defense  of  the 
colony  against  the  French  and  Indians. 
In  1746  hie  accompanied  the  expedition 
against  Loiusburg  as  chief  surgeon  to 
Ihe  New  Hampshire  troops,  and  earn^ 
distinguished  credit,  both  as  a  soldier 
and  physician.  He  early  espoused  the 
cause  of  the  colonies  nnd  was  an  able 
CO  laborer  of  his  gallant  countryman 
Stark,  and  amongst  the  most  fearless 
and  outspoken  of  the  patriots  prior  to 
the  Revolution.  In  1776  he  was  chosen 
a  dele^te  to  the  Continental  Coneress 
and  affixed  his  name  to  the  great  char- 
ter of  American  Independence.  He 
must  have,  in  the  meantime,  studied 
law,  for  we  find  him,  after  the  war, 
holding  important  legal  positions,  hav- 
ing been  successively  chief  justice  of 
the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  and  judge 
of  the  Superior  Court  of  New  Hamp- 
shire. He  was  held  in  the  highest  es- 
teem by  his  fellow  citizens  for  his  in- 
tegrity and  worth,  and  died  full  of 
years  and  honors,  1808,  being  in  his 
90th  ycv. 

TIEllNET,  GEORGE,  a  distinguish- 
ed statesman  and  writer  of  Great  Brit- 
ain, was  of  Irish  descent,  bom  in  Lon- 
don, in  1766,  and  after  finishing  his  edu- 
cation at  Cambridge,  commenced  the 
study  of  the  law.  He-  however  gave 
himself  up  to  politics  and  political  dis- 
cussions in  the  loumals  of  the  day.  He 
attached  himself  to  the  Whigs  and  in 
1796-8,  was  elected  M.  P.  for  South- 
work  .  He  afterwards  represented  Ath- 
lone,  Ireland,  and  subsequently  Appleby 
and  other  English  borouu!hs.  In  the  year 
'98  he  had  a  duel  with  Pitt,  arising 
from  words  in  debate,  which  resulted 
without  injury.  On  the  accession  of 
the  Addington  Ministry  in  1802,  he  be- 
came treasurer  of  the  navy,  and  in 
1806,  under  the  Grenville,  ue  became 
president  of  the  Board  of  Control.  On 
the  formation  of  the  Canning  Ministry, 
he  was  appointed  master  of  the  mint, 
but  retired  in  1828  with  Goderich,  and 
died  soon  after  in  1880.  Tiernev  was 
one  of  the  ablest  debaters  of  his  day, 
and  a  formidable  opposer  of  Pitt. 

TIGHE,  M^RY  BLACHFORD,  » 
talented  poetess  and  author,  was  bom 


''1 


^m 


TIH 


ntUR  OSLTf. 


TIM 


in  Ireland,  In  1T78.  Uer  most  admired 
production  is  Psycbe,  a  poem  of  great 
mwit  and  beauty.    She  died  in  1810. 

TIOnERNMAS,  king  of  Ireland, 
who,  according  to  the  book  of 
"Lucan,"  was  the  first  to  introduce 
idolatry  into  Ireland,  the  people 
prior  to  that  time  having  pre- 
served to  a  greater  or  less  degree  the 
ancient  traditions  and  worship  of  the 
only  true  God  received  from  the  Patri- 
arch of  old.  He  is  also  said  to  have 
been  the  discoverer  of  the  first  gold 
and  silver  mines  in  that  county,  and 
also  insMtuted  the  designation  of  differ- 
ence of  rank  by  the  number  of  colors 
worn  in  the  clothes.  By  his  decree, 
the  learned,  ranked  next  to  the  king, 
showhig  at  that  early  day  the  intellect- 
ual character  of  the  race,  a  trait,  which 
their  accumulated  misfortunes  and  the 
consequent  want  of  motives  to  foster, 
has  failed  to  weaken  or  lessen. 

TIGERNACH,  or  TIERNE,  ST., 
bishop  of  Cluanois  or  Clunes,  and 
apostolic  legate  of  Ireland,  was  succes- 
sor of  St.  Macartin,  but  made  his  cathe- 
dral at  Clunes.  He  founded  an  abbey 
at  Clune(  in  Monaghan.for  regular  can- 
nons, under  the  title  of  St.  Peter  and 
Paul.    He  died  about  ▲.  D.  650. 

TIMON.  RT.  REV.  JOHN,  D.D.,the 
first  bishop  of  Buffalo,  an  able  and 
learned  Catholic  American  divine,  was 
born  at  Conewago,  Pennsylvania,  Feb. 
12,  1797.  of  Irish  parents,  (James 
Tlmon  and  Margaret  Leddy.)  who  had 
emigrated  from  County  Cavan,  Ire- 
land. When  John  was  five  years  old 
the  family  removed  to  Baltimore,  where 
our  subject  entered  his  father's  dry 
goods  store,  and  subsequently  assisted 
him  in  business  in  Louisville,  181 8-' 10. 
and  in  St.  Louis  from  that  time  until 
he  entered  the  preparatory  seminary  of 
the  Lazarists  of  St.  Louis,  April,  1828. 
There  he  acquired  a  reputation  for  indus- 
tnr,  zeal,  and  above  all  humility.  In 
1824,  while  still  pursuing  his  studies, 
he  acoompanied  father  Odin,  after- 
wards archbishop  of  New  Orleans,  on 
an  extended  missionary  tour  through 
Arkansas  and  Texas,  preaching,  m- 
Btructing  children  and  others,  and  pre- 
paring them  for  the  sacraments.  So 
earnest  were  his  studies,  and  such 
rapid  progress  did  he  make,that  he  was 
raised  to  the  priesthood  in  1826,  and 


•con  af  tei  became  one  of  the  prof  e"8or» 
in  the  seminary,  and  alio  had  mission- 
ary duties  to  perform.  Considerable 
prejudice  was  exhibited  in  thoee  early 
days  against  Catholics,  especially 
priests,  which  the  more  ignorant  Ugot* 
would  supplement  with  violence,  which 
at  one  time  threatened  his  life.  Oa 
several  occasions  a  number  of  sectarian 
preachers  of  the  out  of -door  order,  as- 
sembled  before  the  seminary  and  chal- 
lenged  the  fathers  to  a  public  discussion. 
Father  Timon  thinking  that  the  quick* 
est  wav  to  abate  the  nuisance  was  to 
meet  them  and  expose  their  ignorance, 
was  permitted  to  accept,  and  be  met  six 
of  the  doughty  champions  on  the  stump, 
and  so  completely  did  he  expose 
their  ignorance  and  bigoUy,  that  they 

Sve  no  farther  trouble.  He  was  inde- 
ligable  in  the  work  of  his  ministry 
and  was  soon  famed  far  and  wide  for 
his  eloquence,  zeal  and  devotion  to 
duty  in  the  most  trying  ciicumstances. 
He  made  many  converts  both  by  hia 
examples  and  words.  His  zeal,  energy 
and  prudence  sustained  his  Order 
in  the  United  States  through 
many  difficulties,  and  in  1886, 
much  against  his  desire,  he  was  ap- 
pointed oy  the  General  Assembly  of 
the  Order,  held  in  Paris  that  year,  the 
first  visitor  of  the  order  in  the  United 
States.  His  personal  as  well  as  bis- 
general  work  for  the  Order  was  now 
simply  herculean.  In  1887  he  visited 
France,  and  brought  back  zealous  la- 
borers and  substantial  aid,  and  extend- 
ed the  field  of  his  mission  over  the  then 
Republic  of  Texas,  preached  in  its  hall 
of  Congress,  and  celebrated  the  first 
mass  ever  offered  ub  in  Galveston.  In 
1889  he  was  appointed  co-adjutor  to 
the  bishops  of  St.  Louis,  with  the  right 
of  succession,  but  so  great  was  his  hu 
mility  that  he  would  not  accept.  la 
1840  he  was  appointed  vicar  apostlic  of 
Texas,  which  was  still  an  independ- 
ent republic.  At  the  urgent  request  of 
his  brethren  he  accepted,  and  was  re- 
ceived in  the  young  republic  with  dis- 
tinguished honors,  f>reacbing  before 
the  House  and  Senate.  The  acting 
president  Judge  Burnett  highly  com- 
plimented his  Sequence  and  success  in 
vindicating  Catholic  doctrine  aUd  he  was- 
tendered  a  public  dinner.  He  then  set 
to  work  with  his  usual  energy  and  soon 
the  results  of  his  apostlic  labors  were- 
everywhere  visible,  and  many  were 
brought  into  the  fold.    lu  1844  he  waa 


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TIM 


XBIIB  CMCUt9» 


TOB 


•ppoloted  bicbop  of  Buffalo,  «nd  was 
consecrated  in  New  York  bj  Bisbop 
Hugbes,  Oct.  17.  and  was  recdTed  by 
bis  new  flock  witb  every  demonstra- 
tion of  joy.  Tbe  result  of  bis  advent 
among  them  was  soon  visible,  missions 
and  spiritual  retreats  were  given  in 
rapid  succeRsion.  the  bishop  preaching 
often  five  times  a  day.  In  a  cburcb 
which  hod  about  three  bundred  com- 
municants when  be  came,  soon  after  re- 
corded 1 500,  and  this  was  but  a  sample  of 
the  fruit  of  bis  labors.  He  bad,  bow- 
ever,  great  trouble  witb  tbe  St.  Louis 
Cburcb  trustees,  and  at  last  excom- 
municated them  and  interdicted  the 
cburcb.  A  violent  blast  of  bigotrv  was 
the  result,  and  tbe  bigots  in  the  L^;is- 
lature  of  the  State  succeeded  in  passing 
an  act  intended  to  embarrass  the  Catbo 
lie  cburcb  in  its  property  relations.  A 
legislative  bigot  named  Babcock  utter- 
edan elaborate  tirade  of  slander  against 
the  church,  which  Bishop  Timon  ans- 
wered in  a  withering,  sarcastic  and 
crushing  open  letter,  which  met  no  re- 
ply. Soon  under  bis  fostering  care  and 
through  a  tireless  energy,  schools, 
foundling  asylums,  orphan  asylums, 
magdalen  asylums  and  lunatic  asylums 
sprang  up  to  give  a  home  to  every  bu- 
Uian  misery.  He  also  founded  a  semi- 
nary at  Nia^ra  Falls,  under  the  care 
of  the  Lazarists,  and  also  a  college  at 
Alleghany,  under  tbe  charge  of  tbe 
Pranciscans.  In  18S8  Bishop  Timoif 
visited  Mexico  to  solicit  from  its 
wealthy  Catholics  aid  for  a  projected 
cathedral,  and  on  his  way  stopped  at 
Kew  Orleans  to  learn  the  rudiments  of 
Spanish,  and  was  able  when  he  ar- 
rived in  Mexico  to  appeal  with 
fluency  to  the  Spanish  Mexicans  in 
their  own  language  for  his  work. 
He  also  visited  Europe  repeatedly  in  the 
interests  of  bis  diocese  and  took  part 
in  the  defloition  of  the  doraia  of  the 
Immaculate  Conception  at  Home,  1854. 
He  was  highly  honored  by  Pius  IX  for 
bis  piety  and  sound  learning,  and  re- 
ceived with  distinction  in  every  part  of 
Europe,  when  he  travelled  in  aid  of  his 
cathedral.  His  last  visit  was  in  1862. 
He  was  ever  on  the  alert  in  crushing 
out  unreligious  pract'ces  among  the 
fidthful,  and  although  be  met  obstacles 
that  at  first  seemed  insurmountable,  he 
triumphed  over  all.  He  was  a  true 
bishop  in  its  broadest  sense,  imitating 
bis  Divine  Mastor  in  humility.  In  be- 
coming a  bishop,  he  tmly  only  became 


the  servant  of  servants,  early  and  late 
was  he  ready  to  meet  every  call,  and 
hear  the  confession  of  tbe  lowliest.  Tbe 
dignity  of  bishop  did  not  exalt  him 
above  tbe  humble  missioner,  as  it  im> 
fortunately  does  so  many,  or  into  hedg- 
ing himself  around  with  fonnalities, 
which  are  but  htm  to  a  free  intercourse 
with  their  flocks.  One  cannot  but  re- 
flect on  beholding  such  dignified  pre* 
lates,  bow  the  apostles  would  have 
looked,  entrenched  in  such  dignity. 
Our  bishop,  apostle-like,  never  lost  the 
bumble  missioner,  and  it  was  tbe  bu- 
milit*^  with  which  be  was  clothed  as  a 
gariL.  jnt,  that  gave  bim  the  power  and 
grace  to  conquer.  "For  be  hath  put 
down  tbe  mighty  from  their  seat,  and 
hath  exalted  tbe  humble."  After  un- 
ceasing labors  for  upwards  of  for^ 
years,  and  hands  filled  with  good 
works,  be  at  length  went  to  meet  that 
Master  for  whom  be  had  labored  so 
unselfishly  and  well.  He  died  April 
16,1867. 


TIRRELL,  OAPT.  BIOHARD.  one 
of  tbe  bravest  and  most  indefatigable  of 
the  Irish  confederate  chieftains,  was  a 
native  of  Munster,  and  bom  about  1660, 
was  engaged  in  numberless  encounters 
against  the  enemy, undd*  tbe  leadership 
of  the  princess  of  Tyrone,  Tyrccnnel, 
and  O'Sullivan,  prince  of  Bearre,  and 
highly  distinguished  himself  on  every 
occauon  by  his  military  skill  and  dar* 
ii^. 


TOBIN,  JOHN,  a  dramatic  author 
of  talent,  waa  of  Irish  descent,  bom  at 
Balisbuiy,  England,  and  educated  in 
private  schools;  after  completing  nis 
education  be  became  a  wlicitor.  His 
spare  moments  were  however  devoted 
to  dramatic  composition,  for  which  he 
had  a  strong  propensity.  At  the  age  of 
twenty-four  he  bad  written  several 
plays,  and  continued  literary  labor  in 
that  line  'till  death.  He  was  not,  how- 
ever, successful  during  his  life  in  hav- 
ing his  plays  accepted  by  managers. 
He  was  about  dying  when  his  play  of 
"The  Honeymoon"  was  nrst  re- 
hearsed, but  he  did  not  live  to  witneaa 
its  success.  He  died  of  consumption, 
December  8, 1804.  Among  bis  other 
plays  which  still  keep  the  boards  are, 
"The  Curfew"  and  '^'Tbe  School  for 
AuthorB," 


W)l 


m 

'■it  : 


"&'- 


*       '-j^.-i' 


TOL 


nuRH  OBx/n. 


TON 


}■• 


TOBIN,  A.  M.  de,  a  cdebrated 
Bpaoiflh  painter  of  Irish  descent,  was 
born  in  1678,  and  rose  to  distingaished 
•minence  in  art.    He  died  in  1768. 

TODD.  JAMES  H.,  D.  D.,  a  learned 
Irish  historian  and  archgeologist,  was 
bom  in  Dublin,  Ireland,  April  28, 
1805.  was  educated  at  Trinity  College 
In  that  city,  of  which  he  became  a  fel- 
low, and  took  orders  in  the  Established 
Church.  He  became  Regius  Professor, 
of  Hebrew.  1849,  and  was  twice  chosen 
Donellian  lecturer;  was  precentor  of 
St.  Patrick's  Cathedral  ana  one  of  the 
Qhief  founders  of  the  Irish  Archaeologic- 
al Society,  and  repeatedly  president  of 
the  Royal  Irish  Academy.  Among  his 
numerous  works  are  "St.  Patrick  and 
Archbishops  of  Armagh,"  "St.Patrick» 
Apostle  of  Ireland,"  "Wars  of  the 
Danes  o*  Ireland,"  "The  Irish  Version 
of  the  Historia  Britonum  of  Nunius," 
"The  Martyrology  of  DonegaL"  He 
was  also  a  valued  contributor  to  the 
transactions  of  learned  sodetieB..  He 
died  at  Rathfarnum,  near  Dublin,  June 
2^1889. 

TODD,  ROBERT  BENTLET, 
brother  of  the  foregoing,  an  eminent 
physician,  was  bom  in  Dublin,  in  1809. 
and  educated  at  Trinity  College.  Dub- 
lin, studied  medicine  and  settled  in 
London  for  practice.  1881.  Hia  suc- 
cess and  skill  soon  earned  for  him  an 
eztendve  practice  and  matchless  repu- 
tation, and  he  was  elected  to  the  chair 
of  physiology  and  anatomy  in  Kings 
College.  London,  1887,  ana  he  took  a 
leading  part  in  founding  the  Lospi-' 
tal  of  Oiat  name.  In  1889  ne  was  made 
professor  of  clinical  medicine,  which 
chair  he  retained  'till  his  death,  Jan. 
20, 1860.  He  was  joint  editor  with  Dr. 
Orantr  of  tbe  Cyclopedia  of  Anatomy 
and  Physiology,"  1886-'69.  and  with 
Dr.  Bowman  of  "The  Physioloj^ical 
Anatomy  and  Physiology  of  Man,"  be- 
sides lectures,  etc. 

TOL  AND,  JOHN",  a  writer  of  genius 
was  born  near  Londonderry,  Ireland, 
about  1670  and  was  educatra  at  OIa» 
gow.  Edinburgh  and  Lyden.  his  faith, 
which  was  originally  Catholic,  became 
unsettled  in  these  schools,  and  he  became 
naturally  a  free-thinker,  the  only  ration- 
al refuge  left.  He  was  einpluyed 
while  on  the  continent  in  secret  missions 
to  the  German  Courts,  and  died  in  17^. 


He  wrote  a  life  of  Milton,  besldei  other' 
works  of  a  semi-philosophical  and  n* 
ligioQB  nature,  and  created  by  his  re- 
ligious works,  much  disputation  among 
churchmen. 

TOLER,  JOHN,  bettor  known  tn 
Irish  history  as  Lord  Norbury.  and 
whose  name  among  patriot  Irishman  is 
but  a  synonyme  for  infamy;  was  bom 
in  1745  in  Tipperary,  educated  at  Trin- 
ity  CollM;e  and  was  called  to  the  bar  in 
1770.  He  was  eyer  a  toady  to  the  goy« 
ernment  and  receiyed  the  appointment 
of  King's  Counsel,  soon  after  Solidtor- 
Qeneral,  and  Attorney-General  in  '98, 
when  he  b«>came  infamously  notorious 
for  shameful  abuse  of  the  privelagea 
of  his  high  position,  using  his  influence 
in  securing  the  condemnation  of  poliUc- 
al  prisoners,  against  all  the  rules  and 
forms  of  imparUal  justice.  He  was  ad- 
yanced  to  the  position  of  Chief 
Justice  in  1800,  as  well  on  ac* 
count  of  his  pliani^.  as  in  reward 
for  his  efforts  in  the  destraction  of  the 
indepoidence  of  his  countij.  and  was 
given  a  peudon  of  oyer  £8,000  a  year  and 
madea  Vicountand  Earl.  Although  de- 
void of  honest  principle,  he  was  not  of 
ability,  but  had  a  certain  kind  of  rough 
strengUiand  coarse  wit,  which  added  to 
a  bold  and  positiye  manner,  backed  by 
imlimitable  assurance,  made  him  a 
rather  formidable  opponent.  He  died 
in  1881. 

TOMPKINS,  PATRICK  W.,  a  lead- 
ing politician  of  Mississippi,  was  bom  iu 
Kentucky  of  Irish  parents  and  received 
a  good  education.  He  afterwards  set- 
tle in  Mississippi  and  became  promi- 
nent by  his  talent  and  was  a  member  of 
the  80th  U.  S.  Congress. 

TONE,  THEOBALD  WOLF,  one  of 
the  most  gallant  and  distinguished  of 
Irish  patriots,  was  bora  in  Dublin  in 
1768.  He  early  imbibed  broad  and 
liberal  views  on  both  religious. and 
political  subjects,  and  was  a  strong  ad- 
vocate of  Catholic  emancipation  and  of 
a  united  Ireland.  Ho  was  elected  to  the 
Irish  Parliament  and  became  a  tnember 
of  the  Society  of  United  Irishmen  and 
an  intimate  friend  of  the  Emmets;  He 
was  at  leneth  compelled  to  fly  to  escape 
arrest^  and  went  to  France,  men  in  the 
throes  of  the  revolution.  He  succeeded 
in  inducing  the  Directory  to  promise 
assistanoe  to  the  Irish  patriotsi,  tiie  cU 


TOR 


IBISR  CBLTIb 


TOR 


rec*ion  of  which  wm  placed  In  the 
hands  of  the  celebrated  Hoche.  The 
expedition  havinir  been  scattered  In  a 
ftonn,  but  a  small  portion  landed  and 
nothing  much  was  attempted,  owing  to 
the  failure  of  the  ship  which  contained 
Qen.  Hoche.  iu  landing.  Tone  waa  at- 
tached to  the  expedition  as  Adjutant- 
general  and  was  on  one  of  the  capturea 
vessels,  and  after  recognition,  was  held  as 
a  prisoner  of  State,  although  at  the  time 
a  French  officer.  Every  effort  was 
made  to  sliield  him  bv  the  French  Qov- 
«mment  and  by  his  friends,  but  he  was 
condemned.  He,  however  anticipated 
bis  sentence  by  opening  a  vein  and 
bleeding  to  death.  He  was  a  worth v 
compeer  of  Emmet,  generoii.-.  chivel- 
rous,  brave  and  talented  In  the  highest 
degree,  with  qunlities  to  shine  among 
the  leaders  of  men,  but  living  in  a  coun- 
try wliere  every  noble  aspiration  was 
crushed  by  the  relentless  hand  of  a  for 
eign  tyrant;  he  craved  and  hoped  to  see 
his  country  freer!  from  the  savage,  and 
her  children,  of  all  creeds,  united  and  de- 
voted to  their  common  country,  and  for 
this  he  died. 

TONSON,  GEN.  WILLIAM,  a 
military  officer  of  merit,  was  born  In 
County  of  Cork,  in  May,  1724,  was 
Lieutenant-Qovemor  of  Cork  and  a 
mbmber  of  the  Irish  Parliament,  ele- 
vated to  the  peerage  1788  as  Baron 
Iliversdale,  of  Uathcormac  He  died  in 
1810. 

TOOM  \TH,IIEV.  JOHN,  a  celebrat- 
ed Baptist  divine,  better  known  as  the 
"Blind  Preach  r,"  was  horn  in  Ire- 
land and  came  to  this  country  about 
1860.  He  gained  considerable  notice  by 
Jiis  earnest  and  eloquent  style,  and  lec- 
tured widely  in  the  Unitea  States.  He 
died  in  Brooklyn^  March  18, 1874. 

'  TORRENS.  SIR  HENRY,  atalented 
and  distinguiRhed  general  officer  in  the 
service  of  Britain,  was  born  at  London- 
.derry,  Ireland,  in  1779,  received  his  edu- 
cation in  the  Military  Academy  at 
Dublin,  and  entered  the  British  service 
as  an  ensigd  in  the  63nd  Regiment  of 
Foot,  and  saw  his  first  active  service  in 
the  West  Indies,  where  he  distinguished 
himself  by  bravery  and  a  hardy  endur- 
ance. He  afterward  served  in  Holland, 
where  he  was  wounded,  and  on  recover- 
ing Joined  the  army  In  Egypt,  and 
servM    with    diatlnction  aipunst   the 


French.    He  next  embarked  from  a 

Eort  !n  the  Red  Sea  for  Bombay,  but 
aving  received  a  sun  stroke,  he  was 
obligM  to  return  to  England.  The  ves- 
sel stippingatSt.  Helena,  he  there  cap* 
tured  the  Qovemor's  daughter.  Miss 
Patton,  whom  he  took  home  as  his  wife. 
His  next  service  was  in  Buenos  Ayres. 
He  was  afterwsrds  Secretary  to  Sir 
Arthur  Wellesley  (Wellington)  and 
accompanied  him  to  Portu- 
gal. In  March,  1820,  he  was 
made  Adjutan^6eneral,  and  immediate- 
ly set  to  work  to  revise  the  army  regula- 
tJons  and  introduced  many  improve- 
ments.   He  died  in  1828. 

TORRENS,  MAJOR  GENERAL 
ROBERT.  F.  R  S..  a  distinguished 
British  soldier,  political  economist,  legis- 
lator and  writer,  was  bom  in  Ireland, 
1780.  and  entered  the  naval  service  of 
Britain  in  his  seventeenth  year,  as  Lieu- 
tenant of  Marines,  rose  to  be  a  Colonel 
by  1887,  and  subseijuently  served  in 
India,  where  he  distmguisbed  himself 
and  was  made  a  Major-General.  He  re- 
turned home  and  was  elected  a  member 
of  Parliament,  and  became  noted  by  his 
vigorous  support  of  the  Reform  bill,  and 
his  clear  andf  positive  doctrines  of  poli- 
tical economy.  Ambng  his  works  are 
"An  Essay  on  Money  and  Paper  Cur- 
rency," 1»12;  "Essay  on  the  External 
Corn  Trade,"  1815;  "Essay  on  the  Pro- 
duction of  Wealth,"  1821;  "The  Budget, 
a  Series  of  Letters  on  the,  Finanoal, 
Commercial  and  Colonial  Policy." 
"Facts  on  Finance  and  Trade."  Be 
died  Maya?,  1864. 

TORRENS,  SIR  ROBERT  R,  a  dis- 
tinguished legislator  and  writer,  was 
bom  in  1814  and  educated  at  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  went  to  Australia  in 
the  civil  service,  and  rose  to  be  Chief 
Secretary  and  Register-General.  He  re- 
turned home  about  186S,  and  entered 
Parliament  for  Cambridge,  where 
he  remtiined  from  1868-74.  and 
was  knighted  for  important  services  in 
1872.  He  is  the  author  of  a  valuable - 
work  on  Australia. 

TORRENS,  WILLIAM  McCUL- 
LAGH,  whose  real  name  is  McCullagh, 
a  talented  legisktor,  philanthropist  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  bom  near 
Dublin.  Ireland.  October  1818,  and 
graduated  at  Trinity  CoUego,  Dublin, 
studied  law  and  was  called  to  the  bir 


'  Tfl 


'* 


f'si 


u 


TRA 


iBna  CBLin 


TRii 


fa  18M.  He  entered  Fttrliament  for 
Dnndalk  u  an  advanced  Liberal  in  1848 
•nd  wan  an  unaucceisful  candidate  for 
Yarmouth  in  1852*  was  afterwarda 
elected,  but  unseated,  and  in  186S  re- 
turned for  Finsbury.  He  was  conspicu- 
ous during  the  American  dyil  war,  by 
his  advocacy  of  the  Union  cause;  aided 
Disraeli  to  cany  his  Household  Suffrage 
bill,  to  which  he  procured  the  addition 
of  the  "Lodgers  Franchise."  In  1868 
he  introduced  the  "Artizau  s  Dwellings 
bill,"  which  he  carried  after  a  protractol 
debate,  and  in  1869  he  procured  an  im- 
portant reform  in  the  management  of 
Sauper  children  by  the  poor  law  guar- 
ian  in  London;  and  secured  in  1870 
the  adoption  of  the  extradition  treaty 
with  the  Onited  Btates,  and  se- 
cured the  creation  of  the  London  School 
B<mrd.  He  still  practices  law  in  the 
London  courts,  and  is  a  member  of  Lin- 
coln's Inn.  Torrens  is  his  maternal 
name  which  he  has  added  to  McCul- 
lagh.  He  is  the  author  of  "The  Usoand 
Study  of  History,"  "The Industrial  His- 
tory of  Free  Nations,"  "Memoirs  of 
Richard  LalorSheil,"  "Life  and  Times 
of  Sir  James  Graham.  Bart,"  "The  Lan- 
cashire Lesson,"  "Our  Empire  in  Asf  , 
and  how  we  came  by  it. "  He  is  a  man  of 
great  energy  and  indefatigable  industry. 


TRACT,  ANTHONY  LOUIS  DE,  a 
celebrated  French  moralist,  politician 
and  writer,  was  bom  in  France  of  Irish 
parents  in  1754,  and  acauired  a  high 
reputation  for  learning  and  ability.  He 
died  in  1886. 

TRACY.  BERNARD  DB,  a  French 
divine  of  ability,  and  learning,  and  a 
relative  of  the  foregoing,  was 
born  in  France  in  1720,  and  entered  a 
religious  atate,  where  ne  became  dis- 
tinguished as  an  ascetic  writer  of  great 
influence  and  repute.    He  died  in  1786. 

TRACY,  NATHANIEL,  a  distin- 
guisbed,  patriotic  and  generous  mer- 
chant prince  of  the  American  revolution, 
was  born  atNewburg,  afterwards  called 
Newburyport,  in  1748.  His  parents 
were  Irish,  his  father,  Patrick  Tracy, 
having  engaged  in  business,  became 
opulent  and  with  true  Irish  spirit,  gave 
bis  sons  the  best  education  the  country 
aflordal.  Our  subject  graduated  at 
Harvard  in  1769  and  commenced  busi- 
ness in  company  with  Jonathan  Jaclc- 


sen,  an  aocompliah^d  merchant  and 
thorough  gentleman,  who  waa  ahn  ft 
brother  celt.  The  house  was 
prosperous  and  extended  its  trade  to  a 
wonderful  mMnitude  for  that  day. 
When  the  war  broke  out  he  turned  lus 
numerous  vessels  into  privateera,  and 
they  were  eminently  successful  at  first 
He  was  a  generous  and  patriotic  citizen, 
advocating  the  rights  of  the  people  and 
assisting  Uie  sovemment  liberally  with 
money,  clothing  and  other  sinews  of 
war.  He  lived  in  the  most  magnificent 
style,  and  his  farms  were  like  the  coun- 
try residence  of  an  old  country  noble- 
man, with  elegant  lawns  and  fishponds, 
having  alsoan  extensive  stable  ofsplen- 
did  horses  and  corresponding  equipages, 
and  everything  which  a  refined  taste  and 
convenience  could  suggest.  The  last 
yean  of  the  war  were,  however,  dis- 
astrous for  him,  he  lest  many  of  his 
vessels,  the  government  was  unable  to 
pay  him  large  loans  which  he  advanced, 
many  of  his^heavy  debtora  were  similar- 
ly situated  and  could  not  pay,  and  in 
1786  he  was  minus  some  millions  of  dol- 
lars. Under  the  circumstances  he  could 
not  make  good  his  cr^itsand  he  had  to 
succumb.  His  splendid  estates  were 
sold  for  but  a  small  portion  of  their 
cost  and  he  himself  broken  in  spirit,  re- 
tired to  a  large  farm  which  had  been 
secured  to  his  wife  and  children  in  the 
days  of  his  prosperity.  He  died  short- 
ly afterward,  but  his  wife,  a  most  ele- 
gant and  accomplished  lady,  bore  her 
minfortunes  with  admirable  fortitude, 
exhibiting  great  tact  and  capac- 
itv  in  husbanding  her  dimin- 
ished resources,  sustaining  her 
dignity  to  the  last  hour  of  her  life, 
and  brinring  up  her  children  as  intelli- 
gent manly  ana  independent,  as  if  she 
still  owned  millions. 


TRAILL,  ROBERT.  D.  D.,  a  talent- 
ed  church  of  England  divine,  was  bom 
at  Lisbura,  Ireland  July  16,  179B, 
graduated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
about  1817,  studied  for  the  ministry  and 
took  orden  in  the  Church  of  England 
1820;  held  a  parish  in  Cork  in  1880,  and 
was  stricken  with  the  epidemic  fever 
during  the  great  famine  of  1847,  while 
working  to  relieve  his  poor  parishlon- 
era.  He  had  just  completed  an  elegant 
tiiinslation  of  the  "Jewish  War,"  nom 
Josephus,  -whidh  was  published  with 
notes,  by  Isaac  Taylort 


TRE 


nun  olism 


TAO 


TBEGURT.  mCHASL,  ui  Iriflh  di- 
▼ine  and  scholar,  wu  born  about  1880. 
Be  became  ArohUdibp  of  Dublin,  and 
was  a  man  of  prof  ound  erudition.  He 
left  lereral  works  quoted  \fj  Bale  and 
others.    His  death  occurred  in  1471. 

TRENCH,  RICHARD  C.  D.  D.,  a 

celebrated  and  talented  divine  of  the  Es- 
tablished Church,  was  bom  at  Dublin, 
Ireland,  Sept  9, 1807.  and  recdTed  his 
education  there,  and  at  Trinity  Coll^, 
Cambridge,  where  he  graduated  1889. 
He  then  traveled  on  the  continent,  re- 
turned to  England  and  took  orders,  held 
various  livinffs  and  became  select 
preacher  at  Cambridge  in  18S6,  and 
Archbishop  of  Dub!in  in  1864.  He  is  a 
most  prolific  author,  his  works 
besides  including  poems,  contain  re 
ligious,  historical  and  etoniological 
works,  among  which  are:  "The  story 
of  Justin  Martyr,"  "Honor  Neale,''' 
"Poems  from  Eastern  Boimies," 
"Miracles  of  our  Lord,"  "Synonyms  of 
the  New  Testament,"  "Some  Deficien- 
cies in  our  English  Dictionaries,"  "Lec- 
tures on  Plutarch,"  "Sermon  Before  the 
University  of  Cambridge,"  "Sacred 
Poems,"  "Latin  Poetry,"  &c.  Ac. 

TRESHAM.  HENRY,  one  of  the 
most  eminent  painters  of  his  time  and 
a  poet  of  merit,  was  bom  in  Dublin, 
where  he  studied  art  under  the  elder 
West,  and  Ennis,  after  which  he  accom- 

Eanied  Lord  Cawdon  to  Italy,  assisted 
y  the  kindness  of  friends,  and  resided 
there  for  manv  years.  On  his  retum 
from  the  continent  he  finished  several 
very  fine  pictures;  among  which  was  an 
Adam  and  Eve,  now  the  propertv  of 
Lord  Powerscourt.  He  also  pamted 
several  pictures  for  the  BoydeU-Shak* 
peare  Gallery,  and  was  engaged  bv  the 
Liongmans  to  edit  their  great  publica> 
tion  of  the  engravines  of  the  works  of  an- 
cient nuisters,  in  the  collection  of  the 
British  nobility  and  gentry.  His  draw- 
ings with  pen  and  mk,  and  especially 
with  black  chalk,  were  admitted  to 
possess  the  highest  excellence.  He  was 
a  member  of'the  academies  of  Rome, 
Bologne  and  London.  His  critical  ac- 
quaintance with  the  history  of  fine  arts 
was  very  extensive,  and  he  was  regarded 
as  the  highest  authority  of  his  day  on 
aU  mattera  of  virtu.  On  one  occasion 
he  purchased  a  quanti^  of  Etrascan 
vases,  for  £100,  which  had  been  set 
wide  as  of  little  value  1^  an  eminent 


connoisslenr,  for  which  he  received 
£800,  and  a  life  annuity  of  £800. 
Amongst  hla  literary  works  are  "TIm 
Sea  Sick  Minstrel,"  a  poem  in  six  can* 
toe,  "Rome  at  the  end  of  the  Eighteenth 
Century"  and  Britannicus  to  Boaa> 
parte."  an  heroic  epistle.  He  died  Juna 
14,1814. 

TROY,  MOST  REV.  JOHN 
THOMAS.  Archbishop  of  DubUn,  was 
bom  at  Portertown,  Dublin  County,  in 
1740.  After  making  his  preliminaiy 
studies,  be  went  to  Rome  at  the  age  of  fif- 
teen, to  prosecute  his  course  and  study 
theology;  then  he  Joined  the  Dominican 
Order,  was  ordained  priest  and  became 
rector  of  St.  Clement  s  in  that  city.  On 
the  death  of  Dr.  deBurgo,  bishop  of  Oa- 
sory,  Dr.  Troy  was  selected  by  the  Pope 
to  fill  that  see.  and  was  consecrated  at 
Louvain  1776.  On  taking  possession  ct  hia 
diocese  he  re-established  eccledastical 
conferences  of  the  clergy,  which  had 
been  discontinued  during  the  violence  of 
the  penal  days.  He  denounced  "White- 
boyfsm,"  then  prevalent,  and  caused  ex- 
communication to  be  pronounced 
against  all  who  bound  themselves  to  or 

Joined  such  organizations.  He  pro- 
libited  the  celebration  of  midnight 
mass  on  Christmas,  as  leading  to  abtue, 
and  forbade  any  priest  to  assist  at  hunt^ 
dances  or  public  concerts.  He  published 
about  this  time,  1798,  a  pastoral  in  regard 
to  our  duty  to  obey  a  de-facto  govern- 
ment, which  was  interpreted  to  advocate 
Republicanism.  In  his  condemnation 
of  strife  and  resistance  to  authority,  he 
went  so  far  as  to  excommunicate  those 
of  his  flock  in  '98,  who  arose  in  arms 
against  the  government,  and  act  whidi 
imuie  him  unpopular  with  the  patriots. 
It  was  in  Dr.  Troy's  time,  im,  that 
the  Irish  Parliunent  founded  Maynooth 
College,  as  a  matter  of  policy,  so  that 
the  Insh  priesthood  should  not  be  com- 
pelleot  to  receive  their  education  on  the 
continent,  and  thus  become  to  a  certain 
extent  alienated  from  the  institution  of 
their  country  by  the  bigotry  and  selfish- 
ness of  its  government.  It  was  cer- 
tainly a  wise  step,  and  it  would  have 
been  wiser  still  if  such  a  policy  had 
been  adopted  and  continued  in  every  re- 
lation with  Ireland  down  to  the  present 
time,  not  from  a  policy  forced  oy  ne- 
cessity, but  as  a  matter  of  justice  and  a 
full  recognition  of  eaual  nghta;  but 
unfortunatdy  it  has  been  oftowise^ 
and  even  tliis  petty  grant  to  the  Cwtho> 


:*!' 


TWO 


cuss  CKLTM, 


TYN 


liof,  which  was  but  as  a  drop  in  a 
lain  storm  to  the  amount  robbed 
from  Uiem,  was  bitterly  and  persistently 
combated  until  Sir  Robert  Peel  had 
ihSt  college  endowed.  Dr.  .Troy  was 
perhaps  the  first  of  the  prelates  of  this 
see  who  could  work  for  the  material  in- 
terests of  his  diocese  without  fear  of  in- 
terruption. In  1816  he  laid  the  founda- 
tion of  a  new  cathedral,  the  ancient  one 
being  in  the  hands  of  tlie  onemy.  He 
also  built  up  othc^  institutioas  in  aid  of 
education  and  charity.  H**  died  in 
Dublin..  May  11,  1828,  in  the  84th  year 
of  hisfl^. 

TUATHAL,  son  of  Ficha  V,  ascend- 
ed the  throne  of  his  fathers  about  the 
▼ear  A.  D.  100.  On  the  death  of  his 
father  through  the  conspiracy  of  Carbre 
and  the  Pleblans,  he  fled  to  bis  grand- 
faibcr,  by  his  mother  Eithne,  king  of 
the  Picts  of  Albania,  where  he  re- 
mained with  some  of  bis  faithful  fol- 
lowers for  about  twentv-flve  years.  The 
mMortunes  which  vuited  the  county 
in  the  destruction  of  itsancient  customs 
and  laws  at  htst  openeti  the  eyes  of  the 
people  and  a  deputation  was  sent  to 
Tuathal  to  return.  He  did  so,  and  te- 
ing  joined  by  a  considerable  force,  he 
marched  on  Tara.  On  gaining  posses- 
Aon  of  his  kingdom  he  immeiiiately 
had  tJie  ancient  laws  re-enacted, 
amongst  them  the  perpetuation  of  the 
cro'wn  in  his  own  nunily.  Ho  pursued 
the  chiefs  of  the  rebellion  and  defeated 
them  in  many  battles,  and  at  length  en- 
tirely crushed  them.  The  reign  of  this 
Eince  WM  rather  stormy,  ana  he  was 
lied  at  the  battle  of  Moyline,  in 
Ulster,  while  fighting  Mai,  King  of 
that  province,  uter  a  reign  of  thirty 
years. 

TUCKET,  JAMBS  HINGSTON,  a 
talented  naval  officer,  in  the  service  of 
Britain,  war  ^om  in  172S,  in  Cork,  Ire- 
land, entered  the  navy  at  an  early 
age  and  served  in  India  in  1794.  He 
n«?xtwent  to  New  South  Wales  and 
was  engaged  in  surveying  the  coast  of 
that  colonv  when  he  was  captured  by 
the  French  in  1806,  and  remained  a 
prisoner  till  1814.  He  was  men  put  in 
command  of  an  expedition  to  explore 
the  River  Congo,  wJ^en  he  died  in  1816. 
He  was  theauthor  of  a  maritime  geo- 
graphy, 4  vol. 

TWOMET.   MICHAEL,  a  distin- 


guished American  scholar  and  seien* 
ust,  was  bom  in  Ireland,  in  1806,  and 
emigrated  to  the  United  States  a  poor, 
friendless  boy.  Endowed  with  natural 
ability  and  a  strong  inclination  to  ao> 
quire  knowledge,  he  soon  possessed 
sufficient  to  tench.  He  became  notud 
for  his  thoroughness  and  quickly  earned 
a  reputation  for  solid  learning  and 
scientific  acquirements.  He  was  an  in< 
defatigable  student  and  pursued  his 
investigations  into  all  branches  of 
knowl^ee.  As  a  geologist  he  gsined 
a  nations  reputation,  and  South  Caro- 
lina  and  Alabama  are  indebted  to  him 
more  than  to  anv  other  man,  for  reveal* 
ing  their  mineral  wealth.  He  was  State 
geologist  of  Alabama  and  professor  of 
geology,  minerology,  etc.,  in  the  Uni> 
versity.  He  was  licld  in  the  highest 
esteem  by  his  fellow  citizens,  not  less 
for  his  nobility  of  character,  thin  for 
his  scientific  acquirements.  In  social 
life  he  was  unassuming,  agreeable  and 
interesting;  full  of  genfne  Irish  wit  and 
humor.  He  died  in  1867,  while  yet  in 
the  prime  of  life,  greatly  regretted  by 
his  fellow-citizens. 

TYNDALL,  JOHN.  D.  0.  L.,  LL. 
D.,  one  of  the  ablest  of  modern  scien* 
tists,  was  bom  at  Laugblin  Bridge, 
near  Carlow,  Ireland,  Aug.  21,  18^0, 
was  educated  under  the  direction  of  his 
father,  acquiring  a  thorough  know- 
ledge of  mathematics  and  evangelical 
theology.  In  1889  he  entered  the  Irish 
Ordnancb  Survey  as  assistant,  became 
draftsman,  computer,  surveyor  and 
trigonometrical  observer.  He  devoted 
five  hours  a  day  for  twelve  years  to 
svstenuitic  private  studies,  chiefly  scien 
tiflc.  He  was  transferred  to  the  Ena- 
lish  survey,  where  he  remained  tiU 
1844,  when  he  proposed  to  try  his  for* 
tune  in  the  United  States,  but  was  in- 
duced to  remain  by  the  offer  of  rail* 
way  engineer,  which  he  filled  fov  three 
years;  taught  physics  in  Queenwood 
College,  Hampshire,  1847-8,  when  he 
went  with  Dr.  Frankland  to  Oermanv, 
where  he  attended  lectures  on  chemis- 
try by  Buusen  and  on  physics  by  Ger* 
ling  and  KnoblHUch,  and  mathenuitica 
by  Stegmann,  and  worked  with  great 
zeal  in  the  laboratory,  making  import- 
ant discoveries  in  magnetism,  whidi  he 
published  in  the  ''Phriosophioal  Maga- 
zine." 1860,  and  graduated  in  IbSl,  pre* 
senting  a  disoourae  "On  Screw  Bur* 
faces'^  In  Qerman.     He  became'  ao- 


% 


'M- 


TJSH 


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USH 


quainted  with  Faraday,  vrho  was  so 
taken  by  the  ingenuity  of  his  investi- 

gations  that  he  immediately  proposed 
im  as  a  fellow  of  tlie  Royal  Society, 
and  in  1852  he  became  a  member  of  the 
"British  Association  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science."  In  1853,  was  elected 
professor  of  natural  philosophy  in  the 
Koyal  Institution  and  in  the  Government 
School  of  Mines,  visited  Switzerland^ or 
scientific  investigations  in  1849  and 
again  in  1856  with  Huxley,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  b^  his  investigations 
into  the  rate  of  motion  of  glaciers,  and 
published  the  results  of  his  observa- 
tions, which  brought  out  a  prolonged 
controversy  with  Prof.  J.  P.  Forbes, 
of  Edinburgh.  He  became  successor 
to  Faraday  at  Trinity  House  in  1866 
and  superintendent  of  the  Royal  Insti- 
tution in  1867,  and  accompanied  the 
expedition  to  Algeria  in  December, 
1871,  to  observe  the  solar  eclipse;  visit- 
ed the  United  States  in  1872,  and  was 
flatteringly  received,  and  delivered  a 
series  of  lectures  which  netted  $15,000, 
which  he  placed  in  the  hands  of  a 
committee  to  aid  students  who  devoted 
themselves  to  original  research.  He 
has  ottaicied  the  Rumford  medal  of  the 
Royal  Society  for  his  discoveries  in  ther- 
mo-dynamics  und  has  had  the  degree  of 
doctor  of  laws  cojf  erred  on  him  by  the 
UnivM*sitie8  of  Oxford,  Cambridge  and 
Edinburgh,  was  president  of  the  Brit- 
ish Association  at  its  session  at  Belfast, 
in  1874.  where  his  address  called  forth 
some  severe  strictures  on  account  of 
evolution  theories  contained.  He  is  the 
author  of  a  great  number  of  scientiflo 
I>apers.  and  is  one  of  the  most  indefa- 
tigable of  scientific  investigators. 

UOANE  MOOtlB,  a  celebrated 
monarch  of  Ireland,  who  re  igned 
about  800  B.  0.  On  ascending  the 
throne  he  convened  an  assembly  at 
Tara  and  received  hostages,  and  ad- 
ministered oatlis  of  allegiance  from 
the  chiefs  of  the  kingdom.  He  also 
had  a  law  passed  making  the  crown 
hereditarv  in  his  family,  ~in  order  to 
pi-event  the  wars  consequent  on  its  pre- 
vious elective  character.  Hi^  wife  was 
Keasiar,  daughter  of  a  king  of  Qaul, 
by  whom  he  had  tl>rcc  sons. 

U8H|JR,  REV.  DR.,  a  talented  Irish 
Oatliolic  divine,  was  born  in  Dublin, 
about  1700,  and  was  a  grandson  of  the 
celebrated  Archbishop  Usher,  the  graat 


piotestant  divine.  He  was  educated  for 
this  Esw^blished  Church  in  which  his 
erand-father  had  so  distin^ished  him- 
self, and  the  promise  of  a  brilliant  future 
was  before  him.  The  perusal  of  the  con- 
troversy between  his  illustrious  ances- 
tor and  the  learned  Jesuit  father.fienry 
Fitzsimmons,  however  changed  all  liiii 
designs,  for  it  convinced  him  of  the 
truth  of  the  divine  origin  and  authori- 
ty of  the  old  church,  and  be  possessed 
the  Irish  honesty  and  christian  courage 
to  accept  his  honest  conclusions,  eyen 
at  the  cost  of  all  his  brilliant  prospects. 
He  determined  still  to  pursue  an  eccles- 
siastical  life,  and  after  the  necessary 
course  of  study  entered  the  priesihood 
and  for  many  years  labored  on  the 
mission  amongst  his  countrymen — the 
Irish  poor— in  London,  where  he  died 
in  1772.  He  was  an  uncle  of  the  cele- 
brated abbe  Edgeworth,  who  minister- 
ed to  Louis  Xyi,  on  the  scaffold,  at  the 
risk  of  his  life.  He  was  the  author  of 
"Clio  in  Taste."  "A  Refutation  of 
Locke,"  and  other  woiks. 

USHER,  JAMES,  perhaps  the  most 
distinguished  protestant  divine  which 
Ireland  ever  produced,  was  bom  at 
Dublin,  January  4,  1580.  He  received 
his  education  at  Oublin  University, 
which  he  left  with  a  brilliant  reputation 
for  scholarship,  and  was  complete  mas- 
ter of  Latin,  Greek  and  Hebrew,  be- 
sides extensive  knowledge  of  literature 
and  theology.  He  early  entered  the 
lists  as  a  protestant  controversialist,  but 
it  must  be  adroittetl  that  in  this  field 
the  government  churchmen  in  Irelahd 
had  the  field  all  to  themselves  in  his 
day.  for  the  Catholic  existed,  as  it  were, 
in  defiance  of  law,  and  his  controver- 
sial  works  dare  not  be  published  in 
Ireland,  and  when  published  abroad 
and  sent  over, were  usually  confiscated 
before  they  reached  their  destination. 
That  was  English  fair  piny  then ! 
How  much  has  it  improved,  to-da^ 
after  three  hundred  years  ?  1 1  His 
ability  being  undoubtedly  great, his  pro- 
motions were  rapid,  and  Immediately 
after  taking  orders  he  was  app.inted  to 
preach  before  the  government  at  Christ 
Church,  Dublin,  in  1607  he  was  ap- 
pointed pi'ofessor  of  divinity  in  the  uni- 
versity and  chancellor  of  the  Dublin 
Cathedral,  and  about  this  time  com- 
menced his  career  of  authorship;  his 
first  work  being  a  dissertation  on  the 
government    and   discipline    of    liis 


.1 


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i. 


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■A 


ftir^V-  ;      '■'  >  , 


VIR 


1BI8U  CELTS. 


WAD 


charch.  This  was  pablif^hed  in  Lon- 
'  don  and,  the  king  (James)  receiving  a 
copy,  was  highly  pleased  with  its  force 
in  sustaining  his  favorite  episcopacy  and 
he  loaded  the  author  with  every  token  of 
his  approbation,  making  him  bishop  of 
Meath,  which  was  then  vacant  and  also 
constituting  him  a  privy  councillor  of 
Ireland.  By  royal  command  Usher 
now  resided  for  some  time  in  Bngland 
t^  prosecute  an  inquiry  into  liie  an- 
tiquity of  the  British  churches/and dur- 
ing this  time  ihe  see  of  Armagh  becom- 
ing  vacant.  Usher  was  promoted  to  be 
Archbishop  The  results  of  his  labors 
were  given  to  the  world  in  1682,  when 
Jie  published  an  extensive  collection  of 
lettera  from  ancient  MSS..  extending 
from  the  year  592  to  1180.  Usher  was 
not  a  very  strict  churchman,  but  made 
himself  popular  with  the  dissenters  by 
his  liberal  sentiments  'n  that  direction. 
Hie  rebellion  of  1641  drove  him  from 
his  see  lud  heiemalned  inEngland.and 
he  was  consulted  by  his  roval  master  as 
to  a  uniform  scheme  of  episcopacy 
which  was  to  be  forced  on  the  entire 
kingdoms.  The  scheme  did  not  work  in 
Scotland  and  gave  rise  to  those  religious 
wars  with  which  Scotland  was  harrass- 
ed  during  a  portion  of  the  seventeenth 
century.  In  1660  Usher  published  his 
annals  of  the  Old  and  New  Testaments, 
»  Chronology'bf  the  Bible,  and  numer 
ous  other  works  were  also  the  offspring 
of  his  pen.    He  died  March  20, 1666. 

VTRGILIUS,  whose  surname  was 
O'Farrell.a  great  and  learned  man,  and 
perhaps  the  earliest  of  modern  astrono- 
meri',  who  advocated  what  has  since 
been  called  the  Coperoican  System,  was 
born  in  Ireland,  of  a  noble  family,  early 
in  700,  and  embraced  a  religious  life. 
He  was  sent  to  the  continent  as  a  mis- 
sionary, was  distinguished  for  his  piety 
and  learning  and  was  a  great  promo- 
moter  of  schools  and  colleges,  and 
highly  esteamed  by  King  Pepin.  He 
became  bishop  of  Salzburs.  He  gave 
considerable  attention  to  scientific  stud- 
ies, and  was  charged  with  heresy  for 
his  theories  in  relation  to  the  solar  sys- 
tem, holding  the  modern  theories  of 
its  spherical  form  and  diurnal  ro- 
tation. He  had  a  dispute  with 
Boniface,  archbishop  of  Mayence, 
in  regard  to  the  validity  of  bap- 
tism administered  by  a  priest,  who 
was  so  unLwrned  in  Latin  as  to  corrupt 
the  form  by  saying  "In  nomine  Patna 


et  Fella,  et  Spiritu  Sancta."  BonilSaoe 
holding  the  Baptiun  invalid  and  Vlr-^ 
dlius  the  contrary.  Pope  Zachary  set- 
led  the  question  by  deciding  that  such 
an  accident  could  n<M  effect  the  validi- 
ty  of  the  sacrament.  Yiridlius  was  al- 
so  a  great  mathematician  and  astrono- 
mer  and  held  the  world  to  be  a  sphere 
and  that  every  nation  had  its  antipodes 
and  that  people  resided  on  the  opposite 
side  of  the  earth.  He  was  charged 
with  heresy  bv  Boniface,  and  nis 
theory,  through  ignorance  or  otherwise, 
was  misrepresented  to  the  pope,  Zach- 
ary, who  said  "If  Yirgilius  maintains 
that  there  is  another  world,  and  other 
men  under  the  earth,  another  sun  and 
moon,  he  is  guiliv  of  heresy  and  must 
be  suspended.  As  Yirgilius  remained 
in  good  standing,  it  followed  that  his 
theories  were  correctly  explained  and 
were  not  condemned.  This  fact  is  an- 
other proof  of  the  absurdity  of  the  ^ 
"Qalileo  persecution"  for  holding  the 
same  astronomical  theory  hundreds  of 
years  afterwards,  and  shows  as  a  scien- 
ti^c  fact  or  theory  it  was  not  new 
among  churchmen,  lone  before  his  day. 
It  was  held  by  other  frish  divines  and 
scholars,  as  well  as  by  Copernicus,  who 
was  also  a  priest  long  before  the  time 
of  Galileo,  and  tliat  too  without  cen- 
sure as  to  teaching  it  as  a  science.  It 
was  only  the  effort  to  sustain  it  as  a  di- 
vine revelation  and  as  of  faith  that 
was  condemned. 

WADDELL,  MAJ.  GEN.  HUGH, 
a  prominent  Irish  Colonial  officer  and 
patriot,  prior  to  the  Revolution,  who 
settled  in  North  Carolina,  and  distin- 
guiished  himself  in  the  military  enter- 
prises of  the  colony.  He,  like  the  rest 
of  his  race,  who  were  numerous  in  that 
settlement,  early  opposed  British  dom- 
inition.  He  it  was  who,  ih  company 
with  General  John  Ashe,  resisted  the 
landing  of  the ,  British  stamps  at  Old 
Brunswick,  1766,  several  years  before 
the  "tea  steeping"  in  Boston  harbor. 
He  died  as  the  storm  was  about  to 
burst,  with  the  consolation  that  he  left 
behind  him  a  callant  and  determined 
scion  to  strike  down  the  invader. 

WADDELL,  JAMES,  a  celebrated 
blind  preacher  of  the  Presbyterian 
church  of  the  United  States,  was  bom 
in  Ireland  in  1789— came  to  America 
and  became  famous  for  his  oritorinU 
power.    James  Wiirt,  ia  an  doquenl 


WAL 


nUBH  CBLTa 


WAL 


«keteh  s^vea  a  glowing  description  of 
tbe  preacher  and  his  oratory.  He  died 
1q  1805. 

WADDELL.  I(EV.  MOSES,  an  Irish 
American  Presbyterian  divine  of  great 
ability  and  Influence  in  the  South,  was 
iborn  in  1770,  became  President  of  the 
Univeraity  of  Georgia,  and  was  an 
■earnest  and  able  educator.  He  died  in 
1810. 

WADDING,  REV.  LUKE,  an  able 
•an  learned  Irish  priest,  was  born 
October  16,  1688  at  Waterford,  and 
like  most  of  the  Irish  ecclesiastics  of 
those  days  received  his  education  on 
the  continent,  principally  in  Spain  and 
Portu^  with  the  Jesuists,  on  account 
or  the  renal  Laws  which  made  it  fe- 
lony at  home.  He  held  a  professor- 
ship at  Salamanca  where  he  joined  the 
Franciscan  order  and  afterward  resid- 
ed in  France  and  later  in  Rome,  where  he 
wrote  with  indefatigable  industry,  pur- 
suing historical  mvestigations.  He 
was  author  of  a  History  of  the  order 
•of  Bt.  Francis  and  edited  the  Opera  Spec- 
ulativa  of  his  renowned  countryman 
Duns  Scotus,  which  he  published  in  12 
folio  volumes,  at  Lyons  in  1689.  He 
'was  offered  a  Cardinal's  hat,  which  he 
declined.  He  also  edited  Calasio's  Con- 
cordance, besides  producing  many  other 
important  works.  He  died  at  Rome  in 
1667. 

WADDING.  REV.  PETER,  a  cele- 
hrated  Irish  priest,  was  bom  in  Ireland 
in  1680,  educated  on  the  continent,  be- 
came Chancellor  of  the  University  of 
Gratz,  in  Stiria,  and  was  the  author  of 
many  learned  works,  written  principally 
in  Latin.    He  died  in  1644. 

WALKER,  GEORGE,  a  Protestant 
divine,  was  born  in  the  County  Tyrone 
about  1640,  and  finished  his  education  at 
the  Uuiversity  of  Glasgow.  He  became 
Tector  of  Donoughmore  after  return- 
ing to  Ireland  and  taking  orders.  When 
James  II  invaded  Ireland  Walker  raised 
a  regiment  and  successfully  defended 
Londonderry  against  him,  after  the  gov- 
ernor had  aoHodoned  his  post.  He  was 
nominated  Bishop  of  Derry,  but  was 
killed  soon  after  at  the  battle  of  the 
Boyne. 

WALL,  CHARLES  WILLIAM,  D. 
D.,  was  bom  in  Dublin  about  1800  and 


educated  in  Trinity  College ;  became  a 
Senior  Fellow,  and  took  orders  in  the 
Established  Church  ;  was  made  Pro- 
fessor of  Hebrew  in  his  Alma  Mater, 
and  its  Vice  Provost.  He  is  the  author 
of  "An  Examination  of  the  Ancient 
Orthography  of  the  Jews  and  the 
Original  state  of  the  Text  of  the  He' 
brew  Bible"  and  kindred  works. 

WALLACE,  WILLIAM  VINCENT 
a  celebrated  musical  composer  and  dra- 
matist, was  bom  at  Waterford,  Ireland, 
in  1814.  He  early  developed  great 
musical  talent,  which  was  cultivated 
with  care.  Amongst  his  works  are  the 
popular  operas  of  Maritana  and  Luriiae, 
which  are  admitted  to  be  of  the  first 
order,  and  places  Wallace  in  the  front 
rank  of  cotemporary  composers.  He 
died  in  1866. 

WALLER.  JOHN  F.,  LL  D.,    a 

talented  miscellaneous  writer  and  editor, 
was  bora  in  Limerick,  Ireland,  In  1810, 
and  was  for  many  years  editor  of  the 
Dublin  University  Magazine  Ho  edited 
the  works  of  Goldsmith,  and  McEenzle's 
Dictionary  of  Universal  [Knowledge, 
besides  other  works  of  merit,  and  is  a 
writer  of  great  learning  and  ability. 

WALSH,  DR.  EDWA.RD,  an  emi- 
nent Irish  physician  and  a  man  of  talent 
was  bora  at  Waterford,  Ireland,  and 
after  completing  his  classical  education 
Le  studied  medicine,  and  graduated  at 
Edinburg.  He  commenced  his  profes- 
sional career  as  physician  on  a  West 
Indian  packet,  and  soon  became  noted 
for  his  successful  treatment  of  yellow 
fever.  He  subsequently  becamie  an  army 
surgeon  in  Ireland,  and  was  afterwards 
very  distinguished  among  his  profes- 
sional brethren  for  his  skill  and  suc- 
cessful advances  in  the  practice  of  his 
profession. 

WALSH,  PETER,  an  Irish  divine 
and  wiiter,  was  born  at  Moortown, 
County  of  Kildare,  early  in  1600.  He 
was  educated  on  the  continent,  com- 
pletiug  his  studies  at  Louvain,  where 
he  joined  the  order  of  St.  Francis  and 
became  Professor  of  Theology.  Among 
his  writings  arc  a  number  of  historiciu 
works  printed  in  pGnglish,  relating  to 
events  of  the  day.  He  also  wrote  a 
history  of  Ireland  down  to  the  twelfth 
oentuiy,  which  was  printed  in  London 
in  16^    Towards  the  end  of  his  liff 


it'll 


I 


WAL 


ntmc  0ELT8. 


WAL 


he  resided  fa  Ireland  and  issued  a  de- 
claration signed  l^  maiiy  Iristi  priests 
disclaiming  tlie  Pope's  authority  in 
temporal  afFairs,  in  contradiction  to  the 
persistent  lies  on  the  subject  continually 
insisted  upon  by  the  enemies  of  his 
creed  and  country.    He  died  in  16b7. 

WALSH,  MICHAEL,  a  talented 
Kew  York  politician,  was  born  in 
Yougliall,  Ireland,  and  came  to  Amer- 
ica with  his  parents,  received  an  ordi- 
nary education  and  learned  the  printer's 
trade;  started  a  paper  in  Mew  York 
-which  at  length  brought  him  into 
trouble  by  its  personalities.  He  was 
elected  to  the  Sod  Congress  and  subse- 

Suently  traveled  iu  Europe  and  Mexico, 
[e  was  found  dead  in  New  York  March 
17, 1859.  He  was  a  man  of  fine  nat- 
ural talents  and  a  good,  speaker. 

WALSH,  ROBERT,  LL.  D„  an 
eble  and  learned  American  Journalist, 
historian  and  writer,  was  bovn  in  Bal- 
timore of  Irish  parents  in  1784,  was 
educated  at  Baltimore  and  at  George- 
town College,  and  then  traveled  in  Eu- 
rope. He  returned  in  1805  and  studied 
law  with  Robert  G.  Harper,  but  aban- 
doned the  profession  on  account  of 
deafness,  and  devoted  himself  to  litera- 
ture; became  a  writer  for  "Dennie's 
Portfolio,"  and  lu  1810  publishad  a  pa- 
per on  the  "Genius  and  Disposition  of 
the  French  Government ;  including  a 
view  of  the  Taxation  of  the  French 
Empire,"  which  in  a  few  weeks  ran 
through  13  editions  in  London.  He 
s^rtea  the  pioneer  quarterly  of  Amer- 
ica, "The  American  Review  of  His- 
tory and  Politics,"  which  he  conducted 
from  1811-18  almost  entirely  unaided 
by  any  other  pen;   published   corres- 

Endence  on  Russia  with  J.  G,  Harper, 
say  on  the  "Future  State  of  Euiope." 
an  edition  of  the  British  poets  60  vols, 
with  biographical  sketches.  He  con- 
ducted the  "4'^6"<^'i  Register"  181? 
18,  "The  Museum  of  Foreign  Litera- 
ture and  Science"  1 822,  "  The  American 
Quarterly  Review  1827-87,  "Select 
Speeches  of  Geo.  Canning"  1886,  wrote 
articles  for  the  "American  Encyclope- 
dia," edited  the  "National  Gazette" 
1886.  Ac.,  Ac.  In  1887  he  became  T^ 
6.  Consul  at  Paris,  where  he  residi.  l 
until  his  death,  Feb.  7, 1869,  acting  a^ 
correspondent  of  the  "  National  Intelli- 
gencer" and  "Journal  of  Commerce" 
and  performing  other  literary  labors. 


WALSH.     ROBERT,  LL.  D.,    » 

learned  Irish  divine  of  the  Established 
Church,  was  born  in  Ireland  in  1785 
and  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dub- 
lin, and  afterwards  took  oi-ders.  He 
published  a  "Histoiy  of  the  City  of 
Dublin  "  in  conjunction  with  Warbur- 
ton  and  Whitelaw.  He  was  chaplnin 
of  the  British  Legations  at  Rio  Janeiro 
and  Constantinople  and  wrote  "Notices 
of  Brazil"  and  "A  Residence  at  Con- 
stantinople," also  "Ancient  Coins  and 
Medals  Illustratine  the  Progress  of 
Ciiristianity  in  the  Early  Ages,  besidea 
other  works  of  merit. 

WALSH,  WILLIAM,  LL.  D.,  a 
distinguished  lawyer  and  legislator  of 
Maryland,  was  born  in  Ireland  May  11, 
1828,  emigrated  to  the  United  States 
with  his  parents  in  1842,  and  settled  in 
Virginia.  He  commenced  his  educa- 
tion at  Mount  St.  Mary's  College,  Md., 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Vir- 
ginia in  1850,  and  opened  an  office  at 
Cumberland,  Md.  in  1862,  and  soon  at- 
tracted attention  by  his  thoroughnesa 
and  ability.  He  wac  a  leading  member 
of  the  Constitutional  Convention  ,  of 
his  state  held  iu  18S1,  and  a  presiiVn- 
tial  elector  at  different  times,  He  re- 
presented the  sixth  Congressional  Dis- 
trict of  Maryland  in  Congi'ess  for  a 
number  of  yeara,  and  was  noted  for 
his  scholarly  ability. 

WALSH,  WILLIAM,  an  Irish  di- 
vine  and  confessor,  was  bishop  /t 
Moath  when  Elizabeth  ascended  the 
throne  of  England.  He  refused  to  con- 
form to  the  changes  ordered  by  the 
government  in  refi^ous  matters,  and 
was  thrown  into  prison,  deposed  and 
banished  by  order  of  Elizabeth.  He 
died  in  Spain  in  1677.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Hugh  MacBrady,  one  of 
Elizabeth's  bishops. 

WALTERS,  JUDGE  CHARLES, 
an  eminent  CanadiHu  lawyer  and  states- 
man, was  born  in  St.  John,  New  Bruns- 
wick, in  1818,  of  Irish  parents  who  had 
emigrated  from  County  Wicklow,  Ire- 
land, a  few  years  previous.  He  waa 
educated  in  his  native  town,  where  bo 
distinguished  himself  as  a  classical 
scholar,  winning  the  corporation  gold 
medal  in  thu*  branch  of  study.  In  184(> 
he  entered  tne  law  office  of  Judge 
Richie,  became  a  barrister  in  184% 
:.  id  soon  commanded  a  large  practice. 


.Ji 


WAR 


IBIBH  CSLTS. 


WAR 


In  1854  he  entered  the  political  arena 
and  the  following  year  was  elected  to 
xepresent  the  county  of  Victoria,  and 
naia  returned  in  1857.  In  the  mean- 
t&e,  1855,  he  was  offered  and  accepted 
a  seat  in  the  Executive  Council,  and 
was  the  first  Roman  Catholic  who  en- 
joyed that  distinction  in  that  bitted 
Srovince.  In  1867  he  was  appomted 
olicitor  General,  which  position  he  held 
tauiny  years.  In  1861  he,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  M.  Tilly,  contested  St.  John 
in  the  Liberal  iDterest,  and  they  were 
successful.  He  also,  in  conjunction 
with  M.  Tilly,  stronjEly  advocated  the 
policy  of  confederation.  He  was  ap- 
pointed a  judge  in  1867,  and  judge  of 
the  Vice  Admiralty  Court  in  1876  A 
cotemporary  says  of  him:  "Through 
his  exertions  the  criminal  code  of  New 
Brunswick  is  now  in  an  excellent  state, 
being  almost  the  same  as  the  Enelish 
law,  so  that  in  its  execution  our  judges 
and  legal  men  have  the  advantage  of 
the  criminal  judgments  of  the  English 
Bench."  Many  of  the  principal  legis- 
lative acts  of  that  colony  were  the  pro- 
duction of  his  brain  and  pen.  He  is 
justlv  recognized  as  one  of  the  ablest 
minds  whioi  that  colony  has  as  yet  pro- 
duced. 

WARBURTON,  ELIOT,  B.  Q.,  a 
talented  and  popular  writer  and  novel- 
ist, was  born  in  County  Galway,  Ire- 
land, in  1810,  and  educated  at  Cam- 
bridge, studied  law  and  was  called  to 
the  Irish  Bar.  He,  however,  did  not 
give  his  attention  to  law ;  having  lib- 
eral means  he  traveled  on  the  continent 
and  in  the  East,  and  was  gifted  with  a 
pleasing  and  fl;raphic  style  of  writing 
which  he  cultivated.  Among  h'js  wortu 
are  "The  Orescent  and  the  Cross ;  or, 
Romance  and  Realities  of  Eastern  Trav- 
el," 1844;  "Memoirs  of  Prince  Rupert 
and  the  Cavaliers,"  1849 ;  "Reginald 
Hastings,"  "Memoirs of  Horace  Wal- 
pole  and  his  Cotemporaries."  Darien,  or 
the  Merchant  Prince,  "  1851.  His  life 
was  suddenly  terminated  as  he  was 
about  to  visit  the  New  World,  by  the 
burning  of  the  "Amazon"  off  Land% 
End,  Jan.  4,  1853, 

WARBURTON,  GEORGE,  a 
younger  brother  of  the  foregoing,  was 
Dom  In  Galway,  and  after  flnishing  his 
education  entered  the  army,  and  was 
stationed  in  Canada  for  some  years,  hav* 
,  isg  risen  to  the  rank  of  Major.    Ho 


was  the  author  of  "Hocbelaga;  on 
England  in  the  New  World,"  2  vols,  j^ 
laW,  and  "The  Conquest  of  Canada,'* 
2  vols.,  1849,  which  was  edited  by  his 
brother,  Eliot.  After  the  death  of  his 
brotner  he  sat  in  Parliament  for  Har- 
wich, and  also  wrote  "A  Memoir  of 
Charles  Mordant,  Earl  of  Peterbor- 
ough," 8  vols.,  1853.  He  died  by  his 
own  hands  in  a  fit  of  despondency  in 
1857. 

WARD,  BENJAMIN,  a  celebrated 
Irish  political  economist  and  writer, 
was  born  about  1700,  and  settled  in 
Spain,  where  he  rose  to  distinction  and 
was  employed  in  important  public  ser- 
vices in  that  country.  He  died  about 
1760. 

WARD,  HUGH,  an  Irish  divine, 
writer  and  antiquarian  of  the  seven* 
teenth  century,  was  a  native  of  Don- 
egal and  was  educated  at  Salamanca, 
in  Spain.  In  1616  he  joined  the  Order 
of  St.  Francis  and  was  sent  from  Sala- 
manca to  Paris  where  he  completed  his 
ecclesiastical  studies.  He  was  after- 
wards Lecturer  in  Theology  and  War* 
den  at  Louvain,  Netherlands.  He  wrote 
a  number  of  works  relating  to  Ireland* 
and  planned  writing  an  Universal  His- 
tory of  Irish  Saints,  and  sent  one  of  his 
monks,  Michael  O'Clery,  to  Ireland  to 
collect  materials  for  the  purpose,  but 
died  before  the  project  was  well  com- 
menced. 

WARDEN,  DAVID  B.,  a  talented 
American  writer  and  historian,  was  bom 
in  Ireland  in  1778 ;  came  to  the  United 
States  with  his  parents,  received  a 
classical  education  and  studied  medi- 
cine, graduating  at  the  New  York  Med- 
ical College;  was  appointed  Secretary 
of  Legation  to  France  in  1804  and  re- 
sided there  for  the  rest  of  his  life,  being 
most  of  the  time  American  Consul,  and 
devoting  all  his  spare  time  to  literature. 
He  is  the  author  of  a  "  Statistical.  Po- 
litical, and  Historical  Account  of  the 
United  States  of  North  Aro'^rica,"  ft 
vols.,  1819,  published  also  in  French 
and  German  ;  also  "  Recherchcs  »ur  les 
Antiquites  de  I'Amerique  Septenti-ion- 
ale,"  Paris,  1837,  and  many  other  kin- 
dred worlcs.  He  collected  two  valuable 
libraries  of  American  books,  which 
were  afterwards  acquired  by  Harvard 
College  and  the  New  York  State  Li<> 
bnuy.    He  died  at  Fads  Oeti,  9,  laiBlr 


Wi 


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WAT 


XBXSH  CBLT& 


WAT  * 


WABE,  SIR  JAipiS.    LL.  D.,  an 

ilriah  antiquary,  was  born  in  1604  at 

Dublin,  and  was  educated  at  Trinity 

•College  in   that  city;    succeeded  lus 

father  in  1682  as  Auditor  Oenend  and 

Secretary  to  the  Lords  Justices;  was 

•elected  representative  for    his  native 

place,  and  made  one  of  the  Privy  Coun- 

'Cil ;  was/an  active  partisan  of  the  Earl 

of  Stafford,  and  of  Charles  I,  and  twice 

a  captive  of  the  Parliamentary  forces ; 

resided  in  France  for  some  years  after 

liis  liberation,  and  accompanied  Charles 

II  to  England.     He  was  restored  to  his 

posts  and  offered  a  baronetcy  and  a 

-peerage  which  he  declined,  and  died  in 

1666.    Among  his  principal  works  are 

•'De    Scriptoribus   Hibemia."      "De 

Hibemia^  et  epis  Antiquitatibus  Dis- 

Snisitiones,"     "Rerum    Hibemicarum 
^nnales."  "  De  Praesulibus  Hibemia," 
-snd  "Hibernia  Sacra." 

WARREN,  SIR  PETER,  a  cele- 
brated naval  officer  in  the  service  of 
Britain,  was  born  in  Warrentown,  Ire- 
'land,  the  seat  of  the  family,  in  1708. 
entered  the  navy  at  an  early  age  and 
Boon  became  noted  for  his  skill  and  dar- 
ing, rising  to  the  highest  rank  by  con- 
'SpTcnous  merit.  His  most  renowned 
parformance  was  the  capture  of  Louis- 
Dourg  ija  1745,  and  the  total  defeat  and 
•eapture  of  the  French  squadron  sent  to 
retake  it  in  1747.  He  married  an  Amer- 
ican lady.  Miss  DeLancey,  of  New 
York,  and  was  afterwards  a  member  of 
Parliament  for  Westminster,  and  died 
in  1763. 

WATBRFQRD,  THOMAS,  a  learn- 
■ed  Irish  divine  and  writer,  was  arch- 
-deacon  of  Leighlin  and  wrote  on  po- 
litical as  well  as  religious  subjects.  Ihe 
accumulating  evils  which  were  over- 
whelming Ireland  and  fast  reducing  the 
glorious  remains  of  the  scholastic  days 
to  chaos,  filled  the  thoughtful  and  ear- 
nest lovers  of  their  country  with  sorrow 
and  dismay,  and  they  sought  by  their 
writings  and  words  to  secure  unity  and 
peace.  Waterford  among  other  works 
published  one  on  the  state  of  the  coun-  < 
try.    He  died  about  15U0. 

WATSON,  JOHN,  lii.  D.  an  emi- 
nent American  surgeon,  was  born  at 
Londonderry,  Ireland,  A;pri\  16, 1807; 
emigrated  with  his  parents  to  the  United 
■Btates.  and  settled  in  New  York  City 
mhvn  lie  was  eduoated,  and  gtaduatea 


in  medicine  at  the  New  York  College  of 
Phydcians  and  Surgeons  in  1882 ;  was 
connected  with  thie  New  York  Hospital 
and  the  New  York  Dispensary  from 
1882-'85,  both  as  a  surgeon  and  physi- 
clan,  and  attending  surgeon  from  1889- 
'62;  Founded  with  Dr.  Buckley  the 
"Broom  Street  School  of  Medicine;" 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  "  New 
York  Medical  and  Surgical  Society," 
the  "American  Medical  Association," 
and  the  "  New  York  Academy  of  Medi« 
cine."  He  has  published  several  medi- 
cal treatises  of  repute. 

WATSON,  SAMUEL  JAMES,  » 
talented  Canadian  poet,  journalist  and 
writer,  is  a  native  of  Ireland  who  emi- 
grated to  Canada,  and  soon  became  con- 
spicuous as  a  ready  and  forcible  writer: 
having  been  engaged  on  the  "Olobe" 
and  other  leading  papers.  Amongst  his 
poems  "The  Legend  of  the  Koses" 
and  "  Ravlan,"  a  drama,  are  the  most 
pretentious,  and  exhibit  considerable 
poetic  fire,  pathos  and  beauty. 

WAYNE,  GENERAL  ANTHONY, 
one  of  the  braved  and  most  brilliant  of 
the  officers  of  the  American  Revolution, 
was  bom  in  1745  in  the  Irish  settlements 
of  Chester  county,  Pennsylvania,  to 
which  his  Irish  parents  had  emigrated 
some  time  before.  His  father  became 
a  substantial  farmer  and  was  a  man  of  ' 
sound  sense  and  natural  ability,  and  for 
many  years  represented  his  county  in 
the  General  Asuemblv  of  Pennsylvania. 
Anthony  succeeded  his  father  in  1778, 
and  was  perhaps  only  distinguished 
from  the  rest  of  his  race  by  a  still  mora 
intense  and  fiery  advocacy  of  the  peo> 

{>le's  rights.  He  took  a  prominent  part 
n  preparing  the  way  and  deciding  the 
position  which  Pbnnsylvania  took  in  the 
memorable  struegle.  In  1776  he  was 
appointed  to  the  command  of  a  regi- 
ment which  he  raised  almost  without  an 
effort  in  a  few  days  amongst  his  Irish 
associates  in  Chester  county;  the  Irish 
composed  almost  exclusively  the  fight- 
ing element  of  Pennsylvania;  the 
Quakers  being  noncambatants,  a  large 
portion  of  them  too  were  also  Irish  or 
of  mixed  Irish  extraction,  and  usually 
the  Quaker  faith  was  overruled  by 
Irish  fervor  and  patriotism.  He  was 
ordered  to  join  Gen.  Thompson  in  a 
move  on  Canada,  and  was  present  at 
the  disaster  in  which  Thompson  was 
made  a  primner.      Wayne  JioweTHi^ 


WAT 


ntisH  cBi/nk 


WAT 


althongh  seyerely  wounded,  succeeded 
in  brining  off  tne  shattered  forces,  dis- 

? laying  great  gallantry  and  skill.  In 
77d  he  served  under  Gen.  Gates  at 
Ticonderoga  and  not  only  displayed  his 
usual  bravery  but  exhibited  great  skill 
as  an  engineer,  and  was  created  a  briga- 
dier-general. At  the  battle  of  Brandy- 
'V'ine he  behaved  with  his  usual  bravery 
and  for  a  long  time  with  far  inferior 
numbers  and  appointments,  kept  the 
enemy  at  bay  at  Chadd's  ford.  In  this 
action  the  inferiority  of  the  Americans 
in  everything  that  gives  power  and  ad- 
vantage was  very  marked,  yet  the 
enemy  gained  noihing.  Gen.  Wayne 
was  then  detached  to  harrass  the  rear 
of  the  enemy,  and  he  followed  them 
close  and  gave  them  constant  troub]e. 
On  the  night  of  the  20th  of  September 
a  powerful  body  of  the  enemy  under 
Gen.  Gray  drove  in  bis  pickets  and 
charged  down  on  him,  and  he  was  com- 
pelled temporarily  to  give  way,  losing 
about  140  in  killed  and  wounded,  but 
formed  again  at  a  short  distance.  Some 
attached  blame  to  Gen.  Wayne  and  he 
demanded  a  court-martial,  and  was 
honorably  acquitted.  Shortly  after- 
wards was  fought  the  battle  of  Gor- 
mantown  in  which  he  greatly  signalized 
himself  by  his  spirited  manner  of  lead- 
ing his  men.  In  this  engagement  he 
had  two  horses  shot  under  him  and  re- 
ceived two  wounds.  In  the  councils  of 
war  his  voice  was  always  for  offensive 
action.  In  the  battle  of  Monmouth 
Wayne  was  always  in  the  van,  and 
where  in  Washington's  despatch  to 
Congress,  all  were  declared  to  merit 
well  of  their  country.  Gen.  Wayne 
alone  was  mentioned  by  name  as  de- 
serving particular  commendation.  In 
July,  1779,  Washington  entrusted  to 
Wayne  the  taking  of  Stony  Point,  a 
most  foi-midable  position,  defended  by 
000  Highlanders  under  Col.  Tohnson. 
One  side  was  protected  bT  the  Hudson 
Biver,  which  washes  the  base,  and  over 
which  the  fort  stands  on  a  rock  of  con- 
siderable height,  and  was  further  pro- 
tected by  vessels  of  war.  On  the  land 
side  was  a  morass  over  which  there  was 
but  one  crossing  place,  above  which  on 
an  eminence,  stood  the  lort,  with  its  for- 
midable artillery  commanding  the  only 
avenue  of  access.  On  thv<)  loth  of  July 
lie  led  his  troops  to  the  vicinity  of  the 
fort,  and  after  quietly  reconnoitring  the 
situation  he  made  the  necessary  dis- 
positions for  the  assault,  and  at  half- 


past-eleven  the  same  night,  with  fi;:e^ 
bayonets,  he  quietly  and  quickly  ad- 
vancdd  on  the  works  and  earned  them 
without  firing  a  sinele  gun.  He  him- 
self  was  wounded  In  the  head  while 
leading  a  regiment,  and  supposing  it  to- 
be  mortal,  he  desired  to  be  carried  for- 
ward and  die  in  the  fort.  The  struggle- 
was  short,  but  sharp.  Out  of  the  'or- 
lom  hope  of  twenty  men  under  Lieu- 
tenant Gibbon,  who  removed  the 
abattis,  seventeen  were  killed.  Of  the- 
garrison,  about  seventy  were  killed  and 
over  600  taken  prisoners.  For  this 
achievement,  Wayne  received  a  gold 
medal,  and  the  thanks  of  Congress.  In 
the  campaign  of  1781,  which  led  to  the 
surrender  of  Lord  Comwallis  and  the- 
British  army,  he  bore  a  conspicuous 
part.  He  rescued  himself  at  one  time- 
from  a  most  dangerous  position,  by  his 
daring  and  bravery.  Having  been  de> 
ceived  by  false  information  as  to  the 
crossing  of  James  River  by  the  main 
body  of  the  British  army,  he  hastened 
with  a  detachment  of  Lbout  800  mea 
through  a  wood  and  morass  to  attack, 
as  he  supposed,  the  rear  guards.  As 
he  emerged  from  the  wora,  he  beheld 
before  him  the  whole  British  army.  Ho- 
saw  his  only  hope  lay  in  a  fearless  de- 
monstration, and  he  immediately  ad- 
vapced  and  opened  fire  on  the  enemy  at' 
short  range,  and  as  quickly  withdrew  iif 
good  order.  Cornwallis  was  afraid  ta 
puraue,  lest  it  was  a  feint  to  draw  him 
into  an  ambush,  and  Wayne  saved  him- 
self with  the  loss  of  about  100  men. 
After  the  suiTcnder  of  Cornwallis, 
Wayne  was  sent  to  Georgia,  where  the- 
British  had  made  considerable  head- 
way. After  some  desperate  engage- 
ments, he  cleared  the  country  and  se- 
cured the  inhabitants  from  depredations. 
For  this  service  the  legislature,  as  a 
token  of  gratitude,  presented  him  with  a 
valuable  farm.  On  the  declaration  of 
peace  he  returned  to  private  life,  but  in 
1789  we  find  him  as  a  member  of  the 
Pennsylvania  Convention  advocating 
the  adoption  of  the  Federal  Constitu- 
tion, In  1792  he  was  appointed  to  suc- 
ceed Gen.  St.  Clair  on  the  western 
frontier.  The  Indians  at  this  time  were 
quite  formidable  and  elated  with  a  sav- 
age victory  they  had  won  the  preceding 
year.  Gen.  Wayne,  however,  sooa 
straightened  them  on  every  side,  and  as 
he  drove  them  before  him  beyond  the 
great  lakes,  he  erected  forts  to  hold  the- 
ground  won,  and  thus  prevent  the  returs 


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WEL 


nUBR  CVLTB^ 


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of  tbe  nyageti.  In  Aueast;  1794,  he  met 
them  at  thdr  laat  stand,  near  a  British 
fort  on  the  Miami,  where  he  utterly 
routed  them.deatroying  their  villages  and 
cornfields,  w^th  the  loss  of  only  about 
one  hundred  men.  The  end  of  the  year 
aaw  the  savages  completely  broken  and 
disheartened,  and  anxious  for  peace. 
Oen.  Wayne  concluded  with  them  a 
<leflnite  treaty  on  the  shores  of  Lake 
Erie.  There  in  December^  1791,  on  the 
frontier  of  his  country,  in  a  hut  at 
Presque  Isle,  this  trusted  and  trusty  sen- 
tinel of  his  people,  this  intrepid  war- 
rior died,  in  the  fifty-first  year  of  his 
Age.  He  was  buried  on  the  shores  of 
ue  lake  where  his  bones  remained  for 
«ome  years.  They  wero  removed  to 
Ills  native  county  by  his  son,  Isaac,  and 
an  elegant  monument  erected  over  him 
by  the  Pennsylvania  State  Society  of 
the  Cincinnati. 

WELD,  CHARLES  RICHARD, 
of  the  same  family  as  Isaac,  was  born  in 
1818,  and  was  educated  in  Dublin, 
studied  law  in  the  "  Temple,"  and  was 
called  to  the  bar  in  1844  ;  was  Assistant 
Secretary  to  the  Royal  Society,  and  dis- 
trict Superintendent  of  the  International 
Exhibition  of  1863,  and  Assistant  Brit- 
ish Commissioner  to  tbe  Paris  Exposi- 
tion in  1867.  He  became  connected 
^iththe  publishing  business  in  1861, 
and  was  a  friend  and  assistant  of  Sir  John 
Franklin  in  his  literary  labors.  He  was 
brother- in-law  to  Alfred  Tennyson,  and 
among  his  published  works  are  "His- 
tory of  the  Royal  Society,  with  Mem- 
oirs of  its  Presidents,"  "Tour  in  the 
United  States  and  Canada,"  "Tour  in 
Ireland,"  &o.  He  died  at  Bath  July  16, 
1869. 

WELD,  ISAAC,  a  man  of  talent, 
traveler  and  writer,  was  born  in  Dub- 
lin in  1774,  was  educated  in  his  native 
city,  and  traveled  extensively  on  the 
,  continent  and  in  America,  and  was 
secretary  and  vice-president  of  the  Roy- 
al Dublin  Society  for  many  years.  He 
is  tbe  author  of  "Travels  through  the 
States  of  North  Amorica,"  which  was 
considered  as  a  stam'iard  authority,  and 
was  translated  into  other  European 
languages.  "Scenery  of  Killarney," 
and  "A  Statistical  Survey  of  Roscom 
mun."    He  died  in  1866. 

WELLESLEY.      MARCHIONESS 
OF,  wife  of  Richard  CoUey,  W.  was  a 


grand-daughter  of  Chailos  Carroll,  of 
Carrollton,  and  daughter  of  Richard 
Caton,  Esq.,  Marylfind.  She  was  mar* 
ried  to  the  marquis  in  1826,  and  was 
noted  for  her  beauty  and  accomplish' 
ments.    She  died  in  1863. 

WELLESLEY,  RICHARD  COL- 
LEY,  Marquis  of,  a  celebrated  states* 
man  of  England,  and  an  accomplished 
s(^holar,  elder  brother  of  the  Duke  of 
Wellington,  was  bom  in  Dublin  June 
20, 1760.  He  was  partially  educated 
there,  and  afterwards  at  Harrow,  which 
he  had  to  leave  on  account  of  taking 
part  in  a  great  rebellion  that  had  weU 
nigh  proved  fatal  to  that  school.  From 
there  he  went  to  Eaton,  where  he  was 
distinguished  above  all  his  associates, 
and  left  an  accomplished  scholar.  On 
returning  io  Ireland  he  become  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Irish  House  of  Commons 
and  joined  the  patriots  under  Orattan, 
and  distinguished  himself  by  his  lib- 
eral views  and  eloquence.  Orattan 
held  him  in  high  esteem  and  they  were 
ever  after  fast  friends.  On  the  death  of  his 
father  he  became  a  member  of  the  Iri£^ 
House  of  Lords,  as  Lord  Mornineton. 
In  1784  he  became  a  member  of  the 
English  Parliament,  and  a  Lord  of  the 
Treasury  in  1796.  and  first  came  into 
prominent  notice  by  his  views  on  the 
Regency  question,  which  pleased  tha 
king,  and  he  was  made  a  British  bar- 
onet in  1797.  It  was  in  this  year  that 
the  career  in  which  he  became  most 
distinguished  was  opened  to  him.  He 
had  previously  held  minor  government 
positions  although  beneath  his  ac- 
knowledged talents,  when  he  was  ..p- 
Sointed  Governor-General  of  India, 
[ere  he  displayed  remarkable  adminis- 
trative ability,  and  by  his  promptness, 
and  foresight  defeated  the  plans  and 
combinations  both  of  the  native  princes 
and  the  French;  and  here  too  his  broth- 
er, Arthur,  under  his  direction  and  en- 
couragement, opened  up  for  himself 
that  career  which  made  him  the  most 
celebrated  general  that  ever  commanded 
an  English  army.  His  administration 
was  most  fortunate  for  the  British  pow- 
er in  India,  and  at  a  most  critical  time, 
and  it  may  well  be  said,  that,  prob- 
ably in  conjunction  wiih  the  military 
genius  of  his  brather,  he  saved  it  from 
disaster,  if  not  annihilation.  He  re- 
mained there  until  1808,  although  he 
desired  to  retire  earlier.  He  arrived  ia 
England  just  prior  to  the  death  of  Pitt. 


hK 


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WEL 


miSH  CBLT8. 


WEL 


He  might  have  become  Prime  MiDister 
on  the  death  of  Fox  and  the  retirement 
of  the  Whigs,  but  an  attempt  having 
been  made  to  impeach  him  .for  his 
India  administration,  which  was  stiil 

ending  investigation,  and  which  ended 
complete  failure,  he,  out  of  a  delicate 
fgense  oi  propriety,  would  not  entertain 
the  offer.  In  1809  he  accepted  the  em- 
bassy to  Spain,  and  the  end  of  the  same 
year  saw  him  at  the  head  of  Foreign 
Affairs,  which  hs  held  until  1812,  when 
differing  with  Percival  on  his  bigoted 
policy  towards  Catholics,  and  his  nar- 
row views  on  continental  questions,  he 
resigned.  On  the  death  of  Percival 
Lora  Wellesley  was  commissioned  by 
the  Prince  Regent  to  form  a  govern- 
ment, but  findmg  the  Regent's  sincerity 
more  than  doubtful,  he  resigned  the 
task.  In  1812  he  brought  forward  the 
Catholic  question  in  the  house,  and  lost 
it  by  but  one  vote.  Although  a  strong 
Anti-Jacobite  and  supporter  of  Pitt,  he 
was  opposed  to  renewing  the  war  with 
Fnmce,  in  1816,  on  the  reappearance  of 
Napoleon  from  Elba,  being  confident 
that  both  the  French  people  and  their 
ruler  were  entirely  changed  in  their 
feelings  and  views,  and  that  it  was  a 
'wastfoiil  and  foolish  policy  to  again 
idnstate  a  Bourbon  against  the  will  of 
the  S^nch  people.  In  182S  Lord 
Wellesley  occupied  the  high  position  of 
Lord  Lieutenant  of  Ireland,  and  on  ac- 
count of  his  liberal  view?  towards  Cath- 
olics was  bitterly  attacked  by  the  more 
violent  of  the  Orange  party,  and  even 
Ids  liberal  position  has  oeen  questioned 
and  attacked  by  the  other  side.  That 
this  latter  was  highly  unjust,  is  evident 
from  the  following  extract  from  a  dei^ 
patch  to  the  home  government,  in 
September,  1884,  referred  to  by  Lord 
Brougham  in  his  sketch  of  this  states- 
man :  "I  think  it  would  be  advisable  to 
open  three  seats  on  the  judicial  bencti 
and  t  take  one  of  the  judges  from  the 
Roman  Catholic  bar.  This  would  give 
the  greatest  satisfactiDn  to  the  whole 
Roman  Catholic  body.  Tour  lordship 
I  am  convinced  will  concur  with  me 
in  opinion  that  the  Roman  Catholics 
of  Ireland  have  never  been  admitted  to 
the  full  benefit  of  the  laws  passed  for 
tbeir  relief.  Entitled  by  law  to  admission 
to  almast  any  office  in  the  state  they 
have  been,  and  are  still  practical!  v « x- 
duded  from  almost  every  branch  o{  the 
executive  adminintratioi:  of  the'  govern- 
qpent-     The  few  .Emitted  into  me  sta- 


tion  of  assistant  barrister,  or  into  the 
police,  only  seem  to  mnrk  the  right  of 
admission,  without  any  approach  to 
equitable  distribution  of  oflScial  benefit. 
It  is  impossible  to  suppose  that  a  whole 
nation  can  repose  coufldence,  or  act  cor* 
dially  with  a  government,  when  so  laree 
a  pwtion  of  the  people  are  practically 
excluded  from  all  snare  in  the  higher 
offices  of  the  state,  while  their  right  to 
admission  is  established  by  law.  I 
therefore  consider  that  one  of  the  first 
steps  towards  the  pacification  of  Ireland 
should  be  the  correction  of  this  defect, 
and  for  this  purpose  I  submit  to  your 
lordship's  judgment  that  it  is  expedient 
to  admit  a  certain  proportion  of  Roman 
CatlM)lics  into  the  privy  council,  to  the 
liencb,  to  the  higher  stations  of  the  law, 
to  other  efficient  civil  offices,  and  to  in> 
crease  their  numlier  in  the  police  and 
other  establishments.  I  would  also  ap> 
point  some  Roman  Catholics  of  distinc< 
tion  to  the  privy  council.  This  would 
be  a  commencement  which  I  can  ven* 
ture  to  assure  your  lordship  would  be 
safe  and  most  satisfactory  to  the  whole 
Roman  Catholic  body  of  Ireland." 
This  alone  shows  Lord  Wellesley  to 
have  been  a  statesman  as  far  as  the 
dominant  statesmen  of  England  were 
concerned,  in  advance  of  his  age,  and 
not  only  of  enlarged  iilwral  views,  but 
h'mest,  clear-sighted,  sound  and  practi> 
cal.  He  was  Lord  Lieutenant  of  Ire- 
land until  1828,  and  afterwards  in  1888 
and  '84.  Lord  Wellesley  was  an  ele- 
gant scholar,  familiar  with  all  the  clas- 
sics, and  a  beautiful  writer  both  in  prose 
and  poetry,  as  well  as  one  of  the  ablest 
of  British  statesmen.    He  died  in  18^. 

WELLESLEY,  RT.  REV.  WAL- 
TER, an  Irish  Catholic  divine,  bishop 
of  Kildare  and  Leighlin,  was  burn 
about  1490,  and  embraced  the  ecclc  las- 
tical  state,  became  a  canon  regular  and 
prior  of  Conal  in  the  County  of  Kil- 
dare. He  was  elevated  to  the  See  of 
Kildare  by  provision  of  Pope  Clement 
VII,  1531.  and  held  it  for  about  eight 
years,  when  he  died  and  was  buried  in 
his  own  convent  in  1589, 

WELLINGTON^,  ARTHUR  WEL- 
LESLEY, MARSHAL,  Duke  of,  one 
of  the  greatest  and  most  illustrious  of 
modern  generals,  was  born  at  Dargan 
Castle.  County  of  Meath,  Ireland,  May 
1.  17G9.  His  father  was  Loi-d  Morn- 
ington,  and  the  family  was  an  old  one 


nil 


\\ 


WBL 


naSH  CBLTt 


WEL 


of  both  Norman  and  andent  iHsh 
descent.  This  generation  of  the  family 
became  most  illustrious,  and  tiie 
mother,  daughter  of  the  Yioount  Dun- 
ffannon  of  "^rone,  lived  to  see  four  of 
Eer  sons  elevated  to  the  peerage  of 
Great  Britain,  not  by  influence,  but  by 
their  own  native  energy  and  talent, 
namely:  Richard,  Marquis  of  Welles- 
ley,  the  celebrated  statesman;  William, 
Lord  Maryborough;  Heniy,  Lord  Cow- 
lej.  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  Austria, 
ana  Arthur,  third  and  most  illustrious 
son  and  subject  of  oar  sketch.  With 
an  excusable  pride  she  once  said  as  she 
was  making  her  way,  with  difficulty 
through  a  crowd  who  gathered  around 
her  carriage  as  she  was  payiog  a  visit 
to  the  House  of  Parliament,  late  in 
life,  "So  much  for  the  honor  of  being 
mother  of  the  Gracchi."  Arthur  re- 
ceived the  elements  of  his  education  at 
Eaton,  and  was  then  sent  to  the  Mili- 
tary school  of  Angers  in  France,  to  be 
educated  in  the  profession  of  his  choice. 
His  first  commission  in  the  army  was 
in  the  88d  Regiment,  which  still  prides 
itself  on  the  honor.  His  first  active  ser- 
-vice  was  on  the  continent,  1798,  march- 
ing from'  Ostend  under  Lord  Moira  to 
join  the  Allies  in  Flanders,  and  he  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  the  campaign 
that  followed  and  w&^  ^n  acting  major 
at  its  close.  The  campaign  was  di^ 
trous  to  the  Allies,  they  having  to  re- 
treat through  Holland  in  1794,  but  it 
was  a  grand  training  school  for  the  fu- 
ture commander,  for  it  gave  him  an  in- 
sight into  the  handling  of  large  armies, 
the  fauUs  and  mistakes  to  be  avoided, 
the  precautions  to  take,  and  the  pru- 
dence^ skill  and  experience  required  to 
make  them  folly  available  and  mutual- 
ly supporting  in  every  part.  Nor 
was  it  his  fortune  again  to  be  attached 
to  so  large  a  body.(nearlylOO;OOOmen,) 
nor  in  fact  to  anything  approaching  the 
same,  until  he  himself  took  command 
on  the  Peninsula  to  pursue  his  glori- 
ous career  of  victory.  After  the  aisas- 
trous  campaign  in  Holland,  his  regi- 
ment was  not  again  sent  into  active  ser- 
vice 'till  1799,  when  it  went  out  to  In- 
dia, where  his  brother,  Lord  Wellesley, 
was  then  governor-general,  and  the  Brit- 
ish power  in  India  was  threatened  by 
Tippoo  Baib  and  the  French  in  the  East. 
Arthur  was  now  a  lieut.  colonel,  and 
his  regiment,  throush  his  soldierly  dis- 
dpline,  was  a  modd  of  completeness  in 
all  ita  appointments,  and  quickly  at* 


traded  the  notice  of  Che  commander  In 
chief.  Gen.  Harris.  Our  hero's  flni 
brush  after  arriving  was  unsucoessf uL 
He  was  intrusted  with  a  night  attadc 
on  an  out-work  of  Serioigapatum,  then 
besieged.  The  troops  missed  their  way 
and  got  entangled  in  a  morass  and  deef^ 
water  course  which  proved  impassable. 
The  next  day.  however,  they  redeemed 
themsdves  by  a  successful  capture  of 
the  works.  His  regiment  was  not  en* 
gaged  in  the  grand  assault  which  took 
plMie  on  May  4th,  when  the  town  was 
taken,  but  he  was  appointed  by  the 
commanding  general  as  governor,  un- 
doubtedly to  please  the  Gov. -General, 
and  whidi  was  looked  upon  at  tiie  time 
as  an  undeserved  slight  to  the  gallant 
soldier,  who  had  led  the  attack.  How» 
ever  unjust  may  have  been  the  act. 
Col.  Wellesley  gave  decisive  proof  of 
his  fitness  for  the  position.  The  town 
was  quicklvput  into  an  admirable  con- 
diti<m  for  defense,  order  restored  in  the 
civil  affairs,  and  the  administrative  de- 
partment of  the  new  acquisitions  put 
upon  the  best  footing.  Col.  Wellesley 
was  not  long  released  from  the'  active 
duties  of  his  profession.  Doondiah 
Waugh,  a  noted  freebooter,  having  col- 
lected from  the  wreck  of  Tippoo's 
forces  upwards  of  6,000  hoi'se,  he  com- 
menced raiding  the  Upper  Provinces 
and  levying  contributions  on  the  inhab- 
itants. Col.  Wellesley  immediately 
started  for  the  scenes  of  plimder  at  the 
head  of  only  1,400  horse,  only  partly 
European,  and  following  the  path  of 
the  Mysore  chief,  he  at  length  su^^jeed- 
ed  in  overtaking  him  and:  compelled 
him  to  engage.  The  result  was  decis- 
ive, tiie  Doondiah's  forces  was  com- 
pletely routed  and  he  himself  slain.  In^ 
1808  war  having  broken  out  between 
the  company  ana  the  Mahrattas,  one  of 
the  armies  raised  for  the  emergency 
was  placed  under  our  subject,  now 
Gen.  Wellesley.  He  lost  no  time  in 
making  the  eneiny  aware  that  he  was 
in  the  field.  He  at  first  advanced 
against  the  strong  fortress  of  Achmed- 
naghur,  which  he  carried  by  storm,  he- 
next  advanced  with  only  4,500  men,  of 
which  less  ban  two-fifths  were  Eu- 
ropean, and  attacked  the  main  body  of 
the  enemy,  80,000  strong,  strongly 
posted  at  the  village  of  Assaye.  The 
advance  was  in  two  columns,  separated 
by  intervening  hills.  Having  arrived 
in  the  face  of  the  enemy  with  his 
moiety  of   the  men,  he  deemed  tin- 


wm  - .■*'"-^i !■  ■»■  I  tuu tirwmKieis^ 


'!iJi 


•    iiiil 


ffeiS'*!^^'wwS^5W  ;■ :  r-V.:^^f^,  -■«  i-.-^-'^-awivnB 


WEL 


ZBUH  CKLTS. 


WEL 


most  daring  cnuiw  the  most  prudent, 
and  immediately,  without  awaiting  the 
arrival  of  the  other  column,  charged 
down  on  the  enemy  at  the  head  of  the 
74th  Regiment,  and  after  a  most  des- 
perate struggle  he  routed  this  large 
army  of  wh^h  18,000  were  splendidly 
equipped  caTalnr,  capturing  a  large 
battery  of  artillery,  97  pieces,  and 
scattering  its  legions  to  the  four 
winds.  This  victory  broke  the  power 
of  the  Mahrattas  and  compelled  ihem 
to  conclude  a  peace  highly  advantage- 
ous to  the  Engifsh  interests.  For  this 
brilliant  exploit  he  was  made  a  knight 
of  the  Bath  and  returned  to  England 
with  his  brother  who  had  resignea  his 
administration.  His  next  service  was 
with  the  expedition  under  Lord  Cath- 
cart  against  Copenhagen,  in  1807,  when 
he  was  in  command  of  a  division.  Here 
his  principal  work  was  the  easy  defeat 
and  di{ipersion  of  12.000  Danes,  who 
were  harrassin^  the  rear  of  the  besiegers, 
with  a  few  regiments,  amounting  to  less 
than  7,000  men.  After  the  fall  of 
Copenhagen,  he  returned  to  England 
and  was  soon  ordered  to  organize  and 
command  an  expeditionary  &rce  to  co- 
operate with  the  Portuguese  in  rescuing 
their  country  from  the  insatiable  grasp 
of  the  French  emperor.  This  he  did  at 
Cork,  Ireland,  raising  about  10,000 
men.  It  was  intimated  to  him  that  he 
would  probably  l>e  superceded  after  his 
arrival  in  Portugal  by  superior  officers, 
and  was  advised  not  to  accept  a  subordi- 
nate command,  but  he  replied,  "As  we 
say  in  India,  I  have  eaten  the  king's  salt, 
and  I  will  serve  him  in  whatsoever  po- 
sition I  am  placed,  be  it  inferior  or  su- 
Ssrior."  The  expedition  sailed  from 
ork  in  June,  1808,  and  apaounted  to, 
all  told,  18,000  men.  Almost  immedi- 
ately on  landing  they  were  assailed  by 
Junot,  the  French  commander,  who 
marched  out  of  Lisbon  with  19,000 
men,  determined  to  drive  them  into  the 
sea.  This  was  the  first  meeting  of  the 
rival  nations  on  the  Peninsula,  and  the 
conflict  was  viewed  with  intense  in- 
terest. The  action  was  short  but  despe- 
rate, and  the  French  were  compelled 
to  fall  back.  Sir  Arthur  ordered  an 
advance  the  same  evening  to  Torres 
Vedras,  where  he  would  be  between 
Junot  and  Lisbon,  and  compel  him  to 
make  a  dangerous  retreat  or  force  him 
to  surrender,  but  just  as  the  movement 
was  being  made,  Sir  H.  Bunow  arrived 
and  took  command.    He  belonged  to 


the  old  and  slow  school,  with  whom 
one  battle  in  adav  was  deemed  enough, 
and  so  he  orderea  a  halt.  Junot  in  con- 
sequence, hastened  back  to  Torres 
Vedras  and  regained  the  capital.  Sir 
H.  Dalrymple  soon  after  arrived  and 
concluded  the  famous  convention  of 
Centia,  by  which  the  French  evacuat- 
ed the  whole  of  Portugal.  This  act 
created  unbounded  indignation  in  Eng- 
land at  the  time,  but  Sir  A.  Welles- 
ley  supported  it,  for  the  reason 
that  the  chance  to  capture  Junot 
had  been  lost.  and.  this  was  the 
next  best  move.  Sir  Arthur  was  now 
appointed  to  the  sole  command  of  the 
army  in  Portugal,  and  the  greatest  con- 
fidence was  reposed  in  his  ability  to 
cope  with  the  ablest  of  the  French  gen- 
erals and  win  back  the  prestige  lost  bv 
the  defeat  of  Sir  John  Moore.  His 
first  operations  were  against  Marshal 
Soult,  one  of  the  ablest  of  Napoleon's 
generals,  who  had  advanced  to  Oporto 
with  20,000  men.  and  captured  that 
city.  By  a  bold  and  skilful  movement, 
he  crossed  the  Sagus,  under  ths  very 

fms  of  the  enemy,  and  engaging  the 
rench  with  great  impetuosity,  drove 
them  to  so  precipitate  a  retreat  that  the 
dinner  served  for  Soult  was  partaken 
of  by  Sir  Arthur.  The  French  genenl 
was  compelled  to  abaudon  all  his  ar- 
tillery  and  baggage,  and  saved  himselt 
by  a  quick  retreat  into  Galicia.  He 
next  turned  his  attention  towards  Spain 
and  formed  a  junction  with  the  Span- 
ish under  Cuesta,  at  Estramandura,  the 
united  forces  being  60.000  strong,  two- 
thirds  Spaniard)),  poorly  organized. 
With  these  he  advanced  on  Madrid  and 
was  met  at  Talevara  by  King  Joseph 
with  45,000  of  the  flower  of  the  French 
in  Spain.  After  a  desperate  action  of 
two  day's  duration,  the  blunt  of  which 
was  sustained  by  the  English  and  Por- 
tuguese,the  French  were  defeated  with 
the  loss  of  8,000  men  and  17  guns,  but 
the  arrival  of  Soult  and  Ney  with  large 
reinforcements  neutralized  all  the  fruits 
of  victory.and  the  .Allies  were  compelled 
to  retreat  back  to  the  Portuguese  fron- 
tier, but  good  results  quickiy  followed 
from  these  campaigns.  The  people  of 
those  countries  saw  that  there  was  a 
leader  amongst  them,  who,  if  supported, 
would  inevitably  relieve  them  from  the 
invaders,  and  it  infused  into  them  that 
moral  energy,  without  which  success 
was  impossible.  The  year  1810  saw 
the  French  make  mighty  efforts  to  re- 


WEL 


IBIBH  CELTS. 


WEL 


%:..^'%i-ltm:i 


gain  ones  again  the  whole  peninsula 
and  Massena,  one  of  the  ablest  of  the 
French  marshals,  invaded  Portugal 
with  80,000  men,  and  after  capturing 
Clndad  Kodiigo  and  Almeida.pt-netrat- 
Into  the  very  hec  *  of  that  country. 
Wellington,  for  our  subject,  had  in  the 
meantime  been  made  Vicount  Welling- 
ton for  distinguished  services,  had  only 
85,000  men  with  which  to  pppose  this 
formidable  host.  While  it  was  impos- 
sible to  relieve  these  fortresses,  he  took 
up  a  strong  position  on  the  road  to  Lis- 
bon, being  the  ridge  of  Busaco,  and  re- 
T)ulsed  with  great  elaughtsr  direct  at- 
tacks on  his  position,  but  being  out- 
flanked by  his  more  numerous  foe,  he 
retired  to  a  strong  position  at  Torres 
Vedras,  thirty  miles  in  front  of  Lisbon, 
which  was  deemed  impregnable  from 
direct  assault.  Six  hundred  guns  were 
mounted  on  its  strong  redoubts,  and 
here  he  wa^  able  to  concentrate  60,000 
men.  Belore  this  position  Massena 
wasted  five  months  and  was  at  length 
forced  to  retreat  back  towards  the 
Spcnish  frontier.  He  attempted  to 
bring  away  the  sarrison  of  Almeida, 
whidi  was  now  invested,  but  he  was 
met  at  Fuentes  d'Onore  bv  Wellington 
and  was  forced  to  retire  without  effecting 
his  object  and  take  up  his  position  at 
Cindad  Rodrigo.  In  1811  Wellington 
laid  siege  to  Badajoz  and  after  making 
some  progress  he  was  compelled  to  raise 
the  siege  on  account  of  the  concentration 
of  all  the  French  forces  to  the  num- 
ber of  60,000,  who  advanced  to  its  re- 
lief. He  again  retiring  to  the  frontiers 
of  Portugal.  The  succeeding  winter 
did  not  see  him  idle  for  he'  secretly  pre- 
pared a  butterine  train  and  suddenly  ap- 
K tared  before  Cindad  Rodrigo  while 
armont's  army,  which  was  charged 
with  its  defense,  was  scattered  in  winter 

Suarters.  and  after  a  siege  of  a  few 
ays  he  took  it  by  storm,  January, 
1812.  He  then  immediately  advanced 
on  Badaioz,  which  he  also  carried  by 
storm,  -itior  a  desperate  and  bloody  as- 
sault, tv  >ich  cost  the  victors  4,000  men. 
Concentrating  all  his  available  troops 
he  now  directed  his  march  North  and 
encountered  Marmont  near  Salamanca, 
whom  he  utterly  d<  feated,  compelling 
bim  to  make  a  precipitate  retrc'it  with 
the  shattered  remains  of  his  once  flue 
army,  after  losing  20,000  men  in  killed, 
wounded  and  prisoners.  The  road  to 
Madrid  was  now  open  and  he  entered 
the  capital  in  triumph.     The  whole 


South  of  Spain  was  now  relieved  from 
the  presence  of  the  enemy  and  our  vic- 
torious soldier  once  more  turned  his 
face  to  the  North.  He  first  laid  siege 
to  Burffos.  the  castle  of  which  he  at- 
tempted to  cany  by  storm,  but  in  vain. 
While  here,  the  French  forces  again 
concentrated  to  the  number  of  100,000, 
and  he  was  agnln  compelled  to  retreat 
towards  the  Portuguese  frontier,  but 
not  without  sustaining  heavy  losses. 
The  year  of  1818  was  one  of  continual 
disaster  to  the  French  armies.  Wel- 
lington was  reinforced  from  home 
and  saw  himself  at  the  head  of  70,000 
men,  more  than  half  of  whom  were 
from  Britain  and  Ireland.  Early  in 
May  he  opened  the  campaign  and  ad- 
vanced in  the  direction  of  the  enemy, 
who  had  concentrated  an  army  of  about 
equal  numbers,  on  the  plains  of  Vet- 
toria.  The  battle  fought  was  obsti- 
nate but  decisive;  the  French  under 
King  Joseph  Bonapirte  were  utterly 
routed,  losing  all  their  baggage,  166 

{tieces  of  cannon,  416  tumbrils  and  aa 
mmense  amount  of  spoils,  which  had 
been  captured  from  the  Spanish  Na- 
tionalists. The  Frencn  made  a  precipl' 
tate  retreat  to  the  frontier,  carrying 
with  them  but  a  single  gun,  and  utter- 
ly cast  down.  Wellington  immediately 
advanced  on  St  Sebastian,  which  ha 
completely  invested,  and  after  two 
desplerate  assaults  took  it  by  storm  and 
turned  his  victorious  arms  against 
Pamplona  and  defeated  an  army  un- 
der Soult,  sent  to  its  relief,  with  a  loss 
of  12,000  men.  He  next  foiled  the 
French  at  St.  Marcial,  and  crossing  the 
Bidassoa,  stormed  the  wbrks  they  had 
constructtid  on  the  mountains,  which 
they  considered  impregnable.  Winter 
did  not  arrest  his  progress,  but  he  con- 
tinued his  advance  and  after  a  series  of 
obstiuate  contests  he  succeeded  in  com- 
pletely investing  Bayonne.  Early  the 
following  Spring  Wellington  advanced 
toward  Toulouse  whither  Soult  had  re- 
tired, and  again  defeated  that  able 
commander  at  Orthes  in  an  open  battle. 
He  then  occupied  Bordeaux  by  a  de- 
tachment of  his  army,  and  with  his 
main  force  continued  the  pursuit  of 
Soult,  who  rested  on  a  fortified  position 
of  great  strength  on  the  heights  of 
Toulouse,  and  after  an  obstinate  and 
bloody  contest  he  carried  the  heights. 
At  the  time  peace  had  already  oeen 
signed  for  four  days,  but  this  was  un- 
known, to  the  contesting  forces.    For 


WEL 


IBISH  CELTS. 


WES 


these  brilliant  cnmpaigns  be  received 
the  highest  lionnrs,  he  was  made  a 
duke  and  received  the  baton  of  a  field 
marshal  ami  the  thanks  of  both  houses 
of  Parliament,  and  grants  from  Parlia- 
ment of  £500,000  to  purchase  an  es- 
tate and  build  a  palace.  The  remain- 
der of  the  yexr  he  spent  in  Paris  in 
the  negotiations  of  peace,  and  in  the 
Spring  of  1815,  when  Napoleon  again 
suddenly  appeared  on  French  soil, 
Wellington  was  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  British,  Hanoverians  and 
Belgians,  about  70.000  men,  .whom  he 
concentrated  in  the  Netherlands,  to  op- 
pose the  progress  of  the  French  Em- 
peror. He  had  not  long  to  wait  Na 
polpon  having  failed  to  secure  recogni- 
tion, on  June  16  lbl6,  crossed  the  fron- 
tiers with  18,000  men,  and  defeated  the 
Prussians  under  Blutcher  at  Ligny, 
and  despatching  Ney  with  80,000  to 
attack  Wellington,  a  desperate  en- 
gagement took  place  at  Quatre  Bras,  in 
which  Ney  was  foiled  with  a  loss  of  6,- 
000  men.  On  the  18th  Napoleon  m 
person  advanced  against  Wellington 
at  the  bead  of  80,000  men, 
Wellington  defending  his  position  a^ 
Waterloo  with  about  70,000,  when  one 
of  the  most  desperate  and  bloody  en 

gfigements  on  record  was  fought,  Wel- 
ngton  with  invincible  firmness  sue- 
oeeded  in  maintaining  his  principal  po- 
sition during  the  entire  day.  At  about 
7  o'clock  Blu'cher  and  his  Prussians  ar- 
rived, when  Wellington  immediately 
took  the  offensive,  and  bearing  down 
with  his  fresh  troops  on  the  fatigued 
and  depleted  columns  of  the  French, 
utterly  routed  them  with  the  loss  of 
^^,000  men  and  166  guns,  and  ended 
the  military  career  of  the  greatest  of 
modern  genenils.  So  fearful  were  the 
sovereigns  of  Europe  of  some  unfore- 
seen danger  from  prostrated  France, 
that  as  a  precautionary  measure  ihey 
deteiTnined  to  occupy  the  frontier  fort- 
i-esses  with  an  army  of  160,000  men 
during  five  years,  the  command  of 
whicti  was  given  by  general  consent  to 
Wellington,  thus  recognizing  him  as 
the  ablest  of  the  Alii*  d  commanders. 
He  afterwards  succeeded  in  reducing 
the  time  to  three  years,  considering  it 
an  unneces-ary  and  unjust  burden  on 
the  French  people.  In  1818  he  re- 
fiigned  his  position  and  returned  to 
England.  In  1819  he  was  appointed 
commander  in  chief  of  the  British 
army,  and  m  November,  1827,  he  wu 


cppointed  prime  minister  of  Britain, 
which  position  he  held  'till  1830.  when 
his  administration  was  defeated  on  the 
cry  of  reform.  It  was  in  the  term  of 
1829  that  the  Catholic  emancipation 
was  carried — a  long  deferred  act  of 
justice.  After  some  time  he  was  again 
appointed  commander  in  chief  of  the 
army,  which  position  he  held  'till  bis 
death.  During  these  Intter  years  he  di- 
rected the  military  opera' ions  of  Eng- 
land throughout  the  world  with  great 
sagacity  «and  success.  He  was  the 
(treat  advocate  and  master  counsellor 
f<>r  peace,  among  the  statesmen  of 
Europe,  and  an  opposer  to  meddling 
with  the  internal  relations  of  other  na- 
tions where  no  outside  interests  were 
threatened;  and  this  peace  be  beheld 
unbroken  for  forty  years,  to  the  time 
of  his  death,  September  18, 1852.  Wel- 
lington undoubtedly  possessed  all  the 
attributes  of  a  ^reat  and  successful 
commander,  and  \t  is  not  to  fortuitious 
circumstances  that  he  owes  his  victor- 
ies and  fame.  He  had  measured  him- 
self with  the  ablest  of  Napoleon's  gen- 
erals in  Spain,  upon  equal  terms,  and 
uniformly  proved  the  victor.  The  on- 
ly advantage  he  could  possibly  have 
had  was  in,  if  admitted,  the  superior- 
ity of  his  soldiers,  who  were  largely 
composed  of  his  own  fellow  country- 
men, and  whose  irresistible  dash  and 
reckless  darine  could  find  no  equal 
amons  the  soldiery  of  Europe.  His 
prominent  traits  were  coolness  and  sa- 
gacity, a  comprehensive  and  unbiased 
judgment,  with  great  promptness,  de- 
ciKion  and  daring.  He  possessed  also 
that  personal  magnetism  which  tha 
truly  great  almost  always  exercise  on 
their  contempoiaries,  and  which  wasas 
visible  in  his  civil  as  in  bis  military 
relations.  For  the  last  twenty-five 
vears  of  bis  life  he  held,  not  by  design, 
but  by  bis  natural  force  of  character, 
an.  undisputed  ascendancy  in  the  House 
of  Lords.  In  private  life  be  was  ex- 
tremely simple  and  uncstentatious,  ab- 
stemious and  regular  in  all  bis  habits, 
performing  every  duty  with  an  unfail- 
ing cert'iiuty.  He  was  thoughtfully 
consitierate  and  generous  to  those  under 
him,  and  prompt  to  recognize  and  as- 
sist merit.  He  was  without  doubt  the 
ablest  general  that  ever  commanded  an 
English  army. 

WESLEY,   EDWARD,   bishop  of 
Eildare    and     Leigeiiln,    a    learned 


^n 


'r 


1  ^ 


WHB 


nUSH  CELTS. 


WHB 


Irish  divine,  was  educated  on  th6  conti- 
nent and  returned  to  Ireland  after  his 
ordination,  where  be  labored  aniidst  the 
dangers  of  persecution.  He  was  ele- 
vated to  the  See  of  Eildare  and  Leigh- 
Un  in  1685,  which  See  he  administered 
for  about  fifteen  years  with  wisdom  and 

Sirudcnce,  in  the  midst  of  ever-present 
anger. 

WEST.  NATHANIEL.  LL.D.,  an 
able  American  Presbyterian  divine,  was 
born  in  Ireland  in  1794,  where  he  was 
educated  'studied  theology  in  Scotland 
with  Dr.  Chalmers,  and  came  tcthe  Unit- 
ed States  in  1884;  filled  the  pastorate  of 
various  churches  and  was  chaplain  of 
the  "Satterlee  U.  S.  General  Hospital" 
during  the  war  of  the  Rebellion,  up  to 
the  time  of  his  death,  Sept.  2,  1864.  He 
is  the  author  of  a  complete  analysis  of 
the  Bible,  and  stood  high  among  his 
brethren. 

WHELLEY,  WILLIAM  H.,  a  tal- 
ented American  actor,  was  born  in  Ire- 
land about  1836,  and  emigrated  to  the 
United  States  when  a  young  man.  He 
excelled  in  the  higher  walks  of  the 
drama,  and  was  deservedly  popular. 
He  died  in  New  York  City  April  ?, 
1876. 

WHELAN,  HON.  EDWARD,  a  tal- 
ented Canadian  journalist  and  poli- 
tician, was  born  in  County  Mayo,  Ire- 
land in  1825,  and  received  his  education 
partly  there,  and  partly  in  Halifax,  Nova 
Scotia,  whither  his  family  had  emi- 
grated. He  entered  the  printing  office 
of  the  Hon.  Joseph  Howe,  in  that  city, 
and  soon  attracted  that  gentleman's  at- 
tention by  his  natural  ability  as  a  jjour- 
nalist,  and  was  early  engaged  in  giving 
free  scope  to  his  facile  pen  in  the  col- 
umns or  his  employer's  paper.  Such 
was  the  confidence  in  which  Howe  held 
his  abilities,  that  even  when  still  but  a 
mere  youth,  when  he  himself  was  un- 
able by  absence  or  sickness  to  edit  his 
paper,  youna;  Whelan  was  left  to  fill  the 
gap.  So  ably  did  he  perform  his  work, 
and  grapple  with  the  qaestions  uf  the 
day,  tliat  few,  it  any,  could  discern  the 
absence  of  the  master.  In  his  eighteenth 
year  he  went  to  Prince  Edward's  Island, 
which  was  then  ruled,  or  rather  domi- 
nated over,  by  men  who  cared  but  little 
for  the  masses.  Our  young  Journalist 
soon  came  to  the  front,  and  bv  the  use 
of  his  aaroaatio  pen,  pierced  the  armor 


of  their  self-conceit  and  arrogance,  and 
marshalling  the  people,  he  organized 
them  into  n-eemen  who  dared  to  assert 
their  rights.  He  was  equally  strong 
with  the  tongue  and  pen,  and  represent- 
ed his  fellow  citizens  on  the  most  im- 
portant occasiontt  under  the  various  ad- 
ministrations which  held  power  in  bis 
day.  He  died  at  his  residence  in  Char- 
lottetown  Dec.  10.  1867,  in  the  very 
prime  of  his  life,  and  in  the  midst  o*f 
his  usefulness,  universally  regretted. 

WHELAN,  RICHARD  VINCENT, 
D.D..  Bishop  of  Wheeling,  Va.,  was 
bom  at  Baltimore  of  Irish  parents  Jan. 
29,  1809,  received  his  education  at 
Mount  St.  Mary's  College,  Emmetts- 
burc.  Md.,  where  he  afterwards  held  a 
chair,  and  was  prefect  of  studies.  He 
studied  his  theology  in  Paris  with  the 
Sulpicians  and  was  ordained  priest  at 
Versailles  in  1881.  He  returned  to  the 
United  States  and  again  was  a  professor 
in  St.  Mary's  College,  and  was  on  the 
mission  in  Maryland  from  1835-'40. 
In  1850  he  was  elevated  to  the  episco- 
pacy as  Bishop  of  Richmond,  but  on 
the  division  of  the  diocese  the  next  year 
he  chose  to  take  the  new  bishopric  of 
Wheeling,  and  removed  to  that  city  - 
where  ho  soon  built  up  institutions  of 
learning  and  charity.  He  attended  the 
Vatican  Council  of  1869-70.  and  like  a 
number  of  French  and  American  pre- 
lates he  did  not  think  it  necessary  to 
promulgate  the  doctrine  of  papal  in- 
fallibility at  that  time,  but  willinghr 
bowed  to  the  will  of  the  majority.  He 
died  at  Wheeling  July  7,  1874. 

WHITE,  JAMES,  a  talented  mis- 
cellaneous author  and  novelist,  was 
born  in  Ireland  about  1780.  and  was  an 
autuor  of  much  popularity  in  his  day. 
He  died  in  1799. 

WHITEi  RICHARD,  Earl  of  Ban- 
try,  was  born  at  Bantry,  County  Cork, 
Aug.  6.  1767.     He  so  greatly  distio- 

f^uished  himself  in  successful  y  oppos- 
ng  the  landing  of  the  French  fleet  at 
Bantry  Bay.  in  1797,  that  he  received  the 
honors  uf  the.  peerage  and  was  created 
Earl  of  Bantry  the  same  year. 

WHITE,  THOMAS,  a  distlngutahed 
Canadian  politician  and  editor,  is  the 
son  of  an  emigrant  from  West  Meath, 
Ireland,  and  was  born  in  Montr'Vil  in. 
1880,  where  h«  received  Jiis  education. 


WHI 


XBISH  CKVSB. 


WIL 


He  first  entered  a  mercantile  house,  but 
left  it  for  a  printing  ofSce.  Witli  tliis 
office  he  removed  to  Quebec,  in  1852.  to 
do  the  government  priAting,  and  there 
became  assistant  editor  of  the  Quebec 
Gazette.  In  1858  he  started  the  Peter- 
borough neview,  and  after  some  years 
of  the  usual  struggle  and  worry  of 
newspaper  life,  he  sold  out  and  turned 
his  attention  to  the  law,  entering  the 
office  of  Hon.  Sidney  Smith,  and  after 
the  prescribed  time  was  €i^ed  to  the 
bar.  He  could  not,  howerer.  shake  ofl 
the  penchant  for  newspaper  work,  and 
after  a  brief  practice  of  his  new  pro- 
fession, he  again  entered  journalism, 
having,  with  his  brother,  purchased  the 
Hamilton  Spectator.  In  1866  he  ran 
for  Parliament  and  was  defeated  by  but 
three  votes.  In  1869-70  he  made  a  tour 
of  Oreat  Britain,  delivering  lectures  on 
Canada.  In  the  meantime  his  brother 
made  arrangements  for  the  purchase  of 
the  Montreal  Gazette,  and  on  his  return 
Thomas  took  charge  of  the  editoiial 
department,' it  being  the  leading  con- 
servative  newspaper  in  Lower  Canada. 
In  1872  he  again  ran  for  Parliament, 
■but  was  defeated  by  five  votes,  and 
still  again  for  Montreal  West  with  a 
like  result  by  seven  votes.  Mr.  White 
is  one  of  the  ablest  editors  and  poli- 
ticians in  Canada,  and  is  destined  to 
make  his  mark  in  the  political  history 
of  his  country.  He  is  now  a  member 
of  the  Dominion  Parliament,  and 
among  the  first  in  influence  and  ability. 

WHITESIDE,  JAMES,  an  eminent 
Irish  jurist,  orator,  and  British  states- 
man, was  a  native  of  County  Wieklow, 
Ireland,  born  in  1806;  was  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  studied  law 
and  was  called  to  the  Irish  bar  in  1880, 
where  he  soon  displayed  marked  ability 
and  rose  rapidly.  In  1842  he  was 
Queen's  Counsel,  and  in  1843  defended 
Daniel  O'Conncll  when  he  was  arrested 
and  imprisoned  for  sedition;  he  also 
defended  Smith  O'Brien  and  Thomas 
Francis  Meagher  in  1848  when  tried  for 
treason.  He  was  elected  to  Parliament 
in  1851,  representing  Enniakilleu  until 
1859,  when  lie  sat  for  Dublin  Univer- 
sity up  to  1866.  He  was  Attorney  Gen- 
eral for  Ireland  under  the  Derby  ad- 
ministration, and  a  bencher  of  the 
King's  Inn  in  1862  ;  Attornev  General 
.«nd  a  Privv  Councillor  in  the  second 
Derby  cabinet,  1858,  and  also  from 
1865-'66,  when  he  became  Lord  Chief 


Justice  for  Ireland.  He  was  a  man  of 
magnificent  abili^,  learned  in  all  the 
branches  of  the  law,  and  gifted  with 
uncommon  powers  as  a  forensic  orator 
He  was  the  author  of  "The  Law  of 
NlsiPrius,"  "Italy  In  the  Nineteenth 
Century,''  "The  Vicissitudes  of  the 
Eternal  City,"  "Life  and  Death  of  the 
Irish  Parliament,"  besides  essays  and 
leciu^^s.     He  died  at  an  advanced  age. 

WHITE,  SAMUEL,  a  scholar,  dra 
matist  and  elocutionist  of  repute,  was 
born  in  Dublin  about  1733,  and  for 
many  years  conducted  a  classical  school 
in  that  city;  Sheridan,  Moore  and  other 
celebrated  men  were  amount  his  i)upils. 
He  published  some  tragedies,  besides  a 
volume  of  poems,  and  an  elementary 
treatise  on  the  English  language,  a 
short  system  of  Rhetoric,  &c..  &c.  He 
died  in  1811.  _  j 

WILDE.    RICHARD   HENRY,   a 

distinguished  American  lawyer,  orator 
and  poet,  was  born  in  Dublin  Sept.  24, 
1789.  He  emigrated  to  America  at  an 
early  age  with  his  parents,  who  settled 
in  Baltimore,  where  he  was  instructed 
in  the  rudiments  of  knowledge  by  his 
mother.  In  his  eleventh  year  he  en- 
tered a  store  to  help  in  assisting  his 
mother  to  sustain  her  family,  she  being 
then  a  widow.  In  1802  they  removed 
to  Georgia  where  his  mother  started  a 
small  business,  assisted  by  our  subject, 
who  in  his  spare  time  was  cultivating 
a  mind  rich  in  imagination  and  ca- 
pacity. After  some  time  under  the 
inspiration  of  his  mother,  he  took  up 
the  study  of  the  law,  and  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar.  He  was  not  long  in 
attracting  attention,  his  oratorical  pow- 
ers being  of  a  high  order;  he  gained  an 
enviable  reputation  as  an  advocate, 
and  acquired  an  extensive  prnctice,  and 
before  he  was  twenty- five  years,  was 
Attorney  General  of  Georgia'.  In  1816 
he  was  sent  to  Congress,  and  was  re- 
elected a  number  of  times  until  1836, 
earning  a  distinguished  reputation  for 
ability  and  oratory.  In  tlie  meantime 
he  devoted  himself  to  literature,  and 
was  not  less  successful  as  a  writer  and 

{)oel,  than  as  a  lawyer  and  orator.  After 
eaving  Congress  he  visited  E  urope, 
and  in  1843  settled  in  New  Orleans, 
where  ho  at  once  took  a  leading  rank 
as  a  lawyek-,  and  was  elected  Professor 
of  Constitutional  Law  in  the  Universittr 
of  Louisiana.    He  died  Sept.  10, 1847. 


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He  was  without  doubt  one  of  the  most 

Sslished  and  elegant  jurists  of  his  day. 
ne  of  his  lyrics  attracted  tho  praise  of 
Byron,  while  his  "Life  of  Tasso"  is  a 
master-piece  of  elegance,  taste,  and  lit- 
erary erudition. 

WILDE,  SIR  WILLIAM,  ROBT. 
W..  M.  D.,  a  talented  Irish  surgeon 
p.nd  man  of  letters,  was  born  in  Castle 
Tea.  County  Roscommon,  Ireland,  about 
1810,  and  after  completing  his  educa- 
tion, commenced  the  study  of  medi- 
cine; established  himself  m  Dublin, 
and  soon  acquired  a  high  reputation  as 
a  surgeon,  especially  ophthalmic,  and 
became  director  of  St.  Mark's  Eye  and 
l^r  Hospital,  Dublin;  vice-president  of 
the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  and  surgeon 
occuHst  of  the  Queen  for  Ireland.  He 
was  also  distinguished  as  a  traveler, 
antiquary,  and  statistician;  was  super- 
intendent of  the  Irish  census,  and  was 
knighted  in  1864.  Among  his  works 
are  "A  Voyage  along  the  Shores  of 
tho  Mediterranean,"  "Irish  Popular 
Buperstitions,"  "Aural  Surgery,"  "Mal- 
formation and  Diseases  of  the  Organs 
of  Sight,"  "Antiquities  of  the  Irish 
Academy,"  &c.  His  wife  is  the  more 
celebrated  Lady  Wilde,  (Speranza)  poet 
and  novelist,  and  his  son  the  renowned 
esthete,  Oscar  W. 

WILKINS,  WILLIAM,  a  promi- 
nent American  statesman,  was  the  son 
of  John  Wilkins,  an  Irish  settlor  in 
Pennsylvania,  nnd  a  patriot  of  the  war 
of  the  Revolution,  and  was  bom  in 
that  state  In  1779.  His  talents  soon 
made  him  prominent  in  state  politics, 
and  after  receiving  the  confidence  of 
his  party  (Democratic)  in  local  posi- 
tions of  honor  and  trust,  he  was  elected 
to  the  U.  8.  Senate  in  1881,  which  po- 
sition he  resigned  in  1884,  and  was  sent 
by  President  Jackson  as  minister  to 
Russia,  where  he  remained  two  years. 
In  1844  he  was  Secretary  of  War  under 
Polk,  and  after  two  years  retired  from 
public  life.    He  died  in  1865. 

WILKINS,  HON.  ROSS,  son  of 
John,  and  brother  of  U.  S.  Senator 
William  Wilkins,  was  born  in  i'enn- 
sylvania,  received  a  clas«ical  educntion. 
studied  law,  and  was  admitted  tc  prac- 
tioe  in  his  native  state.  He  removed  to 
Michigan  at  an  early  day;  was  appointed 
U.  S.  District  Judge.  1885.  with  tbat  state 
M  his  district,  holding  the  position  for 


nearly  forty  years  One  of  his  sons, 
"T.  D.  W.,'*^  bom  about  1888.  was  a 
noted  "boy  poet,"  whose  production* 
found  a  place  in  the  best  United  States 
magazines  for  some  years  prior  to  the 
"War  of  Ihe  RclwUion,"  having  written 
poems  of  merit  as  early  as  his  twelfth 

J  ear.  He  died  before  reaching  man- 
ood's  estate.  Another  son,  Williaok 
D.,  became  widely  known  as  the  tal- 
ented European  correspondent  of  the 
"Detroit  Free  Press."  whose  articles 
were  extensively  copied,  and  greatly 
praised  for  their  freshness  and  beauty 
on  trite  subjects.  He  died  in  the  prime 
of  life  in  lfc81.  Tl  .e  wife  ?i  the  Judge, 
and  mother  of  "T.  D.  W."  and  "W. 
D.  W.,"  was  also  a  native  of  Ireland. 

WILLCOCES,  (sometimes    written 
"WILC0X.'7     JOSEPH,     an    able 
and   prominent   politician    of    Upper 
Canaaa,  was  born  in  Ireland,  and  emi- 
grated to  Canada  at  an  early  day.     He 
soon    acquired     prominence    oy    his 
ability,  boldness,  and  advocacy  of  the 
legislative  rights  of  the  province.      In 
1803  hu  was  sheriff  of  the  Home  district, 
but  was  arbitrarily  deprived  of  office 
for  refusing  to  obey  the  political  be- 
hests  of   those  in  power        He  was 
elected  to  the  Provincial  Assembly,  but 
thrust  into  prison  for  his  independence 
in   criticising    those    in    power,    un- 
der   a    false   charge    of    libel.       In 
1807  he  commenced   the   publication 
of  the   "Upper  Canada  Quardian,  or 
Freeman's  Journal,"   and  was  arrested 
for  liljel  on  Francis  GK>re.  Lieutenant 
Governor,  but  was  acquitted.      He  be- 
came very  popular  with  the  people  by 
his  fearlessness,  aud  advocacy  of  .their 
rights.    When  Canada  was  invaded  in 
1812,  he  raised  a  body  of  men  and 
fought  in  its  defense  at  (^ueenstown,  but 
his  manly  independence  was  not  pleiis- 
ins  to  the  Tones,  who  controlled  the 
goverament,  and  he  was  treated  harshly 
and  unjustly.whenheand  his  men,  in  a 
body,    joined  th<f  Americans,  and  be 
was  made  a  colonel.    He  was  killed  at 
the  siege  of  Fort  Erie.      His  misfor- 
tune was,  that  he  was  in  advance  of  his 
Canadian  fellow  citizens  in  demandiiiic 
their  just  rights,    and  determined  and 
uncompromising,   like  a   fearless   pa- 
triot, in  maintaining  them. 

WILLIAM  OP  DROOHEDA.  so 
called  from  the  place  of  his  birth,  wpi 
an  eminent  doctor  of  civil  law,  sad 


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mathematician,  and  one  of  the  most 
renowned  professors  of  Oxford  in  his 
day.  He  is  said  to  have  been  the 
author  of  "Golden  Summary,"  which 
is  amongst  the  Cambridge  collection  of 
MSS.  besides  some  papers  on  civil  law. 
He  flourished  towards  the  end  of  the 
fourteenth  century. 

WILLIAMS,  BARNEY,  a  popular 
Americnn  character  actor,  whose  real 
name  was  Bernard  Flaherty,  was  born 
in  Cork,  Ireland,  in  1828,  and  came  to 
the  United  States  with  his  parents  at 
an  early  age.  He  became  connected  with 
theatricals  when  a  mere  boy,  first  at  he 
old  Chatham  Square  Theatre,NeTy  Yor  r. . 
In  1845  he  became  manager  of  the 
Yaux  Hall  Garden.  In  1850  he  mar- 
ried Marie  Fray,  a  popular  actress,  and 
together,  henceforward,  they  took  the 
leading  parts  in  their  starring  tours. 
In  18M  they  went  to  England,  and  won 
notable  success  in  Irish  characters, 
traveling  throughout  the  United  King- 
doms, and  performing  to  crowded 
houses.  They  returned  in  1859,  and 
their  success  and  popularity  was  uni- 
Tersal.  For  two  vears  he  managed 
Wallack's  old  Broadway  Theatre,  and 
again  in  1869  made  a  successful  tour  of 
the  United  Kingdoms,  and  afterwards 
throughout  Canada  and  the  United 
States.  He  was  probably  the  most 
popular  Irish  character  actor  of  bis 
time.  He  died  in  New  York  City 
AprUSb,  1876. 

WILLIAMSON,  HUGH,  M.  D.,  L 
L  D.,  an  American  patriot  and  scholar, 
-was  bom  in  PennsylvaDia  December  6, 
1785.  His  father  emigrated  from  Dub- 
lin about  1780.  His  mother  was  a  native 
of  Deny,  and  the  vessel  in  which  she 
came  to  America  with  her  father  was 
captured  on  the  coast  and  plundered  by 
the  noted  pirate  "Blackbeard."  Our 
subject  commenced  his  education  under 
the  care  of  Dr.  Allison  and  was  distin- 
guished for  earnest  application.  After 
leaving  Dr.  Allison  he  mastered  Euclid's 
Elements  at  home  and  was  on  the  point 
of  going  to  Europe  to  finish  his  eauca- 
tion  when  the  College  of  Philadelphia 
was  chartered  and  Urn  young  student 
entered  its  first  class.  He  remained  there 
four  years  and  graduated  B.  A.  in  May, 
1767,  in  its  first  batch  of  graduates.  In 
1769  he  went  to  Connecticut,  pursuing 
the  study  of  theology,  intending  to 
adopt  divinity  as  his  profession.    His 


health,  however,  failing,  he  abandoned 
this  design.  In  1760  he  took  the  degree 
of  M.  A.  and  was  appointed  professor 
of  mnthematics  in  bis  alma  mater. 
In  1763  he  resigned  and  commenced  the 
study  of  medicine  and  the  next  year 
left  for  Europe  to  prosecute  his  studies 
at  Edinburgh,  where  he  remained  one 
year;  he  then  proceeded  to  London,  re- 
maining there  one  year,  diligently  con- 
tinuing his  course,  and  then  went  to 
Utrecht,  Holland,  where  he  completed 
his  course,  submitted  a  latin  thesis  and 
took  the  degree  of  M.  D.  He  then  trav- 
eled for  some  time  on  the  continent  and 
returning  to  Philadelphia  practiced  with, 
great  success.  Exposure  and  the  want 
of  sleep,  together  with  an  anxiety, 
which  he  could  not  control,  for  his  dan- 
gerous patients,  compelled  him  tr  aban- 
don mraicine.  The  transit  of  Venus 
over  the  sun's  disk  about  that  time  was 
attractingthe attention  of  astronomers 
and  Dr.  Wil'iamson  was  deputed,  with 
others,  by  the  American  Philosophical 
Society,  to  take  observations  and  make 
calculations.  The  contact  as  observed 
by  him,  together  with  the  determinations 
of  the  sun  s  parallels  and  distances  as 
derived  from  the  same,  was  published 
in  the  first  volume  of  the  society's  trans- 
actions. He  was  also  employed  to  ob- 
serve the  transit  of  Mercury  the  same 
year.  Averybrilliant  comet  appearing 
also  in  that  year  the  doctor  presented  a 
paper  to  the  Philosophical  Society  on 
the  subject,  in  which  he  advanced  a 
theory  which  has  since  received  gre^t 
respect  from  scientific  men.  He  also 
produced  at  this  time  other  scientific 
papers  on  the  subject  of  climate,  and  iu 
1773  went  to  the  West  Indies,  partly  for 
health,  and  partly  to  seek  aid  for  an 
academy  at  Newark,  of  which  himself 
and  Dr.  Ewinj^  were  trustees.  He  also, 
in  company  with  Ewing,  went  to  Eng- 
land for  the  same  purpose  in  1773.  He 
happened  to  be  in  Boston,  waiting  for 
his  ship  to  start,  when  the  East  India 
Company's  tea  was  emptied  into  the 
ocean,  and  was  the  first  to  bring  the  re- 
port to  the  British  government,and  also 
volunteei'ed  the  opinion,  that  persever- 
ance in  the  policy  would  end  in  civil 
war.  While  in  England  he  was  also 
connected  with  the  exposure  of  the  cel- 
ebrated Hutchinson-Oliver  letters,  for 
which  Dr.  Franklin  was  so  roundly 
abused  by  Lord  Loughborough.  Ihee 
were  letiers  sent  by  Hutchinson,  gov- 
ernor, Oliver,  secretary,  and  other  ofil- 


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cer9  of  the  crown  in  Massachiisetts,  to 
tiieliome  government,  vilifving  the  peo- 
ple of  that  Commonwealth— of  which 
Dr.  Williamson  by  some  means  procured 
.copies.  While  in  England  he  submitted 
a  scientific  paper  to  the  Royal  Society, 
which  wa^  published  in  their  transac- 
tions for  1775.  He  was  traveling  in  Hol- 
land and  the  T-ow  Countries  when  the 
Declaration  of  Independence  reached 
bim,  and  he  immediately  proceeded  to 
Nantz  and  shipped  thence  to  Philadel- 
phia, where  hM  arrived  in  March,  '76. 
The  medical  department  of  the  army 
being  already  organized,  he  did  not  im- 
mediately obtain  any  profeftsional  posi- 
tion. He,  however,'  traveled  in  North 
and  South  Carolina  for  the  purpose  of 

K reading  the  benefits  of  inoculation. 
1779-80.  when  the  British  had  taken 
possession  of  Charleston,  he  was  ap- 
])ointed  to  the  bead  of  the  medical  de- 
partment of  the  troops  raised  by  North 
Carolina.  In  1782  he  became  a  member, 
of  the  North  Carolina  legislature  and 
was  soon  sent  from  there  ~to  Congress 
where  he  remained  three  years,  to  which 
time  an  uninterrupted  term  was  limited. 
In  1786  he  was  a  member  of  the  con- 
stitutional convention.  He  was  also  a 
member  of  the  first  Congress  under  the 
new  constitution.  He  soon  after  retired 
from  public  life  and  devoted  himself  to 
scientific  pursuits.  In  1811  he  publish- 
ed his  observations  on  climate,  and  in 
the  following  year  a  history  of  North 
Carolina,  in  two  volumes;  and  during 
these  yeara  he  also  published  a  number 
of  medical  papers.  He  also  published  a 
paper  in  the  American  Medical  and 
philosophical  Journal  on  the  proper 
manner  of  connecting  lightning  roos, 
also  on  canals,  and  the  plan  and 
feasibility  of  constructing  a  canal  from 
Lake  Ene  to  the  Hudson.  In  1814,  as- 
sociated with  Gov.  Clinton,  of  New 
York,  and  others,,  he  assisted  in  estab- 
lishing the  Literary  and  Philosophical 
Society  of  that  city.  He  died  May  22, 
1819,  in  the  85th  year  of  his  age. 

WILLIS,  SIB  JOSEPH  SHAW,  L 
L.  D.,  an  eminent  British  jurist  and  leg- 
islator, was  born  in  Cork,  Ireland,  181i; 
graduatef^at  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
1836,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  the 
Inner  Temp'*  1840.  He  was  made  a 
commissionei  of  cimmon  law  procedure 
in  1850,  and  was  the  chief  author  of  the 
acts  on  that  subject  passed  in  1862-54 
and  '60,  for  whi(  h  he  was  knighted,  and 


appointed  a  judge  of  the  court  of  com- 
mon picas.  1855.  In  1849.  in  company 
with  Keating,  he  edited  Smith's  Leading 
Cases.  He  killed  himself  in  a  fit  of 
insanity  October  3, 1872. 

WILSON,  JOHN,  a  well  known  and 
talented  citizen  of  Washington,  was  bom 
in  Ireland,18(  8,came  to  the  United  States 
and  settled  in  Washington  at  an  early 
day.  He  became  thoroughly  familiar 
with  the  business  of  the  various  depart- 
ments in  Washington,and  was  one  of  the 
auditors  of  the  treasury  and  commis- 
sioner of  the  general  land  office  He 
studied  law,  and  in  his  later  years  prac- 
ticed his  profession.  He  was  a  man  of 
general  culture.  He  died  in  Washing- 
ton in  1866. 

WIRO,  SAINT,  was  bom  in  Ireland 
of  noble  parents  and  was  educated  in 
the  most  famous  schools  of  his  country. 
He  soon  distinguished  himself,  not  less 
by  his  virtues  tban  learning,  and  having 
embraced  a  religious  life  was  made  a 
bishop  at  an  early  age.  He  went  to 
Rome  and  was  consecrated  bv  the  pope 
and  after  retumino;  governed  his  diocese 
for  many  years  wfth  wisdom  and  zeal, 
and  became  eminent  for  sanctity.  He 
at  length  resigned  his  see  and  went  to 
France,  where  he  caused  an  oratory  and 
monastery  to  be  built,  called  St.  Peters, 
into  which  he  retired,  and  lived  to  a 
great  age.  He  died  A.  D.,  650,  May  8, 
on  which  day  his  feast  is  kept. 

WISEM  AN.NICHOLAS  PATRICK 
STEPHEN,  cardinal,  archbishop  of 
Wcstrainister,  a  man  of  great  erudition 
in  all  branches  of  human  knowl^ge, 
and  of  an  apostolic  character,  was  bom 
at  Seville,Spain, August  2, 1802.  He  was 
the  son  of  an  expatriated  Irish  family, 
his  grandfather  having  emigratefi  from 
the  county  Waterford,  Ireland,  with  his 
family.  His  mother  also,  was  partly  of 
Irish  extraction.  The  grandfather  and 
father  became  extensively  engaged  in 
commerce.  The  trouble  durins  the  Pen- 
insular war,  and  the  death  oihis  fathei: 
determined  his  mother  to  seek  a  home  in 
the  land  of  their  ancestors,  where  she 
might;  educate  her  children  in  peace  and 
in  the  faith  of  their  fathers.  Accord- 
ingly, about  the  year  1808,  she  came  to 
Waterford  and  placed  the  future  cardi- 
nal in  school,  where  he  remained  about 
two  years.  The  facilities  for  a  Catholic 
education  in  Ireland  at  this  time  was 


WIS 


nmSH  OBLTS. 


WIS 


«iot  of  a  high  order.    The  penal  laws 
had  but  caued  to  exist  and  ue  disturb- 
ances in  Ireland  had  militated  agaiost 
■Mfij  great  advancement  in  that  direction. 
Mre.  Wiseman,  therefore,  thought  it 
IHTudent  to  place  her  beloved  child  in 
the  Catholic  college  of  St.  Cuthhert, 
near  Dunham,  in  England,  the  celebrat- 
ed Dr.  Lingard,  the  historian,  being  at 
that  time  head  of  the  iastitution.    Here 
he  remained  eight  ;^ears  and  made  great 
progress,  not  only  in  his  studies,  but  in 
general  knowledge,  especially  classic 
urtand  antiquarian  lore.    Here,  too,  he 
became  satisfied  that  he  had  a  vocation 
for  the  priesthood,  and  his  love  of  art 
and  antiquities,  as  well  as  his  reverence 
for  the  fountain  head  of  catholic  faith, 
made  him  desire  to  visit  Rome  and  be- 
hold the  wonders  of  which  he  had  read. 
His  laudable  desire  was  sooner  gratified 
than  he  anticipated.    Pius  "^iTII  having 
•determined  upon  reopening  the  English 
-college  at  Rome,  which  had  been  closed 
and  despoiled  during  the  revolutions, 
-ecclesiastical  students,  intended  for  the 
English  missions,  were  wanted  tn  form 
its  new  classes.    Among  others,  young 
Wiseman  gladly  availed  himself  of  the 
•oiMning  and  repaired  to  Rome.    The 
venerable  pontiff  received  tho  ^oung 
students  with  great  kindness  and  inaug- 
urated them  into  their  new  home  with 
words  of    love  and    encour-agement. 
The  application  and  thirst  for  knowl- 
edge   which    distinguished    Nicholas 
Wueman  in  St.  Cuthbert's,  diid  not  abate 
here,  where  his  very  soul  seeraed  to  revel 
in  the  elysium  of  Catholic  faith  and 
classic  art.    His  recreations  were  but 
ceaseless  and  untiring  explorations  lato 
tiie  catacombs  and  crypts  of  the  early 
christians,  or  delicious  strolls  through 
world  renowned  ruins  or  deseited  ways 
of  the  ancient  city,  the  rosults  of  which 
in  after  years  he  gave  us  in  his  beautiful 
"FabioIa"and  as  he  has  said,  "thus 
does  Rome  sink  deep  and  deeper  ir^o 
the  soul,  like  the  dew,  of  which  everv 
•droj  is  soft  a' id  weightless,  but  cttiU 
finds  its  way  to  the  root  of  everything 
beneath    the    sqU,  imparting   thereto 
-every  future  plant,  its  own  warm  tint, 
its  own  balmy  fragrance,  and  its  own 
rejuvenescent  vigor. "  It  was  from  such 
studies  in  "hours of  idleness"  that  his 
spirit  drank  in  those  charms  with  which 
in  after  years,  he  beautified  bis  lectures 
and  conversations  and  made  him,  even 


ed  his  studies  and  obtained  the  degree 
of  a  doctor,  he  was  elevated  to  ths 
priesthood  in  1825.  About  this  time  it 
happened  that  a  chair  in  the  Roman 
university,  which,  according  to  the 
provisions  of  a  papal  rule,  was  open  to 
competition,  was  about  to  become  va- 
cant. Father  Wiseman  intended  to 
offer  himself  as  a  candidate  and  was 
preparing  for  that  purpose,  when  it 
was  authotitively  announced  that  the 
rule  would  be  overlooked  and  a  person 
already  chosen  appointed.  The  manly 
doctor  sought  an  interview  with  the 
severely  pontiff  and  informed  him  of 
his  desire  to  compete  in  accordance 
with  the  law,  and  of  the  ru  more  in  regard 
to  the  same.  His  holiness  received  him 
most  kindly  and  assured  him  there 
would  be  a  clear  stage  and  no  favor. 
Time  wore  on,  and  as  the  only  alterna- 
tive given  in  the  bull, was  proof  bvpub- 
lication  of  a  work  of  ability  in  the 
art  or  science  which  was  to  be  taught, 
he  quietly  got  a  volume  through  the 
press.  When  the  vacancy  happened  it 
was  maae  known  at  the  same  time  with 
the  announcement  that  it  was  filled. 
Father  Wiseman  again  asked  an  audi- 
ence. His  holiness  received  him  gra- 
ciously and  said,  "it  is  not  necessary  to 
state  the  case.  I  remember  it  all.  I 
have  been  surprised.    I  have  sent  for 

C through  whom   this  has  been 

done.  I  have  ordered  the  appointment 
to  be  canceled  and  have  reproved  him 
sharply. "  The  pope  generously  accept- 
ed the  volume  which  established  his 
claims  and  assured  the  author  of  fair 
play.  The  result  was  that  those  who 
had  passed  over  his  claim  with  con- 
tempt, were  obliged  to  treat  with  him 
and  compromise  on  his  own  terms.  In 
1826  Dr.  Wiseman  was  appointed  vice 
rector  of  the  English  college,  and  two 
years  after,  when  the  rector  was  made  an 
English  blsbop.was  made  his  successor. 
Dr.  Wiseman  was  then  only  twenty-six 
but  had  already  acquired  an  enviable 
reputation  as  a  scholar,  theologian,  arch- 
aeologist and  linguist.  In  the  latter 
walk  he  was  one  amongst  the  few  Euro- 
pean scholars  who  was  recognized  as  a 
master  of  the  Oriental  languages,  and 
was  honored  with  the  professorship  of 
that  chair  in  the  Koman  university  about 
that  time.  His  direction  of  the  English' 
college  was  remarkably  successful .  He 
required  nothing  from  others  that  he 


amongst  enemies  of  his  faith,  so  popu-    did  not  more  than  furnish  i»n  e  cample 
lar  a  public  lecturer.    Having  complet- 1  for,  and  .the  results  of  hid  tebchicg* 


WIS 


IBXBH  CntLTB 


WIB 


were  gratif ving  to  himself  and  benefi- 
cial to  religion  and  the  English  missions. 
About  this  time,  also,  he  was  appointed 
by  his  holiness  to  give  a  series  of  lect- 
ures in  English  in  the  church  of  Oe^u  e 
Maria.  Thiswas  intended  for  English 
speaking  strangers  in  Romd.  as  well  as 
for  dwellers  in  the  Eternal  City  who 
lipoke  English.  Yet  such  was  his  en- 
i3rgy  and  masterly  capacity  that  he  not 
only  performed  his  multifarious  duties 
iidmirably,  but  he  also  found  time  to 
"lyrite  and  publish  a  scientific  work  of 
i;reat  need  and  commanding  influence 
{entitled  "  Science,  and  its  Relation  to 
Revealed  Religion."  He  was  warmly 
complimented  by  the  Pope, who  said  to 
him,  "  You  have  rot  bed  Egypt  of  its 
nooll  and  shown  that  it  belongs  to  Ood." 
I'he  work  was  published  in  England 
and  was  the  subject  of  a  violent  attack 
from  a  number  of  sa  called  "  scientists  " 
whose  utter  discomfiture  and  expulsion 
from  one  of  their  supposed  strongholds 
it  announced.  It  was  read  and  admired 
\)j  all  thinking  minds  of  Gr^t  Britain 
and  Ireland,  and  such  was  the  force  and 
cojtent^  of  its  reasonings,  its  clearness 
and  point,  and  so  successfully  did  it  use 
the  contradictory  theories  of  the  differ- 
ent leading  sdentists  and  thoir  own  ad- 
mitted facts  in  the  utter  annihilation  of 
their  fabrick  of  adamantine  «a»(?,  that 
many  a  doubting  mind,  lost  in  the 
maz(»  of  a  sophistical  so-called  science, 
has  lieen  set  right  and  renewed  in  christ- 
ian faith  and  strength.  The  very  vio- 
lence of  the  attack  of  the  so-called  sci- 
entists was  the  best  evidence  of  their 
discomfiture.  About  this  time  he  also 
yisited  England  and  gave  a  course  of 
controversial  lectures  which  created  a 

{)rof  ound  impression  amongst  the  relig- 
ous  ci  rcles  in  that  country.  His  visit  to 
England  impressed  him  most  profound- 
ly with  the  wants  of  this  great  field  of 
cbristiiin  labor,  and  filled  him  with  a 
strong  desire  to.be  among  those  who 
might  itcatter  the  seed  and  reap  the  har- 
yest,  a  tiope  which  had  first  budded  at 
St.  CutJlbert's  and  had  never  died  out. 
He  wail  continually  consulted  by  the 
Holy  Father  in  regard  to  the  English  mis- 
sions and  undoubtedly  often  discussed 
the  prospects  of  the  church  anr^  the 
policy  to  be  pursued  in  re-establishing 
religion  tn  that  country.  At  length,  in 
184U.  it  was  determined  that  the  Catho- 
lics in  England  should  be  better  provid- 
ed for  and  that  the  church  in  that  coun- 
try  should  take  a  more  positive  form  • 


fou**  additional  yicar-apostolics  wen 
appointed  and  Dr.  Wiseman  was  made 
co-adjutor  to  the  Rt.  Rev.  Dr.  Walsli, 
of  Wolverhampton,  and  was  consecra* 
ted  that  year  in  Rome  by  cardinal  Fran- 
coni.  He  immediately  tore  himself 
away  from  the  scenes  and  friends  he  so 
dearly  loved,  and  threw  himself  into 
the  laborious  work  of  the  mission,  with 
its  endless  diflSculties,  its  sorrows  and 
its  toils,  and  which  was  to  end  but  with 
his  Ufe.  Of  this  he  saysi  ''  It  was  a 
sorrowful  evening,  at  the  beginning  of 
autnmc,  when  after  a  residence  in  Iu>m» 
prolonged  through  twenty-two  years, 
till  afllection  clung  to  every  old  stone 
there,  like  the  moss  that  grew  into  them, 
this  strong  but  tender  tie  was  cut, 
and  much  of  future  happiness  had  to 
be  invested  in  mournful  recollections  of 
the  past."  The  work  which  Bishop 
Wiseman  proposed  to  himself  was  beset 
with  immense  difficulties  and  required 
not  only  apostolic  zeal  and  labor,  but 
great  tact.  It  was  not  only  that  the 
Catholic  Church  in  England  at  that  time 
was  of  disjointed  and  incongruous  ele- 
ments, but  it  was  equally  certain  that 
every  effort  to  solidify  it  and  bring  it  to 
a  recognized  and  honorable  positioa 
would  bring  f  i^rth  a  whirlwind  of  wrath, 
venom  and'bife  '>try.  This,  too,  was  the 
epoch  of  the  great  Tractarian  movement 
in  Oxford,  which  disturbed  Anglican 
circles  to  their  uttermost  deptha  Bish- 
op  Wiseman  knew  that  to  the  honest 
soul  engaged  in  this  movement,  there 
could  be  but  one  result— Faith  I  The 
embracing  of  the '  'Old  Faith."  He  found 
time  in  the  midst  of  his  arduous  labors 
to  flash  a  light,  as  it  were,  over  the  dark 
waters,  in  an  article  entitled  "The  An- 

flican  Claim"  which  appeared  in  the 
Dublin  Review,  and  which  was  not 
without  effect,  for  not  long  afterwarde 
Dr.  Newman  and  others  of  the  celebra- 
ted Oxford  converts  gaye  in  their  adhe- 
sion to  the  Old  Ohturcb,  and  were  invited 
by  the  Bishop  to  St.  Mary's  college,  Os- 
cott,  which  was  under  his  direction,  and 
from  thence,  eventually  to  Rome.  He 
also  about  this  time  puDlished  his  cele- 
brated letters  on  "Catholic  Unity"  and 
in  1849  was  made  vicar-apostolic  of 
London.  His  whole  time  was  employed 
in  instructing,  in  preaching,  in  lectur- 
ing on  subjects  botn  sacred  and  profann, 
in  organizing,  in  admonishing  both  in 
and  out  of  season  for  the  glory  of  God 
and  the  good  of  souls.  In  18IX)  he  was 
called  to  Rome  and  shortly  afterwards 


1 


■ir 


.kucnu 


U 


mtStm 


WIS 


IBIBB  CKVSB, 


WOO 


■>  I 


was  iBsoed  the  celebrated  apostolic  let- 
ter re-establishing  the  ancient  Hierarchy 
in  that  country,  and  creating  Bishop 
Wiseman  archbishop  of  Westminster 
and  afterwards  cardinal  of  the  Huly 
Roman  Church.  This  simple  fact  cre- 
ated the  most  in'  >nse  excitement 
throughout  England.  If  the  liberties 
of  the  English  people  had  been  sub- 
verted, the  excitement  and  indignation 
could  not  have  been  more  profound  1 
Anglican  and  non-Anglican,  non-con- 
forming Jew  and  uon-religious  Gentile, 
those  with  religion  and  those  with  no 
religion,  were  all  alike  appurently 
alarmed.outraged  and  confounded  at  the 
ail  vciousact,  It  was  perliaps  one  of 
t^  J  most  silly  exhibitions  of  human 
blindness  the  world  ever  saw.  The  only 
act  did,  to  raise  this  storm,  was  to 
change  the  titles  of  a  few  men  who  ad- 
ministered the  offices  of  a  church.  It 
was  not  only  the  ignorant  mob,  who  were 
totally  without  religion  or  even  mor  al- 
ity,  whawere  excited  over  the  impend- 
ing destruction  of  the  church  as  by  Jaw 
established,  through  tales  the  most  ab- 
surd and  monstrous,  but  even  the  (rreat 
thinkers,  who  filled  the  magazines  with 
their  profound  studies,  anal}  zed  with 
fearful  solemnity  the  threatened  danger. 
The  farce  did  not  stop  here.  The  states- 
men of  the  country  rushed  in  solid  col- 
umns to  support,or  pick  up.by  anticipat- 
ion, the  shattered  fragments  of  the 
constitution  and  save  the  church  I 
the  Queen  I  and  the  State  1 
from  being  captured  by  the  Pope! 
and  an  act  entitled  the  "  Ecclesiastical 
Titles  Bill "  was  passed,  which,  under 
pain  and  penalty,  prohibited  the  use  in 
writing  or  otherwise  by  "foreign/" 
chun;hmen  of  English  titles  I  and  which 
to  crown  the  farce  became  a  dead  letter 
from  its  birth.  During  all  this  excite- 
ment the  great  cardinal  pursued  the 
even  tenor  of  his  way;  preaching,  teach- 
ing, organizing,  writing,  doinz  good  and 
gainingjBOuls  to  Qod  by  zeal,  dncere  elo- 
quence, and  art.  He  was  a  great  patron 
and  fosterer  of  sound  literature  in  every 

Ehase,  not  unly  ailvising  and  encourag- 
ig  others,  but  doing  his  own  share.  He 
published  lectures  and  sermons,  lives  of 
four  popes,  christian  works  of  fiction 
like  "  Fabiola,"  and  was  for  upwards 
of  twenty  years  a  constant  contributor 
to  the  Dublin  Review,  besides  writing 
papers  for  the  Month,  &o.  He  was 
also  a  great  fosterer  of  good  organiza- 
tions— moral,  benevolent  and  literary, — 


and  never  failed  to  aid  them  by  lectures,, 
scientific  or  otherwise, when  called  upon. 
In  1860  he  again  visited  Rome  and  was 
received  by  the  illustrious  Pius  IX.nrith 
the  greatest  honor  and  respect.and  for  the 
last  time  visited  the  scenes  of  his  youth* 
ful  labors  and  love.  Rejoiced  and'invig- 
omted  he  returned  to  his  apostolic  labors 
and  continued  the  ^ood  fight,  assiduous 
in  all  thing  until  his  health  at  last  gave 
way  and  he  was  called  to  his  great  re- 
ward on  the  16th  day  of  February,  1865. 
His  v-ork  and  labors,  although  they  may 
not  have  filled  the  measure  of  his  hopes 
and  desires,  were  not  without  consola- 
tions. He  found  Catholicity  in  England 
without  organizations,  weak,  and  if  not 
divided,  at  least  v  ut  any  bond  of 
union.  Confined  ae  side  to  the  few 
noble  families  «vuo  were  fortunate 
enough  to  have  escaped  the  deluge  of 
the  so  called  reformation  and  who  had 
their  own  chaplains,  together  with  a  few 
gentry,  scions  of  defunct  titles  in  the 
north  of  England,  and  on  the  other,  the 
poor  and  despised  Irish  emigrant  and 
their  descendants,  who  were  oecoming 
numerotis  in  the  manufacturing  cities  oi 
England.  He  left  them  organized,  uni* 
ted  and  harmonious ; — the  condition  of 
the  former  strengthened  and  of  the 
latter  greatly  improved  and  elevated. 
Fifteen  bishops  to  counsel  and  direct 
and  fifteen  hundred  priests  to  adminis- 
ter to  their  spiritual  wants.  Twenty 
colleges  and  innumerable  schools  to* 
train  their  '  Jdren  and  supply  them 
with  educational  advantages  equal  to  the 

groudest  in  the  land ;  two  hundred  and 
fty  religious  communities  to  adminis- 
ter to  every  human  want,  and  millions- 
of  children,  mainly,  it  is  true,  descend- 
ants of  the  same  race  as  himself,  whose 
revenge  on  their  oppressors  is  to  reclaim^ 
the  sdl  from  irreligion,  and  fill  it  once 
again  with  the  seeds  of  faith  and  good 
works. 

WOGAK,  OOL.  EDWARD,  a  gal- 
lant Irish  leader,  and  one  of  the  ablest 
of  tiie  Irish  Catholic  confederate  chiefs, 
was  bom  about  1620,  and  early  joined 
his  fortunes  to  the  League;  he 
greatly  disthiguished  himself  by 
his  heroic  and  successful  defence  of 
Duncannon  with  a  handful  of  troops,, 
against  a  powerful  force  uuder  Crom- 
well, who,  to  his  great  chagrin  and  dis- 
comfiture, was  at  length  obliged  to  give- 
up  the  siege.  Wogan  look  part  ia 
many  of  the  desperate  actions  against 


WOL 


XBUH  CELTS. 


WOL 


fhe  English,  fought  under  the  leader- 
^ip  of  the  O'NeiUs,  and  was  consider- 
ed one  of  the  ablest  of  the  Catholic 
•confederatff  chieftains.  He  continued 
the  struggle  in  defence  of  his  country 
and  liberty  to  the  last,  and  was  as  gen- 
erous as  he  was  heroic 

/fOLPB.  REV.  CHATUiES,  an 
Irish  divine.'nnd  poet,  was  bora  at  Dub- 
lin in  1791,  and  was  educated  at  Win 
Chester,  and  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
entered  the  ministrr,  and  became  a  cur- 
ate, at  Castle  Caulneld.  He  was  the 
author  of  the  celebrated  ode  on  the 
burial  of  Sir  John  Moore,  which  was 
pronounced  by  Lord  Byron  the  most 
I)erfect  in  the  language.  He  wrote 
many  other  pieces  of  merit.  He  died 
of  consumption  in  1823. 

WOLFE.  JAMES,  an  Illustrious 
Irish  Dominican,  and  Preacher  Gen- 
eral of  the  order  in  Ireland,  was  a  native 
of  Limerick,  and  was  boni  abont  1600. 
He  was  absent  from  the  dty  during 
the  celebrated  siege,  but  humed  back 
and  entered  with  the  Cromwellian 
butchers,  so  that  he  might  be  able  to 
administer  the  consolation  of  religion 
to  his  unfortunate  people.  The  priests 
of  his  convent  had  already  been  butch- 
ered, but  Wolfe  fearlessly  visited  his 
people  to  console  and  strengthen  them. 
Aiter  eight  days  he  also  fell  into  the 
hands  of  his  savage  enemies,  and  was 
immediately  sentenced  to  be  hanged. 
While  going  to  his  execution  he  ex- 
claimed :  "  We  are  made  a  spectacle  to 
Ood,  to  his  angels  and  to  men — to  God 
that  we  may  give  him  glory;  to  angels 
tliat  we  may  afford  them  ^Dy;  to  men 
that  we  may  give  them  sport."  A.  D. 
1651. 

W0L3ELET,  SIR  GARNET  JOS- 
EPH, LORD,  the  most  illustrious  of 
living  British  generals,  was  born  near 
Dubnn,  Ireland,  in  1833,  and  entered 
the  British  service  as  ensign  in  his 
nineteenth  year;  saw  service  in  the 
East,  and  advanced  rapidly,  by 
his  exhibition  of  true  soldierly  quali 
ties;  served  with  the  90th  regiment  in 
the  Burmese  war,  1853-3;  with  Gen. 
Cheape's  expedition  against  the  robber- 
-chief,  Myatoon,  ana  was  severely 
wounded  while  storming  his  strong- 
hold. He  was  also  active  in  the  Crim- 
ean war,  especially  in  the  storming  of 
8eba8top\>l,  where  he  acted  as  an  en- 


gineer, and  was  severely  wounded  in  s 
sortie  Aug.  80,  1856.  During  the  In> 
dian  mutiny  of  1857-9  he  served  with 
Gen  Outram  at  the  relief  of  Lucknow, 
the  defence  of  Alumbagh,  and  the  cap- 
ture of  Luoknow.  He  also  servoi 
under  Sir  Hope  Grant,  and  was  assist- 
ant  quarter-master-general,  but  partici- 
patea  in  all  the  engagements.  In  the 
war  with  China,  1860.  he  also  served 
with  distinction,  participating  in  all 
the  engagements  as  staff  officer.  In 
1865  Ira  became  a  full  colonel,  and  in 
1870  was  sent  in  command  of  the  ex- 
pedition against  the  Red  River  insur- 
rectionary movement  which,  under 
Riel  and  others,  had  takJen  posseseioa 
of  Fort  George,  and  established  an  in- 
dependent provisional  government. 
Wolseley  succeeded,  without  shedding 
blood,  in  crushing  the  revolutionary 
movement,  and  re-establishing  the  sus- 
pended Older  of  thines,  for  which  ser- 
vice he  was  knighted.  In  1878  he  was 
appointed  Governor  of  the  Gold  Coast, 
the  inhabitants  of  which  had  become 
involved  in  a  war  with  the  Ashaatees. 
He  speedily  settled  the  difficulties  by 
the  capture  and  destruction  of  the 
enemies'  capital,  and  was  raised  to  tho 
rank  af  major-general,  created  a  E.  0, 
B  ,  received  the  thanks  of  Parliament, 
and  £25,000  for  His  services.  He  was 
sent  to  administer  the  government  of 
Natal,  and  from  1874-76  he  was  in- 
spector-general of  the  forces,  and  then 
a  military  member  of  the  Indian  Coim- 
cil.  In  1878  he  was  sent  to  organize 
and  administer  the  government  of 
Cyprus,  civil  and  military,  and  in  1879 
returned  to  Natal,  about  the  close 
of  the  war.  As  governor,  he  or- 
ganized the  newly  acquired  territory  of 
the  Transvaal,  and  compelled  Secocoeni 
to  submit.  In  1880  he  became  quar- 
termaster-general, and  in  1882,  adjutant- 
general.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the 
troubles  with  Egypt,  he  took  command 
of  the  exiiedition,  with  full  power  to 
carry  out  his  own  strategical  plans,  and 
although  at  first  great  fault  was  found 
by  astute  theorists,  and  ruin  prognosti- 
cated, yet  from  the  moment  he  ad- 
vanced, it  was  only  to  decisive  victory. 
He  defeated  Arabi  Pasha,  who  first  at- 
tempted to  overwhelm  him  by  num- 
bers, and  finally  attacked  him  in  his 
entrenchments  at  Tel-el-Eebir,  Sept. 
18, 1882,  which  he  carried  at  the  point 
of  the  bayonet,  the  Irish  regiments 
nnder  Qen.  Graham  particularly  dis- 


a&si„ji.i 


J 


WYL 


IBltUl  CBLTBL 

.J 


YOU 


tlnguiahiag  themselves.  The  defeat  of 
Arab!  was  complete,  his  entire  army 
was  scattered  to  the  winds,  killed  or 
taken  prisoners.  For  this  decisive 
work  wolseley  was  made  a  peer  of 
Great  Britain,  and  was  received  with 
great  acclamation  on  his  return.  At  a 
Banquet  given  to  him  in  Dublin,  he  ex- 
pressed himself  like  a  thorough  Irish- 
man, and  paid  a  high  tribute  to  the  un- 
rivalled valor  and  dash  of  his  country- 
men. He  is  the  author  of  "Narrative 
of  the  War  with  China,"  a  "Soldier's 
Manual,"  besides  various  papers  to  per- 
iodicals. 

WOOD,  G.  W.,  a  gallant  American 
naval  officer,  was  bom  in  Ireland  in 
1843,  and  came  to  the  United  States 
with  his  parents,  entered  the  Naval 
Academy,  where  he  graduated  in  1861, 
distinguished  himself  on  various  occti- 
sions  in  the  war  of  the  Rebellion; 
served  on  the  Oneida  at  the  taking  of 
New  Orleans,  and  the  passage  of  the 
Pittsburg  and  Port  Hudson  batteries; 
became  a  lietenant  in  1834,  and  a  lieu- 
tenant-commander in  1866. 

WOOD,  ROBERT,  an  eminent  Irish 
scholar,  traveler  and  archseologist,  was 
bom  in  1716,  and  traveled  for  some 
years  in  the  East.  He  is  the  author  of 
"Descriptions  of  the  Ruins  of  Pal- 
myra and  Balbec."  besides  other  notes 
on  travel  and  ancient  researches.  He 
died  in  1771. 

WYLIE,  SAMUEL,  D.  D.,  an  able 
American  Presbyterian  divine,  was 
bom  in  Ireland  m  1792,  came  to  the 
United  States  when  a  boy,  and  entered 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  where 
Ms  uncle  was  a  teacher,  and  graduated, 
studied  theology,  and  was  mstalled  a 
minister  of  the  iRef ormed  Presbyterian 
Church  in  1818.  He  was  for  half  a 
century  stationed  in  Sparta,  111.  He 
was  an  eloquent  preacher,  and  was 
held  in  high  esteem  by  his  brethren 
and  co-laborers,  for  ability  and  worth. 
He  died  March  20. 1872. 

WYLIE,  SAMUEL  B.,  D.  D.,  was 
bom  near  Ballymena,  Ireland,  May  21, 
1778,  received  a  collegiate  educa 
tion,  and  came  to  the  United  States  in 
1797;  became  a  teacher  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania  in  1798,  and  in 
1801  pastor  of  the  First  Reformed 
Presbyterian  Church  in  that  city,  where 


he  remainsd  for  over  fifty  years.  He- 
also  conducted  an  academy,  was  pro. 
fessor  of  theology  in  a  Presbyterian 
seminary,  and  of  ancient  languages  in 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  and  was- 
also  Vice-President.  He  was  co-editor 
of  the  "Presbyterian  Maeazine,"  and 
author  of  " The FaithfulWitness,"  a 
"Greek  Grammar,"  and  a  "Life of 
Alex.  MacLeod.  D.  D  "  He  stood  high 
as  a  classical  and  oriental  scholar.  He 
died  Oct.  14,  1852. 

YELVERTON,  BARRY.  LORD 
AVENMORE,  a  celebrated  Irish  law- 
yer, orator  and  statesman,  was  bom  in* 
County  Cork,  Ireland,  about  1746,  and 
after  completing  his  education  in  Dub- 
lin, studied  for  the  bar.  His  first  yeara- 
in  his  profession  were  struggles  with 
penury  and  want,  but  he  at  length  rose 
to  a  brilliant  eminence,  and  became  a 
popular  member  of  the  Irish  House  of 
Commons,  In  1782  he  was  appointed 
Attorney  General  of  Ireland,  and  Chief 
Baron  of  the  Exchequer  in  1784,  and 
as  a  reward  for  government  services,  or- 
rather  for  his  weakness,  folly  or  treach- 
ery in  supporting  the  policy  of  legisla- 
tive union,  between  England  and  Ire- 
land, he  was  raistv'  to  tne  peerage  as 
Lord  Avenmore  in  1795.  He  died  in. 
1814. 

YOUNG,  JOHN  RADFORD,  an 
eminent  Irish  mathematician,  Ivho  pur- 
sued his  investigations  unaided.  He 
was  the  author  of  "The  Mosaic  Cos- 
mogony not  adverse  to  Modem  Science  " 
besides  other  valuable  scientific  works. 
He  was  born  in  1799. 


YOUNG,  MATTHEW.  D.  D.,  an 
able  Irish  mathematician  was  bom  in^ 
Roscommon,  Ireland,  1750.  Educated 
at  Trinity  college,  DubliD,where  he  took 
a  fellowshi'j,  1775 ;  took  orders  in  the 
Established  church  and  became  profes- 
sor of  philosophy  in  Trinity  College, 
1786,  and  subsequently  protestant  bishop- 
of  Clonfert,  &c.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy 
and  a  valued  contributor  to  its  pai)ers. 
He  is  the  author  of  "An  enquiry  into 
the  principal  phenomena  of  Sounds  and 
Musical  Strings,"  "On  the  number  of 
Primitive  Colors  in  Solar  Light,"  "Prin- 
ciples of  Natural  Philosophy,"  "Meth- 
od of  Prime  and  Ultimate  Ratios,"  &c.- 
1  Be  died  November  28, 1800. 


YOU 


num  GBun. 


TOU 


TOUNO,  JOHN,  Baron  LUmr.  a 
Brhlih  Btateiman,  was  born  in  Bailles- 
boroQfl^  castle.  County  Cavan,  Ireland, 
April  81, 1807.  Received  his  early  edu- 
cation at  hom^  and  finished  at  Oxford, 
where  he  took  his  bachelor's  degree  in 
1839.  He  was  called  to  the  bar  at  Lin- 
ooln's  Inn,  1884,  but  nerer  practiced.  In 
the  meantime  he  represented  his  native 
county  in  Parliament.  By  Robert  Peel 
he  was  appointed  a  lord  of  the  treasury 
in  '41  and  in  1844  was  secretary  of  the 
treasurv.  He  was  chief  secretary  for 
Ireland  from '53  to  '66  and  afterwards 
lord  high  commissioner  to  the  Orecian 
Isles  and  in  1861  governor  of  New  South 
Wales.    In  1867  he  became  governor- 

feneral  of  Canada,  which  office  be  held 
11 1873.  He  was  ra':;ed  to  the  peerage 
4n  1870  as  Baron  Lisgar.  He  died  Oct. 
10,  1876. 

TOUNG,  GOV.  THOMAS  L,  a  gal- 
lant soldier  and  distinguished  politician 
•of  Ohio,  was  bom  in  County  Down, 
Ireland,  December  14, 1883.  fimigraled 
to  the  United  Stdtes  when  a  boy  and 
Jomed  the  army  during  the  last  year  of 
>the  Mexican  war,  m  wh'ch  he  served, 
ibeing  only  fifteen  years  of  age.     He 


remained  in  tha  army  for  ten  years 
'Vhen  be  was  mustered  out,  and  having 
improved  his  spare  time  by  study,  and 
possessing  a  quick  apprehebsion,  keen 
observation,  and  pluck,  he  was.  if  not 
cultivated,  at  least  armed  with  a  solid 
fund  of  information.  He  now  deter- 
mined  to  pursue  the  study  of  law,  which 
he  did,  at  the  same  time  teaching  schnol 
in  Cincinnati.  On  the  breaking  out  of 
the  war  of  the  rebellion  be  immediately 
volunteered  and  bis  knowledge  and  ex- 
perience of  military  affairs  secured  him 
the  position  of  lieutenant,  and  be  rose  by 
bravery,  skill  and  soldierly  conduct 
through  all  the  grades  to  a  brigadier- 
general.  After  the  war  he  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar,  1865,  and  held  the  posi- 
tion of  assistant  city  auditor  of  Cincin- 
nati, member  of  the  legislature  and  re- 
corder of  Hamilton  county  (Cincinnati), 
1867.  He  was  sent  to  the  Republican 
national  convention  in  1868;  in  '71 
was  elected  State  senator  and  in  1875 
lieutenant-govemor,and  succeeded  Pres- 
ident Haves  as  governor  of  Oidoin  1877, 
and  has  been  twice  elected  to  CongreK. 
He  stands  high  with  his  party  and  his 
fellow  citizens,  ai>d  has  well  earned  the 
honorable  position  he  haa  acquired. 


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